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Technical definitions
There are also more technical definitions of
dawn, including the following:

Astronomical dawn
The moment after which the sky is no longer
completely dark; formally defined as the time at which
the sun is 18 degrees below the horizon in the
morning.

Nautical dawn
The time at which there is enough sunlight for
the horizon and some objects to be distingui-- shable;
formally, when the sun is 12 degrees below the
horizon in the morning.

Civil dawn
That time at which there is enough light for
objects to be distinguishable, so that outdoor activities
can commence; formally, when the sun is 6 degrees
below the horizon in the morning.
During dawn (and dusk) it is usually possible
(provided that the sky is cloud-free) to see
approximately in which direction the sun is (though it's
below the horizon). Though it is possible to localize
the direction of the sun during astronomical dawn and
dusk, people in general experience astronomical dawn
and dusk as night, even without clouds. Zenith is dark
and more than just the brightest shining stars can be
seen (except low above the horizon in the direction of
the sun).
At civil dawn there is no darkness in any
direction, nor at zenith. The sky is bright, even when

351'
cloudy. In mid and northern Scandinavia, summer
nights never get any further than to civil dusk or dawn.
This period of "bright nights" is longer at higher
latitudes (further north).

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Rise, Set, and Twilight Definitions

Horizon:
Wherever one is located on or near the Earth's
surface, the Earth is perceived as essentially flat and,
therefore, as a plane. The sky resembles one-half of a
sphere or dome centred at the observer. If there are no
visual obstructions, the apparent intersection of the sky
with the Earth's (plane) surface is the horizon, which
appears as a circle centred at the observer. For rise/set
computations, the observer's eye is considered to be on
the surface of the Earth, so that the horizon is
geometrically exactly 90 degrees from the local
vertical direction.

Rise, Set:
During the course of a day the Earth rotates
once on its axis causing the phenomena of rising and
setting. All celestial bodies, stars and planets included,
seem to appear in the sky at the horizon to the East of
any particular place, then to cross the sky and again

353'
disappear at the horizon to the West. The most
noticeable of these events, and the most significant in
regard to ordinary affairs, are the rising and setting of
the Sun and Moon. Because the Sun and Moon appear
as circular disks and not as points of light, a definition
of rise or set must be very specific, for not all of either
body is seen to rise or set at once.
Sunrise and sunset conventionally refer to the
times when the upper edge of the disk of the Sun is on
the horizon, considered unobstructed relative to the
location of interest. Atmospheric conditions are
assumed to be average, and the location is in a level
region on the Earth's surface.
Moonrise and moonset times are computed for
exactly the same circumstances as for sunrise and
sunset. However, moonrise and moonset may occur at
any time during a 24 hour period and, consequently, it
is often possible for the Moon to be seen during
daylight, and to have moonless nights. It is also
possible that a moonrise or moonset does not occur
relative to a specific place on a given date.

Transit:
The transit time of a celestial body refers to the
instant that its center crosses an imaginary line in the
sky - the observer's meridian - running from north to
south. For observers in low to middle latitudes, transit
is approximately midway between rise and set, and

354'
represents the time at which the body is highest in the
sky on any given day. At high latitudes, neither of
these statements may be true - for example, there may
be several transits between rise and set. The transit of
the Sun is local solar (sundial) noon. The difference
between the transit times of the Sun and Moon is
closely related to the Moon's phase. The New Moon
transits at about the same time as the Sun; the First
Quarter Moon transits about 6 hours after the Sun; the
Full Moon transits about 12 hours after/before the
Sun; and the Last Quarter Moon transits about 6 hours
before the Sun.

Twilight:
Before sunrise and again after sunset there are
intervals of time, twilight, during which there is
natural light provided by the upper atmosphere, which
does receive direct sunlight and reflects part of it
toward the Earth's surface. Some outdoor activities
may be conducted without artificial illumination
during these intervals, and it is useful to have some
means to set limits beyond which a certain activity
should be assisted by artificial lighting. The major
determinants of the amount of natural light during
twilight are the state of the atmosphere generally and
local weather conditions in particular. Atmospheric
conditions are best determined at the actual time and
place of events. Nevertheless, it is possible to establish

355'
useful, though necessarily approximate, limits
applicable to large classes of activities by considering
only the position of the Sun below the local horizon.
Reasonable and convenient definitions have evolved.

Civil twilight
Civil twilight is defined to begin in the
morning, and to end in the evening when the centre of
the Sun is geometrically 6 degrees below the horizon.
This is the limit at which twilight illumination is
sufficient, under good weather conditions, for
terrestrial objects to be clearly distinguished; at the
beginning of morning civil twilight, or end of evening
civil twilight, the horizon is clearly defined and the
brightest stars are visible under good atmospheric
conditions in the absence of moonlight or other
illumination. In the morning before the beginning of
civil twilight and in the evening after the end of civil
twilight, artificial illumination is normally required to
carry on ordinary outdoor activities. Complete
darkness, however, ends sometime prior to the
beginning of morning civil twilight and begins
sometime after the end of evening civil twilight.

Nautical twilight
Nautical twilight is defined to begin in the
morning, and to end in the evening, when the centre of
the sun is geometrically 12 degrees below the horizon.
At the beginning or end of nautical twilight, under

356'
good atmospheric conditions and in the absence of
other illumination, general outlines of ground objects
may be distinguishable, but detailed outdoor
operations are not possible, and the horizon is
indistinct.
Astronomical twilight is defined to begin in the
morning, and to end in the evening when the centre of
the Sun is geometrically 18 degrees below the horizon.
Before the beginning of astronomical twilight in the
morning and after the end of astronomical twilight in
the evening the Sun does not contribute to sky
illumination; for a considerable interval after the
beginning of morning twilight and before the end of
evening twilight, sky illumination is so faint that it is
practically imperceptible.

Technical Definitions and Computational

Details
Sunrise and sunset. For computational
purposes, sunrise or sunset is defined to occur when
the geometric zenith distance of centre of the Sun is
90.8333 degrees. That is, the centre of the Sun is
geometrically 50 arc minutes below a horizontal plane.
For an observer at sea level with a level, unobstructed
horizon, under average atmospheric conditions, the
upper limb of the Sun will then appear to be tangent to
the horizon. The 50-arcminute geometric depression of
the Sun's centre used for the computations is obtained

357'
by adding the average apparent radius of the Sun (16
arc minutes) to the average amount of atmospheric
refraction at the horizon (34 arc minutes).

Moonrise and moonset

Moonrise and moonset are defined similarly,
but the situation is computationally more complex
because of the nearness of the Moon and the
eccentricity of its orbit. If the computations are carried
out using coordinates of the Moon with respect to the
Earth's centre (the usual method), then moonrise or
moonset is defined to occur when the geometric zenith
distance of the centre of the Moon is 90.5666 degrees
+ Moon's apparent angular radius - Moon's horizontal
parallax. Under normal atmospheric conditions at sea
level, the upper limb of the Moon will then appear to
be tangent with a level, unobstructed horizon. No
account is taken of the Moon's phase; that is, the Moon
is always regarded as a disk in the sky and the upper
limb might be dark. Here again, a constant of 34 arc
minutes (0.5666 degree) is used to account for
atmospheric refraction. The Moon's apparent radius
varies from 15 to 17 arc minutes and its horizontal
parallax varies from 54 to 61 arc minutes. Adding all
the terms above together, the centre of the Moon at
rise or set is geometrically 5 to 10 arc minutes above
the observer's "geocentric horizon" - the horizontal
plane that passes through the Earth's centre,

358'
orthogonal to the observer's local vertical.
Accuracy of rise/set computations. The times of
rise and set phenomena cannot be precisely computed,
because, in practice, the actual times depend on
unpredictable atmospheric conditions that affect the
amount of refraction at the horizon. Thus, even under
ideal conditions (e.g., a clear sky at sea) the times
computed for rise or set may be in error by a minute or
more. Local topography (e.g., mountains on the
horizon) and the height of the observer can affect the
times of rise or set even more. It is not practical to
attempt to include such effects in routine rise/set
computations.
The accuracy of rise and set computations
decreases at high latitudes. There, small variations in
atmospheric refraction can change the time of rise or
set by many minutes, since the Sun and Moon intersect
the horizon at a very shallow angle. For the same
reason, at high latitudes, the effects of observer height
and local topography are magnified and can
substantially change the times of the phenomena
actually observed, or even whether the phenomena are
observed to occur at all.

Twilights
There are three kinds of twilight defined: civil
twilight, nautical twilight, and astronomical twilight.
For computational purposes, civil twilight begins
before sunrise and ends after sunset when the

359'
geometric zenith distance of the centre of the Sun is 96
degrees - 6 degrees below a horizontal plane. The
corresponding solar zenith distances for nautical and
astronomical twilight are 102 and 108 degrees,
respectively. That is, at the dark limit of nautical
twilight, the centre of the Sun is geometrically 12
degrees below a horizontal plane; and at the dark limit
of astronomical twilight, the centre of the Sun is
geometrically 18 degrees below a horizontal plane.
This information is derived from the
Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical
Almanac, ed. P. K. Seidelmann (1992), pp 482ff.

Twilight:
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Twilight is the time between dawn and sunrise
or between sunset and dusk, during which sunlight
scattering in the upper atmosphere illuminates the
lower atmosphere, and the surface of the earth is
neither completely lit nor completely dark. The sun
itself is not directly visible because it is below the
horizon.[1] Owing to the distinctive quality of the
ambient light at this time, twilight has long been
popular with photographers, who refer to it as Sweet
Light, and painters, who refer to it as the "blue hour",
after the French expression l'heure bleue.

Civil, nautical, and astronomical twilight.

Twilight is defined according to the solar

360'
elevation angle ?s, which is the position of the
geometric center of the sun relative to the horizon.
There are three established and widely accepted
subcategories of twilight: civil twilight (brightest),
nautical twilight, and astronomical twilight
(darkest).[3]

Civil twilight
Morning civil twilight begins when the
geometric center of the sun is 6 below the horizon
(civil dawn) and ends at sunrise. Evening civil twilight
begins at sunset and ends when the geometric center of
the sun reaches 6 below the horizon (civil dusk). The
brightest planets appear during the civil twilight, as
well as planets, such as Venus, which is known as the
"morning star" or "evening star". During this period
there is enough light from the sun that artificial
sources of light may not be needed to carry on outdoor
activities. This concept is sometimes enshrined in
laws, for example, when drivers of automobiles must
turn on their headlights (called lighting-up time in the
UK); when pilots may exercise the rights to fly
aircraft; restrictions on hunting; or if the crime of
burglary is to be treated as nighttime burglary, which
carries stiffer penalties in some jurisdictions. A fixed
period (most commonly 30 minutes after sunset or
before sunrise) is typically used in such statutes, rather
than how many degrees the sun is below the horizon.
Civil twilight can also be described as the limit at

361'
which twilight illumination is sufficient, under clear
weather conditions, for terrestrial objects to be clearly
distinguished; at the beginning of morning civil
twilight, or end of evening civil twilight, the horizon is
clearly defined and the brightest stars are visible under
clear atmospheric conditions.

Nautical twilight
Nautical twilight is the time when the center of
the sun is between 6 and 12 below the horizon. In
general, nautical twilight ends when navigation via the
horizon at sea is no longer possible.[2]
During nautical twilight, sailors can take
reliable star sightings of well-known stars, using a
visible horizon for reference. The end of this period in
the evening, or its beginning in the morning, is also
the time at which traces of illumination near the sunset
or sunrise point of the horizon are very difficult, if not
impossible, to discern (this often being referred to as
"first light" before civil dawn and "nightfall" after civil
dusk). At the beginning of nautical twilight in the
morning (nautical dawn), or at the end of nautical
twilight in the evening (nautical dusk)-under good
atmospheric conditions and in the absence of other
illumination-general outlines of ground objects may be
distinguishable, but detailed outdoor operations are not
possible, and the horizon is indistinct.
Nautical twilight has military considerations as
well. The initialisms BMNT (begin morning nautical

362'
twilight, i.e. nautical dawn) and EENT (end evening
nautical twilight, i.e. nautical dusk) are used and
considered when planning military operations. A
military unit may treat BMNT and EENT with
heightened security, e.g. by "standing to", in which
everyone assumes a defensive position. This is
partially due to tactics dating back to the French and
Indian War (part of the Seven Years' War of
1756-1763), when combatants on both sides would
launch attacks at nautical dawn or dusk.

Astronomical twilight
Astronomical twilight is the time when the
center of the sun is between 12 and 18 below the
horizon. From the end of astronomical twilight in the
evening to the beginning of astronomical twilight in
the morning, the sky (away from urban light pollution)
is dark enough for all astronomical observations.
Most casual observers would consider the entire
sky fully dark even when astronomical twilight is just
beginning in the evening or just ending in the
morning, and astronomers can easily make
observations of point sources such as stars, but faint
diffuse items such as nebulae and galaxies can be
properly observed only beyond the limit of
astronomical twilight. In some places, especially those
with sky glow, astronomical twilight may be almost
indistinguishable from night. Theoretically, the
dimmest stars ever visible to the naked eye-those of

363'
the sixth magnitude-will become visible in the evening
once the sun falls more than 18 below the horizon
(i.e., at astronomical dusk) and become invisible when
the sun moves to within 18 of the horizon in the
morning (at astronomical dawn). However, because of
light pollution, some localities-generally those in large
cities-may never have the opportunity to view even
fourth-magnitude stars, irrespective of the presence of
any twilight at all.

364'

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B D Yallop & C Y Hohenkerk,

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