GERUNDS or INFINITIVES GERUNDS 1. Subject of a sentence Smoking is bad 2. Object of a sentence (after certain verbs.

Following certain patterns:) cant stand and dont mind I dont mind listening to the Rolling Stones. enjoy, hate, like, love, miss (love, hate, like can be followed by the infinitive form) I enjoy listening to the Beatles start, stop, finish I just started doing my homework Have difficulty, have trouble, have fun I have trouble sleeping at night Other vers: imagine, risk, deny, consider I sometimes imagine myself living abroad All prepositions: about, of, in, at, through,etc Im thinking about traveling

Other expressions with it: Its no use talking to her Its not worth coming the city in the winter

INFINITIVES WITHOUT TO 1. Modals I cant wait 2. d better and d rather Id better go 3. Verbs let, make, help Ill let you go.

INFINITIVES 1. Most verbs: want, have, hope, manage, offer, refuse, pretend, tend, seem I want you to go away 2. Purpose: answers why? I work to pay the rent 3. After nowhere, somewhere, something

Find something to do 4. Adjective + for + person + infinitive Its easy for you to say this 5. Too + adjective + to This is too good to be true 6. Adjective + enough + infinitive Shes isnt old enough to drink 7. Noun + infinitive This is Coxas chance to win the Copa do Brasil Its time to go

COMPLEX INFINITIVE AND GERUNDS 1. Passive forms (verb to be with the infinite or gerund + p.p.) He wants to be seen He hates being told 2. Perfect forms (to have + participle, without to or gerund) I like to have visited Id rather have stayed here I remember having seen her before

3. Continuous form Id rather be living in Japan (now)

CONNECTORS
1. To talk about contradictions: Although, even though (+ a subject with a verb), despite/in spite of (+ a noun, pronoun or and ing verb) Although he is a good player, today was a bad day for him. Despite/in spite of his success, he was unhappy however, nevertheless, nonetheless, on the other hand (it comes in the beginning of a second sentence + a ,) He studied a lot. However/nonetheless, he didnt arrive in time for the test. 2. To give more reasons: What is more, besides, furthermore, in addition, moreover 3. To explain consequences or results: Therefore, for this reason, Thus He didnt sudy. Thus, he failed 4. To compare to different times or situations:

Whereas, while 5. To give examples: For instance, for example