DFJFGM

Hi ng Bin son1
Ch tch Ph Ch tch
Trn Ngc Cnh L Minh Hng (thng trc), Phan Th Ha
y vin Nguyn ng Liu (thng trc), Nguyn Hip, inh Vn Sn, Ch Thanh C vn ni dung Trng ban Ph Trng ban y vin-th k Nguyn Ha, Phan T Quang, L Vn C, Phan Minh Bch
Ban bin tp1

L Minh Hng Nguyn ng Liu (thng trc), Nguyn Hip inh Vn Sn
Cc y vin ng nh Cn, V nh Chin, o Duy Ch, ng Ca, H Duy Dnh, Phm Quang D, Nguyn Vn c, Nguyn Giao, Trn Vn Giao, Vn H, Nguyn ng Hi, Lng c Ho, Nguyn Quang Hp , H c Hoi, Hong Vn Hoan, L Vn Hng, V Vn Knh, Nguyn c Lc, Nguyn Hng Ln, Nguyn Tr Lin, Trng Minh, Phan Vn Ngn, Nguyn Xun Nhm, Ng Thng San, Nguyn Sm, H T, Ch Thanh, H S Thong, Quang Ton, Trn Ngc Ton, L Vn Trng, Nguyn c Tun, B Vn T, L Xun V, Trn Quc Vit Th k o Mnh Chung, V Thnh Huyn
C quan t vn
Hi Khoa hc Lch s Vit Nam C vn bin son Gio s ng Phong C vn bin tp Tin s Khng c Thim
1. Theo Quyt nh s 419/Q-DKVN ngy 19-2-2009 ca Tp on Du kh Vit Nam v thnh lp Hi ng Bin son v Ban Bin tp v Quyt nh s 2968/Q-DKVN ngy 27-4-2009 ca Tp on Du kh Vit Nam v b sung nhn s.
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Lch s nganh Dau kh Viet Nam
LI nh xut bn
gay t cui nhng nm 50 ca th k XX, xy dng v pht trin ngnh Du kh c ng ta v Ch tch H Ch Minh ch quan tm. K t khi on Thm d du la (mang s hiu on 36 du la) c thnh lp, di s lnh o ca ng, tri qua 50 nm xy dng v trng thnh, vi nhiu tn gi v hnh thc t chc khc nhau, ngnh Du kh Vit Nam lun i mi v pht trin cng vi s ln mnh ca s nghip cch mng v Nh nc ta. T sau khi t nc thng nht, nhng n lc t vn ln khng ngng ca cn b, cng nhn, vin chc ca ngnh Du kh cng s gip hp tc ca cc nc, c bit l s gip ch tnh, anh em ca Lin X, ngnh Du kh c s pht trin vt bc. Ngy 18-3-1975, dng kh thin nhin u tin c gi tr cng nghip ti ging khoan s 61 x ng C, huyn Tin Hi, tnh Thi Bnh c pht hin. Ngy 26-6-1986, X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro khai thc tn du u tin ti m Bch H t gin MSP-1 v Vit Nam bt u c tn trong danh sch cc nc khai thc, xut khu du th th gii, khng nh mt tng lai pht trin y ha hn cho ngnh cng nghip Du kh t nc. Ngy 29-4-2010, Petrovietnam sn xut tn phn m ur th 4 triu. Ngy 24-6-2010, khai thc mt khi kh th 50 t. Ngy 26-10-2010, Petrovietnam t mc khai thc tn du th th 260 triu. Ngy 6-12-2010, sn xut kWh in th 25 t Tri qua 50 nm xy dng v pht trin, ngnh Du kh Vit Nam khng ngng ln mnh v mi mt, vn ln tr thnh tp on kinh t u tu ca t nc. Nm 2010, doanh thu ton ngnh t 478,4 nghn t ng, tng ng trn 23 t USD, chim 23% GDP ca c nc; np ngn sch nh nc 128 nghn t ng, chim khong 30% tng thu ngn sch nh nc. c c nhng thnh cng y, lp lp th h nhng ngi i tm la vt qua mun vn kh khn, nm mt, nm gai, tm kim ngun vng en rng r sut na th k.
Li Nh xut bn
Nhm c kt nhng thnh tu t c trong 50 nm qua, gn gi nhng gi tr v kinh nghim ca cc th h; ng thi tng cng gio dc truyn thng cho th h tr ca ngnh, Tp on Du kh Quc gia Vit Nam phi hp vi Nh xut bn Chnh tr quc gia - S tht xut bn b sch Lch s ngnh Du kh Vit Nam (n nm 2010). Ni dung b sch bao gm 16 chng chia thnh 5 phn; trnh by nhng hot ng v t chc du kh u tin nc ta t nhng nm 60 ca th k XX, qua nhiu hnh thc t chc nh Tng cc Du m v Kh t Vit Nam, Tng cng ty Du kh Vit Nam, Tp on Du kh Quc gia Vit Nam. Cc hot ng c th ca ngnh Du kh trong tng giai on c cc tc gi nu t m, c nhiu dn chng sinh ng. Xuyn sut ni dung b sch, s quan tm, ch o, gip to iu kin ca ng v Nh nc ta i vi s pht trin ca ngnh Du kh c khc ha r nt. Cc t chc ng v cc t chc chnh tr - x hi - ngh nghip du kh cng c trnh by khi qut trong b sch. B sch c chia thnh 3 tp: Tp I gii thiu Phn th nht: Nhng hot ng v t chc du kh u tin Vit Nam; v Phn th hai: Tng cc Du m v Kh t Vit Nam (1975-1990). Tp II gii thiu Phn th ba: Tng cng ty Du kh Vit Nam (1990-2006). Tp III gii thiu Phn th t: Tp on Du kh Quc gia Vit Nam (20062010). Ngoi ra, b sch cn c phn Ph lc do Petrovietnam cung cp t liu ghi li mt s hip nh, hp ng, tha thun du kh trong nc v nc ngoi; cc chng trnh, ti nghin cu; tm lc bin bn cc k hp Hi ng X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro; cc ging khoan a cht v tm kim, thm d du kh; cng tc o to; tm tt ni dung Chin lc u tin ca ngnh Du kh; mt s nhn nh v m hnh ngnh Du kh kinh qua; c cu t chc v nhn s ch cht ca ngnh qua cc thi k, Mc d c nhiu c gng trong qu trnh su tm, bin son v bin tp, song do ti liu lu tr tht lc nhiu, c nhng thng tin chi tit, c th do thi gian c hn cha c chnh sa thng nht nn cun sch kh trnh khi cn thiu st, Nh xut bn v cc tc gi rt mong nhn c kin ng gp ca bn c b sch hon thin hn trong nhng ln xut bn sau. Xin trn trng gii thiu cun sch. Thng 7 nm 2011 NH XUT BN CHNH TR QUC GIA - S THT
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LI gii thiu
ut na th k xy dng v pht trin, ngnh Du kh Vit Nam tr thnh mt tp on kinh t quan trng, u tu ca nn kinh t Vit Nam v c nhng ng gp to ln cho s nghip xy dng v bo v T quc Vit Nam x hi ch ngha. c bit l trong giai on xy dng t nc, ngnh Du kh Vit Nam gp phn a t nc ta thot khi tnh trng khng hong kinh t - x hi v y nhanh tin trnh cng nghip ho, hin i ho t nc. Ti rt hoan nghnh Tp on Du kh Vit Nam t chc bin son v pht hnh b sch Lch s ngnh Du kh Vit Nam ghi li nhng du n, nhng ct mc quan trng, nhng gi tr lch s qu bu ca cc th h nhng ngi i tm la dy cng xy p. Ti hy vng b sch s l ngun t liu qu bu cho cc nh khoa hc, nh nghin cu, cho bn c mun tm hiu v nghin cu v ngnh Du kh Vit Nam, ng thi gio dc truyn thng cho cc th h tr ca ngnh Du kh Vit Nam. Chc Tp on Du kh Vit Nam hon thnh xut sc hn na nhim v ca mnh, xng ng vi nim tin v k vng m ng v nhn dn mong i.
Thn i!
Mi Nguyn Tng B th Ban Chp hnh Trung ng ng Cng sn Vit Nam
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LI ta
m 2007, khi Tp on Du kh Vit Nam phi hp vi Nh xut bn Hi Nh vn xut bn cun Nhng ngi i tm la, tp th tc gi mong c ri y nht nh cn phi bin son c mt cng trnh ln ghi li y , chnh xc din bin ca tng s kin, khng ch theo li bin nin m cn c m t li c bi cnh, khng kh cng nh ngha ca n v chc chn khi lch s pht trin ca ngnh Du kh Vit Nam s c trnh by cn k hn, sinh ng hn, thu ht s quan tm mnh m hn t nhiu i tng bn c.
Thc hin nim mong mi , ng thi nhn thy tm quan trng ca b sch lch s trong vic gn gi nhng gi tr v kinh nghim qu bu ca cc th h ngnh Du kh dy cng xy p, cng nh gio dc truyn thng cho th h tr ca ngnh Du kh Vit Nam, Tp on Du kh Quc gia Vit Nam phi hp vi Hi Khoa hc Lch s Vit Nam v Nh xut bn Chnh tr quc gia - S tht xut bn b sch Lch s ngnh Du kh Vit Nam. B sch gm 3 tp c trnh by thnh 4 phn vi 16 chng v ph lc bao qut ton b cc hot ng lin quan ti du kh t trc Cch mng Thng Tm nm 1945 n ht nm 2010. Ni dung b sch ghi li chi tit ton cnh lch s ca ngnh Du kh Vit Nam, m t li nhng kh khn, gian kh, u tranh, vt ln, trn tr, cng nhng hoi bo, mong c v c nhng thng trm, i thay qua cc th h nhng ngi lm cng tc du kh t nhng ngy t nn mng u tin cho ti ngy hm nay. B sch khng ch l mt bin nin s kin, m cn l mt kho tng kin thc v a cht, du kh v nhiu lnh vc chuyn mn khc lin quan ti ngnh. B sch Lch s ngnh Du kh Vit Nam ra i nh mt mn qu tri n ti cc th h lm du kh cng nh nhng ngi gn b vi ngnh nhn k nim 36 nm Ngy thnh lp ngnh Du kh Vit Nam (3-9-1975 3-9-2011) v hng
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Li ta
ti k nim 50 nm Ngy Truyn thng ngnh Du kh Vit Nam (27-11-1961 27-11-2011). Mc d b sch lch s ny rt dy v s, nhng bn c s khng cm thy nhm chn, m ngc li b cun ht vo dng chy cc s kin du kh c trnh by sinh ng v y tm huyt ca tp th tc gi. Xin trn trng gii thiu cng bn c.
Thng 7 nm 2011
inh La Thng U vin Ban Chp hnh Trung ng ng Cng sn Vit Nam B th ng y Ch tch Hi ng Thnh vin Tp on Du kh Quc gia Vit Nam
M U
i khi hnh dung li chng ng 50 nm xy dng v pht trin ca ngnh Du kh Vit Nam, chng ti - nhng ngi trong ngnh v c th c nhng ngi ngoi ngnh - li mong mun c mt b sch lch s ghi li y din mo qu kh, hin ti v tng lai ca mt ngnh cng nghip, kinh t ln mnh ang gi vai tr u tu ca t nc. Ngay khi cuc khng chin chng thc dn Php ca nhn dn Vit Nam kt thc thng li v min Bc c hon ton gii phng, vi tm nhn chin lc, Ch tch H Ch Minh t mc tiu phi xy dng mt ngnh cng nghip Du kh ca t nc t tm c quc t. Bng cc cuc i thm cc m du ca Anbani, nh my lc du ca Bungari (nm 1957), m du Nheftianye Kamnhi trn bin Caxpin ca Adcbaigian (nm 1959), Ngi ngh Lin X gip Vit Nam xy dng ngnh Du kh. Nhiu hc sinh v cn b c ng v Nh nc c sang Lin X v cc nc x hi ch ngha khc hc v thc tp v tm kim, thm d, khai thc du kh v lc ha du... Theo ngh ca Vit Nam, t nm 1959 Lin X c cc chuyn gia c kinh nghim va nghin cu kho st, nh gi trin vng du kh, va o to cn b Vit Nam. Mt k hoch tng th v cng tc tm kim, thm d du kh min Bc Vit Nam c cc chuyn gia Lin X v Vit Nam xut v tng bc trin khai. Ngy 27-11-1961, on Thm d du la 36 chnh thc ra i nh du chng u ca nhng thay i, thng trm cng t nc v c th ni mi bc pht trin ca ngnh u gp phn to ra nhng bc thay i quan trng trong nn kinh t Vit Nam. Sut 14 nm hot ng (t thng 11-1961 n thng 9-1975), on Thm d du la 36, sau ny l Lin on a cht 36, kho st a cht - a vt l du
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kh trn ton min Bc v tp trung thm d ng bng sng Hng, vng trng An Chu; pht hin du kh trong nhiu ging khoan, nht l pht hin m kh Tin Hi - Thi Bnh. Ti min Nam, vo nhng nm u ca thp k 1970, mt s cng ty du kh phng Ty bt u thm d du kh thm lc a Nam Vit Nam. Ch 3 thng sau ngy min Nam hon ton gii phng, B Chnh tr ra Ngh quyt s 244-NQ/TW v vic trin khai thm d du kh trn c nc v trn c s Ngh quyt s 244, ngy 3-9-1975, Chnh ph quyt nh thnh lp Tng cc Du kh Vit Nam - mt t chc thng nht v du kh cho c nc vi mc tiu: nhanh chng tm ra v khai thc nhiu du kh... nhanh chng hnh thnh mt nn cng nghip du kh hon chnh, bao gm c thm d, khai thc, vn chuyn, lc du, ha du, c kh phc v ngnh Du kh.... Trong 15 nm tip theo (t thng 9-1975 n thng 6-1990), Tng cc Du kh t tin hnh thm d du kh trn t lin v hp tc vi mt s cng ty du kh phng Ty thm d mt s l thm lc a Nam Vit Nam. Ngy 19-4-1981, mt khi kh u tin t m Tin Hi - Thi Bnh bt u c khai thc, c dn n trm tucbin kh pht in. Ngy 26-6-1986, bc t ph hp tc ton din vi Lin X v du kh cho kt qu mong i: tn du th u tin c X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro khai thc t m Bch H ti thm lc a Vit Nam, ghi danh Vit Nam vo danh sch cc nc sn xut du kh trn th gii. Du kh Vit Nam bt u gp phn quan trng vo khc phc khng hong kinh t - x hi trong hon cnh t nc b bao vy, cm vn. Ngh quyt s 15-NQ/TW (ngy 7-7-1988) ca B Chnh tr thi lung gi i mi vo hot ng du kh Vit Nam. Nhiu cng ty du kh phng Ty bt u tr li Vit Nam. ng thi vi hot ng thm d v khai thc du kh, nhng c s dch v du kh u tin c xy dng... Nn mng ca ngnh cng nghip Du kh Vit Nam c hnh thnh. Khong thi gian 16 nm sau (1990-2006), ngnh Du kh Vit Nam c nhng bt ph v m hnh t chc v hot ng, tr thnh mt t chc sn xut kinh doanh - Tng cng ty Du kh Vit Nam (Petrovietnam), tng cng hp tc quc t, thu ht nhiu cng ty du kh hng u th gii u t vo Vit Nam, gp phn ph th bao vy, cm vn ca M. Vi nhiu m mi c pht hin, sn lng du kh tng nhanh, ngnh cng nghip kh Vit Nam pht trin mnh vi ba h thng ng ng dn kh cc b Cu Long, Nam Cn Sn v Malay - Th Chu, Nh my m Ph M ra i, cc cng trnh lc ho du c xc tin, cc loi hnh cng nh cc c s dch v du kh, k c nghin cu khoa hc cng
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ngh v o to ngun nhn lc c pht trin. V cn bn, ngnh Du kh Vit Nam kh hon chnh trong nhiu lnh vc v bt u trin khai hot ng du kh ra th gii (Mng C, Malaixia, Angiri). Du kh Vit Nam ng gp t mt phn t n mt phn ba ngun thu ngn sch nh nc hng nm. u nm 2006, c B Chnh tr xem xt, kt lun, Th tng Chnh ph ph duyt Chin lc pht trin ngnh Du kh Vit Nam n nm 2015 v nh hng n nm 2025, m ng cho ngnh Du kh Vit Nam bc ln tm cao mi. Theo Quyt nh s 198/2006/Q-TTg ngy 29-8-2006, Tp on Du kh Quc gia Vit Nam c thnh lp. n nay ngnh Du kh Vit Nam hon chnh ng b mi lnh vc hot ng thng qua vic Nh my lc du Dung Qut, Nh my Polypropylen i vo sn xut, cc s kin tng cng u t thm d v mua m nc ngoi (chu Phi, Nam M v M Latinh), bt u c ngun thu t du khai thc nc ngoi (Malaixia, Lin bang Nga). Bn cnh l vic Tp on Du kh Quc gia Vit Nam cn u t vo nhiu lnh vc nh sn xut in (cc nh my: in C Mau I v II, Nhn Trch I v II), x si,... Cc cng ty v n v thnh vin ca Tp on c cu li m hnh qun l, iu hnh, quyn s hu, a dng ha ngnh, ngh nhm nng cao nng lc phi hp, sn xut, dch v cng nh hiu qu u t. Cng cuc c phn ha c bn hon thnh v ang pht huy sc mnh. Tp on tip tc ng hng u trong cc t chc kinh t Vit Nam v trong ng gp ngun thu vo ngn sch nh nc. Bn cnh cc ngnh than, in c tui i pht trin trn trm nm, ngnh Du kh Vit Nam tuy mi bc vo tui nm mi nhng vic vit lch s khng phi d dng, thun li. Kh khn u tin l Hi ng Bin son, Ban Bin son v cc tc gi, cng tc vin tuy l nhng ngi trc tip tham gia vo tin trnh lch s du kh Vit Nam, song hon ton khng c nghip v v bin son lch s! Kh khn th hai l ngun ti liu. Mc d, Lu tr ca Tp on kh tt, nhng do nhiu ln thay i v t chc, tr s, khi lng ti liu s, a dng, vn cn ang trong qu trnh sp xp, ngoi ra c ln ma to, nc h Thin Quang trn ngp tr s 80 Nguyn Du ca Tng cc Du kh, lm h hi nhiu ti liu lu tr! l cha k cc nhn chng lch s cng dn dn ra i theo nm thng. Kh khn th ba l mt s thnh vin ch cht trong Hi ng Bin son, Ban Bin son, ch bin v tc gi l cn b ng chc, b cng vic chi phi, thi gian cn eo hp cho vic bin son lch s. Nhng kh khn v tr ngi ny phn no c khc phc bi s ng h, c v, ng vin, h tr nhit tnh bng cch gp , cung cp thng tin, t liu, ti liu ca cn b trong ngnh ngh hu hay ang lm vic. ng k hn c l c s t vn c th, nhit tnh,
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y trch nhim ca Tng Th k Hi Khoa hc Lch s Vit Nam Dng Trung Quc, c gio s ng Phong, tin s s hc Khng c Thim. Qua nhiu ln hi tho tng phn, tng chng, Ban Bin son nhn c hn 60 gp , nhn xt hoc bng vn bn, hoc bng cch b sung, sa cha ngay vo bn d tho. Ban Bin son tip thu, sa cha, b sung ngay nhng kin chnh xc, c t liu, ti liu c th km theo. Nhng ng gp m Ban Bin son cng tc gi phi tm li ti liu, thng tin gc kim chng, hoc cn phi c thi gian tng i di mi c th tm kim ngun ti liu b sung cho ln ti bn sau. Mc d c gng ht sc, nhng do tm vc ca b sch tng i s nn khng trnh khi sai st. Hi ng Bin son rt mong nhn c kin ng gp ca bn c trong v ngoi ngnh sa cha, b sung khi ti bn b sch Lch s ngnh Du kh Vit Nam. Cui cng, xin chn thnh cm n ng y, Hi ng Thnh vin, Ban Tng Gim c, cc Ban/Vn phng Tp on Du kh Quc gia Vit Nam, cc n v trong ton ngnh, cc tc gi, c vn v cng tc vin, c gio s ng Phong, cc nh s hc: Dng Trung Quc, Khng c Thim ca Hi Khoa hc Lch s Vit Nam v Nh xut bn Chnh tr quc gia - S tht to iu kin cho chng ti hon thnh nhim v a b sch ny ra mt bn c vo ng dp cc ngy l k nim c bit ca ngnh Du kh Vit Nam. H Ni, thng 7 nm 2011 Hi ng Bin son
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Chng 1

Ch bin Nguyn Hip Tc gi Nguyn Hip, Phan Huy Quynh
Chng 2

Ch bin Ph Ch bin C vn Tc gi Phan Minh Bch Trng Minh, H c Hoi Bi c Thiu, V Bt ng Ca, inh Vn Danh, Nguyn Giao,
Nguyn ng Hi, Vn Hn, Nguyn Quang Hp, Nguyn Hip, Vn Lu, Ngc Ngn, on Thm, on Thin Tch, Cng tc vin Trn Ngc Ton, L Quang Trung, B Vn T, Nguyn Vn Vnh Nguyn Ngc Hp, Nguyn Tn Kch,
ng Phong, Ph L Sn, Nguyn Ch Thnh, Quang Ton, Trn Xanh
chng
HOT NG THM D A CHT V DU KH VIT NAM TRC NM 1945
I. Du m v sn phm du vi x hi Vit Nam

Hot ng lin quan n a cht, thm d, khai khong, ch bin v s dng ti nguyn khong sn Vit Nam c hnh thnh v pht trin t thi nguyn thu, trong nhng phm vi v trnh khc nhau, c ghi nhn qua nhiu di tch kho c v s liu. Cch y khong 6.000 nm n 5.000 nm, c dn sng trn lnh th Vit Nam c k thut ch tc v lm gm kh pht trin. Phn ln cc b lc bit trng la. Khong 4.000 nm trc cc b lc sng lu vc sng Hng bit s dng mt loi nguyn liu mi l ng v c k thut luyn kim ng thau. Thi i kim kh thi Hng Vng pht trin qua cc giai on ng, ng thau, rc r nht l vn ho ng Sn c nhng trng ng ni ting. Vo cc triu i phong kin inh, Tin L, L, Trn, Hu L n triu Nguyn, tuy nhiu nm phi chng ngoi xm, nhng vic khai thc v s dng ti nguyn vn c pht trin. Trn th gii, cch y trn 5.000 nm, ngi dn Trung ng bit khai thc bitum Hit, trn sng phrt, cch Babilon khng xa (nay l thnh ph Bta, Irc), lm va xy tng, lm ng, trt thuyn chng thm nc, c t chiu sng (nhng khng tt v khng sng lm m li nhiu khi v mi kh chu); nhng li pht huy tc dng lm cht chy dng trong chin tranh. Ngoi ra, bitum cn c dng lm thuc cha mt s bnh (chng chy mu, lm lin cc vt thng, lm du xoa bp)1.
1. Daniel Yergin: Du m, tin bc v quyn lc, Nxb. Chnh tr quc gia, H Ni, 2008, tr. 41-42.
Phn th nht: NHNG HOT NG V T CHC DU KH...
chu u, ngi dn pht hin kh chy Salsomaggiore - Italia nm 1226, du Andt - Php nm 1498 v du t - earth balsam Ba Lan nm 1506. Cn Marco Polo ghi chp v sui du Bacu vo cui th k XIII. chu M, nm 1595, Raleigh ni v h hc n Trinidad; nm 1632, Fransiscan thm sui du Niu Oc. chu , khi khoan tm mui, ngi Trung Quc pht hin du t 1.700 nm trc y; cn ngi Mianma s dng du t rt sm v bit khai thc du bng cc ging o th cng vo cui H hc n Trinidad th k XVIII, sn lng hng nm t ti 250.000 thng (33.333 tn), nhiu hn lng du khai thc vng Ccad (Lin bang Nga), Rumani, Ba Lan, c vo thi 1. Nm 1859, i t Edwin Drake s dng k thut khoan tm mui ca Trung Quc, khoan su 21 m pht hin du Oil CreekTitusville-Pennsylvania (M), ng thi cng m u cho s ra i ca nn cng nghip du kh hin i. Sn lng nh khai thc du nm 1900 l 0,4
Gin khoan thi xa ca Trung Quc
1. The Petroleum Handbook. Elsevier. 1983, tr.3, 4, 36.
Chng 1: HOT NG THM D A CHT V DU KH...
triu thng/ngy (khong 53.000 tn/ngy), nm 1940 l 6 triu thng/ ngy (khong 0,8 triu tn/ngy), nm 1950 l 11 triu thng/ngy (khong 1,33 triu tn/ngy), nm 1960 l 22 triu thng/ ngy (khong 2,66 triu tn/ngy). Vo nhng nm 50 ca th k XIX, M, lut s George Bissell v Ging khoan du u tin trn th gii do Edwin Drake ch tch ngn hng James khoan nm 1859 ti Pennsylvania (M) Townsend cho rng t du m c th ch bin thnh du thp sng, cng tc vi J. Benjamin Silliman gio s ho hc ti Trng i hc Yale, ngi thnh cng trong vic chng ct du m thnh nhiu sn phm khc nhau. Nm 1854, tin s Abraham Gesner np n xin cp bng sng ch ca M cho vic sn xut mt cht lng hydrocarbon mi m ti t tn l du la (keosene) v c th dng thp sng v cho cc mc ch khc. Nm 1894, Gesner np n xin cp bng sng ch Phng thc mi sn xut cht lng hydrocarbongi tt l du la) v s dng cho qu trnh thp sng v cc mc ch khc. Gesner tham gia thnh lp mt nh my sn xut du la Niu Oc. Nm 1859, nh my ny sn xut c 5.000 gallon (14.000 lt) du mi ngy1. Nm 1860, trn th gii c 15 nh my lc du, n nm 1865 tng ln n 194 nh my, ch yu sn xut ra naphtha, du ho v du cn (Naphtha-xng, khng bit s dng lm g, phi i! V lc cha pht minh ra ng c t trong, ch yu l ng c hi nc)2. Ch sau khi pht minh ra ng c t trong, nht l khi xy ra Chin tranh th gii th nht (1914-1918), nhu cu xng, diesel, du m tng mnh. n gia th k XX, cng nghip ch bin du kh pht trin rt mnh, sn phm lc du v ha du chim t trng ln trn th gii, khng nh nhn loi bc vo thi i du kh.
1. Daniel Yergin: Du m, tin bc v quyn lc, Nxb. Chnh tr quc gia, H Ni, 2008, tr. 35, 41, 42. 2. Theo http://www.pafko.com/history/h_petro.html
Nm 1895, H Ni c in pht ra t Nh my n B H, lc u c 300 bng n cng sut nh1... n nm 1935, ton ng Dng c 42 nh my in, cng sut 59 MW. Nm 1939, in cho cng cng v tiu dng c nhn l 149.200.000 kWh, cho sn xut l 101.000.000 kWh2. C mt vng nng thn rng ln Vit Nam khi , nh no nh ny ch leo lt ngn n du lc, sau ny c thay th bng ngn n du ha.
C mt s ti liu cho rng du ha c s dng Vit Nam vo khong gia th k XIX, nhng chc chn vo cui th k XIX c s dng nhiu. Trong cun X Bc K ngy trc, Clt Buaranh cho bit: Nm 1895 ngoi ng ph H Ni, ngi ta vn thp n du ha, c chp ti cc phu n li bc thang tro ln cc ct chm n, sng li dng ng x ng tt i3. Cn ngy 5-91899, Ton quyn ng Dng ra ngh nh mc thu tiu th du ha trn ton ng Dng l 6 phrng/100 kg4.
Ngay t nhng nm 1898-1899, t bn xng du phng Ty c mt cng Nh B v sau l cng Hi Phng. Nhng sn phm du m dng Vit Nam lc do Cng ty ng n ca H Lan (East Indie) cung cp. Shell5 l mt trong nhng hng du ln nht th gii c mt Vit Nam thi Php thuc. T nhng nm 1903-1904, Shell c xng lm thng thic loi 350 lt v 20 lt ti Nh B. Nm 1904, Cng ty Du chu (APC - Asiatic PetroleumCompany)6 n Hi Phng bn n du ho - n du Hoa K7. Ngy 4-11-1911, Royal Dutch Shell Group thnh lp Hng du Php - (CFAP Compagnie Franco-Asiatique des Ptroles); Hng c nhim v bun bn xng du ti ng Dng v pha Nam Trung Quc. Nm 1930, Shell xy tr s
1. Cng ty Xng du khu vc I: 50 nm xy dng v pht trin 1956-2006, Nxb. Chnh tr quc gia, H Ni, 2006, tr.19. 2. ng Phong: Lch s kinh t Vit Nam 1945-2000. Tp I: 1945-1954, Nxb. Khoa hc x hi, H Ni, 2002, tr. 200. 3. Cng ty Xng du khu vc I: 50 nm xy dng v pht trin 1956-2006, Nxb. Chnh tr quc gia, H Ni, 2006, tr.19. 4. Dng Kinh Quc: Vit Nam nhng s kin lch s 1858-1918, Nxb. Gio dc, 2006, tr. 263. 5. Cng ty Shell (vi logo hnh v s) l cng ty ca nc Anh do Marcus Samuel cng vi ngi cha thnh lp nm 1833 nhp khu v s. Khi i thu mua v s vng bin Caxpin vo nm 1892, ngi em ca Samuel pht hin thy c th nhp du thp n (lamp oil) vng ny, nn ny ra mua sm tu cha du (tanker) vn chuyn. Nm 1897, Marcus Samuel v em l Samuel Samuel thnh lp Shell Transport and Trading Company vn chuyn v bun bn du. Sau Shell Transport and Trading Company hp nht vi Royal Dutch Petroleum Company ca H Lan (c thnh lp nm 1890 bi Jean Baptiste August Kessler, Henri Deterding v Cng ty Texaco, khai thc du H Lan v Innxia) thnh lp Royal Dutch Shell Group vo thng 2-1907. 6. Cng ty Du chu (APC - Asiatic Petroleum Company) l doanh nghip hp nht do Marcus Samuel (Shell), Henri Deterding (Royal Dutch) v nh Rothschild thnh lp thng 6-1902. 7. John Kleinein: Side Streets of History: A Dutchmans stereoscopic views of colonial Vietnam.
ti s nh 15, i l Nrm (nay l ng L Dun, qun I, Thnh ph H Ch Minh, l tr s ca Cng ty Xng du khu vc II - Petrolimex Si Gn). min Bc, Shell c kho du Thng L (Hi Phng), c tr s H Ni (sau ny l tr s ca B Khoa hc v Cng ngh, s 39 ph Trn Hng o - H Ni) v khu kho bi t ti u ph Khm Thin, ngi dn H Ni quen gi l Nh Du.
Ton cnh S Du Thng L nm 1933
Trn khu t Nh Du, sau ny xy dng tr s ca Tng cng ty Xng du Vit Nam - Petrolimex1. Nh Du (c ngi cn gi l S Nh Du) l ni bn xng cho nhng ngi c t v bn du ha cho nhng ngi dng n thp sng. Du la c bn bun t cc cng (Nh B, Hi Phng) ln cc thnh ph v c nhng ngi bun li gnh i bn rong trn cc ng ph, cc ch qu, k c bn n Hoa K. T khi c S Nh Du, ci ng nh u tin ca ph Khm Thin c ngi dn gi l ng Nh Du. Tn ny vn tn ti cho n gn y, khi U ban nhn dn thnh ph H Ni quy nh dng ch s thay cho tn gi. Ng Nh Du c i thnh ng 1 Khm Thin. Ci tn Nh Du cn st li trn tm bin ch Trm bin p in trc ng2. V xut x chic n du Hoa K: Theo Daniel Yergin, mt dc s t Lvov (nay thuc Ucraina), vi s gip ca mt ngi th ng nc pht minh ra mt loi n t du gi r. Da trn thit k ban u ca ngi dc s v ngi th ng ng Lvov, chic n khc phc c cc vn khi v mi. Sau , mt i l bn du ti Niu Oc pht hin ra mt loi n c ng khi bng thu tinh t du la ang c sn xut ti Vin. i l Niu Oc nhp khu loi n du ny v nhanh chng chim lnh th trng. Do lin tc c ci tin, loi n xut x t Vin tr thnh c s cho hot ng kinh doanh n du ti nc M v sau c xut khu trn khp th gii3. V lch s tn n Hoa K, theo c gio s ng Phong hin cn nhiu gi thuyt. Mt s kin cho rng do cc hng du ca M khuyn mi bng cch c mua 1 thng du th tng 1 chic n. Ci tn n Hoa K bt ngun t
1. 50 nm Tng cng ty Xng du Vit Nam (1956-2006), Nxb. Chnh tr quc gia, H Ni, 2006. 2. Theo ti liu ca c gio s ng Phong. 3. Daniel Yergin: Du m, tin bc v quyn lc, Nxb. Chnh tr quc gia, H Ni, 2008, tr. 44.
Ng Nh Du bn cnh Tng cng ty Xng du Vit Nam, nay l ng 1 Khm Thin
Hnh nh trch t cun sch K thut ca ngi An Nam

1. Li c kin cho rng Hoa K khng phi l M, m l tn mt ca hiu ng Jule Ferry (nay l ph Hng Trng, H Ni) chuyn lm ra loi n ny bng st ty bn, t ngi mua ly tn hiu gi tn n2.
Nm 1926, t bn Php thnh lp Cng ty Bugi ng Dng (Compagnie Indochinoise de Bougie) kinh doanh cc loi du t, sn phm ph nh xi, parafin, bougie cho my n. T nhng nm 30 ca th k XX, Cng ty Du Caltex (M) n Vit Nam, tr s t ti nh s 27-28 bn Bch ng (Si Gn), sau ny l tr s Cng ty Cung ng tu bin. Caltex c chi nhnh Thng L (Hi Phng). T nhng nm 30 ca th k XX, Cng ty Standard Oil (M) c kho Nh B, i l Bp du c dng Lin X nm 1930 Thng L (Hi Phng) v t nm 1911 bun bn du vi thng hiu ESSO (ESSO l pht m ca hai ch S v O ca t Standard Oil, v t nm 1911, trnh c quyn, chnh ph M buc Cng ty Standard Oil phi chia thnh 7 cng ty khu vc nh California Standard Oil).
Caltex l mt cng ty du lin doanh gia Texaco (Texas Company) v California Standard Oil, c thnh lp nm 1936. Texaco u tin l Cng ty nhin liu Texas (Texas - Fuel Company) do Joseph S. Cullinan thnh lp Beaumont - Texas nm 1901
Tng kho xng du Nh B c xy dng t nm 1910, nhiu cng ty du u c kho y3. Cc s liu thng k di y cho thy s lng xng du c nhp vo ng Dng:
1. Nguyn Cng Hoan: Nh v ghi v H Ni, Nxb. Tr, 2004, tr. 149. 2. Henry Oger: Introduction gnrale ltude de la technique du peuple Annamite, Geuthner, p. 28. Dumoutier: Essais sur les Tonkinois, Imprimerie dExtrme-Orient, 1908, pp. 74-75. 3. 50 nm Tng cng ty Xng du Vit Nam (1956-2006), Nxb. Chnh tr quc gia, H Ni, 2006.
Nm 1932, du lc: 44.690 tn, xng: 31.210 tn, du nng: 6.900 tn; Nm 1933, du lc: 40.560 tn, xng: 27.750 tn, du nng: 5.670 tn; Nm 1934, du lc: 34.950 tn, xng: 29.540 tn, du nng: 24.500 tn1.
II. Hot ng tm kim du m ca ngi Php

Sau khi hon thnh c bn vic t ch thng tr Vit Nam, thc dn Php khn trng xc tin vic iu tra, thm d ti nguyn, y mnh khai thc bc lt kinh t. T nm 1888 n nm 1929, t bn Php u t mnh vo Vit Nam, khong 3,5-4,5 t phrng vng u t vo nng nghip, cy cng nghip, giao thng vn ti, bu chnh vin thng, hng khng Php thnh lp rt sm cc t chc m nhim vic nghin cu iu tra a cht thu ht nhiu nh a cht gii, ban hnh cc vn bn php lut cho vic thm d, khai thc khong sn ng Dng, ln lt thnh lp S M Nam K (nm 1868), Nha M ng Dng (nm 1884), Cng ty Than Bc K ca Php (thng 4-1888). Thng 10-1888, Tng thng Php ra sc lnh u tin v m ng Dng, trong quy nh v thu l di nhng v quyn s hu m. Nm 1898 (trn giy t l nm 1894), S a cht ng Dng c thnh lp (Gim c l M. Counillon - gio s Trng Chasseloup Laubat, nay l Trng trung hc ph thng L Qu n, Thnh ph H Ch Minh) trc thuc Nha Canh nng v Thng mi, n nm 1904 trc thuc Ban Thanh tra Cng chnh (S M). Nm 1921, Nha M c thnh lp gm S M, S a cht, mt phng th nghim v th cc vt liu khong. Nm 1928, Hi ng Nghin cu khoa hc ng Dng c thnh lp, c 40 thnh vin; trong c i din S a cht. Nm 1929, S a cht sp nhp vo Tng Thanh tra M v K ngh, nm 1933 S a cht li thuc Tng Thanh tra Cng chnh v n nm 1939 li trc thuc Tng Thanh tra M v K ngh ng Dng (t chc ny c ti thnh lp nm 1938)2. Ngoi ra, nm 1899, Ton quyn ng Dng thnh lp S a l ng Dng trc thuc Ban Tham mu qun i Php, c nhim v thnh lp v in cc bn
1. ng Phong: Lch s kinh t Vit Nam 1945-2000. Tp I: 1945-1954, Nxb. Khoa hc x hi, H Ni, 2002, tr. 65. 2. Tp on Du kh Vit Nam (Ch bin Nguyn Hip): a cht v ti nguyn du kh Vit Nam, Nxb. Khoa hc k thut, H Ni, 2007, tr. 17-18.
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a hnh ng Dng. Nhng bn ny l c s rt quan trng cho vic v cc bn a cht. Nm 1922, Vin Hi dng hc ng Dng c thnh lp. Nhng nm 1923-1927, tu De Lanessan (Php) kho st su y bin v thu thp mu y Bin ng. Nm 1930, ngi Php cho tin hnh o su, kho st a hnh cc khu vc bin nng ven b nh vnh Bc B, vnh Thi Lan, cc o v qun o: Hong Sa, Trng Sa, Ph Quc. Sau khi ra i, mc d s ngi rt t (3-7 ngi), song S a cht ng Dng nhanh chng xc tin cng tc iu tra v bn a cht cc t l 1/4.000.000 (nm 1928), 1/2.000.000 (cc nm: 1928, 1931, 1937). ng lu nht l Bn a cht ng Dng t l 1/2.000.000, do J. Fromaget cng tc vi F. Bonelli, J. Hoffet v E. Saurin lp nm 1937 (nm 1952 v nm 1971 c ti bn c b sung), th hin c kh y cu trc a cht ca ng Dng. V iu tra ti nguyn khong sn: c rt nhiu cng trnh lin quan n than v cc kim loi ng, st, km, thic, vng, bc Cc cng trnh nghin cu ca S a cht ng Dng u c cng b trong cc tp K yu (Mmoire) v Tp san (Bulletin) ca S. Nm 1914, Bo tng a cht ng Dng c xy dng v nm 1919 m ca n cng chng vo tham quan. Bo tng c 5 nghn mu , khong vt v ho thch rt c gi tr1. Cho n nay, nhng kt qu nghin cu a cht khu vc, a tng, c sinh, khong sn ng Dng vn c gi tr cho nhng nghin cu a cht sau ny. T bn Php thnh lp rt nhiu cng ty khai thc cc m than, crm v phtpht Cc hot ng khai thc m ca Php Vit Nam phn ln tp trung min Bc, ni c iu kin a cht thun li thnh to khong sn. Cc cng trnh chuyn su v a cht du kh rt t so vi a cht khu vc ni chung v khong sn rn ni ring. Tuy nhin, cc ti liu cn li cho thy cc thng tin v du kh Vit Nam v ng Dng c bit kh sm. Vo nm 1901, ngi Php tin hnh khoan mt vi ging khoan ti Nng nhng khng gp kh chy v nm 1910 khoan v o ging vng Ni Lch, Yn Bi. Ngy 23-3-1914, ti Vin Hn lm Khoa hc Php, De Launay trnh by ghi chp ca P. Durandin V s c th tn ti m du kh ng
1. Tp on Du kh Vit Nam (Ch bin Nguyn Hip): a cht v ti nguyn du kh Vit Nam, Sd, tr.18. Hong Th Thn. Le Service gologique de lIndochine 1898-1953. Extrait du Bulletin de la socit des tudes indochinoises. Nouvelle srie-tome XLVIII-No 4. 1973.
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Bo tng a cht ng Dng (nm 1914)
Dng thuc Php theo cc ch dn a danh nh Nm Du Lng Sn (nm l sui, du l du ho?)1. Vn du m Bc B v nhng vng cn li ng Dng c nu r trong bo co chung v cng nghip m, nhn cuc thanh tra cc nc thuc a vo thng 3-19222, gm nhng vng chnh nh sau: (1) B trm tch Tam ng Ho (Qung Yn, nay l Qung Ninh) cha cc va than lignit ang c khai thc v phin du dy khong 15 m, khi chng ct cho 3-8% du khong (huile minrale) bc chy d dng, c th s dng lm cht t khi trn vi lignit.
Ngi Php tm thy du ng Ho vo nm 1919. Nm 1924, P.Schoen c bo co v m ny. Theo li k ca mt cng nhn lm vic y, khong nhng nm 1930-1934, ngi Php giao cho mt thu khon Vit Nam thm d, mu c ly gi i phn tch nc ngoi. Nm 1940-1941, ngi Nht Bn cng n kho st vng ny. Cch thc thm d lc bng o ging, l, ho, ko t bng tay v trc ti, rt nc bng my bm chy bng hi nc (ni supde)
1. Durandin P., 1914. Sur lxistence possible de gisements ptrolifres dans lIndochine franaise daprs les indices toponymiques. CR. Acad. Sci. France, 158, pp 900-903, Paris. 2. Gouvernement gnral de lIndochine. Service des mines. La question du ptrole au Tonkin et dans le reste de lIndochine. Extrait de rapport gnral sur lindustrie minire tablit pour linspection des colonies, Mars-1922.
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v mc bng tay. Vn chuyn t thi bng xe gong, mu ly c a ra thuyn bng xe ba gc. S nhn cng khong 30 ngi (nm 1930). Php nh gi ti nguyn thy l 2.450.000 tn, chc c l 2.750.000 tn, c th c l 10.375.000 tn. Tng cng 15.575.000 tn1.
(2) Trm tch Tam tnh Tuyn Quang, trn mi lp lignit cn gp phin Vt l du ng Ho, Qung Ninh st - vi mu scla, khi chng ct cho cc du khong t l khc nhau. Hai thnh to trn rt ging nhau, nhng cc b rt hn ch, theo tnh ton s b, tr lng cc phin khng ln, do kh c th xy dng c mt nh my du nc thuc a ny. (3) Trm tch Paleozoi vng Ni Lch, hu ngn sng Hng, cch th x Yn Bi (nay l thnh ph Yn Bi) v pha Nam 3-4 km, c di vi nt n, graphit ho biu hin hydrocarbon xm nhim, to thnh mng ca b trm tch sng h Tam, dy khong 1.000 m, b un np Yn Bi dc thung lng sng Hng2. Nm 1919, Nha M ng Dng tin hnh kho st a cht, thi cng mt s cng trnh ho, h thng ngun Ngi c, Ngi Giao, c bit khoan sn pha ng Ni Lch. Ngy 12-1-1911 khoan ti su 52 m v su 35 m xuyn qua lp ct kt mu en c mi du m, nhng sau ngng ri b3. Nm 1922, theo xut ca Guidon Lavalle thuc S M, Pierre Viennot cng vi Guidon Lavalle kho st li vng Ni Lch, Ngi c, Ngi Giao, lp bn ti liu thc t t l 1/50.000 v mt ct a cht qua Ni Lch, v gi mu phn tch ti Phng th nghim ca S M, kt qu cho thy c hp cht hydrocarbon4. Ngy 1-12-1924, ti hi ngh ca Hi a cht Php, P. Viennot im qua cc nghin cu a cht ca R. Zeiller, 1893, E. Beauverie, 1911, L. Dussault, 1922, 1929 lin quan n vng Yn Bi, gm cc thnh to bin cht, cc trm tch Paleozoi
1. Bo co v tnh hnh m Schiste bitumineux ng Ho - Qung Yn ca Nguyn Xun An v L Vn Bng, ngy 4-9-1958. 2. P. Viennot, 1924; E. Sarran, 1899; J. Fromaget, 1941. 3. La question du ptrole, 1922; P. Viennot, 1924. 4. Gouvernement gnral de lIndochine. Service des mines, 1922. Notes sur un prlvement dchantillons effectu dans la rgion ptrolifre de Nui Lich-province Yen Bai.
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v b Tam. Theo nhn nh ca P. Viennot, c s xut l du y, tuy nhin khng c kh nng tn ti mt m du, nhng c th y l du hiu tt cho cng tc tm kim du m x ny. (4) vng Tourane ( Nng), ngi ta thng bo v s tn ti ct kt cha du m v c xc nhn ca nh iu tra (Prospecteur) cho bit c du khong r r trong 20 nm qua, t khi lm cc nn mng cng trnh vng ny, v trong mu ct do phng th nghim tin hnh c l l hn hp ca hydrocarbon.V phng din a cht, nu s tn ti hydrocarbon l c kh nng trong b Mesozoi Nng Sn pha Ty Nam Bn kho st vng Ni Lch, Yn Bi Nng, th n li t c kh nng gn thnh ph ny, ni ngi ta ch bit ngoi bi tch hin ti l bin cht kt tinh, vic ko di ca b ny di nhng bi tch c l khong 10 km pha Nam Nng. (5) im l du vng m Th Ni (Quy Nhn) c pht hin vo nm 1920 v nm 1944, E. Saurin m t lng Hi Lc, chn pha Ty ni Eo Vc, ni b bin dc ng c du r loang ra trn b mt bn, ct lp y cc khe nt trong granit khi thu triu rt xung. Du thu c khi chng ct dung dch mu nu, nng c thuc tnh Parafin v ch s khc x
Vt l du trong vi thung lng Ni Lch, Yn Bi
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l 1,425 nhit 28oC. E. Saurin cho rng c th c s tn ti du trong trm tch vng vnh su di trm tch hin i, v khng nghi ng g n thuc Neogen, hoc c th l phn di ca T. Nm 1944, ngi Php tin hnh khoan thm d cc vng pha Ty Hi Lc, ng K Sn thuc vnh Quy Nhn n su 40 m, gp mng granit v trn l lp bn ct bin im l du m Th Ni, Quy Nhn mu xm, nhng khng pht hin ra du. Nm 1945, ngi Nht Bn cng tin hnh khoan thm mt s ging nhng cng khng pht hin g thm. n nm 1957, E. Saurin tr li nghin cu im du ny gn lng Hi Lc, bn di lp ct bin 20 cm l lp bn ct mu en, mi thi c nhng vng du loang trn lp bn sapropel phong ph nhng mng vn thc vt (to) nh l m ca du phn tn, ri rc vnh Quy Nhn. T nhng kt qu nghin cu mi ny, cng vi ti liu thm d nm 1944, nm 1964 E. Saurin li c nhn nh rng du y khng phi t trm tch Neogen hay T c, m chnh l lp bn sapropel giu mn thc vt vnh Quy Nhn to ra. Trong s khng nhiu cc nghin cu v du kh ni trn, ng lu nht l ti liu Nhng c im a cht v kh nng du m ng Dng (Considrations gologiques sur les possibilits de ptrole en Indochine) hon thnh ngy 22-4-1936 ca J. Fromaget, Gim c S a cht ng Dng (sau l vin s Vin Hn lm Khoa hc Php). J. Fromaget c nhng nhn nh tng qut rng: cho d nhng du hiu trc tip cn him (lc du hiu trc tip ca du kh l tin tm kim rt quan trng), song trin vng du m ng Dng l ln (stendent de trs grandes surfaces). Trn c s nh gi chung v cc thnh to trm tch, cc c im c a l v kin to ng Dng, J. Fromaget cho rng nhng a tng trm tch c kh nng du m nh sau: - Lot di Indosinias di v gia, trong quan trng nht l trm tch Moscovi trn di Carni, nhng i khi xung n tn y Carbon v ln n Nori. - Lot gia, Lias.
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- Lot trn rt hn ch c tui Neogen. J. Fromaget m t chi tit cc mt ct Chang Poung - H Giang (Paleozoi), rt quan tm n trm tch bin vng ny. Tng chn l dip thch st Devon; mt ct Paleozoi Savanakhet (Lo) c tng chn l trm tch mu Neotrias, tng cha l vi Carbon-Permi, m l trm tch Devon; Campuchia ng m t cc trm tch pha ng. i vi cc thnh to Neogen, J. Fromaget m t cc trm tch h, sng hp dc thung lng sng Hng. Lc Bnh - Lng Sn, dc theo thung lng sng K Cng l ra ct kt, st kt cha bitum. Mu c phn tch Php nm 1927 cho bit c nhiu du (huile) tng ny. thung lng sng Hng, ng nhc li pht hin ca P. Viennot nm 1924 Ni Lch, ng cho rng du sinh ra t trm tch Paleozoi. c bit cc trm tch sng, h thung lng sng Hng c th lin h vi cc trm tch vng ca sng nm di chu th sng Hng s c trm tch nc l thun li cho vic hnh thnh du m, cc lp st chu th s l cc tng chn. Gi thuyt ny Bn a cht ng Dng (nm 1929) trong c chng minh ti ging khoan ti liu ca J. Fromaget vo thng 9-1934 ca S Cng chnh, Ho M, nm gn ra Ty Bc ca chu th. Khi phn tch, ngi ta thy c kh methane (58%), khng kh (35%), CO2 (7%) trong ct su 33 m c th kh t di su di chuyn ln. Song J. Fromaget cho rng ch l gi thuyt.
Trong phn kt lun ca cng trnh nghin cu ny, J. Fromaget vit: Nu cc du hiu (indices) ca du kh kh him ng Dng th cc cu trc thch hp li c mt tng i ph bin trong cc lp su.
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Cc cu trc ny nm phn ra cc i un np: khu vc vm (anticlinal) Nan Hin Boum, nm ra cc b trc ni (avant-fosse) Hercyni, cc khu vc Vientian, Tchpone, Kompon Speu v thung lng Srepok, nm trong i un (ondule) bao quanh phn bng (tabulaire) ca ng Dng, phn ra cc i un np hay t gy ca c cu (difice) Indosini. Cc cu trc khc c xem nh thun li hn cho s c du, nhng li km hn v cc i un np hp v t ko di (peu tendues); cc thung lng Skamane v S Kong, hoc trn ton ng Dng l lc a cc thi k khc nhau trong tin trnh lch s a cht, chia thnh lot cc di hp, song song, nm cc cung (arcs) b chia thnh cc vng (scinds en guirlandes), v v hp nn b c lp trn mt cng nh di su bi cc hot ng to ni. S tn ti cc cu trc thun li lin quan cht ch vi s sp t thnh cc cung (dispositions en arcs), nh cc thi k a cht khc nhau, bin ln vo cc ca sng, vng, vnh, m h trong mi ng ngch (recoins) ca ng Dng, loi tr phn trung tm ng Dng do dng khi (forme massive), khng chu nhng chuyn ng nh phn ra ca n. S phn b cc tng phong ph v u th cc trm tch vn (dtritiques) i vi cc trm tch bn (vaseux) ca bin su t hay nhiu, t nht t Cambri b sp t thnh cc chui vng (disposition en guirlandes), dn n vng mt cc tn d (a hnh - reliefs) quan trng trn cc vng rng ln v kh thy s tn ti cc ng bng alluvi rng ln c to bi cc trm tch c thnh phn v ht tng t vi trm tch duyn hi hay m h. Cc tng ny k tc s n iu, tr Devon cc trm tch bin hnh nh c nhiu hn so vi trm tch lc a v lc a, chng c mu xanh hay lun phin ct kt (grseux) v phin (schisteux) vi u th ct kt (grs) so vi phin (schistes) trong cc tng bn trn v cng vi s xen k than - graphit Huroni v Cambri, antraxit Vesphali, Stephani, Permi, Notrias v Rhti, lignite Neogen v T, v cc phn xut - basalt Huroni bin i thnh amphibolit, porphyrit Urali, rhyolit v dacit Permi, Trias, basalt Tam v T. Trong cc lot ny c mt cc thu knh bin nng (nritique), ch r s dao ng ca mc nc bin, rt thun li cho s tin ho sapropel, hn na c s xen k cc lp marne v argiles dy, c th l cc lp chn cn thit bo v cc ti du. Cc trm tch khng thm ca cc lp chn l Silure, cc phin st (schistes argileux) ca Devon, cc vng khc c th n u (sommet) Trias, t Nori; i vi trm tch Lias, t Jura hay Creta, cui cng l cc tch t gi nh (hypothtiques dpts) Neogen Bc K, cc trm tch st (argileux) ca Delta. l tt c nhng g c th ni v ch kh nng du kh ng Dng. Tm li ch l nhng hy vng ln.
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Trang u v trang cui bo co ca J. Fromaget
Nh vy, ngay vo gia nhng nm 30 ca th XX, J. Fromaget c nhng nhn nh rt khoa hc, nhng cn c v phn tch a tng trm tch, mi trng thnh to cc trm tch, hot ng kin to, d on s pht trin ca cc trm tch trn vng ng Dng rng ln a ra cc nhn nh v trin vng du kh ng Dng. Ngy nay khoa hc a cht du kh c nhng tin b vt bc v phng php lun, v k thut, cng ngh, thit b hin i, nhng ni chung vn trn nhng c s nh gi trin vng du kh ng Dng m J. Fromaget cp.
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chng
HOT NG DU KH VIT NAM giai on 1945-1975
I. Hot ng du kh do Vit Nam Dn ch cng ha tin hnh

1. Nhng bc khi u
Cch mng Thng Tm nm 1945 a Vit Nam t mt nc thuc a tr thnh mt nc c lp. Ngy 2-9-1945, nc Vit Nam Dn ch Cng ha ra i. Mc d va phi i ph vi mu tr li thng tr ca thc dn Php, va phi chng gic i, khc phc l lt, khi phc kinh t, Chnh ph vn quan tm t chc li ngnh a cht v m. Ngy 3-10-1945, Ch tch H Ch Minh k Sc lnh sp nhp S Tng thanh tra Khong cht v K ngh thuc Ph Ton quyn ng Dng vo B Quc dn Kinh t. Trong c cu t chc ca B Quc dn Kinh t c Nha K ngh, Gim c l ng H c Lin. Ngy 1-4-1946, B Quc dn Kinh t t chc li c quan, trong Nha K ngh i thnh Nha Khong cht v K ngh, Gim c l ng Nguyn Xun Thin. Ngy 26-11-1946, Chnh ph ban hnh Sc lnh s 220-SL i tn B Quc dn Kinh t thnh B Kinh t. Sc lnh s 21-SL k ngy 14-5-1951 i tn B Kinh t thnh B Cng Thng, trong vn duy tr Nha Khong cht v K ngh. Trong 9 nm khng chin chng thc dn Php (1946-1954), tp trung mi sc lc, ca ci ca c nc vo cuc chin, Chnh ph ch o phc hi khai thc mt s m nh than Lng Cm, Qun Triu tnh Thi Nguyn, B H
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tnh Bc Giang, i Hoa tnh Ho Bnh, Khe B tnh Ngh An; thic Tnh Tc tnh Cao Bng (t thng 7-1947); ch Bc Sn, o An, tnh Bc Kn (1950-1952); antimoan m Hng, Lng Can thuc huyn Chim Ho, tnh Tuyn Quang (1946-1950); crm C nh, tnh Thanh Ho; vng Vnh Tuy (tnh H Giang), Bng Miu (Qung Nam); st Nh Xun, tnh Thanh Ha; phtpho Vnh Thnh, huyn Hu Lng, tnh Lng Sn Ngy 22-1-1950, Ch tch H Ch Minh k Sc lnh s 9-SL tuyn b: Tt c cc ngun khong cht Vit Nam u l ca Nh nc.
c bit trong chin dch in k ngy 22-1-1950 Bin Ph, mt s cha asphalt thung lng bn Si Lng, huyn Mai Sn, tnh Sn La c khai thc v chng ct thnh du chy xe vn ti. Chin thng ng Xun 1953-1954, nh cao l chin thng in Bin Ph, buc thc dn Php phi k Hip nh Ginev, rt qun v nc, lp li ho bnh trn c s tha nhn ch quyn dn tc ca ba nc ng Dng, kt thc thng li s nghip khng chin chng thc dn Php xm lc. Vit Nam tm thi b chia thnh hai min, ranh gii l v tuyn 17.
Sc lnh s 9-SL do Ch tch H Ch Minh
Du vt khai thc asphalt thung lng bn Si Lng, huyn Mai Sn, tnh Sn La nm 1952-1956, chng ct 1.000 kg asphalt c 5-10 kg du
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Chng 2: HOT NG DU KH VIT NAM...
Sau khi min Bc c hon ton gii phng, nhn dn ta bc vo giai on khi phc kinh t v ci to x hi ch ngha. Thng 9-1955, Chnh ph tch B Cng Thng thnh B Cng nghip v B Thng nghip. Ngy 28-3-1956, B Cng nghip ban hnh Ngh nh s 91/BCNQ, trong Nha Khong cht v K ngh i thnh S a cht (Gim c l ng H c Lin (1955-1957), sau l ng L Vn c (1958-1959)). Ngy 7-7-1958, B Cng nghip ban hnh Quyt nh s 1225-BCN/Q i tn S a cht thnh Cc a cht (Cc trng l ng L Vn c). Ngy 26-7-1960, Ch tch nc ban hnh Lnh s 18/LCT cng b Lut T chc Hi ng Chnh ph, theo Tng cc a cht c thnh lp v trc thuc Hi ng Chnh ph. Tng cc trng l ng Nguyn Vn ip. Nhn lc trong ngnh a cht pht trin rt nhanh, nu S a cht ch c 257 ngi (trong trnh i hc c 3 ngi, trung cp c 2 ngi, s cp c 130 ngi, cng nhn c 122 ngi), th Cc a cht c hn 5 nghn ngi (nm 1960), Tng cc a cht c 22 nghn ngi (nm 1972), vi hng nghn ngi c trnh i hc, cao ng v trung cp.
Lp o to k thut a cht nm 1955: Mt ngy u thng 7-1955, Th trng B Cng Thng, gio s Trn i Ngha, khai ging lp chuyn vin a cht cha Lng (lc thuc ngoi thnh H Ni, nay thuc qun ng a). K s m H c Lin, tt nghip i hc Php, Gim c S a cht, trc tip ph trch lp hc. Lp c 104 hc vin, trong c 4 n, 81 ngi l hc sinh, cn b min Nam tp kt, 23 hc sinh, cn b min Bc. Phn ln anh ch em ang hc d cp III, c mt s ngi tt nghip cp III. Cc thy gio l k s H c Lin, dc s V Vn Chuyn (dy mn Khong vt v Tinh th hc), k s Nguyn Vn Nh (dy mn a cht thm d), ng Trn Vn Thi (dy mn a cht i cng), ng L Trng ng (dy mt s gi ting Nga). Qun l hc tp c cc ng: Trn Qu Khu, Trn Sa, Nguyn Thin Giao, Phan Minh Bch, Nguyn Mai. Ngoi vic hc lp, hc vin cn c tham quan, thc tp ti Bo tng a cht v Trng i hc Y Dc H Ni. Thy ging nhit tnh, tr hc say sa d lc cha Lng cha c in! Thi gian ca kho hc l 6 thng, nhng mi c 4 thng, mt s hc vin phi nhn nhim v ln ng cng tc, v cc chuyn gia Lin X, Trung Quc n Vit Nam. Nhng hc vin ca lp hc ny sau ny tr thnh cc chuyn gia nng ct ca ngnh a cht Vit Nam, nhiu ngi l gio s, tin s; mt s ngi gi nhng trng trch trong ngnh a cht (Trn c Lng, Trn i), trong ngnh Du kh (Trng Thin, Nguyn Giao, ng Ca) v ng u Nh nc (Trn c Lng)1.
1. K yu: 50 nm Lp a cht u tin (1955-2006), H Ni, 2005.
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T ngy 5 n ngy 10-9-1960, i hi i biu ton quc ln th III ca ng Lao ng Vit Nam hp ti H Ni; i hi quyt nh ng li, ch trng xy dng ch ngha x hi min Bc v u tranh thng nht t nc. Trong Bo co chnh tr c nu: phn u thc hin mt bc cng nghip ho x hi ch ngha, xy dng bc u c s vt cht k thut ca ch ngha x hi,1. Khoa hc a cht phi ly vic thm d v nghin cu ti nguyn di t lm cng tc trng tm ca mnh, tm ra nhng khong sn cn thit cho vic pht trin cng nghip2. Nh vy, vic tm kim, thm d du kh v cc loi khong sn khc c ng v Nh nc rt quan tm. c s gip ca Lin X, Trung Quc v cc nc x hi ch ngha ng u, cng tc kho st v bn a cht, tm kim, iu tra ti nguyn khong sn c trin khai mnh m. Cc khong sn u c on thm d ring: on 9 thm d than Qung Ninh, on 20 chuyn o v bn a cht ng lu l thng 8-1958, hai nh a cht Nguyn Xun An v L Vn Bng kho st m dip thch bitum ng Ho m Php pht hin nm 1919. Nm 1958-1960, vi s gip ca chuyn gia Trung Quc Dng Thy Phong, on thm d 12 tin hnh thm d xc nh tr lng trn 4,2 triu tn, v kt lun ti y kh m c s tn ti mt khu m c quy m v trin vng3. Ni bt nht trong thi k ny l cng trnh Bn a cht min Bc Vit Nam t l 1/500.000 (1960-1963) do A.E. ovjikov ch bin. So vi cc bn a cht ca S a cht ng Dng trc y, bn ny hn hn v mc chi tit, tnh nht qun v c nhiu pht hin mi. Ngoi ra, im rt quan trng l rt nhiu nh a cht Vit Nam hc tp v trng thnh t cng trnh ny. Sau khi cng ngh chng ct du m ra i v pht trin mnh, nhiu sn phm du p ng c cc nhu cu cho pht trin kinh t, qun s, cho i sng. n gia th k XX, du m tr thnh mt ti nguyn khong sn chin lc, mt i tng cnh tranh khc lit gia cc cng ty du kh th gii, mt trong cc nguyn nhn n ra tranh chp lnh th, chin tranh gia cc nc. Cc nh lnh o cc quc gia khng th khng quan tm n nguyn nhin liu c tm chin lc ny. Cc nh lnh o Vit Nam sm c nhn quan nh vy.
1. ng Cng sn Vit Nam: Vn kin ng Ton tp, Nxb. Chnh tr quc gia, H Ni, 2002, t.21, tr. 566. 2. Sd, tr. 589. 3. on thm d 12, Cc a cht B Cng nghip; Trng on: Hong Ho: Bo co ph tra a cht vng chung quanh khu m du ng Ho, huyn Honh B, tnh Qung Yn, thng 7-1960.
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Theo li k ca ng L Vn C - nguyn Ph Tng cc trng Tng cc Du kh: Ngay t nm 1954 ti Ginev, Thu S, ti c gp B trng B Ngoi giao Phm Vn ng v Th trng B Quc phng T Quang Bu - Trng v Ph on Chnh ph nc Vit Nam Dn ch Cng ha ti Hi ngh Ginev ang m phn vi Chnh ph Php v Hip nh nh chin ti Vit Nam. Khi bit ti ang theo hc trng m Pari, ng ng dn d ti phi hc thm ngnh du m, lnh vc m theo ng, trong tng lai s rt cn thit trong qu trnh xy dng t nc. Tr v Pari, ti lm theo li cn dn ca ng v hc thm c chng ch tt nghip mn a cht du kh1.
Nm 1957, trong chuyn thm cc nc ng u, Ch tch H Ch Minh n thm gin khoan du Anbani v nh my lc du Bungari2.
Ch tch H Ch Minh thm gin khoan du Anbani
Trong chuyn thm Lin X ngy 23-7-1959, Ch tch H Ch Minh n thm khu cng nghip du kh Bacu (Adcbaigian). Khi trao i vi cc nh lnh o, Ngi ni: Sau khi Vit Nam khng chin thng li, Lin X ni chung v Adcbaigian ni ring phi gip Vit Nam khai thc v ch bin du kh, xy dng c nhng khu cng nghip du kh mnh nh Bacu. S kin ny th hin tm nhn xa trng rng, mong c v quyt tm xy dng ngnh Du kh Vit Nam ca Ch tch H Ch Minh.
khi bay qua vng bin Caxpin, Ngi ch cho ch Phm Th Xun Phng, cn b ca s qun Vit Nam ti Lin X i cng on..., v ni: Bin du y v Chu thy khng kia l my ht du, xa xa l cu ni t t lin ra bin ly du y. Du qu lm, nc no c du l giu ln ngay3.
1. Nhiu tc gi, T Duy Anh ch bin: Nhng ngi i tm la, Nxb. Hi Nh vn, 2006, t.I, tr. 425 v trch phng vn ng L Vn C ngy 3-12-2009. 2. Bng ghi hnh chuyn i ang c lu tr ti Tp on Du kh Quc gia Vit Nam. 3. Phm Th Xun Phng: Nim vui bt ng, Nhng ngi thp sng bin khi, Vng Tu, 2006, tr. 110.
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Ch tch H Ch Minh thm nh my lc du Bungari
Ngay t nhng nm 1956-1959, thc hin ch trng ca Chnh ph v cng tc o to, B Gio dc gi mt s hc sinh i Lin X v Rumani hc cc trng i hc v du kh (Trng i hc Cng nghip Du kh Mtxcva mang tn Vin s I.M. Gubkin v Trng i hc Du kh v a cht Bucart - Rumani), cng vi nhng k s c o to ngnh a cht v a vt l chung (Trng i hc a cht thm d Mtxcva - Nga - MGRI, Trng i hc Bch khoa H Ni, Trng i hc Tng hp H Ni), Trng trung cp K thut II o to cc k thut trung cp a vt l, Trng Nghip v a cht o to cc s cp a vt l. Lc lng cn b k thut ny tuy s lng t v cha c kinh nghim, nhng sau khi ra trng tham gia ngay vo cng tc iu tra, tm kim, thm d du kh min Bc Vit Nam. c s gip ca cc chuyn gia, bng s n lc t hc v c o to nng cao, sau ny nhiu ngi trong s h gi nhiu trng trch trong ngnh Du kh Vit Nam. Nm 1958, Chnh ph Vit Nam quyt nh mi Lin X gip kho st, nh gi trin vng du kh Vit Nam. Khong cui nm 1958, chuyn gia N.K. Griaznov ca Vin Nghin cu khoa hc a cht Thm d Du m ton Lin bang (VNIGNI) sang gip Vit Nam lp k hoch thm d du kh. Trn c s nghin cu, tm
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hiu ti liu ca S a cht ng Dng1, cng ng L Vn C v ng Trn Vn Tr, chuyn gia N.K. Griaznov tin hnh 2 l trnh ngn kho st thc a, trong c vng Ni Lch, tnh Yn Bi. u nm 1959, chuyn gia N.K. Griaznov trnh Cc a cht Vit Nam bn ngh v du m vi cc ni dung chnh sau: (1) T chc kim tra k tt c nhng bo qung hin c v du kh trong phm vi nc Vit Nam Dn ch Cng ha. (2) Tin hnh nghin cu, nh gi trin vng du kh cc vng pht trin trm tch C sinh thng, Trung sinh, Tn sinh b bin Ch tch H Ch Minh thm khu cng nghip du kh Bacu (ngy 23-7-1959) cht yu nht. Trc ht nghin cu a tng tng trm tch, kin to lm c s nh gi trin vng du kh cc vng v phn vng thun li, tin hnh tm kim, thm d du kh t m hn. (3) Trc tin l nghin cu di gip ranh pha Bc vng trng H Ni, do cc trm tch Trias tng bin, duyn hi v lc a to nn. Tin hnh hng lot cc l trnh kho st vng ng Bc Vit Nam, ni c phn b u th cc trm tch C sinh thng - Trias. (4) Giao mt phn nhim v ny cho Lin on lp bn a cht t l 1/500.000 thc hin.
1. B Tamara dch t ting Php sang ting Nga.
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(5) Giao cho Vin Nghin cu khoa hc a cht Thm d Du m ton Lin bang v Vin a cht ton Lin bang phn tch bitum v nghin cu xc nh cc ho thch ca cc trm tch C sinh v Trung sinh - Tn sinh. (6) Cn c vo kt qu nghin cu nm 1959, hoch nh nhng bin php tin hnh cng tc nghin cu, tm kim du kh tip theo.
Trang u Bn k hoch cng tc pht hin nhng vng c trin vng c du la (N. K. Griaznov, 1958)
Theo li k ca ng L Vn C: Vo khong u nm 1959, phi on Lin X do Th trng B a cht Lin X dn u, n lm vic ti Cc a cht. V Pha Vit Nam, c ng L Trng ng, quyn Cc trng, ng L Vn C, ng Trn Vn Tr v mt s ngi khc. Trong bui lm vic, chuyn gia N.K. Griaznov trnh by bn K hoch cng tc pht hin nhng vng c trin vng du la nc Vit Nam Dn ch Cng ha v bn ngh v du m (thng 1-1959)1.
Bn ngh (ting Nga) cc bc trin khai tm kim, thm d du kh (thng 1-1959)
Trn c s xut ca N.K. Griaznov, ngy 7-4-1959, Chnh ph Vit Nam cho php Tng cc a cht k Hp ng s 9431 vi B a cht Lin X v nghin cu a cht, nh gi trin vng du kh nc Vit Nam Dn ch Cng ha. Hp ng trn c bt u trin khai t ngy 27-6-1959, vi vic thnh lp i kho st nghin cu a cht du kh.
1. Trch phng vn ng L Vn C ngy 3-12-2009.
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i gm chuyn gia S.K. Kitovani, k s trng a cht khu vc v du m, cn b a cht Nguyn Giao. Trong mt s l trnh ban u c s tham gia ca cc cn b a cht: Trn Vn Tr, Nguyn B Nguyn; nhng l trnh sau c thm cn b a cht Nguyn c Lc tham gia cho n khi hon thnh bo co tng kt.
ng Trn Vn Tr (bn tri), ng Nguyn Giao (bn phi) n ng S.K. Kitovani sn ga Hng C, H Ni (nm 1959)
ng Nguyn Giao hi tng li nhng ngy lm vic cng chuyn gia S.K. Kitovani: Cn b lm v a cht nh chng ti lc by gi cn him lm. Ti c giao lm i trng vi nhim v: chun b cc trang thit b k thut theo yu cu ca chuyn gia, lin h xin xe t, nhn vin giao t, bc s, bo v, lin h vi chnh quyn a phng m i s n kho st, v nhn kinh ph chi tiu cho vic thc hin cc l trnh thc a. H tr i l trnh kho st cho i chng ti c 1 bc s, 2 nhn vin giao t phc v chuyn gia, 2 cng an bo v v dn ng (1 t B Cng an, 1 t Cng an tnh lin quan), 2 li xe 2 xe com mng ca ca on xe 12 Cc Chuyn gia. Trang thit b k thut ca i chng ti rt n s gm: cc bn a hnh t l 1/100.000, ba a cht, a bn, s ghi chp, ti ng mu v ho thch, ba l a cht, giy vi leo ni, cn qun o bo h lao ng lc cha c trang b, chng ti c g mc ny nhng cng c gng n din cng p cng tt v lc y chng ti cn tr qu! Mi chuyn l trnh kho st ngn nht l mt tun, di nht l gn mt thng. Sau mi chuyn l trnh, c i c H Ni khong mt tun chun b cho chuyn l trnh tip theo. Rng r hn mt nm tri, t thng 7-1959 n thng 8-1960, i chng ti trin khai kho st thc a t v tuyn 17 tr ra, qua cc vng Ty Bc, Vit Bc, trung du, ng bng, hi o, dc theo ni cao, sui su tm cc im l vi 11 l trnh kho st a cht di khong 25.000 km, m t hn 1.000 im l
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a cht, pht hin mi v thu thp cc ho thch ng vt v thc vt ca cc thi i C sinh (Paleozoi), Trung sinh (Mesozoi) v Tn sinh (Kainozoi), kim tra 20 a im bo qung v du kh. Trong nhng biu hin du m ch nhn bit c cc vng nh sau: 1. Vng Ni Lch, Yn Bi: Nhng biu hin du m dng git lng quan st thy Ni Lch, nm pha Ty Nam, cch Yn Bi khong 3-4 km. Ti y l mt thung lng nh ca sui Ngi Gic (ngi Php gi Ngi Giao), pha ng Bc sn Ni Lch, ngi dn a phng pht hin c cht m nhn lng mu nu sm trong vi dm kt. im l du ny thu ht s ch ca ngi Php. Ngay t nm 1910, h bt u cng tc khoan v o cc h vng ny nghin cu. Sau nm 1910-1911, ti y khoan 2 ging khoan nng 52 m, 22 m v o hng chc h. Ging khoan t sn Ty Nam Ni Lch, cao khong 190 m, v chiu su ging khoan 35 m pht hin va ct mu en c mi du m rt mnh. Cn ging khoan khc su 22 m khng c ti liu no c lu gi. Ngoi ra, vng ni ny tri di gn 1,5 km, qua nhiu nm ngi dn a phng o mt s lng ln cc h, trong c nhiu h pht hin cht m lng c mi du m. Sau cng vic trn vng ny chm dt v cc chuyn gia c vn c mi n a ra l do l t y b bin cht v c t gy kin to dc theo sng Hng, nn kh nng thu c s lng du m y khng c ngha. Chuyn gia S.K. Kitovani v i chng ti kho st Ni Lch v thung lng Ngi Gic v Ngi c thy rng dy Ni Lch gm c cc tng ct st vi nhng lp mng dip thch st mu en xen vi nhng lp mng ct kt mu xm v xm sm. Tng trm tch di thung lng Ngi Gic l ra nhng lp mng vi b dm kt mnh mu xm sm v mu en c dng b bo mn. chn Ni Lch, dc theo b tri sui Ngi Gic, ct kt, dip thch trn Ni Lch nm chm nghch trn vi ni trn v sau l cc dip thch st v ct kt mu xm sm b phong ho. Trong cc dip thch , chng ti thu thp c ho thch tui Devon - nh vy nhng lp vi kp trong cc lp dip thch st cng c tui Devon. Cn cc trm tch dip thch st v ct kt trn dy Ni Lch c tui Trias thng - Nori, v vi Devon vng Ni Lch bin tin. t ngn sng Hng l ra tng vi - dip thch st Devon c th nm bin tin trn dip thch kt tinh v gneiss c. Ti y trm tch Devon b ph bi cc trm tch ct - st bin tin tui Tam. vi dm kt mnh tui Devon to thnh nhng mnh nh v gn kt bng calcite tinh th mu trng. Trn b mt cc tinh th calcite trong cc l hng vi bm y du m rt nh mu nu. Cng nh trong cc khe nt nh ca
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vi khng c calcite cng thy c vt du lng v khi nhn chm cc mnh vi xung nc thy cc vng du m ni ln mt nc. Nh vy c th kt lun rng du m trong vi ny c th nm th sinh, c ngha l du m y dch chuyn t cc tng su hn. Nhng biu hin du m trong tng trm tch dip thch - ct kt Trias dy Ni Lch cng nh cc biu hin du m dng git lng tri di theo thung lng sui Ngi Gic khong 1 km cng bt ngun nh trong trm tch Devon ni trn. 2. Vng bn Nm n, thung lng bn Si Lng, tnh Sn La: Ti vng ny biu hin du m ko di t 10-15 km gia bn Ti, bn Nm n, thung lng bn Si Lng tnh Sn La. Ti bn Nm n l ra tng dip thch st v st mu xm vi cc lp mng vi v st vi mu xm sm. Tng dip thch ny nm trn tng cui kt ht th vi chiu dy ti 10-15 m v ct kt, st mu nu . Theo v tr a tng, tng ny nm trn tng vi Carbon - Permi nn xc nh tui tng trm tch ny l Trias. Nhng lp mng vi v st vi c mi bitum mnh vi hm lng vt cht bc chy ln. Trong nhng khe nt c cha asphalt mu en. 3. du ng Ho, Qung Yn: Ngi Php tm thy du ng Ho t nm 1919. Tr lng du y qu nh, cht lng rt thp vi hm lng cht bc trung bnh khong 14%. Va du mng, khong 5 m, k thut khai thc rt phc tp. Ngoi ra, chng ti gip chuyn gia S.K. Kitovani thu thp, tham gia, phn tch 74 ti liu v a cht Vit Nam v cc nc ln cn ca cc nh a cht Php, Trung Quc, Lin X (c ti Cc a cht) lp bo co a cht hon chnh.
Thng 4-1961, Bo co Trin vng du kh nc Vit Nam Dn ch Cng ha (1959-1961) hon thnh vi 302 trang nh my bng ting Nga, km theo cc bn v v cc mt ct a cht, ct a tng c trng cho tng vng, bn tng , c a l cho tng thi k, bn phn vng kin to a cht v c bit l bn phn vng trin vng du kh nc Vit Nam Dn ch Cng ha t l 1/500.000. Bo co ch yu gm hai phn: a cht v du kh vi cc nhn nh sau: - Phn a cht gm cc vn a tng, kin to, tng , c a l, lch s a cht v phn vng kin to min Bc Vit Nam. - Phn du kh xem xt cc vn : cc du hiu du m trc tip v gin tip,
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c im a ho, mi trng cc b trm tch theo tng thi k, bin cht v tnh cht cha ca t , v.v.. Trn ton lnh th min Bc Vit Nam c chia thnh cc khu vc trin vng, t trin vng, khng trin vng v cc khu vc cn nghin cu tip. Trong trin vng u tin s 1 l bn trng Kho st a cht du kh Ty Bc (1959-1960) gia ni ca chu th sng Hng. Sau l khu vc ng Bc - Bc B, bao gm cc trm tch lc nguyn v lc nguyn - carbonat tui Trias (vng trng An Chu). Bn trng gia ni ca chu th sng Hng chim din tch trn 15.000 km2. Phn ln chm ny c dng hnh tam gic, m rng hng ng v pha vnh Bc B. Pha Ty Bc khp kn li bi cc thnh to Trias trn v T; v nm di l cc bin cht kt tinh ca nn l trn b mt. Trn b mt ca bn trng, cc gc b ph bi lp v cc thnh to T dy 70-100 m, ch mt s khu vc vng ra ca bn trng l ra cc tui Devon nh ni Con Voi (Kin An), tui Trias trn cc vng Ph Li, Bc Ninh, Phc Yn v Ph L, k c bin cht kt tinh ca nn vng Ninh Bnh. Tm li, trong phm vi bn trng ny, trin vng du kh c lin quan trc ht n cc trm tch Tam v Trias-Jura (?). Tip sau l cc i vt mng ca cc trm tch Permi - Carbon - Devon. Cc tc gi kin ngh cng tc nghin cu kho st tip theo bn trng Sng Hng nh sau: (1) o t hng khng khu vc trn ton min Bc t l 1/200.000 v mt s khu vc chi tit hn vi t l 1/50.000. (2) Song song vi o t hng khng, trong phm vi bn trng Sng Hng
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cn trin khai o trng lc t l 1/200.000, hoc 1/100.000. Nhng khu vc c d thng o chi tit hn vi t l 1/50.000 hoc 1/25.000. (3) tranh th thi gian, sau khi pht hin c cc d thng dng theo ti liu t v trng lc, chun b la chn v tr ging khoan chun, d kin chiu su 3.000-3.500 m, c th thit k chiu su ny theo ti liu t v trng lc khoan ht lp v trm tch n b mt nn. (4) Sau khi hon thnh cng tc o trng lc - t chi tit, pht hin cc d thng dng th trin khai cng tc o a chn v in song song vi khoan ging khoan chun.
Bo co Trin vng du kh nc Vit Nam Dn ch Cng ho (ting Nga) ca S.K. Kitovani
(5) cng tc a chn thm d t hiu qu cao, cn thit phi khoan mt s ging khoan ly mu li theo tuyn a chn vi chiu su t 700-1.200 m. (6) Cng tc tip theo bn trng Sng Hng ph thuc vo kt qu ca phc hp cng tc a vt l v ging khoan chun. Tc gi bo co kin ngh kho st nghin cu cc trm tch lc nguyn v lc nguyn - carbonat tui Trias (vng trng An Chu) nh sau: (1) o trng lc t l 1/200.000, ty thuc kt qu t c, o t m nhng khu vc c trin vng n t l 1/50.000 hoc 1/25.000. (2) o v a cht t l 1/100.000 ton b vng trm tch Trias. (3) Chn cc khu vc v cu to c trin vng o c a cht v a vt l in - a chn vi t l ln hn. (4) lm r nhng kt qu o v a cht - a vt l cha r, cng nh chi
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tit ho cc yu t cu to ring bit, cn phi khoan cu to theo tuyn. (5) Cng tc tip theo ca vng trng ph thuc vo kt qu ca phc hp cng tc nu trn. K t khi cc nh a cht Php cp n vn du m ng Dng, c th ni rng Bo co Trin vng du kh nc Vit Nam Dn ch Cng ha (19591961) ca S.K. Kitovani v cc nh a cht Vit Nam l cng trnh tng hp u tin ca nc ta v nghin cu a cht v Bn phn vng trin vng nh gi trin vng du du kh min Bc Vit Nam (1959-1960) kh trn mt vng lnh th rng ln, n l c s ban u nh hng mt cch khoa hc cho cng tc tm kim, thm d du kh v sau.
ng Nguyn Giao nh li: hon thnh cng vic trn, chuyn gia S.K. Kitovani v anh em trong i chng ti phi vt qua bit bao kh khn, gian kh, him nguy, gi rt ca ma ng, nng nng nh thiu nh t ca ma h. Nhng b li, chng ti cng c i kh nhiu ni trn khp min Bc, c ngm nhng cnh p thin nhin hng v ca t nc, c thng thc nhng iu ma xo ca ng bo Thi, Mng, Ty V qun sao c s n tip nhit tnh, nng hu, chn tnh, chu o ca cc v lnh o v ng bo cc dn tc ca cc tnh, a phng ni i chng ti n kho st. Chng ti c nm nhng tri cy, khc ma ngt ngo y p tnh ngi, s chn tht ca ng bo dn tc khi chng ti l ba, i cm, kht nc trn nhng qun t gic, h dng dc theo nhng con ng ni o heo ht gi. V th c i chng ti nh c tip thm sc mnh yu i, yu vic, say m, cng hin ht sc mnh hon thnh tt cng vic c giao
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Mt chuyn ti cn nh mi: Qua phong tro ton dn bo qung thi y, nhn c cc thng bo v biu hin du kh Con Cung, tnh Ngh An, gn bin gii Vit - Lo, i chng ti n kim tra xc minh thng tin trn. Khi xe t ca chng ti thc hin l trnh, vt n gia mt con sui th xe b ngp nc v cht my. Vi trch nhim ca ngi i trng, ti vi chy vo mt bn lng gn v nh dn a phng y gip xe ln, xe khng chuyn bnh, ti li chy vo bn nh cho mn my con tru ra ko nhng vn khng c. Khi mi ngi va i va rt, ti quyt nh c anh bo v tr v n bin phng a chic xe th hai ca i ra ko xe ln. Xe th hai n v ko c xe t ln th cng l lc ti b ngt, ng tri theo dng nc. Rt may, khi ti b tri hn chc mt, anh em kp pht hin, bi theo v vt c ti ln, t la si m cho ti, ng Kitovani ci o m ca mnh khoc cho ti, dn dn ti tnh dy, v khi cuc hnh trnh kim tra xc minh li tip tc. Nhng k nim trn tht p, cm ng v trn y tnh cm yu thng chn thnh ca cc ng nghip, c bit l ng Kitovani - ti khng th no qun.
2. Cc t chc du kh u tin
2.1. on Thm d du la 36 (Tng cc a cht Vit Nam)
Trn c s nhn nh v trin vng du kh min Bc Vit Nam v cn c Ngh nh s 159-CP ca Hi ng Chnh ph ngy 9-7-1961, trin khai cng tc tm kim, thm d du kh, Tng cc a cht ra Quyt nh s 271-C ngy 27-11-1961 thnh lp on Thm d du la vi s hiu l on 36 du la (thng gi l on 36) trc thuc Tng cc a cht. on 36 c nhim v tin hnh tm kim, thm d du ha v kh t trn phm vi nc Vit Nam Dn ch Cng ha.
ng Bi c Thiu c Tng cc a cht b nhim lm on trng u tin ca on Thm d du la 36. ng sinh ngy 19-2-1928 ti x Hnh Phc, huyn Ngha Hnh, tnh Qung Ngi, xut thn t nng dn, tham gia cch mng t thi khi ngha, c o to thnh cn b hot ng trong thi k khng chin chng thc dn Php. Thng 10-1954, ng tp kt ra min Bc v tip tc cng tc trong ngnh a cht. ng t nn mng u tin v dnh sut qung i nhit tnh cng hin cho nhng bc khi u ca ngnh Du kh Vit Nam vi nhiu thnh tch xut sc, song cng c o le un khc cuc i m trn 80 tui vn cha c gii to, m nh vn Vn Phng miu t ng nh Ngi ca mt thi1. Thi y cn b lnh o c t ngi hiu bit v chuyn mn du
1. Nhiu tc gi, T Duy Anh ch bin: Nhng ngi i tm la, Nxb. Hi Nh vn, 2006, t. I, tr. 317-334.
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kh, nhng ng c gng hc hi chuyn gia v cn b chuyn mn c kin thc lnh o cng tc. ng l mt ngi bit ng vin chuyn gia Lin X, thu ht cn b khoa hc k thut tr hng hi lm vic. Lc by gi c cu th rng: Em ch ly chng a cht u. Quanh nm sut thng rng su. Cm nng, nc sui cng gi ni. li cho em mt mi su!. V vy, ng Thiu dng chin thut Cc buc tru, ch trng tuyn cc n hc sinh tr a i o to chuyn mn phc v cho cng tc du kh, ng thi gi chn cc chng trai tr li vi on 36 lu di. iu tng ni chi m ng lm tht, v thc t cho thy l ng, chin thut gi chn cc k s, k thut a cht - a vt l khoan gn b vi on v sau ny tr thnh cc cn b ch cht ca ngnh Du kh.
Quyt nh s 271/C ca Tng cc a cht thnh lp on Thm d du la 36
ng Bi c Thiu, on trng u tin ca on 36
on ph l cc ng Phan T Ngha v H Xun Phong, t nm 1963 b sung cc ng Phan Minh Bch v Nguyn c Qu. Trong s cn b lnh o u tin ca on 36 c ng Phan Minh Bch, cn b min Nam tp kt, qu huyn in Bn, tnh Qung Nam. ng c nhiu nm cng tc a cht, nguyn l on ph on thm d thic Tnh Tc, tnh Cao Bng (nm 1956), on trng on thm d st Bo H, tnh Yn Bi (1957-1958). T nm 1958, ng c c i hc a vt l Trng i hc a cht thm d Mtxcva - Nga (MGRI); nm 1963 ng tt nghip v nc, phc v trong ngnh Du kh. ng l mt ngi rt khim tn, vi trnh chuyn mn v kinh nghim cng tc ng nm vng cc vn khoa hc - k thut v qun l cc hot ng tm kim, thm d du kh. ng lun quan tm du dt lp cn b khoa hc - k thut tr hon thnh xut sc cng tc, gp phn xy dng ci ni du kh u tin Lin on a cht 36 - min Bc Vit Nam.
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on 36 c 211 cn b cng nhn vin, trong 123 cng nhn, 22 k thut vin, k s v 36 trung cp nghip v hnh chnh, v 15 chuyn gia Lin X...
on chuyn gia Lin X gm c: n k s - lnh o k thut a chn V.V. Macsiutova; k s trng phn tch s liu K.I. Chudinov; k s trng ng my c: D.R. Alikhanov, D.Z. Macsiutov (chng b V.V. Macsiutova); k s trng trc a G.D. Kenia; k thut trng trc a I.D. Trudinov (phc v chung cho c a chn v trng lc); nhn vin k thut tnh ton gm c: L.P. Tulucova, G. Alikhanova; k thut trng bn mn gm c: V.G. Porojnhiacov, L. Koroliev, D. Zavaskii, M.N. Vizir; k thut trng khoan G.A.Nikichenco. Cc chuyn gia trng lc gm: N.V. Epstein v I.I. Vlasova. Chuyn gia c vn u tin v thm d in c tin s A.A. Vedrinxev. Cc chuyn gia Lin X c nhiu ng gp rt quan trng t thu ban u xy dng c s vt cht k thut, t chc thi cng cc cng trnh tm kim, thm d v o to cn b k thut cho on 36.
ng Phan Minh Bch, on ph on 36
Khi mi thnh lp, tr s on 36 t ti H Ni, cui nm 1961 chuyn v trng ng tnh Bc Ninh th x Bc Ninh (thng 11-1962 thng 4-1963); on chuyn gia v vn phng k thut t ti c quan Tng cc a cht, s 6 Phm Ng Lo, H Ni. Ngy 1-4-1963, on 36 chuyn v Nh Thnh (trng ng tnh Hng Yn) th x Hng Yn (1963-1965). Trong nhng nm khng chin chng quc M, bo m an ton, t nm 1966 c quan on 36 s tn v thn Bnh Kiu, x ng nh, huyn Khoi Chu, tnh Hng Yn.
Khu on b on 36 ti th x Hng Yn (nm 1963)
Ban u on 36 c c cu t chc n gin nhng cng y cc phng chc nng bo m cc cng tc hnh chnh, nghip v, t chc nhn s, cung cp vt t, k thut (Ph lc Phn I-01).
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2.2. Lin on a cht 36 (Tng cc a cht Vit Nam)

T nm 1969, cng tc thm d du kh pht trin m rng c v quy m v phm vi hot ng. Ngy 9-10-1969, Hi ng Chnh ph ban hnh Quyt nh s 203/CP thnh lp Lin on a cht s 36 (thng gi l Lin on 36) trc thuc Tng cc a cht. Lin on ng tr s ti Ch Go, tnh Hng Yn, c thi gian s tn v x Ngc Trc, huyn Tin L, tnh Hng Yn. Lin on 36 c nhim v tm kim, thm d du m v kh t vng trng H Ni bng cc phng php a cht v khoan my, ch yu l khoan su. Lnh o Lin on c Lin on trng V Bt, cc Lin on ph l Bi c Thiu v Phan Minh Bch.
ng V Bt l Lin on trng Lin on a cht 2 - Qung Ninh, c Th tng Chnh ph Phm Vn ng quyt nh iu ng v lm Lin on trng Lin on 36. ng qu Gia Khnh, huyn Gia Lc, tnh Hi Dng, l vng t vn vt ni ting c nhiu danh nhn ho kit. ng tham gia hot ng trc Cch mng Thng Tm nm 1945 v kinh qua nhiu chc v trong Tng cc a cht. T mt ngi lnh o cng tc thm d than chuyn v lm cng tc thm d du kh l nhim v nng n, khng nhng kh khn v chuyn mn m cn kh khn v iu hnh cng vic trong mi quan h i ni v i ngoi. Song c s cn dn v ng vin tn tnh ca Th tng Chnh ph Phm Vn ng, ng quyt tm vt qua kh khn hon thnh tt nhim v lnh o Lin on 36 t c nhiu thnh tch trong giai on u xy dng ngnh Du kh Vit Nam.
ng V Bt, Lin on trng u tin ca Lin on a cht 36
Quyt nh s 1659/TCC ngy 4-11-1969 ca Tng cc a cht quy nh chc nng, nhim v, quyn hn v t chc b my ca Lin on 36 nu r, cc on: a chn 36F, Trng lc 36T, in 36, on a cht 36C An Chu; cc on: Khoan cu to 36K v Khoan su 36S trc thuc Lin on 36. Lin on a cht 36 c tng s 2.300 cn b, cng nhn, trong khong 500 cn b k thut v cng nhn lnh ngh, vi s gip ca hng trm chuyn gia k s, tin s Lin X. Lin on thc hin cc phng php thm d a vt l, khoan cu to, khoan thng s - tm kim, thm d km theo cc cng tc ph tr nh xy lp, th va, th nghim mu khoan, c kh vn ti... Ban u khi mi
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thnh lp, tr s Lin on a cht 36 t ti Ch Go, th x Hng Yn (nay l thnh ph Hng Yn), sau chuyn v Ch u, th x Thi Bnh (nay l thnh ph Thi Bnh). T nm 1973, cc on: 36F, 36T, 36 c sp nhp thnh lp on a vt l tng hp 36F; cc on Khoan cu to 36K v Khoan su 36S c sp nhp thnh on khoan 36K; on 36B c thnh lp lm nhim v nghin cu a cht du kh. Cng trong nm 1973, do hot ng du kh pht trin, Tng cc a cht sp xp li c cu t chc v nhim v ca Lin on 36: cc on a vt l 36F, 36B, 36C tch khi Lin on 36, trc thuc Tng cc a cht. T thng 9-1973, Lin on 36 c nhim v khoan tm kim, thm d; gm on khoan 36K v on khoan 36N (nm 1975 thnh lp thm on 36Y). Tr s chnh ca Lin on vn Ch u, th x Thi Bnh.
Thng 6-1974, ng Phan Minh Bch, on trng on a vt l 36F (nguyn l Lin on ph Lin on 36) c iu ng v lm Lin on trng thay ng V Bt nhn cng tc khc. Ngy 13-8-1974, Th tng Chnh ph Phm Vn ng k Quyt nh s 192/ CP b nhim thm 2 lin on ph: k s ng Ca, ph trch thi cng v ng Nguyn Trng Tng, ph trch vt t. T nm 1975, Chnh k s ng Ca l quyn Lin on trng ca Lin on 36. Theo Quyt nh s 1541/TC-DK ngy 12-8-1976, k s a cht Nguyn Ngc C c bt lm Lin on ph ph trch k thut. Lc ny lc lng k thut ca Lin on c t chc li. Phng K thut a cht do k s Nguyn nh Khung lm Trng phng. Phng c cc k s a cht - a vt l: Nguyn Xun Nhu, Nguyn Cng Mc, L Anh Kin, V S L, Nguyn Vn Thnh, Lng c Thin, Trn Vn Hi, Phm Xun Bi,... v cc cn b k thut khc. Phng Cng trnh (khoan) do k s inh Vn Danh lm Trng phng, c cc k s khoan: Trnh Minh Hng, Lng Duyn Nga, inh Hu Khng, Nguyn Tn Qung, Dng Vn ch, Nguyn nh Nhu, Phm nh Quang; b mn bm trm xi mng do V Thanh lm Trng b mn; b mn pha ch dung dch khoan do H Vn Mo lm Trng b mn, cc k s: Trn Hu Hin, Ng Vn T, H nh Thanh, V B Quyn, Nguyn Th Cu... Phng C in do k s T Qunh lm Trng phng, k s Phm Xun Cc lm Ph phng Phng iu do ng Nguyn Cng Minh lm Trng phng, c k s Nguyn Tin Bnh
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2.3. Ban Du m v Kh t (Tng cc Ha cht Vit Nam)

Trin khai Ngh nh s 248/CP ngy 28-12-1970 ca Hi ng Chnh ph v giao nhim v cho Tng cc Ha cht chun b cng tc ch bin du kh v ha du, ngy 27-9-1971 Tng cc Ha cht trnh Chnh ph Nhim v xy dng, pht trin ngnh du m v kh t, bao gm mt s ni dung cn nghin cu, ng thi xin php thnh lp Ban Nghin cu Du m v Kh t trc thuc Tng cc Ha cht vi bin ch ban u 50 ngi.
Cc ni dung chnh ngh nghin cu: 1. Nghin cu quy hoch, k hoch, phng hng, bin php v chnh sch pht trin ngnh du m, kh t v ha du. 2. Nghin cu chun b xy dng cc phng n kinh t, k thut v cc lnh vc khai thc, vn chuyn, ch bin, tng tr du m, kh t v ha du. 3. Nghin cu tnh hnh pht trin khoa hc - k thut ca ngnh du m v kh t trn th gii, nghin cu nhng vn v khoa hc - k thut, khai thc, ch bin v ha du cho ph hp vi iu kin v hon cnh ca nc ta. 4. Nghin cu v ra ch trng, bin php trnh Nh nc ph chun, phi hp vi cc ngnh thc hin, hoc t chc thc hin, chun b iu kin c s vt cht k thut o to cn b v cng nhn cho cc lnh vc du kh. 5. T chc nm tnh hnh pht trin du m v kh t ca th gii; theo di tnh hnh a cht thm d du m v kh t min Bc nc ta, ng thi theo di tnh hnh du m v kh t min Nam hin nay v chun b cho sau ny. 6. V quan h cng tc gia Tng cc Ha cht vi cc b, cc tng cc c lin quan.
Ngy 3-3-1972, Tng cc Ha cht quyt nh thnh lp Ban Du m v Kh t.

Lnh o Ban Du m v Kh t bao gm: - Trng ban: Nguyn Chn, Tng cc trng Tng cc Ha cht, - Ph Trng ban: Nguyn Vn Bin, Ph Tng cc trng Tng cc Ha cht, - Ph Trng ban: Hong Hu Bnh, Ph Tng cc trng Tng cc Ha cht, - y vin thng trc: Nguyn ng Hi, - y vin: Trn Quang Vinh.
ng Nguyn Chn Tng cc trng Tng cc Ha cht, kim Trng ban Du m v Kh t (1972-1973)
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Nhim v ca Ban Du m v Kh t: (1) T chc nghin cu xy dng quy hoch, k hoch, phng hng, bin php, v chnh sch xy dng, pht trin ngnh cng nghip du m v kh t ca t nc; (2) Nghin cu xy dng cc phng n kinh t - k thut khai thc, ch bin, vn chuyn, tng tr, s dng du m, kh t v ha du trc mt v lu di; (3) T chc nghin cu cc ti khoa hc - k thut v thit k phc v yu cu xy dng, pht trin v sn xut ca ngnh cng nghip du m v kh t trn cc mt khai thc, ch bin, vn chuyn, tng tr, s dng v ha du; (4) T chc tt vic tip nhn s gip ca bn v khoa hc, k thut, xy dng cc cng trnh cng nghip du m v kh t, chun b tt cc iu kin v c s vt cht k thut, o to cn b cng nhn, v.v., cho ngnh cng nghip du m v kh t; (5) Quan h cht ch vi ngnh a cht theo di nm tnh hnh thm d v du m v kh t phc v cho cng tc nghin cu v chun b tt cho vic trin khai nhng cng tc ca Nh nc v Tng cc giao; (6) T chc nm tnh hnh du m v kh t ca th gii ng thi theo di nm tnh hnh du m v kh t min Nam chun b cho sau ny; (7) T chc cng tc thng tin v ph bin khoa hc - k thut cng nghip du m v kh t. v: Ban Du m v Kh t gi tt l Ban Du kh, c cc t chuyn mn v nghip - T Hnh chnh qun tr: T trng Nguyn Th Cm Vn, - T Lc - ha du: T trng Trn Quang Vinh, - T Kh: T trng Nguyn Khi, - T C in: T trng Chu Ngc Thun, - T Phn tch th nghim: T trng Nguyn Vn Minh, - T Thng tin quy hoch: T trng Nguyn Mnh Hng. T cui nm 1971, Ban Du kh pht hnh Bn tin Du kh hng thng, cung
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cp thng tin v tnh hnh cng nghip du kh th gii cho lnh o Nh nc, lnh o Tng cc Ha cht v cc ngnh c lin quan. T nm 1973, pht hnh Ni san Du kh, ba thng ra mt k.
2.4. Ban iu tra Du m v Kh t vnh Bc B (1974-1975)

Ban iu tra Du m v Kh t vnh Bc B c thnh lp theo Quyt nh s 48-TTg ngy 13-3-1974 ca Th tng Chnh ph, v t Vn phng ti U ban K hoch Nh nc. Trong quan h vi cc cng ty/t chc nc ngoi, Ban iu tra Du m v Kh t Vnh Bc B ly danh ngha l Tng cng ty Nhp khu thit b ton b v K thut (Technoimport) trc thuc B Ngoi thng.
Ba Ni san Du kh
Ban iu tra Du m v Kh t vnh Bc b do B trng, Ph Ch nhim U ban K hoch Nh nc Nguyn Vn Kha trc tip ph trch. ng Phm Ho, y vin U ban K hoch Nh nc, lm Trng ban. Cc y vin, gm: ng Nguyn Vn Bin (Ph Tng cc trng Tng cc Ho cht), ng Nguyn Lm (Cc trng, B Ti chnh), ng Ng Thanh Giang (V trng, B Ngoi thng), ng L Vn C (V trng, Tng cc a cht), ng L Quang Khi (V trng, B Ngoi giao), ng Nguyn Vn ch (Ph V trng, Vn phng Ph Th tng), ng L Hong (Ph Cc trng, Ngn hng Nh nc), ng L Tn Pht (Trng phng, B Ngoi thng), ng Nguyn Phi Hng (chuyn vin, U ban K hoch Nh nc). Cc ng: L Vn C, H c Hoi (Tng cc a cht) tham gia vi t cch c phi vin.
Cc hot ng ca Ban iu tra Du m v Kh t vnh Bc B khng c lu gi li nhiu.

ng L Vn C v ng H c Hoi k li: Thi k ny Vit Nam cha c bt c lut l, th tc g v lm du kh bin, nhng Ban iu tra Du m v Kh t vnh Bc B cng tip xc vi nhiu t chc du kh ca Php, Nht Bn, Italia, k bn ghi nh gia i din ca Technoimport vi Nht Bn v Italia lm a chn vnh Bc B. Tuy nhin, cng vic ny khng trin khai c do s cn tr ca nc lng ging.
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3. Hot ng tm kim, thm d du kh min vng H Ni

Bo co Trin vng du kh nc Vit Nam Dn ch Cng ha (1959-1961) (S.K. Kitovani, 1961) phn chia lnh th min Bc Vit Nam ra cc vng: (1) Vng trin vng nht: vng trng gia ni thuc tam gic chu th sng Hng (vng Bc v ng Bc Vit Nam Dn ch Cng ha). (2) Vng t trin vng: vng thnh to cc trm tch lc nguyn tui Trias thuc vng trng An Chu. (3) Vng trin vng khng r rng. (4) Vng khng c trin vng: i un np Hercyni.
ng bng sng Hng hay tam gic chu th sng Hng l phn pha Bc Vit Nam, l ni khi u cho cng tc tm kim, thm d du kh trn ton lnh th nc ta. Qua qu trnh thm d a cht - a vt l, khu vc ny c t tn theo mc nghin cu a cht nh vng trng gia ni sng Hng (S.K. Kitovani, 1961); vng trng tha k T H Ni (A.E. Dovjicov, 1962); min vng ven ra, min vng trc ni (A.E. Kameneski, Nguyn Ngc C, 1965); bn trng H Ni (E.S. Postenicov, 1966); trng H Ni, min vng H Ni (N.V. Epstein, V.V. Macsiutova, H c Hoi, 1964); min vng chng gi tui Neogen - Q (V.K. Golovenok, L Vn Chn v nnk. 1967, 1968, 1970); phn nghing hng tm Ty Bc min vng H Ni (on chuyn gia B a cht Lin X, 1972). Khi cng tc tm kim, thm d du kh m rng ra vnh Bc B, mi nhn thy min vng H Ni ch l phn Ty Bc ca b trm tch Sng Hng rng ln, chim din tch khong 4.000 km2 ca vng t lin v bin nng ven b. T y khi nim min vng H Ni c nhiu ngi cng nhn v c s dng rng ri trong cc vn liu khoa hc - k thut.
3.1. Thm d a vt l
T nm 1962, Vit Nam bt u nhn chuyn giao v ng dng cng ngh thm d a vt l ca Lin X, bao gm cc phng php thm d t hng khng, trng lc, a chn, in cu to, a vt l ging khoan.
Kho st a cht ti thc a
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Cc phng php thm d a vt l: Thm d t: ng dng t tnh ca vt cht m ra phng php o trng a t nhm nghin cu cu trc v tri t v s phn b cc nham thch trong n. Phng php thm d t c cc dng: o t mt t, o t hng khng, o t bin, o t v tinh, o t trong hm l... Thm d trng lc: C s khoa hc ca phng php thm d trng lc l nghin cu trng trng gy ra bi lc hp dn ca vn vt theo nh lut Newton. o trng lc l o gia tc trng trng (g), i hi chnh xc rt cao. o trng lc trn t lin, di y nc hoc trn thnh tu. Dng phng php trng lc nghin cu hnh thi v cu trc bn trong tri t, cng nh tm kim cc m khong sn rn v du kh. Thm d a chn: C s khoa hc ca phng php thm d a chn l da trn nguyn l truyn sng n hi theo nh lut Hooke. Sng a chn t nhin hay nhn to truyn qua cc lp t trong v tri t l tin xy dng phng php thm d a chn, phc v cho vic nghin cu cu trc a cht v tm kim cc m khong sn, trong c m du kh. Phng php thm d a chn c cc dng: a chn phn x c a chn n, a chn im su chung (SC~CDP), a chn 3 chiu (3D), a chn 4 chiu (4D), a chn a thnh phn (4C), a chn khc x. C a chn trn b v a chn bin, a chn ging khoan (karota a chn). Thm d in: o in tr sut ca t nghin cu cu trc a cht, tm kim khong sn, c bit l cc m kim loi, ngun nc ngm. Thm d in c cc dng: - in mt chiu: dng ngun in nhn to. - in xoay chiu: dng dng in nhn to v t nhin (dng telua). - Phng php s dng sng v tuyn (radio kip). - Phng php Rada xuyn t. Thm d in c th tin hnh trn mt t v trn khng, trong ging khoan (karota in). Thm d phng x: s phn r ht nhn nguyn t to ra nguyn t mi, pht ra cc tia bc x alpha, beta, gamma. Nghin cu trng phng x ca t gii quyt nhim v a cht. C cc phng php gamma hng khng, phng php gamma mt t, o phng x trong ging khoan. a vt l ging khoan: p dng cc phng php a vt l trong lng ging khoan nh karota a chn, siu m, karota in, karota phng x...
Do yu cu thc hin cng tc kho st a vt l trn thc a, ngay sau khi c thnh lp, on 36 t chc cc t k thut, nh T Trng lc, T a chn
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v T Trc a. T Trng lc do Phm Liu, k thut trung cp ph trch; T a chn do Trn Cnh, ngi min Nam tp kt, k thut trung cp a vt l lm T trng; T Trc a do Phm Cng Chnh lm T trng. T u nm 1963, cc i chuyn c chnh thc thnh lp trn c s pht trin cc t k thut. i Trng lc do Nguyn Quc Trng lm i trng, Nguyn c Tm lm T trng o c trc a, Nguyn c Lc ph trch k thut v th nghim. i a chn c thnh lp ngy 12-01-19631. i a chn c cc t: T Trm my do Bi Vn Khit lm T trng; T 63 lm nhim v bn mn (dng xe ti GAZ-63 Lin X ch thuc n) do Nguyn Xun Thanh lm T trng; v Nhm thuyn b khi lm a chn trn sng, ngi. Ngoi cng tc kho st thc a, i a chn cn c nhim v x l v phn tch s b ti liu thu c. Nhn lc ca i c 100 ngi. i Thm d in (1963-1966) c thnh lp nm 1963, bao gm cc t nghin cu thc a v mt vn phng phn tch ti liu. i trng u tin l Nguyn Quc Trng (t i Trng lc chuyn sang) v i ph l Hong Hip. Nhn lc ban u gm 40 cng nhn, k thut s cp (Nguyn Ph Thnh, Trn Nghim...) v mt s cn b qun l nghip v. Ngy 9-1-1967, Tng cc a cht quyt nh chuyn cc i chuyn a vt l thnh cc on chuyn a vt l, trc thuc on 36. on Thm d trng lc 36T, ban u do Nguyn Hu Lc lm on trng, sau l Vn ng Li; Nguyn Hip l on ph. on b ng ti Ch a, huyn n Thi, tnh Hng Yn. on Thm d a chn 36F, on trng l L Khon v cc on ph: Nguyn Vn Di, Trng Minh. Khi mi thnh lp, on b 36F ng ti lng Trng X, sau chuyn v lng o Qut, huyn n Thi, tnh Hng Yn v chuyn tip v th trn Cm Ging, tnh Hi Dng. on Thm d in 36, Trn Trng nh lm on trng, sau l Tng Mi, tip theo l Trn c nh. Tr s ca on ng trong nh dn v di chuyn lin tc. Nm 1969, tr s ca on Lin Kh, huyn Khoi Chu, tnh Hng Yn; nm 1970 chuyn v L Chi, huyn Tin L; nm 1971 chuyn v huyn M Ho.
1. Quyt nh s 18 /C.
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Lin on trng Lin on a cht 36 Phan Minh Bch cng cc cn b khoa hc k thut on a vt l 36F v on Nghin cu 36B
on a vt l tng hp 36F c thnh lp ngy 243-1973 trn c s hp nht cc on chuyn Trng lc 36T, a chn 36F, in 36. T ngy 11-9-1973, on a vt l 36F tch khi Lin on 36 v trc thuc Tng cc a cht1. on a vt l 36F c nhim v tin hnh cng tc a vt l khu vc v tm kim du m, kh t min Bc Vit Nam.
Ban lnh o on a vt l 36F gm c ng Phan Minh Bch, Lin on ph Lin on a cht 36 kim on trng on a vt l 36F, cc on ph l Trng Minh, Nguyn Tn Kch v Vn ng Li. Thng 8-1974, ng Phan Minh Bch v nhn nhim v Lin on trng Lin on a cht 36 ti Thi Bnh, thay ng V Bt nhn cng tc khc; k s H c Hoi c b nhim quyn on trng on a vt l 36F. Sau l ng Ng Mnh Khi.
Trong thi gian ny, cng tc thm d a chn thc hin nhiu phng n k thut, m rng ra ton vng ng bng sng Hng v vng rng ni An Chu. Do , on a vt l 36F t chc thnh 5 i thc a trc thuc.
i I chnh l Vng kho st a vt l min vng H Ni i a chn (theo V.V. Macsiutova,1964) u tin ca on 36 c chuyn sang phin hiu i I, do i trng Nguyn c Tun v cc i ph Nguyn nh Sng, Bi Vn Cc ph trch; s dng cc trm my
1. Quyt nh s 241/Q-CT.
Kho st t hng khng
Kho st trng lc
Kho st a chn, in
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a chn tng t ca Lin X nh CMO, trm my ghi s SN-338B ca Php (nm 1975). i II do i trng L Ngc Thnh v cc i ph Trn Vn Hoa, Trng nh Qu, Trnh B Cung ph trch. T nm 1967, i I v i II ghp li (ly tn l i Khc x) thc hin kho st a chn khc x min vng H Ni. ng V Long l i trng i Khc x. i III, i trng l Nguyn Xun Thanh, sau mt thi gian hot ng c sp nhp vo i II. i IV do i trng V Tin Hi v i ph Nguyn Lng Bng ph trch. i V do quyn i trng L Hu Liu v i ph L Din Cu ph trch. i V thc hin kho st a chn min vng H Ni, sau thc hin cng tc th nghim a chn phn x vng trng An Chu. Trm karota a chn do k s vt l V Ngc Thch lm Trm trng v k s v tuyn in Hong Vn Hanh sa cha v ng my. Xng Sa cha my a vt l do Nguyn Tt Nho lm Xng trng, Hong Vn Hanh lm Xng ph ph trch k thut v sau lm Xng trng.
Thm d t hng khng Cng tc t hng khng khng phi l nhim v ca on 36, nhng bn t hng khng l t liu ht sc quan trng cho vic nghin cu cu trc a cht, tm kim v thm d du kh. T thng 4-1961, di s ch o k thut ca chuyn gia Lin X Iu.D. Ivanicov, on 35 Tng cc a cht tin hnh kho st t hng khng khu vc min Bc Vit Nam. Nm 1963 thnh lp Bn d thng t hng khng t l 1/200.000 min Bc Vit Nam, phc v cho cng tc iu tra c bn. Trn bn t hng khng pht hin c cc dy d thng m dng ln, phn chia lnh th ra ba vng ng Bc, Ty Bc v Nam ca min Bc Vit Nam (Iu.D. Ivanicov, 1962-1963). l c s ban u nghin cu cu trc a cht su ca min vng H Ni, gp phn phn vng kin to v khoanh khu vc trin vng du kh. Thm d trng lc T thng 11-1961, on Thm d du la 36 bt u trin khai phng n o v trng lc vng gia v ng Nam vng trng H Ni t l 1/500.000, 1/200.000
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v 1/50.000 do chuyn gia Lin X N.V. Epstein ch bin cng vi n k s trng I.I. Vlasova v c nhn vt l Nguyn Ngc Khnh, sau ny l Nguyn Hip.
Nhng k thut vin o my u tin l Nguyn Quc Trng, Phm Ngc Cc, Nguyn Thanh Xun, Hong Vn Li, Nng Huy Nhi, Nguyn Ngc Ton, Bi Duy To, Trn Nghim, Hong Khnh Ho; N k s trng I.I. Vlasova, cc k thut trc a: L Ngc Tn, Nguyn Hip v Nguyn Ngc C trn l trnh Vn Hnh, Trn Lin, Nguyn kho st vng ng Bc - Bc B Trn T, Nguyn Duy Hin, Phm Hng Cn, Nguyn Duy Thit thc hin vic o c, tnh ton s liu xc nh ta v cao cc im quan st trng lc. o trng lc bng my o trng lc (trng lc k), thc cht l o bin thin gia tc trng trng i hi chnh xc rt cao (t 0,1-0,5 miligal, tc l t 0,0001-0,0005 cm/sec2). My o trng lc GAK-PT ca Lin X nng khong 5 kg - trng nh mt ci phch kem - b phn quan trng nht nhng cng d hng nht l l xo bng si dy thch anh c ng knh nh hn si tc! (vic sn xut i hi cc k kho tay, ton Lin X lc by gi ch c vi ba ngi th c th lm c vic ny). Khi o ti mt im mt khong 1-3 pht, nhng thi gian di chuyn my t im o ny n im o tip theo cng ngn th kt qu o cng chnh xc. Vn chuyn my bng xe t th thun li (nhng ng s khng c xu qu), nu khng c ng xe chy c th ch cn cch dng ba l eo my i b, li ng rung, leo o vt ni, bng qua rng rm, nhanh nhng phi an ton cho my! Gi tin ca mt my o trng lc khong 3.000-5.000 rp, lc gi mt chic qut tai voi khong 15-20 rp.
Kt qu quan trng ca bo co thm d trng lc do N.V. Epstein ch bin l ln u tin thnh lp c Bn d thng trng lc t l 1/500.000 phn ra ng Bc min vng H Hi, 1/200.000 min vng H Ni v 1/50.000 ng Nam min vng H Ni. Ti liu ny cng vi Bn d thng t hng khng do Iu.D. Ivanicov thnh lp cho bc tranh u tin v cu trc a cht ca min vng H Ni, nht l xc nh c cc t gy su sng Hng, sng Chy, sng L v phn nh cc vng cn c kho st chi tit.
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Cc chuyn gia Lin X N.V. Epstein, I.I. Vlasova rt tn tnh o to, km cp v chuyn mn nh o v chun my, vit phng n, t chc trin khai, x l phn tch, vit bo co tng kt cho th h cn b k thut trng lc u tin ca Vit Nam. T thng 10-1963 n thng 4-1966, thm d trng lc c trin khai trn ton min Bc Vit Nam thnh lp Bn d thng trng lc t l 1/500.000 vi cc im o cch nhau khong 5 km.
i trng trng lc l Phm Ngc Cc, t thng 4-1965, sau khi anh Cc i chin trng B, anh Nguyn Thanh Xun lm i trng; cc k thut vin o my gm: Nng Huy Nhi, Nguyn Ngc Ton, Hong Khnh Ho, Nguyn Hu Chuyn, Trnh Xun Bo. V trc a, ph trch k thut l Vn Hnh, t thng 7-1965 l Nguyn c Th; o my c cc k thut vin: Trn Lin, Nguyn Trn T, Nguyn Duy Hin, Phm Hng Cn, Nguyn Duy Thit, Nguyn Th Hot, Ng Duy K, Bi Ngc Ton; k thut vin tnh Phm Cng Chnh; cc ha : Nguyn Th Kim Ln v Cao Th Vit.
Thng 5-1967, Bo co tng kt ti liu trng lc trn ton min Bc c hon thnh do Nguyn Hip, Phm Liu, Hong Vn Li thc hin, c s tham gia ca cc chuyn gia Lin X N.V. Vikhornov, A.M. Gmar.
ng Nguyn Hip k li: Vic trin khai cng vic ny gp rt nhiu kh khn v gian kh. Trc ht l do phm vi hot ng qu rng, h thng ng giao thng cn hn ch v xu nn phi i b nhiu theo cc ng mn bng qua rng ni, cha c cc trm cung cp xng du nn xe phi chy i chy li nhiu. Cng kh khn hn khi my bay M bn ph c lit Qung Bnh, Vnh Linh, khng ch cc con ng Ty Bc, bt buc phi di chuyn v o my vo ban m. Nhiu ln anh em phi lm vic nhng ni cn kht lt mi bom n, cy c, nh ca b chy. Cng khng t ln trong m xe chy di nh pho sng do my bay M th, cng nh phi chy gn k nhng qu bom cha n, khi thy cc c gi ng bn cnh h bom, tay cm c trng ch ng cho xe qua, chng ti rt vng tm song vn cn hi hp v c phn hi xu h trc tinh thn dng cm ca cc c gi ! Trang b bo h lao ng rt thiu thn, mi nm c pht mt b qun o lao ng bng vi si ta, mt i giy vi do Trung Quc vin tr, che ma bng mt tm ny lng (ch c lnh o mi c pht o ma bng vi bt). Ba l cng rt thiu nn phi dng cc bao d ng dng c nhn, ni niu xoong cho, lng thc v dng n gnh trn vai! Nu khng c my mc i km th khng ai ngh li l mt t o c trc a - trng lc! Kh khn hn na l hai ba ngy li di chuyn ni ( nh nh dn), c nhng vng qu ho lnh phi dng xe tip t lng, go, vt t k thut, c tem phiu cng khng th mua. C khi n k tip t, xe hng, anh em ht go phi n ng, khoai, sn.
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T o trng lc ng bng sng Hng
T o trng lc vng Ty Bc
Ln ln vi anh em trng lc v trc a khng th khng nhc n cc anh li xe (GAZ 69 t vung) Thc, Dn (sau ny i B), Tun ln, Lin, c nhng thng chy nh con thoi 2.000-3.000 km trn nhng con ng khc khuu, nhng con ng lm nghip, k bn vc thm trong iu kin ma, l rng. Nguyn Hip - on ph ch o k thut, Nguyn Thanh Xun trc l i trng sau l on ph on 36T thi gian ch yu l thc a. Cc anh lnh o on 36T nh Nguyn Hu Lc (t nm 1967 n thng 5-1968), Vn ng Li (t thng 6-1968 n thng 8-1970), Nguyn Ch Thnh (t thng 12-1969 n thng 4-1973), cng vi cc cn b nhn vin nghip v cng ngy m lo chy mi vic nhm bo m hu cn cho anh em trc tip lm vic thc a. Cc anh cng nhiu ln trc tip i tip t cho cc t, c ln v xe hng, on trng Vn ng Li cng anh em phi ly gc cy c th lm nh!... Trong thi gian M bn ph min Bc, tr s on 36T lc u s tn nh nh dn x ng nh, huyn Khoi Chu, tnh Hng Yn, sau di chuyn v x Chin Thng, ri n Ch a, huyn n Thi, tnh Hng Yn mi dng nh tranh vch t lm vic. gim bt kh khn v i li, mt s cuc hp tng kt n v c t chc ngay ti vng ang kho st o c....
Trong cng vic x l, phn tch, minh gii ti liu vn phng cng gp khng t kh khn. Vic tnh ton ch yu dng bn tnh Trung Quc, thc tnh logarit, my tnh c Nisa quay tay ca Tip Khc, cc loi bn c lp bng phng php th cng! Chng hn khi tnh bin i trng, phi c hng trm gi tr trn bn ri cng tr nhn chia tng y con s mi cho kt qu gi tr bin i trng ti mt im! v c mt bn bin i trng cn phi c
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hng nghn im nh th, lm ngy lm m cng phi mt c thng tri! By gi cng vic ny dng my tnh in t ch mt vi gi!
Gian kh vt v nh vy song Bn d thng trng lc t l 1/500.000 trn ton min Bc Vit Nam cng hon thnh cho php khng nh hai h thng un np ng Vit Nam v Ty Vit Nam ngn cch nhau bi i khu Sng Hng, ti y c s nng ln rt nhiu ca y v qu t (mt Moho), ng thi cng khng nh s c mt ca cc h thng t gy su c phng Ty Bc ng Nam v ng Bc - Ty Nam. V chi ph, gi thnh cho mt im ta (chun) l 255 ng, im thng l 85 ng, tng chi ph khong 137.000 ng, lc lng thng ca mt k s l 73 ng, k thut trung cp t 45-52 ng, cng nhn t 32-37 ng, cng tc ph l 1,2 ng/ngy, tin cm thng l 18 ng. Nh vy, chi ph cho mt n trng lc rt khng ng k so vi cc n thm d in, a chn. V vy, phng php thm d trng lc bao gi cng c tin hnh trc khoanh li cc vng c trin vng, sau mi tin hnh thm d in v a chn.
ng thi vi vic trin khai o trng lc t l 1/500.000 trn ton min Bc, trong nm 1963-1964 tin hnh o t l 1/50.000 (cc im cch nhau khong 1 km) vng ng Nam tnh Thi Bnh v vng Ph Bnh tnh Thi Nguyn.
Ngoi cc chuyn vin k thut nu trn, t thng 8-1964 c s tham gia ca k s a vt l Phan Minh Bch v t thng 11-1964 c s tham gia ca chuyn gia Lin X N.V. Vikhornov. Bo co tng kt ti liu cho bit vng ng Nam tnh Thi Bnh c hai i cu to: i Kin Xng - Tin Hi (hay phn ng Nam i Trung tm Khoi Chu - Tin Hi), i ng Bc Tin Hi (hay phn ng Nam i n Thi - Qunh Ci), c ng phng Ty Bc - ng Nam, ngn cch nhau bi hai t gy Thi Bnh v Vnh Ninh. Cn vng Ph Bnh tnh Thi Nguyn, th nm ca cu trc c tui trc Mesozoi c dng n t, cu to Ph Bnh c ng phng v tuyn.
Trong nhng nm 1967-1968 trin khai o trng lc t l 1/50.000 ra ng Bc min vng H Ni.
V nhn lc, b sung thm k s Chu Ngc Khnh v mt s k thut vin trung cp nh: Hong Ngc Sn, Dng Huy Thc, Nguyn Th Hp, Nguyn Th Thc, Nguyn Th Min, Nguyn nh ng, Phan Vn Minh, Phan Vn Ch, Hong Th Phng Bin ch ca on 36T c 3 t trng lc (mi t c 5 ngi: 2 k thut vin trung cp, 3 k thut vin s cp); 4 t trc a (mi t c 7 ngi: 1 k thut vin trung cp, 1 k thut vin s cp v 5 cng nhn); mt t vn phng trng lc; mt t vn phng trc a - ho , cc t hnh chnh, nghip v; tng bin ch khong 60-70 ngi. Ngoi ra, cn c chuyn gia Lin X I.E. Isaev h tr.
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T thng 8-1970 n thng 5-1971, Giang Cng Thnh v Phan Th Ngc Lan trin khai o trng lc t l 1/50.000 phn Ty Bc min vng H Ni, din tch khong 5.000 km2 v n thng 6-1972, hon thnh bo co tng kt. T thng 9-1971 n thng 5-1973, Ng Th L v Phan Th Ngc Lan trin khai o trng lc t l 1/50.000 vng Ninh Bnh, din tch 7.500 km2. Do nh hng ca chin tranh, nhiu vng thuc b mt qun s khng c tin hnh kho st, n phi thu gn li. T thng 2-1973 n thng 5-1975, Giang Cng Thnh, Phm Liu, Trnh Cng v L Cng Gio trin khai o trng lc t l 1/25.000 vng Kin Xng - Tin Hi (c din tch 490 km2), o chnh xc cao t l 1/10.000 ( di 129 km) nhm nghin cu cc cu to v tm kim trc tip cc du hiu du kh. Cng trong nm 1975, Nguyn Vn Thnh v Phan Quang Quyt trin khai o trng lc vng Xun Thu, tnh Nam nh vi t l 1/25.000 trn vng t lin, t l 1/50.000 trn vng ngoi bin n mp nc khi thu triu xung (Cn Thng, Cn Vt), t l 1/10.000 trn mt s tuyn. y l mt n lc rt ln tin ra bin khi khng c cc phng tin v my o thch hp. Kh khn phi vt qua l phi ch thu triu xung kit (khng k ngy m), o my trong iu kin snh ly, mui bao vy v nht l my khng n nh do nh hng ca sng, gi bin. Thm d a chn phn x thc hin cng tc thm d du kh, ln u tin cng ngh thm d a chn c Lin X chuyn giao v gip cho Vit Nam t u nm 1962. Phng php a chn phn x (MOB) c a vo th nghim u tin huyn Khoi Chu, tnh Hng Yn, tuy thu c sng phn x nhng cn yu v kh nng. Cn n mn trong ging khoan di mt t nhm tng nng lng sng v trnh nhiu lon ca lp t b ri trn mt. Cuc th nghim li phi tip tc chn chiu su bn mn thch hp nhm tng chiu su kho st. Qu tht n mn trong ging khoan nng 15-18 m cho phn x n 1,8-2,0 giy, tc l chiu su kho st c th n trn 3.000 m. Da vo kt qu th nghim, phng n thm d a chn phn x cho ng bng sng Hng1 c tho ra. Sau cc phng n k thut chi tit v m rng tip theo c thc hin, xy dng cc lt ct, v nn bn v pht hin hng lot cc cu to c trin vng du kh, ch ra v tr cc ging khoan cu to. Thi gian ny vic x l phn tch s liu cha c my tnh.
1. Trong B sch ny, Nh xut bn thng nht vit l ng bng sng Hng, ng bng sng Cu Long.
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Mi cng vic cy nh vo cy bt ch mu v chic my Nisa, nh kin thc a vt l - a cht v kh nng tng hp ca con ngi.
Pht n a chn u tin ng bng sng Hng c ng Trng Minh ghi li: Nim vui ln u n mn th nghim thm d a chn cnh ng lng g ng To, huyn Pht n a chn u tin ti lng ng To, Khoi Chu, tnh Hng huyn Khoi Chu, tnh Hng Yn Yn. y l th nghim u tin xem th c sng phn x t lng t khng... Ngy 25-6-1962, Hng Yn lng lng tri xanh, ma la nc dy th mn man hng ng gi ni. Hai ngn c ui nheo phn pht gi chn hai u con ng ng y c may. Cnh hai ngn c ch gii l hai tp bo v eo bng va nghim trang va ti ci vn ng, hng dn b con i vng li khc. Mt vic lm, hai tc dng: bo m an ton cho ngi v trnh gy nhiu, lm nh hng n chnh xc ca th nghim. ng gi khai ho, 2,5 kg thuc n pht ho trn mt t. Mt ct khi bc cao. ng rung nh ca rung ln, nc sng snh b, trn ln trn mt ng. Trm my a chn SS-24P (CC-24) ca Lin X v cc my thu sng SP-1 (C-1) ghi c cc t tn hiu sng phn x u tin, 24 ng ghi trn giy nh hin ln cc t sng a chn r nt tuyt vi1.
Phng n k thut cng tc thm d a chn trong phm vi ng bng sng Hng l phng n u tin do cc chuyn gia Lin X V.V. Macsiutova, G.T. Kenia son tho, c s tham gia ca cc k s: H c Hoi, Trng Minh, do i a chn thc hin t thng 6-1962 v hon thnh nm 1964, nhm t c cc yu cu: - Khng nh v chnh xc ho cc hiu bit v cu - kin to chu th sng Hng, ranh gii v c trng phn cch ca n vi cc khu vc xung quanh, nghin cu cu trc lp ph trm tch, xc nh mi quan h gia chng vi cc d thng trng lc a phng. - V bn cu to t l 1/200.000 v 1/100.000 tm kim v chnh xc ho cc cu to a phng thun li cho tch t du kh.
1. Nhiu tc gi, T Duy Anh ch bin: Nhng ngi i tm la, Nxb. Hi Nh vn, 2007, t. II, tr. 200.
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Mng li kho st bao gm cc tuyn khu vc v mng li din tch vi khi lng xp x 400 km. Cc tuyn a chn chy theo ng giao thng, sng ngi knh rch cong queo dch dc hoc theo tuyn thng xuyn qua ng rung lng mc, rt kh khn v phc tp cho cng tc thi cng v x l s liu. Vic n mn gy chn ng thc hin trn mt t, trong ging khoan nng 15-20 m v di nc. Thit b k thut ca Lin X gm c Trm a chn ghi giy nh 24 mch SS-24P (CC-24), my thu sng SPED-56 (-56), my bn mn VM-1 (BM-1), my o vi karota a chn (ca Trung Quc), khoan n mn bng my khoan SBU-ZIV-150 (--150) v UGB-50 (-50), v khoan nc t to bng my bm M-800, M-1200. Khi tuyn a chn qua ng rung, vic vn chuyn thit b hu ht bng sc ngi. ng Minh nh li: Khi kho st trn sng, trm my trn thuyn, my thu trn b lung bng bnh trn mt nc. Dc theo sng, ngi n trn thuyn. Ni gn dn, gn ch th c ci la, cn c rau u ngy hai ba thi nu vi nhau. Khi xa dn, xa ch th qua qut cho xong. Nhiu ln ht go, n khoai lang luc thay cm... Mt sng ma ng, trong lu bt trn g cao gia ng, rm ang m gic ng, bng nhin mt ng lo nh thc dy, cho hay y l m hi, phi chuyn i ngay... ng c kh lc u ri th di, thy nhng ngi lm du kh cng vt v khng km g ngi nng dn chn lm tay bn. i a chn n mn lm rn nt mng mng, dn khng bt n, khng nhn bi thng, li cho n ung na. Cc bc v ngi i tm du kh hn c i tm vng cho t nc. Ngi dn cng chu thit thi i cht, cng ng gp cho s nghip ny ch sao!.
Kt qu thm d a chn phn x xy dng c bn cu to t l 1/100.000 vi 3 tng chun I, III, V nhng chiu su 400, 950, 1.450 m. Theo cc c trng cu to, tng trm tch min vng H Ni c phn chia thnh 3 vng: Trung tm, Ty Nam v ng Bc, ngn cch bi cc t gy su Thi Bnh v Vnh Ninh. vng Trung tm a chn pht hin di nng Khoi Chu - Tin Hi (gm cc cu to Khoi Chu, Kim ng, Ph C, Thi Bnh, Tin Hi, Kin Xng) v trng Phng Ngi. Cu to li Thi Bnh phn chia thnh 2 nh nh, bin khong 200 m, rng khong 130 km2.
Theo ti liu a chn v khoan cu to lm sng t, min vng H Ni c lp y bi trm tch Neogen, c th c carbonat phn su. Phi ni rng kho st trng lc cho nhng khi nim u tin kh r rng v phn vng cu trc su ca tam gic chu th sng Hng vi cc thnh phn cu - kin to bc hai gm hai ra nng Ty Nam v ng Bc, di li tng i Khoi Chu - Tin Hi v di ng Quan; cc t gy phn chia chng cng d on c kh r. Tuy nhin phi ti khi c cc kt qu kho st a chn phn x mi thc s lm r c cc thnh phn c bn ca min vng H Ni.
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V trin vng du kh ca min vng H Ni, bo co a chn c nhn nh: i Trung tm c nh gi l c trin vng nht, trong i tng ch u tin l cu to Thi Bnh c chiu su 3.000 m, l ni t ging khoan chun nghin cu kh nng cha du cc tng su. i tng th hai l nng Kin Xng. i ng Bc l vng vt nhn a tng, ni cn lu v trin vng. Nm 1964, k s Trng Minh thnh lp phng n thm d a chn phn x cc a phng: Hng Yn, Thi Bnh, Kin An, Bc Ninh, ng Triu, Hi Dng c nhim v: - Nghin cu a chn khu vc ng Bc tam gic chu th sng Hng, t l 1/200.000.
K s H c Hoi bo co tng kt cng tc thm d a chn phn x min vng H Ni
- Trc lng din tch trn cc cu to Kim ng, n Thi, Yn M, Ph C, v bn cu to t l 1/100.000. Nm 1967, phng n a chn phn x vng ng Bc, t l 1/100.000, do k s H c Hoi xy dng nhm nghin cu cc khu vc cc huyn: Ninh Giang, Nam Sch, Ch Linh, Kinh Mn (tnh Hi Dng); Gia Lng, Thun Thnh (tnh Bc Ninh); Vnh Bo, Kin Thy, Tin Lng (tnh Hi Phng) vi din tch 1.445 km2. Phng n ny c thc hin ko di n nm 1968. T nm 1965, cc phng n a chn ny do cc k s H c Hoi, Trng Minh iu hnh; cng cc k s: Nguyn Cng Binh, Nguyn Cng S, L Trng Cn trc tip thc hin, vi s tr gip ca cc chuyn gia c vn Lin X Lipovetski (1967) v M.B. Shnerson (1968).
Cng tc thm d a chn trong giai on 1965-1969 min vng H Ni cho cc kt qu c bn sau: V lin kt a cht, kho st c 6 tng phn x chun (s cu to min vng H Ni t l 1/200.000, bn cu to t l 1/100.000 cho di
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Khoi Chu - Tin Hi) c lin quan n cc lp trm tch c thnh phn thch hc v tui a cht khc nhau nh: tp than - st than Tin Hng (500-600 m), tng alevrolit, than - st than Ph C (950 m). trng ng Quan (3.5004.000 m) xut hin lp c tc 5.000 m/ giy, c th l tng dolomit tui Carbon di. ra ng Bc ch tn ti mt lp mng tng Tin Hng v trm tch T, nm bn di l mng c tui Trias, dolomit Carbon di. vng li Gia Lm mng tui Proterozoi. V hnh thi cu to a cht, khoanh cc vng cu to nh: - Di Khoi Chu - Tin Hi c trng tn ti cc cu to bc III vi cc hnh dng, kch thc v nghing khc nhau, bin 200-300 m (Khoi Chu, Ph C), 100-150 m (Tin Hng, Kin Xng B, C, Tin Hi A). V pha Ty Nam tn ti cu to bc II - lm V Tin.
Bn cu to a chn min vng H Ni t l 1/200.000
- Di Gia Lm - ng Quan c cc cu trc ln l cu to li Gia Lm, vng chuyn tip Thanh Min, trng ng Quan; y khng c phn d mnh ca cc cu to bc III vi kch thc v bin nh. - Ra ng Bc c cu to khi r rt, c cc t gy bao quanh nh cc cu to Hi Dng, Thanh H; cu to Gia Lc c dng ko di, chiu dy cc tng Tin Hng, Vnh Bo tng dn v pha lm.
T thi gian ny cng tc thm d a chn phn x c tin hnh nghin cu chi tit, chnh xc ho cc cu to c trin vng min vng H Ni, chun b cho vic xc nh cc ging khoan tm kim du kh. T nm 1965, cng tc thm d a chn trong thi k chin tranh gp nhiu kh khn nguy him.
ng L Ngc Thnh, nguyn i trng i a chn II on 36F, sau ny l Trng ban Bo v ca Tng cng ty Du kh, ghi li: Thng 6-1967, i a chn II thu na chn qua ga Cao X,tnh Hi Hng (nay l tnh Hi Dng), bom M nm xung nh ga, mnh bom ct t mt s dy my thu sng nh ng
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rt may anh em c an ton v tip tc lm vic. Thng 7-1967, thi cng qua cc b cha xng du gn bn ph Cm Ging sang Nam Sch, lc 4 gi chiu c i va thu qun th my bay M nm bom khu vc kho cha xng du, ngn la bc chy ngn ngt, nh ng cng rt may khng c thng vong. Cng thiim ny, khi khoan na chn lm rn nt chn chn sng ca a ph ng. Cn b cng nhn vin ca on 36F ang s tn Trng X - n Thi, cng i II ngy i lm m i p bo m an ton cho chng l... Khi i a chn II ng qun ti x Nam Trung, huyn Tin Hi, tnh Thi Bnh, m n th ng b thc gic bi pho sng bn t Hm i 7 ngoi bin, ting go x ca my bay M khi bay tr ra bin, n pho gm rt khng khip, ri gn ni ng qun v kho cha thuc n ca chng ti x ng C.
T sau nm 1970, do c yu cu chnh xc ha cc cu to c pht hin, phc v cho vic xc nh v tr khoan cu to v tm kim du kh nn i hi phng php phn x phi nng cao kh nng gii quyt ca mnh. Vi s c vn ca chuyn gia Lin X Murzin, cc k s: Vn Lu, Trn c Th, Nguyn Thnh tip tc th nghim nng cao chiu su nghin cu ca phng php.
Ni dung th nghim: - Chn chiu su bn mn: cc vng Tin Hi v Kin Xng C (Kin Xng C thuc di cu to Kin Xng, ko di n Giao Thy) su n chn c th ln ti 20-25 m, vng Khoi Chu, Ph C ch l 5-8 m. - Chn nhm n: p dng n nhm 3 cho cc vng Tin Hi v Kin Xng C. - Th nghim thu ghi sng phng trn cc cu to Tin Hng, Kin Xng B v Kin Xng C, ln u tin c thc hin bi L Trng Cn, Vn Lu vi s cng tc ca tin s Phm Nng V.
a chn im su chung (SC) : Phng php im su chung c giao cho c nhn a vt l Nguyn Vn Hng p dng vo cui nm 1972, song mi n cui nm 1975 khi c chuyn gia Murzin v thit b x l PSZ-4 (-4 - Lin X) mi bt u trin khai. Cui nm 1974, Tng cc a cht c mt on gm: Trng Minh, Nguyn Tr Lin, Nguyn c Tun i Php mua trm my a chn ghi s SN-338B, thit b x l CAS-48 (hng Sercel - Php). Nguyn Tr Lin chu trch nhim thc hin cng tc th nghim v thu n a chn im su chung trn di nng Kin Xng Tin Hi, Nam ng Quan.
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T y cng tc thm d a chn phn x chuyn sang mt giai on mi, giai on p dng cng ngh a chn im su chung (CDP - Common Depth Point) v k thut s trong thu n trn t lin v trn bin, ng dng cng ngh tin hc trong x l v phn tch s liu a vt l, nghin cu chi tit trn nhiu khu vc c cu to trin vng, phc v cho vic xc nh v tr cc ging khoan su tm kim, thm d trong ton min vng H Ni. C th ni rng, ti thi im nhng nm 1974-1975, cng ngh a chn ca Vit Nam chm hn khong 5-7 nm so phng Ty. Khng phi qu mun, song cng phi ni rng trong hon cnh chin tranh, chng ta khng c iu kin tip nhn cng ngh mi ca th gii hi . Mc d vy, cng tc thm d a chn im su chung vn gi vai tr quan trng trong vic nghin cu v nh gi tim nng du kh min vng H Ni. Nhng kt qu chnh ca cng tc thm d a chn phn x trong thi gian ny min vng H Ni l: - Cung cp khung kin trc ca trm tch Kainozoi, bn cc cu to c trin vng l c s cho vic la chn v tr cc ging khoan tm kim, thm d v khai thc du kh vng ny. - Cc lt ct lin kt cc ging khoan khoan l c s cho vic phn nh ranh gii cc lot/tng hoc thnh h trm tch. Phng php o a chn phn x mang li hiu qu rt tt. Song vn cn nhc im l ch xuyn su vo lng t cha ti 3.500 m ( trng ng Quan). T 3.500 m xung di vn cn m o, cha xc nh c y ca tng trm tch. a chn khc x lin kt (KM): khc phc tn ti ny ca a chn phn x v c th nghin cu su n tng mng trm tch Tam min vng H Ni, phng php a chn khc x lin kt c ng dng t nm 1966; trc tin bng vic th nghim la chn phng php k thut, thit b v cc iu kin thi cng thc a.
Trc tip thc hin chng trnh ny c: i a chn khc x do i trng Nguyn Vn Di ph trch; Trng Minh ch o k thut cng Trng nh Qu, Nguyn Tr Lin, V Long, L Hu Liu, L Ngc Thnh, Bi Ngc Toan, Nguyn Vn T. Cng tc th nghim c chia thnh 2 bc: - t I (t thng 8 n thng 9-1966) di s ch o k thut ca Trng Minh,
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tin hnh kho st trn cc tuyn N1KX (12,4 km) v tuyn N2KX (6,6 km) khu vc Ph C thuc trung tm min vng H Ni; ban u s dng cc thit b thu - n a chn phn x c tn s cao (25-80 Hz), gm trm my a chn SS-24P (CC-24 Lin X) v my thu sng SPM-16. - t II (t thng 10-1966) di s ch o k thut ca chuyn gia Lin X V.Z. Riaboi v Trng Minh, tin hnh kho st trn tuyn N3KX, t thnh ph Nam nh n Hi Phng di 81 km, bng 2 trm my vi khong thu 4,6 km. Qua th nghim t I cho thy vic quan st sng khc x cn c cc thit b thp tn (1020 Hz). Nhng lc by gi Vit Nam cha c cc phng tin ny. Vi s gip ca chuyn gia Lin X - k s trng v thit b a vt l A.A. Mactnov, Trng Minh v Bi Xun Toi cng Xng Sa cha Chuyn gia A.A. Mactnov v k s v tuyn in on 36 (do Xng trng Trng Minh ti trm ghi sng khc x, Nguyn Tt Nho ph trch) thc hin bn v bom M ti Ph Ving, thnh cng mt lot ci tin thit b hin c tnh Nam nh (nm 1966) nh: h thp tn s dao ng ca my thu sng bng cch mi mng l xo l dp, h tn s b lc khuych i trong trm my, ci tin my bn mn n mn ln trn mt tn thuc n, thit lp h thng truyn tn hiu n qua v tuyn in... Cc sng kin ci tin ny c a ra p dng trong cng tc kho st a chn khc x min vng H Ni c kt qu tt.
Cc tuyn kho st a chn khc x di hng trm kilmt, ri t Nam nh n Qung Ninh, t Tin Hi n Gia Lm. Mi chng ri dy my di n 5 km. Thu sng ti Thi Bnh m n mn t Ph Ving, tnh Nam nh v Qung Yn xa n trm cy s. Cng vic thu n a chn khc x ch lm v m.
Th nghim a chn khc x thu c cc kt qu rt c bn: - V phng php, la chn phng php k thut thu n thc a v x l s liu, tm hiu c cc c trng ng hc (kinetic) v ng lc (dynamic) sng a chn khc x, to c s cho vic trin khai cng tc trong ton vng. - V a cht, nhn c cc thng tin mi v cu trc a cht su ca min vng
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H Ni; kho st c mng trm tch Neogen c tui v chiu su khc nhau trn 4 khu vc: vng nng vng Ty Nam, vng tt ln khi nng Khoi Chu - Tin Hi, vng chm su n 4-5 km trng ng Quan, ra ng Bc min vng H Ni; nhn c s liu v c trng vt l ca t ; kho st c cc ranh gii chun trong tng trm tch Tam.
Sau khi c kt qu ca chng trnh th nghim, phng n thm d a chn khc x lin kt cho ton min vng H Ni c k s Trng Minh thnh lp, c cc tuyn khu vc: N4KX (Gia Lm - ng Quan 100 km), N5KX (Khoi Chu - Tin Hi 94 km), N6KX (Kim Bng - Ph Li 71 km). V sau c b sung cc tuyn lin kt: N4AKX (Tin L - Ph C 13,3 km), N4BKX (cu to Tin Hng 8,8 km), N4DKX (Thi Bnh - Giao Thu 29 km). Tng khi lng l 263 km tuyn. Vic thi cng Phng n thm d a chn khc x do i a chn khc x (i trng V Long) thuc on a chn 36F thc hin, do k s Trng Minh ch o k thut. T thng 9-1969 n nm 1971, c nhn Nguyn Tr Lin thay k s Trng Minh ch o cng tc ny vi s gip ca chuyn gia Lin X M.V. Shnerson.
Tng kt cng tc thm d a chn khc x nhng nm 1967-1970, Nguyn Tr Lin a ra cc kt qu: - Kho st c tng F l tng mng ca phc h trm tch Neogen - T, c tui khc nhau: tui Proterozoi (Pt) khu vc Ty Nam v Ty Bc min vng H Ni, mng c tui Palaeozoi tng i ng nht vng Trung tm v ng Bc. - Kho st c cc tng chun K1 (vng ng Quan), K2 (trong di nng Khoi Chu - Tin Hi) trong trm tch Kainozoi. Ring mng trm tch Neogen c su 3.000 m vng Tin Hng khng c xc nhn ging khoan thng s s 1 (GK-100 - Tin Hng).
Thm d in u nhng nm 1960, Vit Nam s dng phng php in cu to cng cc phng php a vt l khc nhm nghin cu cu trc a cht min vng H Ni. Ton b thit b, vt t c nhp t Lin X gm 1 xe pht in mt chiu lu ng, 1 xe thu ti liu, cc my EP-1 (-1) dng thm d tng nng trong o su i xng, dy in v cc loi vt t chuyn dng khc. Tng
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cc a cht lc by gi khn trng o to nhn vin k thut ngn hn, cc lp trung cp a vt l 2 nm, mt khc thng qua B Ngoi thng nhp cc thit b, vt t. Sau mt thi gian chun b cn b, thit b, vt t, cng vic c bt u. Nm 1964, i in p dng rng ri cc phng php o su i xng, o su lng cc, o su nh v, telua, t - telua. Vng cng tc ch yu nm gia min vng H Ni, gm Hng Yn, Hi Dng, H Ni, Thi Bnh, Nam nh. T l bn kho st khc nhau: o su i xng t l 1/25.000, o telua t l 1/100.000, o su lng cc, t - telua t l 1/200.000. Sau nm 1965, vi kt qu phn tch t ti liu thc a, phng php in c s dng nghin cu vng ra ng Bc v Ty Nam min vng H Ni. Phng n u tin v thm d in cu to do cc chuyn gia Lin X G.A. Vedrinsev, A.M. Emilianov v Tng Mi thnh lp, c i in tin hnh trong nhng nm 1964-1969, nhm gii quyt cc nhim v sau y: - Nghin cu khu vc tng ta in tr cao trn mng, - Pht hin cc cu to a phng c trin vng du kh, - Kho st t l 1/500.000 cho ton vng, t l 1/200.000 cho vng trng v t l 1/100.000 cho di Khoi Chu - Tin Hi. Tham gia thc hin phng n ny cn c cc chuyn gia Lin X: A.M. Emelianov, G.A. Vasin, C.B. Tonstov, A.E. Xidenicov, V. Xivixitski, P.A. Marat. Tip theo cng tc ny c cc phng n: o su t - telua (MTZ) Ph Dc, Tin Hng (tnh Thi Bnh), An Lo (tnh Hi Phng) (Vaxilianovic, 1970); o dng telua (TT) Khoi Chu, Tin Hi,
Ri dy tin hnh phng php o in t - telua khu vc min vng H Ni
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Kin Xng (Nguyn Tn Kch, 1970); kho st chi tit in cu to vng ng Nam min vng H Ni 1971-1974 (Phm Th Cu, 1971); o in mt chiu di Khoi Chu - Tin Hi (Trn Ngc Ton, Nguyn Tn Kch, 1972). thc hin cng tc ny, i in p dng mt h a dng cc phng php thm d in, nh d in thng ng (VEZ), o su lng cc (PZ), thit lp trng (ZCS), dng telua (TT), t - telua (MTZ.MTP).
Cng tc thm d in cu to min vng H Ni cho cc kt qu c bn nh sau: - C c s gi nh c mt i mi vi nhng cu to li theo ng phng ng Bc, vung gc vi ng phng ca cc yu t cu trc c bn ca vng. - Pht hin cc vng trng tng i di nng Ph C. - C s trng hp cc tng chun in vi mt a chn. - C tng ta in tr ti 4.000 m trng ng Quan. ng Nguyn Tn Kch ghi li: ... Nhng nm 1965-1973 l khong thi gian kh khn gian kh nht cho cng tc thm d du kh do chin tranh ph hoi min Bc bng khng qun ca quc M. Cc i kho st thc a, vn phng phn tch di chuyn n u u nh nh dn. V vy, c cu v von n cm t nu, ng nh nh dn v lm vic ht mnh cho t nc. Vt qua ht tt c gian trun, anh em vn sng vui v, lm vic ht mnh cho tp th. Sng c tnh, c ngha, on kt chn thnh. l yu t quan trng, gip anh em vt qua th thch, hon thnh tt nhim v. Tnh cm su m, keo sn gn b vn cn lu mi trong tm khm ca nhng ngi cng thi....
T nm 1973, phng php in trng nhn to trc giao (NT) do tin s Trn Ngc Ton nghin cu p dng th nghim trn cu to Tin Hi C v sau m rng ra trn cc cu to khc trong i Khoi Chu - Kin Xng - Tin Hi. Phng php o su t - telua bng thit b hin i do gio s Nguyn Vn Ngc (Vit kiu ti Php) sng to cng c ng dng nghin cu cu trc a cht min vng H Ni. Trong thi gian t nm 1962 n nm 1978, phng php thm d in cu to cung cp c mt lng thng tin qu, gp phn cng cc phng php a vt l khc lm sng t cu - kin trc min vng H Ni, An Chu, phc v cho cng tc tm kim, thm d du kh v cho nghin cu a cht ni chung trn a bn ny. Ch trng s dng nhiu phng php kt hp nghin cu cc i tng a cht phc tp l ng nhng do vic tin hnh chm so vi cc phng php a chn v trng lc v nhiu nguyn nhn khch quan, ch quan khc lm cho hiu qu kinh t - k thut cha cao.
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3.2. Khoan du kh
u nm 1963, hai t khoan nng cng trm dung dch trc thuc on 36 c thnh lp.
T khoan 1 c 16 cng nhn, kp trng l Nguyn Vn Nguyn v Vi Minh Hng; T khoan 2 c 16 cng nhn, kp trng l Nguyn Tin nh, Nguyn Vn Soan, T Vn Sinh, on Vn Tin.
Cc t khoan ny ban u lm nhim v khoan cc l khoan nng bn mn phc v thm d a chn v v bn a cht bng cc my khoan ZIF-150 (-150) ca Lin X. Ngy 11-1-1963, 2 i khoan 650 c thnh lp: (i) i s 1 bt u khoan ging khoan cu to s 1 Khoi Chu; v (ii) i s 2 khoan ging khoan cu to s 2 Ph C. C 2 ging khoan u thuc a phn tnh Hng Yn. Bin ch mi i c 31 ngi. Nhm p ng yu cu m rng cng tc thm d du kh, ngy 24-3-1963 on khoan 36K c thnh lp trn c s 2 i khoan nng. Ngy 22-10-1965, i khoan s 3 c thnh lp, do Nguyn c Tu lm i trng, tham gia vo cng tc khoan cu to min vng H Ni. Ngy 13-8-1966, Tng cc a cht chnh thc quyt nh thnh lp on Khoan cu to 36K, trc thuc on 36. Ban u do ng L Xun Thnh lm on trng; n thng 7-1969 ng Nguyn Trng Tng lm on trng. on 36K s tn ti lng Cc Kh; nm 1970 chuyn v Tn Cu, huyn Kim ng, tnh Hng Yn; nm 1971 chuyn sang huyn V Th, tnh Thi Bnh. Thi on 36K c 2 i khoan ZIF-650 v 3 i khoan ZIF-1.200, lm nhim v khoan cu to ng bng sng Hng v vng trng An Chu. chun b cho vic khoan ging khoan thng s s 1 (GK-100), ngy 1-21969, on Khoan su 36S c thnh lp, ng Nguyn c Qu lm on trng, ng ng Ca lm on ph ph trch thi cng. Ngy 24-3-1973, on Khoan 36K (hp nht) c thnh lp trn c s sp nhp 2 on Khoan 36K v 36S. Lin on ph Bi c Thiu kim on trng on 36K. Tr s ca on 36K t ti th x Thi Bnh. T thng 8-1974, nhn s ca Lin on 36 thay i, ng V Bt v ng Bi c Thiu thi gi chc Lin on trng v Lin on ph, i nhn nhim v khc. Th tng Chnh ph b nhim ng Phan Minh Bch, on trng on
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a vt l 36F (nguyn Lin on ph Lin on 36) lm Lin on trng Lin on a cht 36, ng ng Ca v ng Nguyn Trng Tng lm Lin on ph. Lin on qun l trn 10 i khoan su t 1.200-5.000 m. Ngy 6-1-1975, on a cht Xun Thu 36N c thnh lp. on c nhim v khoan su tm kim, thm d du kh vng Xun Thy, tnh Nam nh, chun b c s vt cht k thut tin dn ra bin khoan cc ging khoan 102, 110 ngoi Cn en. on t tr s cng c s phc v chuyn gia huyn l Giao Thy. Ngy 28-7-1975, on Khoan su 36Y c thnh lp, do ng Nguyn Tin nh lm on trng; on 36Y c nhim v khoan ging khoan 104 ti Ph C, Hng Yn. Khoan cu to Trn c s kt qu kho st a vt l tm hiu lt ct a cht, c bit i vi i nng Khoi Chu - Tin Hi, on 36 tin hnh khoan ging khoan cu to u tin (GK-1) Khoi Chu vi b my khoan ZIF-650-A (-650-A), do Lin X sn xut. Ging khoan c khi cng ngy 14-2-1962 vi d kin chiu su 650 m v kt thc ngy 15-4-1963 t chiu su 802 m. Kt qu khoan vt chiu su thit k, pht hin phn trn lt ct trm tch Neogen. l ging khoan u tin min vng H Ni, a tng ging khoan c khng nh v lin kt c cc mt a chn phn x d kin. Ti y pht hin cc va than gy, c du hiu kh mtan. Tip theo ging khoan cu to s 1, cc ging khoan cu to khc nh s 2, 3, v.v., c thi cng. Ton b s ging khoan cu to min vng H Ni l 22 ging, trong : (i) Trn di nng Khoi Chu - Tin Hi c 14 ging l GK 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 12, 13, 31, 33, 35, 36, 37, 41; (ii) ra ng v ng Bc c 4 ging l GK 8, 8B, 14, 19; (iii) ra Nam v Ty Nam c 4 ging l GK 11, 15, 18 v 20. Tng s mt khoan cu to l 20.025,8 m. Kt qu khoan trn lm r cc cu to a cht ca min vng H Ni, gip cho vic xc nh cc ging khoan tm kim, thm d tip theo.
ng Phan Minh Bch k li: Ti ging khoan cu to s 2 Ph C pht hin cc tng trm tch Neogen v bt gp trm tch tng Ph C ln u tin min vng H Ni. Ti chiu su 1.182,5m, khoan b kt v cu kt sut nhiu thng t thng 6 n thng 8-1964 m vn khng cu kt c. T y vn t ra l vng nghin cu s khng c pht hin g mi hn trong lt ct a cht Neogen nu chiu su khoan cu to ch n 1.200 m. iu cng cho thy do
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trnh chuyn mn k thut cn km v thiu kinh nghim nn gy lng ph trong chng kt. y mt ngun phng x do b trm cp. S vic c bo co ln Tng cc a cht v tuyn truyn gii thch s nguy him ca ngun phng x cho nhn dn cc x xung quanh ging khoan. Cui cng nh cn b on x him kho st tm kim v pht hin c ngun trn ng rung cch ging khoan khng xa. Qua kinh nghim trn chng ta bo v cn thn ngun phng x v t chc hc tp ni quy s dng ngun phng x cho cn b, cng nhn v bo v ngun sau khi s dng.
Khoan v bn Khoan nng v bn c tin hnh ra quanh min vng H Ni do k s a cht du kh Nguyn Quang Hp ch tr. Thit b khoan l b my khoan -150 ca Lin X. Tng s c 22 ging khoan vi 2.188,12 m khoan. Ging khoan GK-15 ti ni Gi, Nam nh gp mng kt tinh c tui Proterozoi su 150 m. Kt qu cc ging khoan v bn c dng xc nh ranh gii vng trung tm v nh gi cc iu kin cu - kin to ca vng nghin cu. Ging khoan thng s s 1 (GK-100) Cn c vo kt qu ti liu thu c trong qu trnh hot ng thm d a vt l, khoan cu to n chiu su 1.200 m v cc phng php thm d gin tip khc, ging khoan su thng s s 1 c chn trn cu to Tin Hng thuc di nng Khoi Chu - Tin Hi. Chuyn gia Lin X A.E. Kameneski v H c Hoi vit c s a cht - a vt l cho ging khoan trn cu to ny, ngy 15-1-1969 trnh by trc Hi ng xt duyt (gm V K thut Tng cc a cht, lnh o on 36 v cn b k thut a vt l, a cht, khoan su); cui cng v tr ging khoan su c t ti lng Khuc, x Ph Chu, huyn ng Hng, tnh Thi Bnh (lng cho ni ting ca ng bng sng Hng). V ging khoan cch Ph Tng khong 800 m v pha Ty Bc, nn quen gi l ging khoan su Ph Tng. Ging khoan thng s s 1 ly s hiu GK-1001 l ging khoan su u tin min vng H Ni, cng l u tin Vit Nam, c nhim v nghin cu lt ct y cc tng trm tch Neogen v cc trm tch c tui trc Kainozoi.
1. Cc ging khoan su du kh min vng H Ni c nh s theo quy nh: (i) Cc ging c chiu su 1.700-2.400 m mang s t 50; (ii) Cc ging c chiu su 2.400-3.200 m mang s t 60 (GK-61, GK-63...); (iii) Cc ging c chiu su trn 3.200 m mang s t 100 (GK-100, GK-102...).
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Ging khoan GK-100 c xc nh trn cu to Tin Hng, nm trn di nng Khoi Chu - Tin Hi. Cu to Tin Hng c chiu di 18 km, rng 8 km v bin ti 200 m. V tr GK-100, lc u khng c cc k s a cht ca U ban Khoa hc v K thut Nh nc ng h, h ngh khoan trn cu to Kin Xng st ven bin, ni nhiu trin vng du kh hn. Vn ny c trao i nhiu ln nhng cha c kin thng nht. V vy, Ch nhim Vn phng Ph Th tng Trn Quang Huy triu tp cuc hp gia Tng cc a cht v U ban Khoa hc v K thut Nh nc quyt nh. Cui cng Hi ngh nht tr chn v tr ging khoan theo ngh trn ca Tng cc a cht l khoan trn cu to Tin Hng.
Chuyn gia Lin X v cc k s Vit Nam tin hnh thit k ging khoan, trc tip ch o thc hin phng n khoan su. Lm xong phng n thit k thi cng ging khoan, so snh vi n hng sp nhn thy c chnh lch qu ln gia thc t v thit k. Khng r v nguyn nhn no, vt t, dng c khoan, ng chng cc loi, chong khoan, ha phm ch c th p ng c 50% so vi thit k. Nh vy, phi t hng b sung gp sang Lin X, khong thi gian t khi t hng n nhn hng t nht l 1 nm! Thng 2-1969, nhng chuyn hng u tin l 400 tn xi mng nng trm ging khoan phi gi vo trong ngi nh lng Phong Chu (cn gi l lng Khuc, nay thuc huyn ng Hng, tnh Thi Bnh). Thi cng ging khoan bng my khoan 4LD-150D do Rumani sn xut, cng sut khoan c 3.200 m. Thit b ca b my khoan nng gn 1.000 tn, c nhng thit b nng 18, 20 v 25 tn, ring thp khoan c thit k thnh 3 on, c nhng on di 18 m. Thit b thuc v dng siu trng - siu trng km theo cn khoan, ng chng, chong khoan v cc loi vt t tiu hao khc c trng lng hn 2.000 tn. Do my bay M bn ph cng Hi Phng, cc thit b, vt t c ch ri rc bng nhiu tu, nhiu chuyn khc nhau, nn hng a ln cng Hi Phng c a i ct giu dc ng s 5. ng s, cu cng chu ti trng rt thp, on 36S cng vi n v giao thng c phng tin bc d chuyn dng tm mi phng n vn chuyn v n khoan trng, phi kt hp c ng thy, ng b. ng vo v tr ging khoan t Ph Tng vo lng Khuc l ng lng rt hp, nn khoan nm ngay gia rung. Vic thi cng m rng ng gia c nn mng phi mt 4 thng. ng m rng vo nh dn, dn khng i n b. Rung t do hp tc x qun l, vic xin t lm nn khoan c kch thc 100 m x 140 m kh thun li.
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Nn mng yu phi gia c bng vic ng cc thp ng knh 299 mm su t 40-45 m, s lng hai b gm 16 cc. Thit b, vt t c vn chuyn v dc ng theo Ph Tng, mt s a vo khoan trng, ri rc mt s kho trong lng Khuc v cc lng ln cn. Thng 6-1970, Lin X c i xy lp sang, c k s v 15 cng nhn cng vi cn b v cng nhn ca ta tin hnh xy lp gin khoan. Thng 9-1970, vic xy lp gin khoan hon tt, thp khoan cao 53 m, c sc nng 150 tn, ng sng sng gia cnh ng ca lng Khuc, i cch xa hng cy s cng nhn thy. Cng thi gian ny c thm 1 i khoan ca Lin X, on trng l chuyn gia K.A. Friev. on gm 20 ngi, chia lm 4 kp, khoan lin tc. Mi kp gm kp trng, 2 th khoan, 1 th chy my diesel, 1 th ngui thit b chuyn sa cha my khoan v my bm. Ngoi ra cn c 3 k s khoan.
Trc tip thc hin phng n khoan GK-100 c k s khoan ng Ca, l on ph ph trch thi cng on 36S v k s khoan inh Vn Danh. i khoan su do k s Phan Vn Ngn ph trch gm 4 kp khoan v 1 t diesel gm 1 t trng v 8 th chy my. Mi kp khoan gm kp trng, th c, th trn cao v 2-3 th ph. Ba kp khoan thay phin nhau lm vic sut ngy m, mt kp ngh. Cc kp trng u tin gm cc trung cp khoan: V Quang Quynh, Nguyn Vn Hng, L Vn Hc, Nguyn Vn Ng, ng C. Cc th c gm: o Kim Cc, Nguyn Hu Nhan, Nguyn Lc Vin, L Vn Chi. Th trn cao gm cc trung cp khoan: V Vn Ng, Tng Xun nh, Nguyn Vn Bin. Cng nhn khoan gm: Lu Vn Vng, Trn Vn Thng, V Xun Trng, Nguyn Trung Tnh. Sau c b sung thm 2 kp trng khoan nng l Nguyn Quc Ty v Phm Ngc Uyn (t Lin on a cht 2). T phi lo tip nhn thit b v xy nh ti bi tha ma va mi di di gn Ph Tng. i khoan su ca on 36S cng vi chuyn gia Lin X xy lp thnh cng b my khoan su u tin 4LD-150D do Rumani sn xut. Thng 10-1970, on cn b v cng nhn k thut Vit Nam thc tp Grozni v b sung cho on 36S, gm k s a cht Nguyn Ngc C; cc trung cp a cht: Nguyn Vn c, Phm Ngc Chi, T Nguyn Nhn; cc trung cp: Nguyn Cng Minh, o Kim Cc, Ng Vnh Nhng, Nguyn Hu Nhan, Bi Phng, H Thnh, on Vn Thnh; trung cp c kh Nguyn Vn m.
Sau gn 2 nm chun b, ngy 23-9-1970, ging khoan c khi cng; n ngy 28-9-1971 t chiu su 3.000 m, ng ging vo ngy 7-10-1971 v khoan tip n ngy 5-12-1971 t chiu su 3.303 m; l k lc khoan su nht Vit Nam lc by gi. Theo thit k ban u, chiu su ging khoan l 3.000 m, do yu cu v a cht khoan qu cng sut my t 3.200 m ln 3.303 m.
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Cu trc GK-100: Chng ng nh hng ng knh 503 mm n chiu su 18,97 m, trm xi mng n ming ging khoan. Chng ng dn hng ng knh 426 mm n chiu su 283,77 m, trm xi mng n ming ging khoan. Chng ng k thut 1, ng knh 299 mm n chiu su 1.211 m, trm xi mng n ming ging khoan. Chng ng k thut 2, ng knh 219 mm n chiu su 2.213,26 m, trm xi mng n ming ging khoan. Chng ng khai thc ng knh 146 mm, t 3.300-2.000 m, trm xi mng trong khong chiu su .
Trong qu trnh thi cng GK-100, trong lc x l s c, ngy 23-9-1971 xy ra tai nn, cht ngi. Khi y b cn 73 mm ra khi mm rto, v vng phi mc ca u Vertolux, chuyn gia Lin X L.M. Cerdukov trt chn ng xung v p u vo rto. Mc d, Pha Vit Nam ht lng cu cha, nhng sau 10 ngy ng ra i, thi hi c a v Lin X ngay trong thng 10-1971. l chuyn gia c cng khoan, c nhiu kinh nghim, ht lng gip v truyn ngh cho cn b, cng nhn Vit Nam. y l chuyn gia u tin hy sinh v s nghip pht trin ngnh Du kh Vit Nam.
u thng 8-1971, sau khi hon thnh khoan ging khoan 51A, b my A50 cng cc thit b th va, my nn kh UKP 80 c chuyn ngay v khoan trng ca ging khoan 100. Ngoi ra, cn c thm 2 xe bm trm xi mng XA-320, trm karota c iu ng thm trin khai th va theo k hoch nh vo nm 1972.
Lp rp my khoan 4LD-150D v nn khoan GK-100 cn lu li trn cnh ng la lng Khuc, huyn Tin Hng, tnh Thi Bnh
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Tng hp cc ti liu nghin cu a cht, a ha, a vt l ca GK-100 cho thy: - Trm tch Neogen dy hn 3.000 m, ln u tin pht hin tng trm tch mi, c B.M. Poluctovich v Nguyn Ngc C t tn l tng Phong Chu. - Trong qu trnh khoan thy c xut hin kh chy nhng khng ln. - C nhiu tng cha bitum kh ln n 0,15%; carbon hu c n 2-3% . - rng chung 26%, rng h 20%, thm kh 290 milidarcy. - C nhng mn chn l st, st kt v ct kt rn chc. l nhng c s quan trng nhn nh kh nng c du, kh min vng H Ni. Phi nghin cu tng hp cc tai liu, kt hp vi th va mi c c nhng kt lun chc chn hn. Ngay 10-6-1972, Tng cuc a cht quyt inh ngng vic th va GK-100 v quc M ang leo thang nh ph c lit min Bc. Nhm bao v ging khoan, chuyn gia va can b, cng nhn khn trng thao d v bao quan ton b thit b khoan. B my khoan 4LD-150D c a n a im s tn ti vng d kin xy dng ging khoan thng s - tm kim GK-101 ti Quang Bnh. Cc chuyn gia c thu xp v nc. Chun b k hoch thit b, vt t, cn b v cng nhn khi c iu kin tip tc ngay vic th va. Thi gian ny tranh th nhp b my khoan A-50 cng vi cc ng p hi thch hp, sau ny tin hnh th va ti ging khoan su GK-100. thc hin khn trng cng vic s tn theo quyt nh ca Tng cc a cht, vn nan gii nht i vi cn b thi cng ca on 36S l tm thu cho c cn cu c sc nng 30 tn tho d. n v c cn cu khng th cho thu c v ang phc v cho cng trnh trng im ca B Giao thng vn ti. Cui cng, on 36S ny ra sng kin l u th 2 cn cu trn xe t KRAZ (PA), mi chic c sc nng 16 tn nng trc ti nng ti 25 tn cao trn sn 4,70 m. y i hi s iu khin ng b, c b thn kinh vng chc v cui cng cn b, cng nhn nng cm thit b nng nht xung mt t an ton.
ng ng Ca k li: ... Thi Bnh tuy khng phi l vng trng im nhng thng l ni trt bom tha trn ng v Hm i 7 ca my bay M, bt k ngy m u c ting bom n trn cc cnh ng, b v khng loi tr cc lng xm ng dn. C ln my bay ch nm bom cch gin khoan 500 m, nhng may mn khng nh hng n my mc, thit b v ngi. Chuyn gia Lin X, cn b, cng nhn ta khng k ngy m tm mi cch tho d nhanh b my khoan 4LD-150D, sm hn k hoch c giao 10 ngy. Cc thit b nh
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c vn chuyn a vo trong lng, thit b nng hai bn ng dc Ph Tng c ngy trang. Lm vic nng nhc, ch lng thc c cung cp cho mi ngi c 18 kg k c n khoai, bo bo v sau c tng ln 21 kg v 2,5 kg tht trong 1 thng....
Sau khi on 36S a xy dng xong hm h tru n va chn chinh h thng t chc bao ng trong thi gian tm ngng san xut, ngay 21-6-1972 Tng cuc a cht cho php c tin hanh tr li cc cng vic khoan trng.
Thng 9-1972, s sinh vin tt nghip Trng i hc Du kh Ploiesti - Rumani v nc c: cc k s khoan: Trnh Minh Hng, Ng Vn T, Vn Vit, Ninh Vn Nhun, o c Nghinh, Vng Hu Onh Cc k s khoan tt nghip trong nc c: Lng Duyn Nga, Trn Ngc n, L Gng, Hu Vit Lc lng cn b k thut c b sung trng thnh mt cch nhanh chng. Khi bt u khoan ging th 2 (101) Quang Bnh v tip theo cc ging khoan khc, cc cn b k thut ca ta thay th kp trng, k s l chuyn gia Lin X. Mi gin khoan ch cn 2 hoc 3 chuyn gia Lin X. C nhng gin khoan khng c chuyn gia Lin X.
T ngy 21-8-1974 n ngy 26-8-1974, chng ta tin hnh th va u tin, th trc tip t y ging 3.073,64 m, Pva = 297 at, T = 1430C v cc thng s khc theo chng trnh nghin cu nu ra trc y; c bit i tng 11 t 1.217-1.725 m vn khp kt qu so vi chiu su 1.142 -1.152 m GK 61, nhng khng pht hin kh v condensat.
17h ngy 30-4-1975 kt thc th va. Tng cng thi gian thi cng GK-100 l 301 ngy, trong ch xi mng ng: 32 ngy, ch o a vt l: 83 ngy, ch x l ging khoan: 69 ngy, thi gian nghin cu ging khoan: 117 ngy. Bnh qun th va: 25 ngy/va. Va th 1: th trc tip t y ging 3.073,64 m, Pva = 297 at; T = 1430C. Va th 2: 2.930-2.933 m; 2.908-2.917 m, Pva = 279 at; 2.892 m; T = 138,50C c thy xut hin kh. Va th 3: 2.448-2.450 m, T = 1270C, t l kh nc 2/1. Va th 4: 2.293-2.298 m, T = 120,50C. Va th 5: 2.140-2.146 m, Pva = 232 at, T = 1150C (2.100 m). Va th 6: 2.008-2.014 m, 1.960 m, Pva = 222 at, T = 1100C. Va th 7: 1.840-1.853 m, 1.920 m, Pva = 191 at, T = 1070C. Va th 8: 1.638-1.647 m, T = 930C c kh v nc. Va th 9: 1.525-1.531 m, 1.500 m, T = 920C.
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Va th 10: 1.485-1.498 m, T = 890C. Va th 11: 1.217-1.226 m, T = 77,50C. Va th 12: 965-975 m, T = 69,50C.
Ging khoan tm kim, thm d 101 (t ngy 15-1-1974 n ngy 15-8-1974) ti np li Kin Xng A, x Quang Bnh, huyn Kin Xng, tnh Thi Bnh, c nhim v tm kim cc tng cha du kh trong trm tch Neogen, nghin cu cc c im a cht, a ha. Ging khoan t chiu su theo thit k 3.202 m. Kt qu pht hin hai i ph hy chiu su 1.875-1.880 m v 3.020-3.202 m, xut hin kh ng k, c cc tng c kh nng cha chn v cc d thng ca phc h qua cc ng cong o a vt l ging khoan. tin hnh th 17 va, khng pht hin c c va du kh, ch gp kh ha tan. Ging khoan 102 l ging khoan thng s th 2 (sau ging khoan 100 huyn Tin Hng, tnh Thi Bnh) nhng l ging khoan thng s - tm kim. V tr ging khoan 102 c t ti x Giao An, huyn Xun Thy, tnh Nam nh khoan bng b my khoan Uralmash-3D ca Lin X, c ngn thp cao 63 m. Ging c t trn phn gn vm ca cu to Kin Xng C, nhm pht hin b dy phc h trm tch Neogen - T, nghin cu cu to a cht v tm hiu trin vng cha du kh ca vng. Ging khoan c khi cng ngy 28-12-1974 v kt thc ngy 27-5-1977. su thit k 5.000 m, nhng thc t khoan n chiu su 3.966 m th kt thc thi cng v s c kh phun. on 36N chu trch nhim thi cng cc ging khoan su tm kim, thm d du kh min vng H Ni, cng nh chun b c s vt cht k thut tin dn ra bin. on c 4 i khoan vi 300 cn b cng nhn vin. on c 2 b my khoan Uralmash-3D-61, 2 b my khoan BU-80 (-80) v BU-75 (-75).
on 36N, lc mi thnh lp, do Anh hng Lao ng Trn Vn Giao lm on trng cng vi s thc tp sinh Rumani v. Khi xy lp ging khoan 102, khong cui nm 1974, ng Giao c iu v on 36Y chun b cho ging khoan 104 cng vi b my khoan 3DH-250 do Rumani ch to. Vic xy lp ging khoan 102 do i xy lp ca k s - i trng Nguyn Quang Th cng vi i xy lp va thc tp m du Thng Li - Sn ng (Trung Quc) v m nhim cng vi i khoan 102 di s hng dn ca chuyn gia xy lp Lin X.
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i khoan 102 do V nh Hip lm c cng th nht, Lng Duyn Nga v Nguyn Tin Bnh lm ph c cng. Cc kp trng gm: o Kim Cc, V Quang Quynh, Nguyn Vn Hong v Si Vn on. n cui nm 1975, on 36N c 2 i khoan: i 102 vn hnh b my khoan Uralmash-3D-67 do Lin X sn xut v i khoan 64 do Vi Minh Hng lm i trng vn hnh b my khoan BU-75 do Lin X sn xut. Cui nm 1974 u nm 1975, lnh o on 36N gm c: ng Bi c Thiu - Lin on ph Lin on 36 kim on trng, k s a cht Hong Thnh - on ph k thut, k s khoan Phan Vn Ngn - on ph thi cng. Sau nm 1975, k s inh Vn Danh - nguyn ph trch Phng Cng trnh Lin on 36 c iu xung on 36N thay ng Bi c Thiu lm on trng, cc k s: Lng Duyn Nga, Ninh Vn Nhun l on ph. ng Phan Vn Ngn c iu v ph trch Phng Cng trnh Lin on 36 thay ng Danh v ng Hong Thnh c iu vo Nam (lc u lm Trng Phng K hoch. Cng ty Du kh Nam Vit Nam, sau lm on ph on Du kh ng bng Cu Long).
Ging khoan tm kim 61 t ti x ng C, huyn Tin Hi, tnh Thi Bnh trn cu to Tin Hi C. Thi cng khoan bng b my khoan BU-75 do Lin X sn xut, cng sut trc ti nng 75 tn, khoan n chiu su 2.400 m. Ton b thit b nng hn 600 tn, thp khoan cao 50 m.
Cu trc ging khoan 61: - ng chng nh hng 299 mm n chiu su 45 m, trm xi mng n ming ging khoan. - Chng ng k thut 1 219 mm n chiu su 789 m, trm xi mng n ming ging khoan. - Chng ng khai thc 190 mm n chiu su 2.389 m, trm xi mng n ming ging khoan.
Kt qu ging khoan 61 cho thy phn v a tng kh r rng: chu k 1 mi trng trm tch bin, bin nng ven b nh tng Ph C, vng vnh xen k m h lc a nh tng Tin Hng. Bt u chu k 2 ca bin tin t tng Vnh Bo. Chu k 3 bt u t tng Kin Xng tr nht ca mt ct. Kt qu phn tch c l cho thy tng Ph C 4 c kh nng cha tt, v mt vi lp st c kh nng lm mn chn, ph tng Tin Hng 1 khng c mu phn tch nhng thy vi va c kh nng tng t. y xc nh c phm vi nh ca cu to, iu kin trm tch kh n nh, dc t khng ln. Cn c vo ti liu a vt l cho thy Tin Hi C l mt cu to tng i hon chnh.
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Th tng Chnh ph Phm Vn ng cng Tng cc trng Tng cc Du kh Nguyn Vn Bin thm ging khoan 61 (ngy 16-3-1976)
Ti ging khoan 61 tin hnh th va bng 2 phng php: phng php KI (th trc tip vo thn ging khoan) v phng php c l (bn n qua ng chng). Phng php KI c tin hnh trong qu trnh khoan, kt hp vi ti liu karota tin hnh th cc v tr sau: 1.148-1.150 m, 1.206-1.224 m, 1.560-1.706 m. Ngy 18-3-1975, ti khong va th 1.148-1.150 m nhn c dng kh t do, lu lng kh v kh ha lng (condensat) tng i ln, lu lng kh t do tuyt i t ti 448.000 m3/ngy m. Va ny c a vo nghin cu t m bng phng php c l. Ti va 1.206-1.224 m cho dng rt yu. Ti chiu su 1.560-1.706 m c tin hnh th 2 ln. Th ton b khng cho kt qu, ln th 2 t chiu su 1.656-1.708 m, khi ko cn n chiu su 789 m thy xut hin kh v nc. Khong chiu su ny c tin hnh nghin cu tip sau khi chng ng. T chiu su 2.303-2.448 m chia thnh nhng va theo chiu su tng ng c trin vng, 5 va c th cho nc va c kh ha tan. Qua nghin cu xc nh su 1.146-1.152 m gp va kh c gi tr cng nghip trong ph tng Tin Hng 1. Nghin cu ton b lt ct a cht cho thy
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tng c kh nng cha sn phm ch gii hn t Tin Hng 1 n Ph C 3, v trm tch c ch tiu c l kh tt. Kh, du nh l sn phm th sinh ca du m, iu kin di chuyn v tch t cn ph thuc vo nhiu yu t khc na cn c nghin cu tip. Va sn phm cha kh condensat gp ging khoan 61 cng chng minh ging khoan nm trong phm vi vm nh ca cu to. Tm trng ca nhng ngi ang lm cng tc tm kim, thm d du kh sau s kin c dng kh cng nghip u tin rt bi hi, vui mng khng t c bng li.
ng ng Ca nh li: m ma ng rt lnh, anh Phan Minh Bch - Lin on trng khng ng c, khp cht vt o bng dy i do quanh hnh lang, hai mt knh cn ca anh sng ln, lp long. Ti nghe ging anh ni to:
Cc Lin on ph Lin on 36: ng Ca (bn phi) v Nguyn Trng Tng (bn tri), bn ng dn kh ang phun ti GK-61 (nm 1975)
- Khng ng c ng Ca i! Ti cng chong dy ni vng sang:
- Tui c ng u, nm thao thc ht ht iu n n iu kia ht c bao thuc anh ! ... Ngy hm sau Lin on 36 c mt on do anh Bch lm Trng on ln bo co Th tng Chnh ph Phm Vn ng v vic pht hin dng kh Tin Hi. Thng 7-1975, Nh vn Nguyn Duy Thnh vit bt k vi ta nh la mu da cam ng trn Bo Vn Ngh ngy 25-10-1975 nh sau: ... Khng ring g cc ng ch lnh o m dng nh tt c cn b cng nhn vin ca Lin on 36 m qua cng khng ng. Nim vui ch i t lu n bt cht qu... ... Th tng n thm gin khoan trong ting reo h v nhng chic m th khoan tung ln tri ti tp. Qun ht mi th tc nghi l chun b trc, th khoan trong qun o lao ng y du m, cc cn b v chuyn gia bn quy qun li xung quanh Th tng. Th tng cn dn mi ngi phi thy ht nim vui vinh d v trng trch ln lao ca ngh i tm m, lm giu cho T quc
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... ng Ca ngi pha sau xe, cht nh ti giy pht v cng xc ng bn gin khoan Ngn la mu da cam chy di trc van i p. Ting rt x mang tai nh ng c phn lc ca kh chy thot ra t lng t, l kt qu n b cho sc lc tr tu ca chng ta. Ngn la tt, nhng nh phn chiu ca n mi mi lp lnh trong tm tr anh. Mi suy ngh, mi ti khi xe quay ngang trong mt chn ng mnh, ng Ca ch cn kp nhn ra cnh ca xe UAZ (A) bt tung, ht mnh anh ra ng ph. Xe cp cu a ng Ca v Bnh vin Vit c. u, mt v chn tay anh b nhiu vt thng... ... Ngy hm sau, ng Ca ra vin. Anh x bt nhng mnh bng dnh dn trn mt, qun o chnh t, cng phi on ca Tng cc a cht vo Ph Th tng... S m m thng yu trong phong cch quen thuc ca Th tng lm anh thm cm ng: - Bo co Th tng v cc ng ch lnh o trong Chnh ph, Lin on a cht chng ti tm thy nhng du hiu trc tip c du - kh. Th tng tru mn gi mt bn tay ra pha trc, c nhc ng Ca ni chm li v bnh tnh... Ting ci ca Th tng trn ngp khp phng. Ch mi ti sau ny, khi Si Gn c gii phng, ng Ca mi hiu ht ngha ting ci ngy hm y ca Th tng. S trng hp ngu nhin ca lch s tht l diu k: Chin dch H Ch Minh bt u gn nh cng lc vi vic pht hin ra cc du hiu trc tip c du kh trn min Bc....
y l ging pht hin dng kh cng nghip u tin min Bc Vit Nam, nh du mt bc tin quan trng trong cng tc tm kim du kh sau hn 15 nm lao ng, nng cao trnh v tch ly kinh nghim.
3.3. a vt l ging khoan

a) a vt l ging khoan cu to T khi on 36 tin hnh khoan cc ging khoan cu to, vic nghin cu lt ct a cht ging khoan t ra yu cu o a vt l ging khoan v nm 1964 b phn a vt l ging khoan, ngy thng c gi l karota, ra i; b phn ny trc thuc Phng K thut on 36, ng ti th x Hng Yn.
Thng 3-1964, mt nhm cn b k thut a vt l ging khoan c iu t Phng a vt l thuc Tng cc a cht v on 36 gm 2 k thut vin trung cp Phm Ngc Din, Nguyn Xun Lc v 1 k thut vin s cp inh Vn Lp. Cui nm 1964, on c b sung thm 2 k thut vin trung cp: H Xun Dc v Nguyn Vn o t Trng trung cp K thut 2; c nhn a vt l on Thm t Trng i hc Tng hp H Ni v v thnh lp T Karota do on Thm ph trch.
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Trong thi k ny, vic o a vt l cc ging khoan cu to c chiu su di 600 m nh Trm Karota AEKC-900 ca B Nng trng vi t hp o n gin gm cc phng php in, phng x v lch. Phng php in c in th, in gradien (KC) v in th t nhin (PS). Phng php phng x ch o phng x t nhin ca t (GK). Trong thi k ny nhim v minh gii ti liu ch yu l s dng cc ng cong in v phng x kt hp vi ti liu m t mu li khoan thit lp mt ct a cht - a vt l tng hp ca ging khoan. Nm 1965, trc yu cu pht trin mng li khoan ti cc a tng su hn (n 1.200 m), Tng cc a cht iu v cho on 36 mt trm karota t ng ca Lin X loi AEKC-1.500 hot ng theo nguyn l in c, cng chuyn gia A.M. Margolin hng dn. Nhng nm 1965-1966, khi lng khoan ca on 36 cha nhiu, tranh th s gip ca chuyn gia cng nh tch ly kinh nghim thc t phn ln cn b nhn vin karota c a ra Qung Ninh o a vt l ti cc ging khoan thm d than. Nm 1966-1967, mng li khoan cu to pht trin ng bng sng Hng, khi lng ti liu thu c kh nhiu. mt s ging khoan c ti liu o mu, do cng tc minh gii s liu karota kt hp vi mu li nhm bc u nh gi cc c tnh vt l - thch hc ca lt ct a cht ng bng sng Hng c trin khai, kt qu cho nhng nhn nh s b v quy lut bin i cht lng cha ct st theo chiu su cng nh theo cc tuyn ca phn nng lt ct a cht min vng H Ni.
Trong nhng nm 1967-1972, lc lng k thut karota c b sung thm cc cn b k thut: Nguyn Th Tho, Nguyn Th Lan v Nguyn Th Chnh cng 2 cng nhn iu khin ti l Nguyn Quc Vng v V ng Ti. Nm 1968, t karota tch khi Phng K thut on 36 v trc thuc on khoan nng 36K, do ng Phm Ngc Din ph trch.
Sau 8 nm tin hnh o karota cc ging khoan nng, t ging u tin ti Khoi Chu n ging khoan s 33 cui cng Kin Xng, cng tc a vt l ging khoan thu c mt khi lng ln cc ti liu in, phng x, nhit , ng knh v lch ging khoan, bo m cht lng p ng nghin cu a cht lt ct cc ging khoan cu to v cung cp nhng thng tin cn thit v trng thi k thut ging khoan.
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b) a vt l ging khoan su Cui nm 1970, o karota ging khoan thng s s 1 (GK-100), T a vt l ging khoan ca on 36S c thnh lp do c nhn a vt l on Thm ph trch. Cng trong nm nhp v 2 trm karota tng hp v karota kh.
Trm karota tng hp l loi trm t ng AKC-64 hot ng theo nguyn l in quang. Loi trm ny c th ghi ng thi ba tham s vt l trong mt ln o v c ghi trn giy nh. Trm karota kh loi AGKC-65 ca Lin X o tng hm lng kh v cho php ly mu phn tch ch s kh thnh phn t 1C n 5C. B my karota tng hp l mt t hp my th h mi nht ca Lin X thi , bao gm my o in cc phng php nh in o su sn (BZ) loi KCP-1, in sn (B) loi ABK-3, in vi h cc K v in vi h cc sn MBK-1, my o phng php phng x P-60 v D-2, my o siu m SPAK-1 (CA-1), my o siu m xi mng AKC-1, my o nhit TED-60. Ngoi ra, cn cc loi my xc nh trng thi k thut ging khoan nh ng knh CK-1, lch IK. Ti cp t trn xe ring vi xe trm v lp cp truyn tn hiu ba rut teflon chu c nhit n 150C c v bc si thp chu lc.
Thi k ny c 4 chuyn gia karota Lin X gip do k s trng Kunbiecpai ph trch, trong c 3 chuyn gia karota tng hp v 1 chuyn gia karota kh.
Lc lng cn b v cng nhn k thut lm karota pht trin nhanh chng, t 3 sinh vin c Nh nc gi i hc Lin X t u chuyn ngnh karota v nc (nm 1971), v sau lc lng k thut ngy cng ln mnh, c 48 k s, 34 k thut vin trung cp v 29 cng nhn k thut cc loi; trong hc Lin X c 12 k s, Rumani - 11 k s, Hungary - 3 k s, Ba Lan - 2 k s, Anbani - 2 k s, Cng ho Dn ch c - 1 k s, Tip Khc - 1 k s v o to t cc trng i hc trong nc c 18 k s. S k thut vin trung cp u c o to trong nc, trong mt s c gi i thc tp cc m du ca Lin X v Rumani.
Nm 1972, ging khoan thng s s 01 (GK-100) hon thnh, tuy kt qu khng nh mong i, nhng ging khoan su u tin ny karota thu c b ti liu kh hon chnh bao gm tt c cc ng cong, k c karota kh, bo m vic minh gii nh lng nh gi cc c im cha. Mt khc, t cc nghin cu vt l - thch hc, phn tch mu bc u xc nh c thnh phn khong vt to ch yu ca lt ct su, c im phn b ca st v cc loi st, cc loi rng ca , thnh phn mui ca nc va, gradien nhit ca lt ct. iu quan trng na l chng ta bc u tch ly c nhng kinh nghim qu v tin hnh cng tc karota khoan su vi nhng thit b mi chuyn dng
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(nhng khng chu nhit trong iu kin mi trng o c gradien a nhit cao ca lt ct a cht min vng H Ni). Cui nm 1972, i a vt l ging khoan ca Lin on a cht 36 c thnh lp trn c s 2 t karota ca on khoan 36S v on khoan 36K.
C nhn a vt l on Thm lm i trng v k s Phm Th Cu t on 36 chuyn v lm i ph. i ng ti Ph Tng, x Phong Chu, huyn ng Hng, tnh Thi Bnh. Cui nm 1973, Phm Th Cu c iu v Lin on 36 (sau ny l Cng ty Du kh I) thnh lp Nhm karota ca Phng K thut1, k s Phm Ngc Din c c lm i ph.
o karota ging khoan su
Trm karota kh c bin ch 4 k s v 4 k thut vin trung cp lm vic theo ca v t c nh ging khoan ghi lin tc tng hm lng kh v ly mu kh phn tch cc thnh phn.
Lc lng k thut karota kh c tp trung thnh 1 t do k s T Nguyn Nhn v Hong Anh Qun ph trch. Trm karota kh ca Lin X v Rumani thi khng c nhng thit b ghi cc thng s v trng thi k thut ging nh cc trm kh ca phng Ty. Hi karota kh c nhp 1 trm ca Php nhng do khng ng b vi b phn u cp ca my khoan Lin X nn khng s dng c. Trm mn c bin ch 1 trm trng l k s V Chn n, 7 k thut vin trung cp v cng nhn bn mn. Trm c nhim v tin hnh cng tc bn mn m va nhng tp cha theo kt qu minh gii ti liu karota tng hp v karota kh, bn mn ly mu thnh ging khoan xc nh thnh phn thch hc
1. Nhm karota thuc Phng K thut Cng ty Du kh I c thnh lp t u nm 1974 c 4 k s, do k s Phm Th Cu ph trch. Nhm ny chu trch nhim phn tch nh lng ti liu a vt l ging khoan, nghin cu tng hp cc c tnh cha v tham gia cc bo co a cht ging khoan.
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cha v n mn cu kt cn khoan bng phng php n rung tho cn v bn ct cn. T sa cha do k s Nguyn Thiu Ph ph trch chu trch nhim sa cha, chun chnh tt c cc my. T chuyn do k s Nguyn Vn Thanh lm t trng chu trch nhim th nghim cc my mi nhp v, cc my c h thng iu khin chun chnh phc tp hi nh karota siu m, cm ng, phng x pht xung v cc my chu nhit cao. Khi k thut vn phng c 2 t: (1) T kim tra cht lng v can ti liu do k s H Xun Dc ph trch. Hi cc ng cong karota c ghi trn giy nh nn khi s dng phi can thnh nhiu b trn giy chuyn dng ca karota. (2) T minh gii tng hp, do k s L Tin Nghinh lm t trng, c nhim v: gii thch nhanh ti ging khoan ngay sau khi kt thc o karota c kt qu sm nht tin hnh cc cng vic tip theo nh th va bng phng php KI, bm trm xi mng.
Nm 1974, c 4 chuyn gia Lin X do Chnh k s Demianovski ph trch; cui nm 1976 c thm 1 k s my l Tolia v 1 chuyn gia v ti cp v bn mn. Cc chuyn gia nhit tnh hng dn v cng vi cc k thut vin Vit Nam thnh cng khi o karota trong mi trng nhit cao trn 4C/100 m, nh vy nhit y ging ngng hoc vt ngng hot ng mt s thit b o (150-160C).
Kt qu nghin cu cha bng a vt l ging khoan: Nghin cu mu trong phng th nghim xc nh c cha ct kt c rng ch yu l gia ht v rng trong ht, rng nt n hu nh khng gp. lm c s cho vic minh gii ti liu a vt l ging khoan, sau lc o hng lot cc thng s rng, bo ho nc v thm mu li, thit lp c cc quan h gia tham s rng Pn v rng Kn (Pn = a/Knm), quan h gia tham s bo ho PH v bo ho nc Kb (PH = b/Kbn) v quan h gia thm Knp v rng Kn. Trn c s phn tch nh tnh v nh lng ti liu a vt l ging khoan tng hp vi ti liu nghin cu thch hc, cc c im vt l thch hc ca cc phn v a tng c nh gi nh sau: - ip nh Cao - Thy Anh: pht hin khoan 104 v 204 bao gm cc lp mng xen k bt kt, argillite v ct kt cht xt nhiu xi mng carbonat c in tr thp 4-8 ohmm v in trng t nhin (PS) phn d km. - ip Phong Chu: ct kt v st xen k c cu to khi, in tr cao 30-40 ohmm, ng cong PS phn d km do khong ho nc va thp 7-15 g/l, rng thp 7-8%, nhit va t 100-150oC.
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- ip Ph C I: ch yu l ct bt phn lp mng, in tr sut thp t 4-6 ohmm, d thng PS trung bnh vi khong nc va t 20-25 g/l, rng cha thay i t 10-15%, v nhit va khong 100oC. - ip Ph C II: ct st xen k dng khi, phn di c tp than mng. in tr bin i trong phm vi ln, cc tp cha c st thay i trong phm vi 10-15%, rng t 13-15%, nhit khong 95oC. c im cc ng cong a vt l dng khi tng i ging Phong Chu. - ip Ph C III: ct bt phn lp mng dng gn sng, khng c than, in tr thp 5-6 ohmm, PS phn d tt, khong ca nc va 20-25 g/l, rng 12-15%, nhit va 85oC. - ip Tin Hng I: ct st lc a, nhiu tp than dy mang tnh khu vc, ct dng thu knh, c trng a vt l dng khi. Cc va cha c st t 0-20%, rng trung bnh 18%, khong nc va khong 30 g/l, bin PS ln t 80-100 mV, d thng m PS cho php phn nh tt va cha, nhit va trung bnh khong 80oC. - ip Tin Hng II: ct ht th, c trng ng cong a vt l dng khi, nc va c vi tp than v cc tp st mng, in tr thp khong 3 ohmm, st cha t 10-20%, rng trung bnh 20%, bin PS nh TH I khong 80 mV, khong nc va t 15-25 g/l, nhit va 60-70oC. - ip Tin Hng III: ct ht th b ri, in tr trong khong 15-20 ohmm, khong nc va t 5-7 g/l, d thng PS km, rng ct trung bnh 23%, nhit va 50-60oC. - Cc ip thuc Pliocen - T in tr rt thp khong vi ohmm, ngoi tr tp cui kt trong ip Vnh Bo vi in tr trn chc ohmm, PS phn d rt km.
c) o karota a chn (a chn ging khoan) ng dng u tin ca karota a chn min vng H Ni vo cc nm 1963-1965 c thc hin bi Macsiutova, H c Hoi, Trng Minh trong cc ging khoan cu to u tin GK-1 Khoi Chu, GK-2 Ph C, GK-3 Vnh Bo, GK-4 Tin Hng,; t nm 1966 c theo di v thc hin bi Vn Lu (t GK-5 Kin Xng, GK-6 Tin Hi, GK-8 Gia Lc, GK-19 Gia Lng, GK-22 Hng Yn) v tip n trn cc ging khoan su 1.600-3.200 m cho ti 5.000 m do Nguyn ng Liu, Bi Th Kim Thnh, Ng Sch Trng thc hin.
Trong quan st karota a chn (CK) my thu (geophone) c t trong ging khoan, im n t trn mt t, trong tng gc hay nc ngm (hoc trong cc l khoan nng 5-7 m), vi 2,6-5,2 kg thuc n TNT. My thu sng c di chuyn t y ging khoan ln trn theo tng khong cch 15-20 m sau mi ln
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n. Sau khi thu n ta c mt biu thi gian sng n ph thuc vo chiu su, dng tnh vn tc sng truyn trong t dc theo lng ging khoan. Ghi sng bng trm my SS-24P (CC-24) trn giy nh. Quan st Biu a chn ngc (MOG) cng tng t nh karota a chn, song v tr im n v im thu o v tr nhau: im n t trong lng ging khoan cn my thu t trn mt t. Ngun n trong karota a chn dng l loi thuc mn TNT ca Lin X thng thng dng vi khi lng 2,6-5,2 kg c t trong l khoan n, khoan bng my bm nc MP-600 hoc MP-800 vi su n mn thng chn l 5-7 m, hoc n trong cc sng ngi c su khong 5-7 m. Thng chn 2 v tr n c lp, bi n gn cch l khoan 100-150 m, bi n xa cch l khoan 200-300 m. Cc bi n ny, vi khong cch gia cc l khoan n cch nhau 3-5 m, lun c t v pha cm ca cc ranh gii phn x di su nhm trnh n mc ti a nh hng ca sng khc x. Quan st trong phng php tuyn a chn thng ng (VSP), v nguyn tc khng khc nhiu so vi quan st karota a chn, duy ch khc l ghi sng bng cp a chn nhiu knh, ch ghi sng bng tn s rng v hon ton ging nh quan st a chn trn mt, cc ng ghi a chn thu c u c th thc hin cc php lc di tn s, lc ngc, nhm nhn c bc tranh sng quan st trn ton khong su t my thu (geophone) trong l khoan, bao gm c cc phn x c ch hnh thnh t cc ranh gii nm su hn su khoan cui cng. Tp hp cc kt qu nhn c t cc ng cong thi gian - su qua karota a chn v trng vn tc nhn c t quan st trn mt, chng ta c th thnh lp cc mt ct vn tc hay khi (cube) vn tc ca vng nghin cu, c s thc hin chuyn i cc mt ct v bn trong min thi gian sang min su.
Trm a chn c s dng u tin o karota a chn trong cc nm 1962-1971 l Trm my loi SS-24P (CC-24), ch ghi c tn hiu sng a chn trn bng giy nh, th h n in t. V sau c thay th bng loi Trm ghi t trung gian SS-24-61M (CC-24-61M) (tn hiu ghi vo bng t v xem li trn bng giy, hai Trm my POISK 1-24 MOV-OV ( 1-24 -): tn hiu ghi ng thi vo bng t v bng giy nh, th h n in t c nh chn mm), sau li c thay th bng hai Trm SMOV-24 (CMOB-24) (tn hiu ghi ng thi vo bng t v bng giy nh, th h n bn dn tranzito) ca Lin X. My thu trong l khoan l loi ring chu nhit. Trong mt vi ging khoan do my thu chu nhit b hng nn k s H c Hoi ch o Xng C kh ca on 36K thit k loi my o t to chu nhit, bng cch a my thu a chn trn mt vo bn trong v ng c cch ly nhit cao. Tuy nhin kh nng chu nhit v chng r b hn ch nn tn hiu nhn c khi my o su
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nm trong ging khoan su hn 800-900 m tr nn rt yu, my thu t ch to khng c kh nng o trong cc ging khoan su trn 1.200 m (nh ti GK-22 Hng Yn). S dng Trm SS-24P ch o c karota a chn ging khoan nng. Nm 1971, chng ta nhp t Lin X Trm o karota a chn POISK 1-24 SK o cc ging khoan su t 1.600-5.000 m.
Trm t trn xe t GAZ-69. Thit b th xung ging khoan l b u o gm 6 Zn () chu nhit v p sut cao c u ni tip bng mt ng dy cp (p dng nguyn l bng tn s rng). Mi ln n mn s thu c 6 knh tn hiu t 6 su khc nhau ca ging khoan c ghi ng thi vo bng t v bng giy nh. Trm POISK 1-24 SK c s dng o ln u tin vo qu IV-1971 ti ging khoan thng s s 1 (GK-100) Tin Hng - Thi Bnh do V Ngc Thch lm Trm trng v Hong Vn Hanh m nhim sa cha ng my. Sau li tip tc i o karota a chn ti ging khoan cu to Ch vng trng An Chu tnh Bc Giang v mt s ging khoan su khc.
Karota a chn o c ti 52 ging khoan cu to v tm kim, thm d min vng H Ni v vng trng An Chu.
Tin s Vn Lu k li: ... H nm 1966, ln u tin ti c k s Trng Minh hng dn theo di o karota a chn ti GK-14 Tin Lng, vng trng thuc lo ni ting. Ti c giao trc tip c cc thi gian n u tin trn bng n sau khi ra nh cn t nguyn, v chm im trn giy k milimet th thi gian quan st - su. N trong l khoan mi ln to ra ct nc tung ln cao 8-10 m mang theo bn nc, t loi. Ln o GK-5 Kin Xng nm bn sng, chng ti thc hin gy n trong nc. Thi y cha c quy nh ngt ngho v vic bo v c sng, sui. Mi ln chun b u bng thuyn con, a mn vo v tr n nh, dng so tre kim tra su v v tr t mn. Ln y, sau khi n mn v o c xong c cht rt nhiu, anh em cng nhn ri dy bi li ra vt c, nhiu con nng ti 1,5 kg. Ti v mi ngi c ba cm no vi c vt c. Vo thi gian ba cm c c v ung ru qu (hay quc li) l rt him. C ln do u ni gy n mt thi mn va a n y l khoan th xung n c kch n v c 4 cng nhn mn u ng nga v 4 pha xa l khoan n. Tht h va!.
3.4. o c trc a
Nhim v o trc a lun gn lin vi cng tc tm kim, thm d du kh. Nhng nm 1962-1965, cng tc trc a gp nhiu kh khn, t chc mi trin
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khai theo dng chuyn phc v cng tc a vt l. Cng vic phi trin khai din rng m cc ti liu c s nh bn cp quc gia khng y . Bn do ngi Php thnh lp qu c, c h ta khc vi ta quc gia ca Cc o c v Bn Nh nc. Bn a hnh t l 1/100.000 v 1/50.000 do Cc Bn B Tng tham mu Qun i Nhn dn Vit Nam chnh l chuyn sang li chiu Gauss v h cao khi tnh t im Hn Du - Hi Phng c ly lm c s s dng.
Vi s gip ca chuyn gia Lin X, nhm cn b k thut u tin gm c: Vn Hnh, Nguyn Hu Th, L Ngc Tn cng vi mt s cn b, cng nhn t chc thc hin nhim v o c trc a phc v cng tc a vt l ca on 36 ng bng sng Hng v vng trng An Chu. Nhm trc a cho cng tc a chn c: Phm Cng Chnh, Nguyn Th Hot, Li Minh Tm, Ng Th Anh Th; cho cng tc trng lc c: Trn Lin, Nguyn nh Long, L Cng Gio; cho cng tc thm d in c: L Lm Hoa, Trn Xun Nhng; cho cng tc a cht c: Nguyn Vn Ton, Nguyn Trng Chinh. Trong nhng nm 1970-1975, do yu cu m rng v pht trin cng tc du kh, t chc trc a c sp xp li. Phng Trc a - Ho ca Lin on 361, c thnh lp, k s Nguyn Ngc Hp lm Trng phng, Phm Cng Chnh lm Ph phng. Lc lng cn b k thut c tng cng thm cc k s trc a: Nguyn Hu, L Vit Khi, Trn Quc Vinh, Nguyn c Uy, Nguyn Trng Chinh, Nguyn Quang Thng. Trong thi gian ny s cn b k thut trc a c n 80 ngi; ng vai tr nng ct trong vic thc hin nhim v o c trc a du kh trn ton min Bc Vit Nam.
Kho st a vt l trong nhng nm 1962-1964 a ra c nhng khi nim u tin kh r rng v phn vng cu trc su ca tam gic chu th sng Hng vi cc thnh phn cu - kin to bc hai gm hai ra nng Ty Nam v ng Bc, di nng Khoi Chu - Tin Hi v di trng ng Quan; cc t gy phn chia chng cng c xc nh kh r. di Khoi Chu - Tin Hi, a chn phn x tm c nhiu cu to kh r vi ln t hng chc ti c trm kilmt vung t Ty Bc n ng Nam nh cc cu to Khoi Chu, Ph C, Tin Hng (Thi Bnh), v pha ng Nam c tch thnh hai di cu to Kin Xng - Tin Hi, phn cch bng lm Phng Ngi.
1. T cui nm 1973, sau khi Lin on 36 chuyn v th x Thi Bnh, Phng Trc a - Ha vi phn ln nhn lc c chuyn v on a vt l 36F.
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Lc u, min vng H Ni c phn chia ra ba i bao gm i Ty Nam (Nam nh), i Trung tm (Khoi Chu - Tin Hi), i Ty Bc (n Thi - Qunh Ci). Gia chng l cc t gy c th hin rt r trn ti liu a chn phn x, c t tn l t gy sng L, Vnh Ninh, sng Chy. Kt qu ca a chn khc x vo nhng nm 1966- S kin to min vng H Ni (K.M. Sevotianov, 1977) 1969, ln u tin cp n t gy Vnh Ninh l cc t gy nghch v iu ny rt quan trng i vi nghin cu c a l kin to sau ny.
3.5. a tng - trm tch

T lu vn a tng trm tch Kainozoi (Kz) v c hn (Mz, Pz) min Bc Vit Nam c nhiu nh a cht quan tm nghin cu (S.K. Kitovani, 1961; A.E. Dovjicov, 1964;...). Tuy nhin, n nm 1963-1964, khi c cc ti liu ging khoan du kh min vng H Ni, a tng trm tch Kainozoi c nghin cu chi tit hn.
Trn c s kt qu cc ging khoan cu to u tin 1, 2, 3, 4, 14, 15, A.E. Kamenheski v Nguyn Ngc C nghin cu c im a tng v thch hc ca khu vc. Theo cc tc gi trn, min vng H Ni c hai tng kin trc c bn gm mng c tui trc Tam v lp ph trm tch Tam gm Paleogen Neogen - Pliocen - T. Mng trc Tam kh a dng, c tui trn 65 triu nm, l ra cc i ra, phn thnh nhiu i thnh h - cu trc khc nhau. y cc granit-gneis tui tin Cambri (GK-15 Nam nh), c th c c amphibol, phin v thch anh to thnh mng ca lp ph trm tch Neogen bn trn. V pha Bc, ng v Nam ca min vng H Ni, mng c th chm su v b ph bi c hn Neogen. Trn Cambri - Ordovit l c tui Devon sm rt ph bin min Bc Vit Nam. Trn tng ny c Eifel lc nguyn. Tip bn trn na c tng vi tui Carbon (GK-14 Tin Lng, Hi Phng).
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Trong trm tch Tam d kin c tng Paleogen v Neogen (GK-3, Vnh Bo). Cc tc gi cho bit chiu dy lp ph trm tch t n 4.500 m khu vc trung tm, vng ra v trn cc vm nng gim i kh nhiu. Cc ging khoan su khoan cc tng t : t 0-99 m bt gp ct, alevrolit, st (tng Kin Xng), sau gp ct, sn cui dy 68 m (tng Hi Dng) c tui T. Trm tch Neogen c cc h tng Vnh Bo dy 268 m, Tin Hng dy 251-790 m, Ph C, Phan Lng, Ph Th. Ranh gii gia Neogen v Paleogen cha r rng.
Sau nm 1975, khi c nhiu ti liu a cht - a vt l, khoan su th a tng trm tch Kainozoi c nghin cu rt t m.
Trm tch Paleogen trung tm min vng H Ni thnh to bi trm tch Eocen (h tng Ph Tin) gm ct kt, cui kt, vn th mu , chiu dy thay i 100-700 m n hng nghn mt; trm tch Oligocen (h tng nh Cao), ch yu l ct kt, bt kt, st phin, c cc lp st mn mu en, thnh to trong mi trng m h, sng ngi, c kh nng sinh du, thng phn b chiu su 2.000-3.000 m. Trm tch Neogen bao gm Miocen v Pliocen. Cc trm tch Miocen chia thnh 3 h tng: Phong Chu (Miocen di), Ph C (Miocen gia) v Tin Hng (Miocen trn). Trm tch Miocen ph bin xen k cc lp ct kt ht mn, ct bt kt cha du vt than hoc nhng lp vi mng, thnh to trong mi trng bin ven b, chu th, bin nng. Trm tch Miocen gia pht trin rng khp min vng H Ni, gm ct kt, st bt kt, than v c ni c carbonat, mi trng bin xen k vi chu th. Trm tch Miocen trn c mt trong hu ht cc ging khoan min vng H Ni, thnh phn ch yu phn trn l ct kt ht th v sn si kt, st kt, bt kt, xen k cc lp than vi mc gim dn. Trm tch Pliocen - T gm cc h tng Vnh Bo (Pliocen), Hi Dng, Kin Xng (Q), pht trin n nh v rng khp min vng H Ni, dy ln ra pha bin, gm thnh phn ch yu l ct - sn - si gn kt xen k cc lp st mu xm. Kt qu xy dng c ct a tng chun ca min vng H Ni.
3.6. Nghin cu a ha
a) Biu hin du kh T nm 1969, on 36 (sau l Lin on 36) tin hnh kho st 5 vng c im l kh: o G (huyn Xun Thu, tnh Nam nh), Trc Ninh (tnh Ninh Bnh), Cc en (huyn Kim Bi, tnh Ho Bnh), M c (tnh H ng, nay l H Ni) v V Hi (huyn V Th, tnh Thi Bnh). Lu lng kh trung bnh l 3,6 m3/ngy m, ti Giao Thu t 28 m3/ngy m. Thnh phn kh gm
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mtan 74-94%, nit 4,7-22%, CO2 1,6-2,5%; c c thnh phn kh nng C2-4. V vy, lc by gi kh ny c gi l kh mtan - nit. phn ng Nam min vng H Ni c cc biu hin kh trn mt rt mnh v phn b rng ri dc ven bin Nam nh v Thi Bnh.
C th phn ra ba nhm kh: Nhm kh Cn Nm: ly mu ti 15 im l kh ti phn nghing vm Bc cu to Kin Xng C (x Tn Tin). Nhm kh Giao Thin: ly mu trn 20 im l kh trn b tri sng Hng, pha Nam trng Phng Ngi. Nhm kh Nam Hng nm b tri sng Hng trn phn trung tm v cnh Bc trng Phng Ngi.
Phn ven bin vnh Bc B cng pht hin kh.

Trong thi gian ny vic phn tch kh c tin hnh bng my phn tch kh BTM, phn tch nh tnh bng my sc k kh XT-2M. Theo nghin cu ca Golovenok v ng Ngc Bch, kh c trng l mtan c hm lng nit tng ln v kh carbonic va phi. Cc tc gi cho rng kh ny c th i ln t cc tng trm tch di su, da trn c s cc s liu sau: 1) vng c kh, khng thy du hiu thnh to than bn r rt. 2) Cng biu hin kh chng t khng th l sn phm phn hy hoc bin cht ca vt cht hu c trong trm tch hin i. 3) Cc vt l kh trng vi cc ra ca cu to Kin Xng C v phn np lm Phng Ngi.
min vng H Ni, cc du hiu du kh c pht hin cc ging khoan, trong cc va kh c gi tr cng nghip gp ging khoan 61 trn cu to Tin Hi C.
Biu hin kh trong ct a tng cc ging khoan nh sau: - Tng Kin Xng v Hi Dng: trong cc ging khoan u pht hin d thng kh mtan. - Tng Tin Hng: trong cc ph tng TH3, TH2, TH1 hm lng kh mtan cao v c kh nng 2, 4, 6. - Tng Ph C: PC4, PC5 hm lng kh mtan thp, ngc li trong PC2 v PC3 hm lng kh mtan v kh nng C6 tng cao hu ht cc ging.
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- Tng Phong Chu: trong ph tng Phong Chu 5 hm lng mtan thp, song trong Phong Chu 4, 3 hm lng mtan cao, t 24,6-32 ml/l (GK-101).
Kt qu kho st cho thy s biu hin kh trong cc ph tng trm tch khc nhau, phn nh cc iu kin cu - kin to rt phc tp v vn a ho trm tch Neogen cn tip tc nghin cu chi tit v su hn. Cui nm 1971 u nm 1972, ng Ngc Bch v cc chuyn gia Lin X V.A. Stroganov, A.I. Smelov nghin cu v v bn phn b kh trn cc cu to Kin Xng A, B, C. Nm 1972-1973, k s Hong Vn Son nghin cu p dng phng php ton hc xc sut thng k chnh l kt qu phn tch kh. Kt qu xy dng c s phn b kh cho vng cu to Tin Hi A, B, C, to iu kin cho vic nghin cu phn b kh min vng H Ni tt hn. b) c trng a ha trm tch Neogen Mt khi lng ln gm 600 mu ly t cc ging khoan (2, 3, 8, 14, 12, 16, 18, 20,...) c phn tch nghin cu c trng a ho cho phn trn ca lt ct Neogen (trong cc tng Vnh Bo, Tin Hng, Ph C) v mt s mu t cc va l gc Mesozoi, Paleozoi ra Ty Bc v ng Nam min vng H Ni phc v cho vic nghin cu phn di lt ct a cht. nh gi hm lng bitum trong cc mu, cc nh nghin cu tin hnh tch cc bitum A+B v nghin cu trong nh sng ca tia t ngoi. rt bitum t ra ngi ta s dng cloroforme, cn benzoin. Phn tch nh tnh theo phng php ca Flosovskaia. Nghin cu vt cht hu c trong mt ct a tng, hm lng thay i trong khong 0,003-0,034 v tng ln trong st 0,06 (hm lng cao nht). Cc phn tch a ha cho thy hm lng vt cht cha bitum, carbon hu c trong mt ct Neogen ni chung ging vi hm lng phng (s Klero-1%). Hm lng vt cht hu c 1,2-1,86%. Nm 1973, khi nghin cu ging khoan thng s s 1 (GK-100) B.M. Poluctovich v Nguyn Ngc C kt lun rng hm lng vt cht hu c trong tng ph trm tch trung bnh t 0,52%, mt s on t n 1,2-2,6%.
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S liu a ha c so snh vi cc s liu a cht khc tng hp. Kt qu cho php kt lun l gi tr ln nht ca bitum trong , c trng l tng Ph C. c) a cht thu vn Trong nhng nm 1967-1968, cc nh khoa hc tin hnh quan st thy a cht v lp n nghin cu thy a cht, thy ha ca nc ngm, lu lng ca dng nc vo ging khoan, quan st mc thy tnh mt s ging khoan, min vng H Ni. Ngoi ra, tin hnh nghin cu cc ging khoan vng Quang Hanh - Qung Ninh (on 37 - Tng cc a cht), v nc cc ngun t nhin ti ra ng Bc, Ty Nam min vng, v.v.. Phn tch iu kin thy a cht cc tc gi chia ra thnh ba vng thy a cht: - Vng thy a cht Ty Nam k cn ra i Ninh Bnh, gm vi phn lp v khi tui Carbon, mt phn b dolomit ha, nhiu k nt, cast. Mc cha nc rt giu. - Vng thy a cht Trung tm c nghin cu cc ging khoan dc di cu to Kin Xng - Tin Hi, gm 7 phc h cha nc v chn nc tng i trong mt ct Neogen. Phc h cha nc v chn nc tng i xen k theo mt ct v phc h cha nc T. - Vng thy a cht ng Bc c nghin cu cc ging khoan GK 6, 8, 14. Phn tch mu nc ly cc ging khoan ny cho php phn mt ct thy a cht i ny ra mt lot cc phc h cha nc v chn nc tng i.
3.7. Tim nng du kh min vng H Ni

Theo cc ch tiu v cu to, min vng H Ni c xp vo loi c trin vng du kh. Nhng phn ln din tch ca n b chm su di vnh Bc B nn hn ch kh nng vn dng ton din cc ch tiu khu vc nh gi trin vng nh cc iu kin thnh to, di c v tch t. Cc iu kin thu a cht khu vc ny cha c xc nh c thuc h thng h hay kn. - Np li Khoi Chu - Tin Hi l i c nh gi c kh nng tch t kh ch yu. Trong lt ct a cht, cc phn c trin vng nht nm trong khong 300-400 m v 3.200-3.500 m.
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- trng ng Quan c cc i tch t pha ng Bc v Ty Nam, cc cu to cc b trong trng. Tng kh lin quan n than cc khong 300-400 m n 1.300-1.500 m; du kh cc khong 1.300-1.500 m n 3.200-3.500 m. Vic pht hin m kh Tin Hi C nm 1975 vi tr lng kh ti ch c nh gi s b lc by gi l hn 35 t m3, du mc v cng quan trng trong lch s 15 nm tm kim, thm d du kh min Bc Vit Nam. V sau, tr lng thu hi c xc minh l 1,3 t m3(tng ng 1,3 triu tn du th)... Tuy tr lng khng ln nhng vic khai thc kh t v condensat (kh ngng t) phc v c lc cho cng nghip in, cng nghip a phng ca tnh Thi Bnh. Thng 4-1972, B a cht Lin X c on chuyn gia cng vi Tng cc a cht Vit Nam phi hp nghin cu tng hp v c kt lun v trin vng du kh ca min vng H Ni v vng trng An Chu trong giai on ny.
on chuyn gia Lin X gm: K.K. Makarov (Trng on), K.M. Sevostianov, M.V. Shnerson, B.M. Polukhonovich, I.V. Shmeliov, Volosin v chuyn gia c vn ti Vit Nam A.B. Kamenheski. V Pha Vit Nam, c Phan Minh Bch, H c Hoi, Nguyn Quang Hp, Nguyn Giao v nhiu ngi khc cng tham gia.
V cu trc a cht, kt lun cho rng min vng H Ni l min vng Kainozoi kiu chng gi ph bin ng Nam , c kch thc 85 km x 160 km. Chiu dy trm tch Kainozoi t trn 5,5 km vng trung tm v gim r rt v pha ra ng Bc, Ty Bc, Ty Nam cn li my chc mt. C s chuyn tip cc trm tch cha than phn gia lt ct a cht vi thnh phn ch yu l ct st (trm tch bin) sang trm tch ch yu l si ct vn th (proluvi-aluvi). Phn nghing hng tm Ty Bc ca min vng H Ni nm chng ln cc cu trc c tui khc nhau. Tng mng ng Bc l thnh to vi Permi Carbon, ph ln trn cu trc un np tui Caledoni mun. pha Ty Bc, trm tch ph trc tip ln cc khi nng dng a ly sng Chy v sng Hng, c cu thnh bi Proterozoi - Ackeozoi. Ty Nam, tng trm tch khng dy qu 1.000 m, ph trc tip trn cc cu trc un np Mesozoi Bc Vit Nam Hi Nam. Tng mng b chm su dn t Ty Bc n ng Nam. Vic phn chia trn bnh cng theo cc i cc di v u c phn ln cc chuyn gia lc thng nht v: - Hai h thng t gy thun ln sng L, sng Chy (chnh l h sng Hng sng Chy) l nhng gii hn chnh ca min vng H Ni v ng Bc v Ty Nam,
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v chng l nhng t gy ln hot ng trc - trong Kainozoi (v mt phn cho n ngy nay). - phn st ln cha y trm tch Kainozoi gia hai t gy trn, trong thi k Kainozoi, trc trung tm ln chm lc u c th lch v Ty Nam dc theo i Khoi Chu - Tin Hi, sau cui Miocen, i ny c nng ln mnh m so vi trng Qunh Ci - ng Quan dc theo t gy Vnh Ninh (khng loi tr t gy ny c th hnh thnh cng lc vi dao ng ln chm chung trong Kainozoi) bin ca h t gy ny nhiu ni l 400-600 m v ch ln nht c th c 1.000 m. Tnh cht chm nghch ca t gy Vnh Ninh cng khng nh v s tch gin ca min vng H Ni ban u, v nhiu pha nn p v sau cui Miocen, chnh nhng kiu hot ng kin to ny to nn nhiu t gy dc (theo phng Ty Bc - ng Nam; hu ht cc t gy ny thc cht l nhng h thng gm nhiu t gy nh hn vi cc vng ph hy) v nhiu t gy ngang chia ct. Chnh v vy cc cu to hon chnh vi ln nh d kin ban u (vi ln c th ti 50-100 km2 v bin ti hn 100 m vi hnh dng oval kh hon chnh!) khng c thc, chng nh hn nhiu hoc l thuc nhiu dng cu to khc nhau nh dng cu kin to, ni nh, thch hc trm tch Do , ln ca cc dng by du kh khp kn nu c l nh hn nhiu do cc phay chia ct (kch thc ca chng ch trn di 5-10 km2 vi 10-15m chiu cao). V sau khi cc cng tc a chn phn x tng t m kho st ti nhng t l 1/50.000 ch yu i Khoi Chu - Tin Hi th iu ny cng tr nn r hn (i vi cc cu to Kin Xng A, B, C v Tin Hi A, B, C). - Min vng H Ni cn ko di v m rng vi mng chm su v pha bin. T trin vng du kh cng tng ln theo hng ng Nam ra bin v min vng H Ni c xem nh mt nghing hng tm v ch l mt phn cu trc ca b trm tch Kainozoi ln hn nm ngoi bin. rng ca min vng H Ni thy c trn t lin cng ch khong 25-30 km pha Bc tng ln n 45-50 km v pha Nam. Tng hp nhng ti liu trn, nhn nh chung min vng H Ni c th xem nh mt khu vc c trin vng v kh l ch yu, cn v du th vi mc t hn.
3.8. Hng ra bin

Vi kt qu nghin cu a cht du kh ng bng sng Hng, cc nh a cht - a vt l nhn nh rng theo hng ra bin th trin vng du kh tt hn trong t lin.
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Nm 1967, Tng cc a cht c mt on thc tp sinh i Lin X gm 61 ngi, trong c 4 ngi i thc tp v thm d du kh l: L Quang Trung thc tp Chnh a cht du kh bin, Nguyn Tn Kch - Chnh a vt l in bin, Nguyn Cng Binh - Chnh a chn bin v Nguyn Vn Thnh - Chnh Trng lc thnh tu. Nhm thc tp ny n thnh ph Ghlendjich ngy 12-51968, thc tp ti Phn vin pha Nam ca Vin Nghin cu a cht - a vt l du kh bin ton Lin bang Xvit ng ti Riga, Ltvia.
ng L Quang Trung k li: ... Sau ba nm thc tp, thng 5-1971 nhm thc tp v nc, c phn v Lin on 36. T thng 7-1971 n thng 9-1972, chng ti c giao xy dng phng n thnh lp on 36E tin hnh kho st, tm kim, thm d vng nc nng vnh Bc B. ng thi, ti i nhiu ln ra Hi Phng lm vic vi U ban nhn dn thnh ph Hi Phng xin a im t tr s on 36E, lm vic vi Vin Hi dng hc, Hi Phng lp k hoch phi hp thu tu kho st y bin ca Vin lm cc tuyn a vt l, vng nc nng t Hi Phng vo Thanh Ho, c y ban nhn dn thnh ph Hi Phng v Vin Hi dng hc ng h. Phng n thnh lp on 36E mi hon thnh th nm 1972 chin tranh ph hoi ln th hai ca M din ra, ton b Lin on 36 s tn v x Ngc Chc, on o, i Quc huyn Ph C, tnh Hng Yn, nn khng thc hin c. L Quang Trung v lm Ph phng a cht Lin on 36, Nguyn Tn Kch v lm on ph on Thm d in (36), Nguyn Vn Thnh lm on ph on Thm d trng lc (36T), Nguyn Cng Binh v lm i trng a chn on Thm d a chn (36F). Nm 1973, khi tch on a vt l, on 36C ra khi Lin on 36, Lin on 36 chuyn v Thi Bnh, on 36B cng c thnh lp, tin thn ca Vin Du kh sau ny. Chng ti ln lt chuyn vo Nam lm du kh, nhng tt c u chuyn sang cng tc khc, tr ng Nguyn Cng Binh lm chuyn mn cho n lc v hu.
Ma h nm 1968, on 36 c on i kho st vng ven bin vnh Bc B thuc cc tnh: Nam nh, Thi Bnh. on gm cc k s, k thut vin a vt l v trc a, c nhim v kho st cc iu kin a l, vt l bin, khu vc cc o: Cn en, Cn Lu, Cn Thng, Cn Th lp phng n thm d a vt l.
ng Trng Minh nh li: ... Do thiu kinh ph v phng tin tu thuyn, on phi i theo cc thuyn nh c, lm vic sinh hot ba cng vi ng dn. Ban ngy chng ti tham gia ko li bt c kt hp kho st o c chiu su bin, theo di quy lut v cng sng gi v thu triu, chnh v li bn cc o. Bit c mc ch cng vic ca chng ti l kho st thm d du kh, ngi dn vng bin Thi Thy, tnh Thi Bnh rt phn khi v ht sc nhit tnh gip . Khi chun b chuyn i bin, b con khuyn chng ti khng nn em
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theo nhiu th, ch cn go mui, mt s gia v, rau thm, bp du, vi b o qun cc v... ru quc li! Qu thc lm vic trn bin hng tun m khng cn g thm ngoi nhng th mang theo. B li nhng ngy nng gt v nc bin mn cht lm cho ai ny u en sm th cc ba n trn thuyn tht xm, c n nhng con c ngon ti nht va mi bt c, thi th cc mn c nu, c nng v c bit l mn gi c. Tht th v, bui ti ngh li trn thuyn hoc gh vo b o gn nhm nhi chn ru vi c nng, ri ng li trn bi ct vi trng sao, gi mt ri v ting sng r rm. Nhng cu chuyn k ca b con i bin tht hp dn v phong tc tp qun v cch lm n sinh sng ca ng dn vng bin. Qua chng ti thu thp c nhiu t liu cn thit v bin nh thi tit, sng gi, thu triu... m khng tm thy c trong sch v. Chuyn k rng c tn Cn en v nhng ngi nh c ci trn sut ngy nng gi lm da en sm; Cn Lu l ting ni li ch sinh hot m tm cua ca ng dn vng ny. Cn cc tn: Cn Th, Cn Thng l cc o hnh thnh trn a u ca Ba Lt ca sng Hng, trc y c cc cy thng v phi lao mc. Cng c cu chuyn bun nh l cch hn 50 nm, trong mt m sng thn cao hn 10 m nhn chm my x ven bin huyn Thi Thy, tnh Thi Bnh nh ca tri dt tan nt, nhiu ngi cht v mt tch, ngy nay c khu vc ny c mt ngy tang chung. t kho st ny cho chng ti rt nhiu t liu qu gi vch ra c phng n a a vt l tin ra bin, khi u cho vic thm d du kh vng bin pha Bc nc ta....
Trn c s kho st ven bin cc tnh: Thi Bnh, H Nam Ninh, k s Nguyn Cng Binh cng tp th k thut a chn on 36F lp phng n thm d a chn vng o G, Cn Th, Cn Thng. Thc cht y l mt cuc th nghim dng my a chn trn b o c vng ven bin.
Vng Cn en - o G
Vic thu n a chn trn cc o ct khng n gin nh trn t lin; cn thu n di nc th kh phc tp. Lc by gi ta cha c cc bi dy thu a chn y nc (bay cable) hay bi dy a chn in p (streamer). Hc c kinh nghim t my thu a chn trn phao tre khi lm a chn trn sng rch, nay t my thu trn phao bng g nh, trn mi phao t mt nhm 3 my thu sng. Nhm th mc k cng lm mi hon thnh c hng trm chic phao, ni di
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n 600 m. Trm my t trn can, bi dy phao c can ko l tng on dc theo tuyn kho st. Cng vic nh v cng c nhiu kh khn trn vng bin nng, phi dng phng php giao hi bng my kinh v (thodolite) xc nh ta v ng cc tng im n.
chun b thi cng a chn binnng khu vc o G, Cn Th, Cn Thng, u nm 1975, on a vt l thnh lp on kho st thc a do on trng Ng Mnh Khi lm Tr ng on, c chuyn gia Lin X Murzin, k s Nguyn C ng Binh, Ph phng T chc Bi Vn Khit, Th k cng on L Vn Cng, i tr ng L Ngc Thnh v i ph Bi Danh Lim cng mt s cn b k thut v cng nhn i V i bng 2 thuyn gn my.
ng L Ngc Thnh nh li: Hm 2 chic thuyn mi i qua ca sng Ba Lt khong 200-300 m th gp sng to bin nng lm gy bnh li ca c 2 thuyn. Do sng to gi ln nn v tuyn in cng khng lin lc c gia 2 thuyn vi nhau. Cc phi ng du 200 lt trn thuyn x y, mt s ng i trn thuyn say ma, mi ng i trn c 2 thuyn u phi nhy xung bin ko dy neo gi thuyn. Cuc vt ln vi sng n c ko di sut t 11 gi tr a n 6 gi chiu mi n c ca sng v thu thuyn nh c ko thuyn ng c sng vo ni ng qun. Chuyn gia Murzin ni: Ti tng i vng bin Caxpin v cc n c trn th gii, tt c 7 ln nh ng ch a ln no gp nguy him v khng khip nh ln ny.... C mt ln, nh th ng lanh em i V va ra lm vic thnhnc tin bo cn bo s 8 p n, khng kp tr tay, ph trm my v bi dy a chn b sng nh dt vo vng bin x Giao Long, huyn Xun Thu, tnh Nam nh, cn tu y b sng nh vo Cn Th. Anh em trn tu bm vo cc phao cu sinh, sut ngy m hm tri ni trn bin v dt vo vng ca sng Ho, Thi Bnh, may mn c thuyn dn cu thot....
Vic thu n a chn cha t yu cu, cc t sng phn x c ghi c nhng b nhiu do sng bin qu ln lm lu m bc tranh sng, cht lng ti liu rt xu kh phn tch c. Tuy kt qu th nghim khng t nh mong mun, nhng cho thy tinh thn t lc rt cao trong thi k s khai, quyt tm a cng tc thm d du kh ra pha bin. Qua y cng rt ra c nhiu kinh nghim trin khai cng tc tip theo, khng nh rng y cn s dng cng ngh tin tin ph hp hn cho mi trng bin. Trn c s , on 36F chun b mt phng n mi cho cng tc thm d a chn vng bin nng. l vic thnh lp i tu a vt l bin u tin ca Vit Nam mang tn Bnh Minh cng vic p dng cng ngh a vt l bin nh bi dy thu a chn in p (streamer), sng hi (airgun), nh v v tuyn (seledis)... Cc cng vic ny c trin khai t nm 1978 vi s tr gip ca Lin X.
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T nm 1974, phng n th nghim sn xut kho st trng lc Cn en, o G thuc vng ven bin Thi Bnh, Nam H, t l 1/50.000, do Nguyn Vn Thnh, Phan Quang Quyt v L Vit Khi thc hin, nhm phc v cho vic xc nh v tr ging khoan tm kim du kh su 5.000 m khu vc ny. Sau khi c cc s liu a vt l vng nc nng ng bng sng Hng, Lin on a cht 36 trin khai cng tc khoan vng o ven bin... Lin on ph Phan Minh Bch ph trch on kho st xc nh v tr ging khoan su tm kim s 110 vng Cn en. Trong on c 5 chuyn gia Lin X do Trng on V.D. Skorduli ph trch.
ng Trng Minh k li: ... on kho st xut pht t cn c Xun Thu, i trn chic can ln. Sau mt vng kho st quanh o Cn en vi chiu di khong 10 km, chiu ngang 500-700 m, chng ti phi ln o kho st. Do can khng cp b c nn chng ti cng on chuyn gia i bng xung my, cn ca n ch u o. i c mt lc th xung my b hng my, sa mi khng c, chuyn gia Scorduli nhy xung bin ko thuyn, chng ti cng lm theo. ch gn hai gi ng h chng ti mi vo c b o, nh ko xung ln bi ct. Gn hai gi chng ti i b t v tr t ging khoan gia o n u o ca Ba Lt. n ni gn ti, khng thy can u, ch n ti hn cng chng thy tm hi. Rt tic khng c b m lin lc, bng mi cch h hon, bt my la cng khng c ai n chng ti. on nh quay tr li ngh tm ti chic lu bt ca my ngi cng nhn bo v trn o. C ngy ln li thm mt v i, ti hi anh em cng nhn xem c g n khng th c tr li l ch c t go v mui thi. Kh ngh qu, khng bit cc chuyn gia Lin X c n c khng, song nhng nm sng v hc tp Lin X ti hiu ngi Nga gin d v chu gian kh c. Ti mn xoong ni nu cho trng v mi cc bn dng ba ch n sng mai. Tht khng ng cc bn n rt ngon lnh nh n mm v ngi ng mt gic n sng hm sau. Khi tr li im hn chng ti rt mng r thy chic can ang ch. Trn tu anh Bch v on tm kim cng ht i vui mng h reo n chng ti. Anh Bch k li rng m qua l mt m sng gi lo lng ca nhng ngi tc trc trn can, c m can i lng sc nhiu ln quanh o m khng tm thy chng ti, inh ninh l mt tch. Anh Phan Minh Bch cp bo v Lin on, Lin on bo co v Tng cc a cht H Ni, B Cng an v s kin ny. B i bin phng c lnh bng mi cch tm kim on chng ti, xc nh c phi do ch bt cc, hoc nu cht th phi tm c xc. Chng ti u c ng s vic nghim trng n th! V qua y mi thy s quan tm ln n s nghip du kh, bo v con ngi, c bit i vi chuyn gia Lin X n gip chng ta trong vic tm kim du kh trn bin Vit Nam....
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trin khai cng tc thm d du kh bin, ngy 24-3-1973 Tng cc a cht quyt nh thnh lp on 36Z trc thuc Lin on 361. Song do chin tranh ph hoi, on 36Z khng hot ng c.
4. Tm kim du kh vng trng An Chu

4.1. on a cht 36C
tin hnh tm kim, thm d du kh vng trng An Chu, vi s hp tc ca U ban Khoa hc v K thut Nh nc, ngy 3-10-1967, Tng cc a cht thnh lp on nghin cu a cht khu vc trc thuc on 36, ly tn hiu l on 36C2, vi: Nhim v ch yu l nghin cu cu to a cht c lin quan n cu to du m v kh t bng phng php a cht, a ha Da trn kt qu nghin cu v kt hp vi ti liu ca cc b mn: vt l a cht, khoan cu to ca on 36 v cc n v nghin cu, lp bn ca Tng cc a cht m xut phng hng v thm d du kh tip tc hon thnh vic tm kim, thm d mt cch hp l, tit kim Trong giai on trc mt v bn cu to a cht vng trng An Chu v trin vng du kh ca n. Ra i trong thi gian c chin tranh, tr s ban u ca on 36C ng ti an Hi, huyn Lc Nam, tnh Bc Giang sau di v thn Kinh Dng, x Hip Ct, huyn Nam Sch, tnh Hi Dng; v sau v ng ti x Dnh K, huyn Lng Giang, tnh Bc Giang (nm 1969).
Cc on trng: Phan Minh Bch (1967-1968), Nguyn Mc (1968-1969), Nguyn Quang Hp (1970-1974); cc on ph ph trch: Phng Vn Hc (1974-1976), Vn Hn (1976-1980); cc on ph: Nguyn Hu, Nguyn Ngc Anh, Trn Vn Bch, Chu Thn, on Thnh ng Vn Hn nh li: Nm 1972, t kho st a cht ca on 36C ang lm vic x Phc Thng, Lc Ngn, mt my bay M b b i ta bn ri, tn li my bay nhy d va chm t th b ngay anh Trn Thanh ng - mt trung cp a cht trong t - m cht, nhm dn qun a phng cng xng ln tm hn v gii i ngay. Anh ng ch kp ly dao ct mt on dy d lm k nim! Cng trong nm 1972, hi trng on 36C xm Hc, x Dnh K, huyn Lng Giang (Bc Giang) b trng tn la ca my bay M, mi nh bay ht, nn nh b o su! Nguyn nhn l v in i ca on 36C t cch hi trng khong 10 m, nhn vin in i ang tc nghip Sng Thng (mt hiu on 36C)
1. Quyt nh s 52/Q-TC. 2. Quyt nh s 374/TCC.
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gi sng Hng (mt hiu Lin on 36) th b my bay M bt c tn hiu nn phng tn la. Ngi v my c an ton. V v cng may mn l ngy hm , cuc hp xt thi ua ca on 36C ng l hp ti hi trng ny li c chuyn ln lng Ghp, x Thi o, huyn Lng Giang.
B my ca on 36C gm cc t nghip v, k thut v cc i nghin cu, sn xut. Ngoi cc b phn nghip v, on c cc t k thut.
T Kin to c Ng Thng San v cc chuyn vin ca U ban Khoa hc v K thut Nh nc. T Cu to c Nguyn Quang Hp, Vn c Chng, Vn Hn, L Cng Hng, Lu Hi Thng, Trn Vn Kim, Hong Ngc Phng, Hong c Hp, Nguyn Ch Thnh. T Trm tch - a tng c on Thin Tch, Nguyn Huy Mc, Phm Th Hin, Nguyn An Bnh, Phm Huy Tin, m Tn, Phm Xun Kim, Nguyn Xun Bc, Trn Vn Thnh, Ng Xun Vinh, T Tn kin to c Phm Th Thn, Tuyt, Phng Ngc nh. T a cht - Thy vn: L Dng K, V Ngc Diu, Vn Hng.
4.2. Nghin cu a cht

Kt qu nghin cu cu trc a cht v trin vng du m, kh thin nhin ca S.K. Kitovani (S.K. Kitovani v nnk, 1961) nh gi trng An Chu thuc vng trin vng th hai sau min vng H Ni. T nm 1963, on 36 c mt nhm gm Nguyn Quang Hp (trng nhm), Nguyn c Lc v L Vn Chn tin hnh kho st tng hp cc tuyn ton khu vc min Bc nh gi nhng nhn nh ca Kitovani trong c trng An Chu. Ng Thng San (nm 1963) da trn s phn tch lch s kin to vng ng Bc Vit Nam nu 2 tng c kh nng du kh l: - Tng cha du C sinh gia v trn, trin vng nht l bi t Bc Sn. - Tng cha du Trung sinh, trin vng nht l vng trng An Chu, ch yu l ra Ty Bc ca vng. kin ny c I.A. Rezanov (nm 1964), Iu.M. Pusharovski (nm 1965) ng h.
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Cn b a cht du kh cng chuyn gia Lin X kho st thc a vng trng An Chu (nm 1967)
T nm 1966, cc nh a cht thuc y ban Khoa hc v K thut Nh nc (Ng Thng San, Nguyn Huy Mc, H Chn, Nguyn An Bnh, Nguyn Th Thn, Vn c Chng, m Tn) tin hnh kho st vng trng An Chu. Bo co kt qu (1966-1967) c trnh by ti Tng cc a cht. Tip sau, U ban Khoa hc v K thut Nh nc cng Tng cc a cht (on 36C) phi hp nghin cu trin vng du kh vng ny. Tp th on 36C hon thnh bo co Cu trc a cht v trin vng cha du trng An Chu (1967-1970) do Ng Thng San ch bin, i n kt lun vng trng An Chu c trin vng v du kh, ng thi ch ra nhng cu to c kh nng nht. Thng 4-1972, on chuyn vin ca B a cht Lin X do Makarov dn u, sau 3 ngy kho st vng trng An Chu kt lun: vng trng An Chu khng c trin vng du m v kh t v: - Vng trng An Chu c cu trc a mng, do khng th t vn tm kim du kh c.
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- Mc nn cht ca ln do lm mt kh nng cha du kh. - Mc bin cht cao, mang tnh khu vc do khng duy tr cc tng sn phm. - Cc cu to thuc trng An Chu khng khp kn. Lin quan n vng trng An Chu cn c nhiu cng trnh nghin cu v a cht, a vt l Cui nm 1974 u nm 1975, on 9 chuyn gia Trung Quc do Trng Ch Sinh lm trng on n kho st vng trng An Chu. Qua 6 thng lm vic v nghin cu ti liu thn trng i n kt lun: v xa xi m ni trng An Chu c trin vng du kh. Tp th tc gi Vn Hn (ch bin), Nguyn Xun Bc, V Ngc Diu, Hong c Hp, Vn Hng, Nguyn Vn Lc, Ng Xun Vinh hon thnh bo co Tng kt cng tc nghin cu a cht du kh trng An Chu (nm 1976). Bo co ny khai thc hu ht cc ti liu hin c on 36C. Vic phn tch ti liu thng nht tng kt v a tng, cu - kin to v h thng du kh (t hp sinh - cha - chn), nghin cu su thm v phn tch ti liu a cht thy vn vng trng An Chu. c bit l tng hp c mc bin i th sinh ca cc trong vng. Mt khc, cng xem xt k v iu kin l kh cha c khng nh. Tp th tc gi ngh tm kim du kh bng cng trnh khoan v a vt l theo th t t ra Nam (Dng Hu) vo trung tm (Lng M) v cui cng l ra Ty Bc (N M). Bo co cng hon chnh cc chuyn cn thit nh gi trin vng du kh khu vc.
4.3. Thm d a vt l
Trong nhng nm 1968-1970, da trn c s trc lng trng lc 1/500.000 ton min Bc Vit Nam, Nguyn Hip, Nguyn Vn Thy, Nguyn Trng Hip, Nguyn c Th, lp phng n thm d trng lc cho vng trng An Chu, nhm gii quyt cc nhim v: - Nghin cu c tnh trng trng, - Nghin cu cu trc cc tng trm tch - Pht hin cc cu to trong trm tch v nhng ph hu kin to, nghin cu m rng i Duyn Hi, b than Hn Gai. Trin khai o trng lc t l 1/200.000 (cc im cch nhau khong 2 km) vng trng An Chu. y l vng rng ni, ng xe chy c rt t, thng l
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ng lm nghip (khai thc g v trng rng) nn i b l ch yu (trung bnh 20-30 km/ngy). Bin ch ca on 36T phi b sung (nm 1968-76 ngi, nm 1969-115 ngi, nm 1970-103 ngi).
Ngoi nhng kh khn gian kh ca cnh tro o, li sui, tip t nh cc vng khc, li thm phc tp khi lm cc khu vc c b i v cng nhn Trung Quc sang gip bo v mt s cng trnh, sa ng s. Tnh hnh mu thun Lin X - Trung Quc lc by gi lm Trung Quc theo di rt st khi thy ta o trc a, trng lc gn bin gii (nht l khi c chuyn gia Lin X i cng). Mt t trc a do Nguyn S Lan lm t trng ch bc qua con sui (v ven b sui trn t ca ta cy qu rm rp, khng i c) b lnh bin phng Trung Quc bt ngay. H xt hi rt k v phi qua con ng ngoi giao gia hai chnh ph, anh em mi c tr v nc! ng Nguyn Hip k li: ... Kh nh th nhng cng c lc rt vui. Mt hm trn ng 13 B, xe trng lc ang chy th thy mt m ng b con ngi dn tc ang ng trn mt b vc, ho ra c mt con tru b ln xung vc cht. H bn cho anh em 2 ng mt gnh tht tru v cho thm mt con ngh (v h khng n tht tru v con ngh s cht v khng c tru m). Tt nhin anh em khng nhn con ngh, v ti hm khi xe r vo ng o ti Tn Sn c mt ba bp-tt tht tru (do anh Hp - tng l u bp cho chuyn gia-nu nng) v c c ru B huyt tr phong (do anh em tn c ch ca hng hp tc x bn cho).
Ln u tin Vit Nam, vic tnh hiu chnh nh hng a hnh ln gi tr trng lc bng my tnh in t Minsk-22 ca U ban Khoa hc v K thut Nh nc do Nguyn Cao thc hin.
Tham gia x l, phn tch ti liu cn c Nguyn Quc Trung, Phm Khc Lng, ngoi ra cn c Trn Cnh (U ban Khoa hc k thut Nh nc) nghin cu tnh cht mt t ; cng nh c s gip ca chuyn gia Lin X A.M. Gmar. Tng chi ca n ny l 336.716,7 ng. Kt qu nghin cu cho thy: - V cu trc a cht, vng trng An Chu c hnh thnh trong thi k Mesozoi, chng gi mt phn ph ln nn Nam Trung Hoa, phn khc ph ln phn ko di Caledonit Katazia. Yu t ch yu ca vng trng An Chu l np vng trung tm b lp y trm tch Trias T3 v b chia ct bi h thng t gy ngang dc Ty Bc - ng Nam v ng Bc - Ty Nam. y trm tch carbonat c tui Carbon - Permi v lc nguyn tui Devon l trn mt. D thng dng trng lc phn nh t Paleozoi l ra theo dy Ch Linh - Kinh Mn. - Vng trng An Chu c th phn thnh 6 i cu to, ngn cch nhau bi cc t gy su dc. Pht hin mt s cu to c ng phng thay i t ng
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Bc sang Ty Bc. V mt cu trc su, vng trng An Chu c phn thnh hai phn Nam - Bc ngn cch nhau bi t gy chy di t Sn Dng qua Thi Nguyn, Kp, Lc Nam n Mng Ci v cn tip tc ko di trn lnh th Trung Quc.
Trong nhng nm 1967-1968, on 36 th nghim thm d bng dng in mt chiu vng trng An Chu, trn cc tuyn Lng Sn - nh Lp, Bc Giang - Tri Mt, An Chu - Honh B ct qua Dng Hu v tuyn Vi - Kp H.
Trn c s , Nguyn Thnh, Phm Th Cu, ng Cng Long, L Lm Hoa vi s c vn ca chuyn gia Lin X Pornhiaghin Marat lp cc phng n thm d in cu to t l 1/200.000 cho vng trng An Chu nhm gii quyt cc nhim v: - Nghin cu quy lut bin thin dng in telua. - Tin hnh th nghim cc phng php o su in (VEZ), o su lng cc (PZ), dng telua (TT), o su t - telua (MTZ), o tuyn t - telua (MTP) trn cc tuyn Lng Sn - nh Lp, Bc Giang - Tri Mt, An Chu - Honh B ct qua Dng Hu v tuyn Vi - Kp H. - Nghin cu cu trc a cht, pht hin cc yu t cu kin to ln, cu to bc III trong vng. Tng kt cc cng tc thm d in cu to vng trng An Chu c Phm Th Cu v Vaxilia Ivanovich... (nm 1971) v Trn Ngc Ton (nm 1974) thc hin. Cc tc gi kt lun: - Vic dng mt t hp cc phng php dng in mt chiu c th nghin cu cc tng dn in t T (Q) n Devon (D) v cc tng cch in thuc Carbon - Permi. Vi cc phng php dng t nhin MTT, MTZ, MTP, do nh hng ca a hnh, thi tit phc tp, cu to nh, ch nn s dng nghin cu i th. - V kt qu a cht cho thy: theo tuyn Tin Yn - Lng Sn, mt in ta tui Carbon - Permi ( carbonat) t su 1,3-1,5 km chm dn v pha Bc n su 4-6 km vng nh Lp, sau li nng ln su 1-1,5 km v n ng Nam Lng Sn ch cn 700-800 m. Mt mng kt tinh Paleozoi di cng lp li a hnh y, chiu su vng nh Lp c th t n 6-8 km, nng ln vng ra 1-2 km. C th tng dn in nm gia mng PZ v Carbon - rt dy. Ti vng Ch c tn ti cu to li khng i xng.
Trong nhng nm 1971-1972, on 36F trin khai chng trnh th nghim
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phng php a chn phn x vng trng An Chu. C nhn a vt l Nguyn Thnh c giao ch o i a chn thc hin mt chng trnh th nghim cu to Ch, nhm tm hiu kh nng p dng phng php a chn phn x cho vng trng An Chu. iu kin th nghim y gp qu nhiu kh khn, c bit l vng rng ni, a hnh phn ct rt phc tp. Do chng trnh th nghim ch mi nghin cu bc tranh sng v cc iu kin thu pht sng, thc hin c 25% khi lng ra.
Kt qu th nghim cho thy c cc tng phn x cc khong thi gian t=0,2; 0,28-0,31; 0,36-0,8 giy, tng ng vi cc su: 540, 740, 950, 1.400 m. Quan st c vi phn x trn 1 giy nhng khng lin kt c. Cc chuyn gia a chn cho rng c th p dng thm d a chn phn x vng trng An Chu, tuy nhin s phi gp nhiu kh khn v gi thnh rt t.
Trn c s kt qu phn tch, tng hp cc s liu a vt l (trng lc, in) v a cht vng ra, nm 1971, on 36C lp Bn cu to vng trng An Chu t l 1/200.000. Ti cc cu to N M, Ch, Dng Hu d kin khoan 3 ging khoan tm kim nhng ch thc hin 2 ging khoan: - GK 301 cu to Ch (nm 1970) ti x An Sn, Lc Ngn, Bc Giang, su 1.200 m. - GK 601 cu to Dng Hu thuc lng ng, x Thng Long, Sn ng, H Bc, su 650 m. Lt ct trm tch hai ging khoan ny khng thun li cho sinh - cha chn du kh.
Bn cu to vng trng An Chu 1/200.000 - GK 401 t ti N M, huyn Lc Bnh, Lng Sn. lm xong ng vo v tr ging khoan nhng khng thc hin. Cn c lt ct trm tch l trn mt th y khng c iu kin thun li cho sinh - cha chn du kh.
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Ngoi ra vng trng An Chu, L Cng Hng cn ch o khoan 12 ging khoan nng vi chiu su 150 m/ging. Sau 8 nm (1967-1976) nghin cu vng trng An Chu cha tm thy biu hin du kh no, vic nh gi trin vng du kh ti y vn cn nhiu kin khc nhau (mc d ti b trm tch Shiwan Dashan - Trung Quc, c cu trc a cht gn tng t nh vng trng An Chu, c nhng pht hin du kh c trong mng Paleozoi ln trm tch lp ph Mesozoi). Sau nm 1975, Tng cc Du kh Vit Nam tp trung cng tc tm kim, thm d min vng H Ni v thm lc a Vit Nam, nn tm dng cng tc tm kim, thm d vng trng An Chu. Vn u t cho tm kim, thm d du kh min Bc (1962-1975) Tng cc a cht xy dng h thng cc nh mc kinh t - k thut cho cc cng tc o v bn a cht, khoan, a vt l, trc a v phn tch mu th nghim. y l cn c xy dng n gi, duyt d ton v thanh ton khi lng cng tc hng nm. Lin on a cht 36 xy dng cc b nh mc ni b lm cn c lp k hoch v giao khon cng vic cho cc n v.
Trch ghi chp ca ng Vn Hn (nm 1975)
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Do h thng lu tr v kinh t - ti chnh trong thi gian ny cha c tt, tt c cc ti liu chnh thc v u t cho cng tc tm kim, thm d du kh khng c lu tr y . Tuy nhin trong s sch ca c quan qun l vn cn ghi li cc con s rt c bn ca thi k . ng Vn Hn, nguyn l k s a cht on a cht 36C, c mt thi gian lm on trng on a cht 36C, sau c c lm cn b qun l du kh VP3 Vn phng Chnh ph, cung cp con s vn u t cho cng tc nghin cu a cht, tm kim, thm d du kh (ti liu do Tng cc a cht bo co Ph Th tng Mi). Tng vn u t trong 14 nm (1962-1975) ly trn l: 102.295.000 ng, trong tm kim, thm d 67.547.000 ng (khoan chim 51.162.000 ng, cc cng tc a vt l 16.385.000 ng), s cn li l chi ph nghip v, chuyn gia, o to, xy dng, thit b ph tng v cc cng tc dch v khc l 34.748.000 ng. S tin trn thuc vn u t c bn cho tm kim - thm d du kh, c phn chia ra vn thm d, thit b, s nghip - xy dng c bn, chuyn gia... Tuy nhin con s ny chc chn cha phn nh ng gi tr tht ca sn phm, bi v trong thi k ny vic hch ton kinh t theo gi bao cp ni b ca Nh nc, cn gi thit b v chuyn gia th tnh theo quy nh ca cc hp ng vin tr ca nc bn. Theo t gi hi oi thi by gi l: 1 rp chuyn nhng = 2 USD = 1,98 VN, th vn u t trn c quy ra l 103.328.000 USD. Do s liu lu tr cn thiu, cch tnh chuyn i cha tht chun xc, nn con s vn u t trn y ch mang tnh tham kho c khi nim v mc u t ban u cho cng tc thm d du kh min Bc Vit Nam trong giai on 1961-1975. Tuy nhin nu so snh vi s tin 60-80 triu USD m mi cng ty nc ngoi chi ph cho thm d du kh trn cc l c trng thu vnh Bc B (Total-103,107; Shell-112, 114, 116; BP-117, 118, 119), th s tin u t cho tm kim, thm d min Bc l khng ln (Ph lc I.02).
5. Nghin cu s dng kh nng v cc d n lc ha du

5.1. Nghin cu s dng kh tng nng ti Giao Thy - Nam nh
T nhng nm 1970-1971, vng Xun Thy, tnh Nam nh; Kin Xng, Tin Hi tnh Thi Bnh c l kh thin nhin phun ln t cc ao h. Nhn dn a phng t pht khai thc kh bng th cng, vi vt liu th s, dng nu n, t gch, nung vi. Mt s trng hp b ha hon. Chnh quyn a phng phn nh v xin kin ch o ca Trung ng. Nm 1971-1972, B trng T Quang Bu, gio s Nguyn nh T cng ng Nguyn ng Hi v cn b Ban Du kh i thm mt s v tr c biu hin kh mtan tng nng phun ln ti x Giao An, Giao Thy thuc tnh Nam nh.
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B trng T Quang Bu ngh Ban Du kh nn t chc nghin cu khai thc s dng cho cng nghip nh, cng nh hng dn b con nng dn k thut khai thc v s dng mt cch an ton.
Thng 5 nm 1972, T trng T kh Nguyn Khi dn u mt nhm k s v k thut vin xung huyn Giao Thy - Nam nh. Trong hon cnh chin tranh, cn b i cng tc t H Ni xung Giao Thy phi i tu m ti Nam nh ri i bng xe khch xung Giao Thy. Ngi nhiu m xe t, phi xp hng, chen ln mua v, i khi cng khng i c. K s Nguyn Khi hc Lin X v, ngi cao ln, to bo ng gi vai chuyn gia Lin X, s ra hng trng ting Nga, khng ai hiu; k s Nguyn Quc S ng vai cn b phin dch i theo, vo lin h trc tip vi ph trch bn xe mi khng phi xp hng v kp chuyn i trong ngy. K s Nguyn Nm dn u nhm c kh th nghim khai thc s dng kh lm cht t. Trong hon cnh nng thn thi chin, khng c vt liu v dng c, cc anh cng dn lng o ging, dng cy tre vt nhn lm cn khoan, khoan su ti khong 7 n 10 m th gp kh phun ln. H thng thu gom kh th s, ng dn bng ng na ni vi nhau bng xm xe p, c lon sa lm chp bp, van g hoc n gin dng hn gch ln ng cao su ngt kh. Vic thit k l t 1m3 nung vi, nung gch v nu cm ln cho tri chn nui ca hp tc x cng th s. Mi ging kh ch c tui th c 1 n 2 tun l l ht kh. K s Trn Nh Tr, inh Ngc T th nghim dng kh sn xut mui than cho nhu cu ch bin cao su ca Nh my Cao su Sao Vng H Ni. Nhm t thit k l t mui than theo phng php th cng, dung tch khong 1m3, hp tc vi Nh my S Lng Yn ch to cc vi t bng s trong mi trng ym kh. Nh my Cao su Sao Vng hp tc phn tch thnh phn cht lng mui than, ch th v th nghim sn phm cao su. Trong giai on cui nm 19721973, th nghim c 5 kg sn phm mui than v th nghim thnh cng sn phm cao su t cht lng yu cu Nh my Cao su Sao Vng (H Ni).
Gia nm 1973, cng vic th nghim ti hin trng kt thc, T kh bo co kt qu cho U ban Hnh chnh huyn Giao Thy. Trong nm 1973 do lng kh tng nng khng n nh v lu lng v p sut nn vic th nghim tm dng.
5.2. Cc d n lc ha du
Tng cc Ha cht d bo nhu cu tiu th xng du, phn m, si tng hp, cht do ca min Bc, cn khi lng du th ch bin tng ng l 1,5 triu tn nm 1975; 4,5 triu tn nm 1980 v 7,5 triu tn nm 1985. Quy m thch hp ca nh my ch bin du m u tin ca nc ta s l 3-4,5 triu tn/nm.
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Trong hon cnh my bay M tng cng nm bom, nh ph min Bc, nht l chin dch nm bom H Ni cui nm 1972, cn b Ban Du kh phi lm vic cc a phng s tn ( H Ty, v nh Bng, T Sn - Bc Ninh).
ng B Vn T k li: ... Nhng ln i v H Ni hp, phi cn gi trnh cc t nm bom. Khi c lnh t xut v hp, p xe mang ti liu v gp. C ln ti t H Ty v H Ni, va ti Cu Din, bom n ch cch hn trm mt, ngi v xe p ch kp ng ra v ng. My bay qua, li tip tc dt xe vt qua h bom, t ngn ngang v xc tru b cn mu me do b mnh bom git cht. Ln t nh Bng v H Ni, va i qua Nh my Xe la Gia Lm, th bom nh vo nh my, nu chm vi pht th cng mt s ngi v xe (cn ngang ) b hi bom ht xung ao nc ven ng.
Ngy 8-5-1973, Tng cc Ha cht trnh Th tng Chnh ph T trnh v phng hng xy dng cc nh my ch bin du m v ha du, nu nhu cu du th ch bin nm 1975 l 1,5 triu tn, nm 1985 l 7,5 triu tn: Ti nm 1985 min Bc s xy dng 2 nh my lc ho du, mt nh my hp tc vi Trung Quc c cng sut 3 triu tn/nm vi a im d kin Cu L (Bc Giang) v mt nh my c cng sut 4,5 triu tn/nm hp tc vi Lin X v cc nc khc vi a im d kin Ni nh (Ninh Bnh). Tng u t khong 790,8 triu USD v chi ph ngoi t hng nm nhp du th v xc tc ha phm cng ph tng thay th khong 195,5 triu USD. - D n Nh my lc du bng vin tr ca Trung Quc Ngy 5-12-1971, ti Bc Kinh, i din Chnh ph Vit Nam v Trung Quc k Ngh nh th v hp tc kinh t gia hai nc. Trong Ngh nh th ny c vic Trung Quc s vin tr cho Vit Nam xy dng mt nh my lc du, mt kho trung chuyn du th, mt ng ng dn du v mt bn cng phc v nh my lc du. Ngy 29-12-1971, Ph Th tng ch th cho Tng cc Ha cht nghin cu phng n xy dng nh my lc du 1,5 triu tn/nm do Trung Quc vin tr. Trong nm 1972 v u nm 1973, Tng cc Ha cht ch o Ban Du m v Kh t phi hp vi V K hoch v Cc Xy dng c bn nghin cu cc phng n ca d n Nh my ch bin du m do Trung Quc vin tr v quy hoch pht trin cng nghip ch bin du v ha du min Bc ti nm 1985. T ngy 13 n ngy 30-4-1973, on cng tc ca B Nhin liu ha cht Trung Quc do Cc trng Vng Lm Thu dn u sang Vit Nam trao i vi
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on cng tc nh my lc du ca Tng cc Ha cht sang Trung Quc m phn, n thm m du i Khnh (thng 12-1973)
Tng cc Ha cht v cc cng trnh do Trung Quc gip Vit Nam, trong c Nh my lc du. Hai bn trao i s b v Nh my lc du: quy m ban u t 1-1,5 triu tn/nm, du th i Khnh (Trung Quc) c vn chuyn bng ng bin, v a im pha Vit Nam gii thiu 3 ni: Cu L (Bc Giang), Ni nh (Ninh Bnh), Biu Nghi (Qung Ninh) v hai bn s c on chuyn gia lm vic c th vo cui nm 1973. T ngy 19-12-1973 n ngy 18-2-1974, ti Bc Kinh, on Vit Nam (i din ca Tng cc Ho cht, B Giao thng vn ti, B Ngoi thng v U ban K hoch Nh nc) m phn vi B Nhin liu ha cht Trung Quc, k c bin bn thng nht nhng ni dung chnh ca nh my lc du do Trung Quc vin tr cho Vit Nam theo tinh thn Ngh nh th k ngy 5-12-1971.
Qu trnh m phn th hin quan im ca hai bn: Pha Vit Nam mong mun Trung Quc gip u t nh my lc du 1,5 triu tn/nm, m rng ln 3 triu tn/nm, ch bin su ngay t u v pht trin ha du cng sm cng tt. Pha Trung Quc ch u t nh my lc du ti a 1,5 triu tn/nm, ch bin nng sau tng bc pht trin ch bin su. Cn ha du cha cp cho ti khi cng ngh ha du ca Trung Quc pht trin hon thin. Cuc m phn c lc
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b tc, tng chng khng tha thun c. Cui cng on Vit Nam phi xut mt phng n dung ha, hai bn u chp nhn v k kt c bin bn m phn ngy 18-2-1974 ti Bc Kinh.
Ngay sau khi on cng tc t Trung Quc v nc, Tng cc Ha cht t chc cng cc b, ngnh lin quan xc tin vic kho st thm cc a im cho nh my lc du v cng du. Ma h nm 1974, B Chnh tr hp Sn, nghe cc ngnh trnh by cc k hoch pht trin kinh t, chun b cho k hoch 5 nm 1976-1980. Tng cc Ho cht bo co cc phng n xy dng 2 nh my lc ha du d kin hp tc vi Trung Quc v Lin X cng cc nc x hi ch ngha khc. Tng B th L Dun khng hi lng v nh my 1,5 triu tn/nm do Trung Quc vin tr v a im Cn Sn (v khng ng nh Th tng Chu n Lai ha vi Tng B th s xy dng nh my c cng sut ln hn v c c ha du) v mun nh my hp tc vi Lin X phi lm ngay cng sut ln, hin i.
Tng B th L Dun ti Hi ngh Quy hoch du kh Sn (ma h nm 1974)
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Ngy 17-6-1974, Ph Th tng Phan Trng Tu ch tr cuc hp ti Vn phng Ph Th tng v a im nh my lc du do Trung Quc gip Vit Nam xy dng. u nm 1975, on chuyn gia Trung Quc do Cc trng Vng Bnh Thn dn u sang Vit Nam lm vic vi Tng cc Ha cht cng cc b lin quan ca Vit Nam v kho st a im nh my lc du v cng du. on Trung Quc ngh chn a im cng Hn Bum v nh my Cn Sn.
on chuyn gia ca Tng cc Ha cht Vit Nam v Trung Quc kho st a im xy dng nh my lc du (nm 1975)
Ngy 28-2-1975, Ph Th tng Mi ch tr cuc hp, cho kin ch o khng chp nhn a im ti Cn Sn v ngh Trung Quc chp nhn phng n nh my lc du Ni nh v cng du Bin Sn (Nghi Sn). D n nh my lc du 1,5 triu tn/nm do Trung Quc vin tr khng tin trin g thm. n nm 1977, khi Trung Quc tuyn b ct vin tr cho Vit Nam th d n ny dng hn. - Cc nh hng khc Ngay sau khi gii phng min Nam, ngy 30-4-1975, Tng cc Ha cht c nhiu on cn b trong c mt s cn b ca Ban Du kh vo tip qun Si Gn. Thng 7-1975, on cng tc ca Vit Nam gm ng Nguyn C Thch, B trng B Ngoi giao Chnh ph Cch mng lm thi Cng ha min Nam Vit Nam Nguyn Th Bnh v Ph Ch nhim U ban K hoch Nh nc Nguyn Vn Bin sang thm Mhic. on gp Tng thng Mhic, cc b v Cng ty Du la Quc gia PEMEX, thm gin khoan du ngoi vnh Mexic, thm nh my lc du v tha thun c s gip ca Mhic cho cng tc du kh ca Vit Nam.
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Sau khi kt thc chuyn cng tc ti Mhic, ng Nguyn Vn Bin cng k s B Vn T bay v Pari gp i s V Vn Sung tip xc vi hng Elf Aquitaine, khi u cho vic m phn hp tc du kh gia Vit Nam v cc cng ty du la ca Php. Trong thi gian on Pari, i s qun Vit Nam gii thiu mt s Vit kiu hot ng trong Hi Vit kiu yu nc, c trnh v kinh nghim trong ngh du kh, tip xc, trao i v nhng thng tin v tng pht trin cc lnh vc chuyn mn.
Cc tin s v k s nh Nguyn Quang Tin lm hng Technip, Nguyn Huy Hit lm hng Foster Wheeler, ng V Qung lm Vin Du la Php, Hunh Hu Nghip, Nguyn Vn Trng c nhng gp v ti liu tham kho qu gi. Sau ny Hi Vit kiu yu nc t chc thnh mt t chuyn gia du kh tip tc ng gp cho s pht trin ngnh du kh Vit Nam.
B trng B Ngoi giao Chnh ph Cch mng lm thi Cng ha min Nam Vit Nam Nguyn Th Bnh, Ph Ch nhim U ban K hoch Nh nc Nguyn Vn Bin thm c s du kh ca Mhic (nm 1975)
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6. Cung ng xng du v ng ng xng du phc v chin u

6.1. Chng ct th du
Du vt du m v du Vit Nam c pht hin t kh lu. Ngi ta bit nhiu n du ng Ho tnh Qung Ninh v Si Lng - Mng La, tnh Sn La. Trong giai on 1959-1960, on chuyn gia k hoch ca Lin X v Trung Quc sang gip Vit Nam chun b k hoch 5 nm ln th nht 1961-1965 c xut vic khai thc du ng Ho. Trong thi gian , Tng cc Hu cn ca B Quc phng giao nhim v cho Trung t - Trng phng Xng du Phan T Quang ch tr tin hnh n thit k dy chuyn chng ct th du ng Ho. Hng chc tn du c khai thc v chuyn v c s ca Tng cc Hu cn H Ni.
Ch tch H Ch Minh thm c s chng ct th du ca Tng cc Hu cn, Trung t Phan T Quang hng dn
Dy chuyn chng ct th du bao gm l chng ct t bng than, thp chng ct bng ba thng phi xng du ni li, bm ht v h thng ng cng ngh. T du chng ct c xng, du diesel, v du mazut. Tng cc Hu cn t chc chy th du diesel do Phng Xng du ch th t du, s dng xe Tatra chy xung quanh H Ni. Vic th nghim thnh cng, xc nh cht lng nhin liu chng ct t du ng Ho l tt. Tin vui c bo co ln B Chnh tr v Ch tch H Ch Minh. Ngi n thm c s th nghim v trong k hp Quc hi, tuyn dng khen ngi Trung t Phan T Quang v Phng Xng du - Tng cc Hu cn.
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6.2. Cung ng xng du Khi Php rt khi min Bc, xng du cc c s kho tng xng du nh Nh Du Khm Thin khng cn, S Du Thng L (Hi Phng) vn do ch t bn qun l, mun mua phi dng tin ng Dng. Ngy 29-7-1955, Ch tch U ban Qun chnh thnh ph Hi Phng Mi k lnh trng dng S Du l mt du mc quan trng cho s ra i ngnh xng du Vit Nam. Do S Du Thng L b ph hoi, khng th dng ngay c, cn phi sa cha, Chnh ph giao B Thng nghip, trc tip l Tng cng ty Bch ha khn trng tip qun, khi phc cc c s xng du c, nhanh chng cung cp xng du phc v cho khi phc kinh t, tng bc phc v i sng nhn dn. Bn cnh nhp du ca Trung Quc qua ca khu Bng Tng, gi y cn tip nhn bng ng thu Hi Phng va nhanh va kinh t hn. Nm 1955, khng k s xng du qun i nhp, Tng cng ty Bch ho nhp 1.492 tn, trong c c du ho ti ca khu Bng Tng. Ngy 3-10-1955 tu ch du Lin X mang tn Drogopic cp cng Hi Phng, ch 3.685,388 tn du ho nhp kho Thng L. Ba ngy sau tu mang tn Mtxcva cp cng du Thng L, trc tip bm xng vo bn, b va c tu sa. nhanh chng hnh thnh ngnh cung ng xng du thng nht trn ton min Bc, ngy 12-01-1956, Th trng B Thng nghip ng Vit Chu k Ngh nh s 09/BTN-N.KB thnh lp Tng cng ty Xng du m, t Tr s u tin ca Tng cng ty ti s 5 ng Nam B (nay l ng L Dun). Sau khi chuyn nhiu ni, nm 1961 Tr s chuyn v s 1 Khm Thin - khu Nh Du ca Cng ty Shell trc y. Tng Cng ty c nhiu cn b i hc trng k thut xng du trong v ngoi nc. c s gip ca cc chuyn gia Lin X, Trung Quc, i ng ngnh xng du pht trin, c nhiu sng kin ci tin k thut, hp l ha sn xut, ch bin c du phanh bng nguyn liu thu du trong nc, pha ch c mt s du nhn AK10 (52.977 kg), AK15 (166.107 kg), du truyn ng (248.448 kg) v cc du loi khc (141.496 kg). Tng cng ty dng hng trm xe chuyn dng, hoc s dng cc phng tin vn chuyn khc nh tu ho, x lan, thuyn, k c xe th s vn chuyn xng du trn khp min Bc.
Mt vi s liu v xut nhp khu xng du: Nm 1958, nhp 28.641 tn, xut kho 34.680 tn. Nm 1959, nhp 66.300 tn, xut kho 56.230 tn. Nm 1960, nhp 84.732 tn, xut kho 73.101 tn. Nm 1961, nhp 71.633 tn, xut kho 77.293 tn. Nm 1962, nhp 95.000 tn, xut kho 91.690 tn. Nm 1963, nhp 106.639 tn, xut kho 102.975 tn. Nm 1964, nhp 165.498 tn, xut kho 130.750 tn1.
1. Xem: 50 nm Tng cng ty Xng du Vit Nam (1956-2006), Nxb. Chnh tr quc gia, H Ni, 2006.
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Xng du cung cp theo k hoch c duyt, khng c bun bn th trng. Ring du ho c bn cho cc h gia nh theo ch tem phiu. Cn b cng nhn vin lm vic cc ni khng c in c c quan pht du ho thp sng. Gi du ho l 0,40 ng/lt (so vi gi go l 0,40-0,49 ng/kg).
Thng 4 nm 1960, Tng cng ty Xng du m t mt n v thuc B Thng nghip chuyn v trc thuc Tng cc Vt t v i tn thnh Cc Xng du m, ri Cc Xng du ha cht, sau l Cc Nhin liu ha cht. Di Cc l cc Chi cc, trc thuc cc Chi cc l cc Trm. Cho n trc khi M tin hnh cuc chin tranh ph hoi min Bc, hu ht cc a phng u c trm xng du, k c nhng tnh min ni xa xi nh Cao Bng, Lo Cai, Sn La, Lai Chu. Kho c Giang (H Ni) l kho trung tm, va c nhim v tip nhn xng du t Hi Phng, Lng Sn v, va c nhim v chuyn xng du ti cc kho Thi Nguyn, Vnh Phc, Bc Giang, Nam nh, Thanh Ha v vng Ty Bc. Ra i mi c mt thi gian ngn, Chi cc Xng du Thanh Ha lnh nhn trch nhim nhp v trung chuyn mt khi lng khng l, vi 24 kho ln nh, khng k cc kho phuy, cc xitc v vagng du l, vo thi im nm 1968, ring Thanh Ho lng cha ti 15.000 m3. Ngoi kho ln Nam nh, cn c 3.000 b chn ri rc khp cc a bn H Nam, Nam nh, Ninh Bnh, Thi Bnh, trong nhiu nht l dc ng 10 i V Bn, ng 21 i Ph L v tp trung cc kho ng Giao, Non Nc, Ba Sao, Tn . Cng vi s hnh thnh cc kho, cc h thng cung ng, ln u tin trong lch s Vit Nam, mt h thng ng ng dn xng du c xy dng (B12, T70, T72). By gi hu ht cc tu VS, tu Gii phng, tu T lc ca ngnh ng bin Vit Nam phc v vn chuyn xng du1. Trong nhng nm chng chin tranh ph hoi: Khng dng li vic nm bom c tnh cht hy dit cc kho du ln, my bay M cn lng sc ti tng bi xng, phuy xng s tn mi trn vng ni xa xi Lo Cai, Yn Bi, Lng Sn v min Ty Khu IV. Trong nhng nm 1964, 1965,
1. Xem: 50 nm Tng cng ty Xng du Vit Nam (1956-2006), Sd.
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1967, 1968 v 1972 dng nh khng c mt ngy no l my bay M li khng nm bom xung cc c s xng du, c ngy chng tn cng hng trm ln. khu vc Hi Phng, Qung Ninh chng bn vo bt c chic tu, thuyn no trn sng, trn bin nghi l c ch xng du.
S bom m M nm xung cc c s xng du trong nhng nm leo thang bn ph min Bc l rt ln. Kho du Bn Thy b nh ngay trong trn m u cuc oanh kch min Bc (12 gi tra ngy 5-8-1964). Kho nh Hng (Thanh Ha) mi ch a vo hot ng c t ngy th ngy 4-8-1965 b bn ph. Trong ngy 29-6-1966, chng cng mt lc di bom t chy c hai kho du ln min Bc l c Giang (H Ni) v Thng L (Hi Phng) gy ra nhng m chy ln. Tr s Tng cng ty s 1 - Khm Thin (H Ni) b trng bom B.52 gia m 26-12-1972.
6.3. ng ng xng du phc v chin u

Trong cuc khng chin chng M, cu nc, mt trong nhng k tch ca Qun i ta l trong gn 7 nm (t thng 7-1968 n thng 1-1975) xy dng thnh cng tuyn ng xng du t bin gii Vit - Trung vo ti B Gia Mp thuc tnh Bnh Phc (ng Nam B), c chiu di hn 5.000 km v hng chc vn tn kho ri di theo dc tuyn ng. Cho n nay, c my h thng dn du c coi l di nht th gii l: Canaa - M, t ging du Anbeta (Canaa) n thnh ph Buffalo (M) di 2.850 km; Transiberie ca Nga i t Tnimaji n Irkoutsk di 3.700 km. H thng Trans African Pipeline i t Arab Saudi ti Cameroun di 3.560 km. H thng Alaska i t vnh Prudnoe n cng Valdeg di 1.280 km. ng ng xng du ra i Vo nhng nm 1967-1968, M lin tip tht bi trn cc chin trng buc phi tuyn b ngng nm bom trn min Bc t v tuyn 20 tr ra. Nhng chng li tp trung khng qun, hi qun nh ph cc trc giao thng t Vinh tr vo, dng thy li phong ta cc cng Bn Thy - Sng Gianh - Long i. Bn Thy, Nam n, Linh Cm tr thnh tam gic la b nh ph ngy m hng ngn chn nhng cung hng giao thng huyt mch chi vin chin trng. Ngoi ra cc trng im Trung Bn ( Lng), Chu L (Hng Sn), Ng ba ng Lc, Sng Gianh - Long i cng b nh ph c lit. Cc kho cha ln li b nh lin tc, xe ch xng l nhng mc tiu trng tm nh ph; xng du trn tuyn 559 hu nh cn kit, c lc ch xe cu thng ch thng binh mi c cp xng.
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Thc hin Ngh quyt 15 kho II ca Ban Chp hnh Trung ng ng Lao ng Vit Nam (thng 1-1959), thng 5-1959 Binh on Trng Sn (on 559) Qun i nhn dn Vit Nam c thnh lp trin khai cng tc cng binh, hu cn, y t, b binh v phng khng nhm t chc tuyn giao lin vn ti qun s trn tuyn 559 chi vin cho min Nam.
S cc cng trnh ng ng xng du
Trong khi chin trng ngy cng m rng, cc trang b xe c kh ti ngy mt tng cng, nhu cu xng du ngy mt i hi s lng ln. Xng du chi vin chin trng ch yu ch bng thng phuy v xe t. Xe ch xng du trn ng vo 559 l mc tiu sn lng s mt ca khng qun ch. m no xe ch xng du cng b thit hi.
Vic vn chuyn xng du bng t ng di th va d b nh ph, va rt tn km, s xng du tiu th cho bn thn chic xe chim ti 1/3 s xng du ch trn xe, tnh trng thiu thng phuy cha xng l thng xuyn. Dng ba l, ti nha ch c th l bin php cp bch nht thi. Sau cc binh trm ngh thay bng can nha.
Trong hi k v con ng huyn thoi ca trung t Ngc Ngn - sau ny l V trng V Lao ng tin lng Tng cc Du kh ghi: u nm 1968, vic vn chuyn xng du chi vin cho on 559 tht s b tc. on 559 c hai ngn xe ch s dng c mt na, c lc ch xng cho 20% xe hot ng. D ta vn dng rt nhiu bin php nh cho xng du vo thng phuy, ti nilong th tri theo sng sui, nhng khng c hiu qu, dc ng b tn tht qu nhiu. Lc ny ch tp trung nh ph t Tn p, Hng Kh n Khe Ve, Ty Qung Bnh. on ng ny v cng him tr. Bn ni cao, bn vc su hng trm mt. Tri ma Trng Sn ly li, c khi hng tun l xe khng qua c. Binh trm 14 do trung t Nguyn m lm Binh trm trng, vn xut thn cn b phng xng du, Tng cc Hu cn ngh cch dng cy l khot mt ni vo nhau to dng chy vt qua on xm Trng, khong vi trm mt,
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nhng khng thnh cng v dng xng khng c p xut y, hn na gp nng ng b nt v, xng chy ra ngoi. B qu, Binh trm trng Nguyn m dng lnh gi xng. Xng c ng trong bi ng 20 lt, thm ch thiu bi ng phi ng xng vo bao nilong, vo ng l gi qua trng im. Trn ng gi xng cc chin s b rp lng, trc da do b bng xng, mt s b thng do bom bi, bom l ch th xung ngn chn cc li mn hnh qun
Chin trng ngy cng pht trin th cch vn chuyn th s ngy cng t ra bt cp. Tnh trng thiu xng ngy cng gy nhiu kh khn cho chin trng, nht l t sau cuc Tng tin cng tt Mu Thn. Tnh hnh bc bch dn ti tng: phi tm mt con ng khc vn chuyn xng du lin tc, thng xuyn v an ton hn, c hiu qu hn. ng trc tnh hnh cp bch trn, vic suy ngh tm ra phng php vn chuyn xng du vo chi vin cho chin trng l iu day dt ngy m ca Nh nc, Qun y Trung ng v trc ht l Tng cc Hu cn. Theo ghi chp ca ng Ngc Ngn v trung t Trn Xanh - sau ny l Ph Vin trng ph trch Vin Du kh Vit Nam th nm 1967, trong chuyn i cng tc ti Lin X, on xin vin tr do Ph Th tng L Thanh Ngh dn u pht hin Lin X trang b cho cc cp qun on b ng ng d chin phc v cc chin dch. B ng ng c chiu di 100 km v c trang b 10 bm cao p PNY c sc y 10 n 12 km ng ng bng. Tin ny nhanh chng c tng inh c Thin bit nn ng lin t vn xin vin tr cp tc. c Ph Th tng Chnh ph Mi kim Trng ban chi vin chin trng v B trng Quc phng V Nguyn Gip ng , k hoch xin Lin X vin tr ng ng vn chuyn xng du nhanh chng c thc hin. Lin X ng trc mt vin tr cho 02 b ng ng km theo 20 my bm PNY v mt s xe chuyn dng. ng di 6 m, hai u c khp ni, ng knh 100 mm, nng 40 kg c th mang vc d dng.
Trong thi k Chin tranh th gii th hai, Lin X s dng nhng ng ng d chin tip nhin liu cho cc tp on qun. Nhng nhng ng ng cng khng di qu vi chc kilmet, li c khng qun, xe tng, pho binh ym tr chng li s nh ph ca i phng. Lin X khng c kinh nghim lm nhng ng ng di hng ngn kilmet trong iu kin chin tranh c lit. Trung Quc lc cng hon ton khng tng tng c rng c th lm c mt ng ng nh th Vit Nam. Nhng theo yu cu ca Vit Nam, cc nc bn sn sng gip . Lin X khng nhng vin tr cho Vit Nam xng du, m theo yu cu ca Vit Nam cn sn xut v cung cp cho Vit
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Nam nhiu b ng thp d chin, mi b lp di 100 km km theo l 10 chic my bm cao p. l c s vt cht u tin ca h thng ng ng xng du Trng Sn. Lin X cng c sang hai chuyn gia c kinh nghim v vic lp t h thng ng ng ny. Nhng khi ti H Ni, do khng qun M nh ph qu c lit, Nh nc Vit Nam khng cho cc chuyn gia Lin X i vo vng Cn Soong (Cn Soong l dch t ting Anh ch Panhandle do ngi M dng t tn vng t t pha Nam v tuyn 20 ca min Bc, t Thanh Ha tr vo, ni tp trung nh ph ca khng qun M). Nh vy, cn b k thut v chin s Vit Nam phi t lo lp t ng ng.
Thng 3-1968, Cc Xng du - B Quc phng c thnh lp, thng t Phan T Quang c ch nh lm Quyn Cc trng, i t Nguyn Ch Thnh lm chnh y. Ngy 12-4-1968, Tng cc Hu cn ra quyt nh thnh lp n v mang tn Cng trng Thy li O1 (do tnh cht ng ng xng du ging ng ng dn nc ti rung, ch khc nc y l xng). Ban u cng trng ch c 34 cn b chin s, trong s a s l sinh vin i hc Bch khoa va tt nghip, mt s k thut vin ca gang thp Thi Nguyn. Thiu t Mai Trng Phc ging vin Hc vin hu cn v lm on trng v b ch huy gm c cc ng Trn Xanh, ng Th Hi, Nguyn Sng, Ngc Ngn, Phan Ninh,... Thiu t Trn Xanh ph trch kho st tuyn ng 559 (sang Lo)1.
i t Phan T Quang - nguyn Ph Cc trng Cc Xng du k li: Lc cn b k thut khng hc ngh ng ng, ch c mt s cn b i hc Lin X v v mt s sinh vin tt nghip i hc Bch khoa. H cha h c thao tc v k thut xy dng ng ng... Ti phi suy ngh l cng mt lc phi s dng nhiu loi cn b k thut: k s thy li, k s in, k s ch to my, k s my n, th hn... th mi ch to c my bm xng du v ni tuyn ng ng t Lng Sn n Sng B.
Chuyn ng ng ti ni lp t
n ngy 29-4-1968, Cng trng thy li O1 c iu v khu vc Ngh
1. Trn Xanh: Mt thi l lnh xng du, Nxb. Qun i Nhn dn, H Ni, 2008.
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An v mang tn Cng trng 18 vi nhim v chuyn trch xy dng h thng ng dn xng du u tin y. Tuyn ng c u tin thi cng l on t Trung Bn huyn Lng Ngh An, qua sng Lam v Nga Lc, huyn Can Lc - H Tnh di 42 km mang mt danh l X42. ng Phan T Quang trc tip ch o Ban ch huy Cng trng 18 thi cng tuyn ng ny trong thi gian 41 ngy. Kh khn u tin l k thut ko ng qua sng Lam. Sng rng, nc chy sit, tuyn ng vt sng nng hng trm tn. u thng 7 khi cng, khong ngy 15-8 hon thnh. ng dp 19-8 dng xng t Trung Bn c bm thng vo kho Nga Lc, H Tnh. Tip theo, di s ch o ca tng inh c Thin, tuyn ng ko di ra hai u pha Nam (theo ng 12 vt qua dy Trng Sn vt qua bin gii Vit - Lo xung h Lo vng Lm Bm, hu c ca Binh on 559) c thi cng mt cch nhanh chng. Ngy mng mt u nm K Du (nm 1969), dng xng t Ngh An chy thng sang H Lo. Vic dng ng d chin bm xng vt nh Trng Sn thnh cng khin Trung Quc v Lin X v cng khm phc. Trung Quc c
i tng V Nguyn Gip th st thi cng
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Cnh vt sng bng tay
Vt ni
on chuyn gia qun s vo tn Ty Trng Sn quan st v quyt nh cp tc sn xut ng ng d chin v ng hn cho Vit Nam. Kh khn ln nht lc ny l thiu nghim trng bm cao p. Khng phi Ci kh b ci khn m ngc li ci kh lm ny sinh ch quyt tm v c sng to. Ch nhim Tng cc Hu cn inh c Thin ch o tho bm ca Lin X, c nhng k s, cng nhn gii ngh c kh ch to, o v tng chi tit, nht l bung bm v cnh qut a v nh my ch to th. Thiu tng Ph Ch nhim Tng cc Hu cn Trn i Ngha theo di, gip gp kin v trc tip chng kin vic chy th chic bm u tin Cu Din (H Ni). Cc nh my c kh Duyn Hi, Hi Dng, Trn Hng o c giao nhim v tham gia ch to hng trm chic bm p ng cho tuyn ng ko di. T thnh cng u tin ca on ng X42, Ch nhim Tng cc Hu cn ch trng ly on th nghim ny lm trung im ko di ra hai u. Mt u vn ra pha Bc, ni thng n vng khng c chin s to ngun xng n nh u vo. Mt u tip tc vn vo pha Nam bo m cho tuyn vn ti chin lc. T h thng ng dn lin tip c ni di thm, hng Bc ra n tn bin gii Vit - Trung, hng Nam vo tn chin trng. ng ng pha Nam c hai ng Tuyn Ty Trng Sn t Ngh An vt qua bin gii Vit - Lo, xuyn qua Trung Lo n Kavt, di 350 km. on vt o M D cao hng nghn mt,
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phi tho bm ra khnh vc ln ni. C cch 100 m n 200 m phi t mt bm y tip nhau. ng ngy 9-3-1969 xng c vn hnh thng sut t Vinh n Kavt. Trong nm 1969, tuyn ng ng Ty Trng Sn ny tip tc vn su vo pha Nam, ti H Lo, qua Ty Nguyn vo n min ng Nam B. Cng vi vic xy dng tuyn Ty Trng Sn, u nm 1969 tuyn ng ng Trng Sn cng c xy dng nhm ginh th ch ng vn chuyn trong c hai ma ma nng. Tuyn pha ng khi u t Cm Ly (L Ninh, Qung Bnh) theo ng 10 vo Bn Hi i Ba Lng, Qung Tr - A Li, Ty Tha Thin n Ply Khp thuc a phn tnh Kon Tum. on ng vt o Bn c cao gn 1.000 m.
Trong lch s vn chuyn bng ng ng ca th gii, hnh nh cha c ni no ngi ta xy lp ng ng dn du qua cc cao nh th. Sau khi lp t ng ng xong, th bm nhiu ln, xng du khng qua c. Cui cng, b i xng du ngh ra mt gii php: t nhiu trm bm y kiu PNU35/70 bm dn ln theo tng cp. Cui cng bng bin php , xng du c bm qua o cao, khng b v ng.
Tnh n nm 1972, hai on ng ng ng v Ty Trng Sn c chiu di ti 700 km, vi khi lng kho d tr xng du l 12.800 m3. ng ng pha Bc cng c hai ng T nm 1970, tn dng thi gian ngng nm bom ca M, Tng cc Hu cn quyt nh lm mt on ng a xng trc tip t H Ni vo ti Ngh An. Lc ny ng ng d chin do Lin X vin tr c s dng ht cho cc tuyn ng ng v Ty Trng Sn ri, nn Vit Nam phi t s dng nhng ng ng c nh xy dng on ng ny. T gia nm 1970, ng ng bt u c thi cng v n cui nm 1971 th hon thnh. Nh vy xng du t tng kho d tr ln nht ca min Bc Vit Nam t ti Nhn Vc, pha Nam H Ni, c a trc tip qua Khu IV, vo c hai tuyn ng ng v Ty Trng Sn. n ma xun nm 1972, M oanh tc tr li min Bc, phong ta ca bin Hi Phng, ngun xng a t Cng Hi Phng v b tc nghn. Nh nc quyt nh lm mt ng ng ni t Bi Chy (Hn Gai) v Hi Dng, ri t Hi Dng v Nhn Vc. Nh vy cc tu ch du ca Lin X vnh H Long c th trc tip chuyn du theo ng ng vo tn Trng Sn.
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Khng qun M li tip tc oanh tc cc tuyn ng st min Bc v phong ta tt c cc cng bin ca Vit Nam, k c cc cng Cm Ph, Hn Gai, Ca Hi thuc Qung Ninh... Do tu thy ch du cng khng th vo cc cng k trn. ng st cng khng th dng loi toa P (Petrol) vn chuyn xng du c na. Cc kho xng du ca min Bc cn kit dn. Ngun d tr cn rt mng. Chnh ph quyt nh lm thm mt ng ng dn xng du t Lng Sn v Nhn Vc tip nhn xng du theo ng b, t bin gii Trung Quc v qua H Ni v vo ti Trng Sn. Nh khi tu Lin X khng th trc tip vo cng ca Vit Nam m phi cp cng Phng Thnh ca Trung Quc, xng du c chuyn t y v bin gii Vit Nam. Th tng Chnh ph giao cho tt c cc tnh c ng ng i qua nh Lng Sn, H Bc, Hi Hng, Bc Thi, huy ng ton b s nhn lc cn thit. Cc b nh C kh v Luyn kim, Vt t, Ti chnh, Kin trc... phi gii quyt tt c cc nhu cu v ti chnh cho cng trnh. Kt qu l n ngy 25-9-1972, ch sau na thng, ton b cng trnh hon thnh vi chiu di 368 km, c 4 ng ng song song, c th ng thi bm c xng v diesel. Tuyn ng ny c mt hiu l T72. l cha k vo cui nm 1972, h thng ng ng c mt danh T72B t Mng Ci qua Hi Dng c ni vo h thng kho chnh ti Nhn Vc. Sau khi Hip nh Pari c k kt, vn t ra l phi trin khai gp lc lng pha Nam chun b cho cuc tng tin cng. ng ng xng du t c ng v Ty Trng Sn c ko di v gp nhau ti ng ba bin gii Ply Khc. T ng ng c lp t qua nhng nh ni cao hng nghn mt, vt qua A Li, Bn, ti B Lt, thuc Ty Tha Thin ri i vo Bn Ging, Ty Qung Nam, vo n tn Khm c. n Kon Tum ng ng i tip vo ti ng Nam B, m trm cui cng l trm B Gia Mp1. Nh vy qua by nm, t 34 cn b, chin s ban u nhanh chng hnh thnh mt binh on hng mnh. n nm 1975, b i xng du pht trin thnh 9 trung on ng ng, 2 trung on cng trnh, 1 trung on thng tin, 2 nh my c kh, 3 tiu on xe chuyn dng, 114 trm bm, hn 100 kho xng du, c sc cha trn 300.000 m3, nhiu on ng c ti 4 ng chy song song, bo m cng mt lc chuyn nhiu loi xng du. Theo Tng kt Chin tranh Cch mng Vit Nam 1945-1975 th trong giai on 1968-1975, min Bc chi vin cho min Nam 5,5 triu m3 xng du, gp phn quyt nh cho thng
1. Theo ng Phong: 5 ng mn H Ch Minh, Nxb. Tri thc, H Ni, 2008.
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Tip nhn xng du B.12 Qung Ninh v tip nhn xng du t ng ng
li ca Chin dch Tng tin cng Ma xun 1975 gii phng hon ton min Nam, thng nht T quc, vi s hy sinh to ln ca cc cn b chin s, ca nhn dn cc tnh c ng ng i qua, v s ng gp hiu qu ca cc nc anh em (Lin X gip ta 8 b ng ng, Trung Quc - hn 40 b ng d chin v 5 b ng hn, Tip Khc - hn 100 xe ch ng chuyn dng). Ngnh xng du qun i c Nh nc phong tng danh hiu Anh hng trong cuc chin tranh gii phng dn tc. i tng V Nguyn Gip vit: Khng c ng ng xng du th khng th c nh ln, mt lc huy ng 5 qun on v hng chc vn xe, pho tham gia chin dch m xng du c cung cp y , kp thi. y thc s l chin cng ca nhng con ngi dng cm, sng to, y ti ngh ca Qun i Nhn dn Vit Nam.
7. Nghin cu khoa hc v o to nhn lc

7.1. T chc nghin cu khoa hc
- Phng th nghim ha Vo cui nm 1966 u nm 1967, vi s gip ca chuyn gia Lin X
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A.I. Gorenlicov, Phng th nghim ha on 36 c thnh lp v mt s ch tiu phc v nghin cu tm kim du kh c chuyn gia Lin X hng dn phn tch.
S cn b c iu v t Phng Th nghim ha ca Tng cc a cht l Quang Ton, Nguyn Vn Hong, L Vn Din v mt s nhn vin phng th nghim ly t hc sinh ph thng. n u nhng nm 1969-1970, Phng c b sung cc c nhn ha i hc Tng hp H Ni: Hong Vn Thm, Lng Vn Thnh, Trn Th Sang, Nguyn Th Thun, Nguyn Th Nho, Nguyn c Hunh, Phm Hng Vn, Nguyn Vn n, L Nh Tiu
Phng Th nghim ca on 36 c s tn thn Bnh Kiu, huyn Khoi Chu, Hng Yn, trong ngi nh cp 4, tng xy gch qut vi, bn gh s si nhng vn c mt s dng c, thit b ti thiu nh cn vi phn tch, l nung in, bp in, t sy, cc dng c thy tinh m hu ht u phi nhp t Trung Quc v Lin X my pht in chy du diesel v nc sch l khng th thiu. Vi c gng ca lnh o on 36 cng s hng dn ca chuyn gia Lin X, cc k s ha, k thut vin trung cp v nhn vin phng th nghim, phn tch c mt s ch tiu phc v cng tc nghin cu. Cc mu nc, mu li khoan hay cc mu a cht, a ha thu thp c trong cc t kho st, c gi cho Phng phn tch xc nh cc ch s, nh Bitum A, Bitum C, Br, Iod, NH3 hm lng phenol v mt s ch tiu khc.
ng Quang Ton k li: ... Ri my bay M nh ph c lit, phng th nghim li phi s tn, thit b th nghim li trn xe ci tin ko i n ch mi nh 1 nh kho trm bm Tin Qun huyn Kim ng. Phng th nghim li c lp t, hp ng s dng in ca trm bm v cng vic li c tip tc. Vui nht l chuyn gia Lin X vn n lm vic bnh thng, v ng t khng n tn ni nn t ch chuyn gia phi dng b sng pha bn kia, khi xe n th bm vi hi ci, bn ny nghe thy, nhn thy xe th cho thuyn sang n, phng th nghim phi mua mt ci thuyn ch chuyn gia. C l khi chuyn gia ny v nc k li cho bn b, gia nh bn Lin X nghe cng phi ngc nhin v c l h khng tin ni, li mt cu chuyn l y na!... ... B mn Ha cng t chc thnh mt phng nh cc phng k thut khc trong on 36, cng c trng, ph phng nhng Trng phng Ha l anh Hong Thnh chuyn mn v a cht, Ph phng l anh Quang Ton mi l chuyn mn v ha phn tch.
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- on 36B on nghin cu chuyn a cht du kh 36B c Tng cc a cht thnh lp ngy 24-3-19731 trn c s hp nht cc phng: Phng Tng hp, Phng Th nghim v Th vin thuc Lin on 36.
Rt t ngi bit ti sao li t tn l on 36B. B chnh l vit tt ca Bin. Ti iu 1 ca Quyt nh ghi r: Nay thnh lp on nghin cu tm kim du m v kh t vng bin, ly s hiu l on 36B, trc thuc Lin on 36. Do nhng nguyn nhn khch quan v ch quan, nhim v ny khng trin khai c, on 36B tp trung vo cng tc nghin cu, phn tch v tng hp cc ti liu a cht - a vt l, cng nh phn tch cc loi mu , nc v kh ca cc T Thch hc, C sinh, C l, St-Silicat, Sc k kh, a ha, Phn tch nc on trng u tin ca on 36B l Nguyn Ngc Sm, cc on ph l Nguyn Giao, Lng Trng ng, sau ny b sung mt s k s ha nc ngoi v trong c Trng nh Hi ph trch lnh vc phn tch du th.
Cc b mn phn tch c dn dn b sung cc thit b hin i hn phc v cho cng tc nghin cu th nghim. Thng 9-1973, on 36B tch khi Lin on a cht 36 thnh u mi trc thuc Tng cc a cht. - Nghin cu khoa hc Trong giai on 1961-1975, Vit Nam cha c mt t chc nghin cu khoa hc du kh hon chnh, nhng cng tc ny cng c thc hin trong chng trnh nghin cu a cht c bn v iu tra ti nguyn khong sn. V vy cc vn nghin cu c thc hin trong cc on, i a cht thuc Tng cc a cht Vit Nam, cc t nghin cu thuc y ban Khoa hc v K thut Nh nc hoc ca cc trng i hc. ti nghin cu l nhng phng n iu tra a cht, t vic lp bn a cht xc nh nhng vng, nhng thnh to c kh nng cha du kh n cc ni dung a cht du kh cng cc cng ngh lin quan. Cc tc gi c ch nh theo s phn cng hnh chnh. Tp th tc gi son tho k hoch thc hin di tn gi l phng n nghin cu, bao gm mc tiu, nhim v, c s khoa hc, cc kt qu c, cc vic lm s trin khai theo mt k hoch v thi biu nh trc. Phng n c bo v trc mt hi ng k thut c lp ra theo s ch nh ca lnh o, hi ng ny s t gii tn sau khi hon thnh nhim v. Phng n c duyt ca hi ng c trnh ln cc cp v sau khi c lnh o ph chun th c trin khai thc hin. Kt
1. Quyt nh s 52/Q-TC.
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qu cui cng c vit di dng mt bo co tng kt. Nu thi gian thc hin phng n di th cn c nhng bo co trung gian, mang tnh s kt cho mt giai on thc hin phng n. Bo co tng kt c trnh by trc mt hi ng do th trng c quan ch tr v mt hi ng cp cao hn do th trng c quan giao nhim v ch nh. Trong thi k ny thng thng ch tch hi ng l cc nh qun l. Cc hi ng ny sau khi hon thnh nhim v cng t gii tn. Quy trnh ni trn cng gn ging vi quy trnh qun l cc ti nghin cu khoa hc. Theo cch nhn nhn nh trn th cc bo co a cht - a vt l hin c trong cc lu tr ca Nh nc, ca ngnh u l nhng cng trnh khoa hc ch khng ch l kt qu ca hot ng sn xut. Cc bo co tng hp thng c tin hnh ti Phng K thut a cht v Phng a vt l (mi phng c t 7 n 10 cn b) hoc T K thut tng hp (32 cn b) ca Lin on 36. Tr T K thut tng hp (nhng nm 1971-1975) lm chc nng ca mt n v nghin cu, hai Phng K thut a cht v a vt l lm c hai chc nng, va qun l, iu hnh sn xut va nghin cu.
Trng phng K thut a cht l ng Nguyn Giao, Trng phng K thut a vt l l ng H c Hoi v T trng T K thut tng hp l ng Trn Ngc Ton.
cc n v thnh vin ca Lin on th cc phng hoc t k thut lm c hai chc nng va qun l sn xut va trc tip nghin cu, vi s gip ca nhiu chuyn gia a cht Lin X c trnh cao, sang nc ta hp tc cng cc k s Vit Nam nghin cu cc chuyn ngnh khc nhau ca a cht ni chung v ca a cht du kh ni ring. Kt qu nghin cu ca cc n v ni trn c lu tr ti Tng cc a cht, Tp on Du kh Quc gia Vit Nam hoc Vin Du kh Vit Nam. Hn mi nm nghin cu du kh min Bc, kt qu c ghi nhn trong bn kt lun vo nm 1975 ca Trng on chuyn gia Lin X Krimov Fedorovic nh sau: - Nghin cu su bng cc phng php a chn thng thng kh thc hin c v tnh cht a vt l ca mi trng rt phc tp. Hp l hn c l s dng phng php a chn im su chung tip tc nghin cu cc a tng su v nghin cu chi tit cc cu to. Tip tc dng phng php in nghin cu b dy trm tch, cc vt nhn, v nhu cnh t gy su trng ng Quan, phng php trng lc nghin cu vng ra.
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- Tin hnh tip cng tc nghin cu khoa hc v thch hc, c sinh, thy ng lc, a tng, cu kin to, cc by phi cu to, chn phng php karota ph hp vi iu kin thc t, chn ging khoan chun chun my karota, m rng nghin cu tnh cht sinh, cha, chn du kh, nghin cu cng ngh khoan (ch khoan, dung dch, ha phm v.v.), nghin cu kinh t, nh mc v thnh lp mng li v tuyn qun l iu hnh cng tc thm d, khoan. Nh vy cc chuyn gia Lin X vn tip tc theo hng tm kim, thm d du kh min vng H Ni v cng i mi t duy v quan im a cht v cng ngh cng nh chun b tin tin ra thm lc a. Trong cng tc nghin cu khoa hc bt u ch n lnh vc kinh t, qun l nhng cha c nim g v bo v mi trng. Cc nghin cu l thuyt v ng dng cng ngh rt him v khng c mt h thng ch o chung m ch do tng c nhn ngi lm cng tc khoa hc t t ra. Nhng sng kin, ci tin k thut ng ghi nhn l vic chuyn ha trm ghi sng a chn phn x thnh trm ghi sng khc x (Trng Minh, Bi Xun Toi), ci tin my ng b bng ghi d liu thc a trong trm thm d in (Bi Xun Toi, Nguyn Thnh, ng Cng Long, Phm Th Cu) cng cc ci tin nh khc trong cng tc x l, minh gii d liu trng lc, a chn, in telua, karota, trc a ca nhiu ngi khc. Ngoi ra cn c cc nghin cu c lin quan v du kh ca cc nh khoa hc thuc cc trng i hc cng nh cc n v khoa hc khc. Trong cc nm 1960-1975, cc cng trnh nghin cu v du kh Vit Nam c cng b trn cc phng tin thng tin khoa hc quc t hu nh khng c g. iu ng qu l trong iu kin v cng kh khn, cn b k thut Lin on a cht 36 trong thi k ny vit c rt nhiu bi bo c gi tr c v kt qu tm kim, thm d v v phng php k thut, cng ngh trong a cht, a vt l, trc a, khoan, phn tch ha, c sinh, v.v.. Vit bo co khoa hc thng mt rt nhiu thi gian v l mt sng to tr tu, h lm vic ch v lng say m ngh nghip v mong mun c trao i thng tin gia nhng ngi lm cng tc nghin cu trong nc vi nhau. Vic trao i thng tin k thut cng nh thng tin du kh ca Vit Nam vi nc ngoi cha c t ra v nhng quy ch v quan im c phn kht khe trong giai on lch s ny. Cc bi bo ni trn hu ht c cng b trn Ni san a cht Du kh, mt sn phm thng tin ca Lin on a cht 36 v l nim t ho ca tp th cn b k thut ngnh Du kh.
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Ban Bin tp gm Lin on trng V Bt lm Ch nhim, cc u vin l: Phan Minh Bch, Nguyn Ngc C, Lng Trng ng, Nguyn Giao, H c Hoi, Nguyn Hip, Nguyn Quang Hp, Nguyn Hu, Phan Huy Quynh, Trn Ngc Ton, Phm Vn Thng, Lm Quang Thip (i hc Tng hp H Ni), Phm Nng V (i hc M a cht H Ni). S u tin ra mt vo u nm 1972. Ba Ni san do Phan Huy Quynh v Phm Vn Thng ng tc gi. Nh ng Ton miu t: Phn na trn trang ba c hnh 3 thp khoan b tr xa dn di nhng ng my to thnh mt khng gian m rng v th mng y tnh lc quan. Phn na di, trn nn mu xanh l cy, mu ca hy vng, l mt lt ct trm tch ngh thut ha, vi cc lp nm ngang, xin cho, bt chnh hp, t gy, th hin tnh phc tp a cht ca mi trng, cch iu ging hnh c th ca mt c gi duyn dng, iu , nhn qua thy tnh yu i, lng mn ca nhng con ngi trong ngnh Du kh.
Trang ba Ni san a cht Du kh ca Lin on 36 (u nm 1972)
Kinh ph cho Ni san c Lin on cp 2.000 ng/nm, tng ng khong 400 USD (theo giao dch ti chnh i ngoi nm 1972). S tin ny thng khng dng n v khng phi tr lng, ph cp hay nhun bt. Bi in roneo trn giy ni sm mu, hnh v trn giy nn. Cc bi c ng trong Ni san c mt ph hot ng rt rng, t nghin cu l thuyt, nghin cu ng dng, kt qu hot ng tm kim, thm d, sng kin sng ch n qun l v thng tin du kh nc ngoi, ni dung phong ph nh cc tp ch khoa hc thc th trong lc nhiu ngnh khc cha lm c nh vy. Sau khi min Nam c gii phng, vo cui nm 1975 Tng cng ty Du m quc gia Mhic (PEMEX) c mt on chuyn gia sang tm hiu tnh hnh du kh ca Vit Nam chun b cho vic hp tc. on gm: ng Javier Moneses, nh a cht, trng on; ng Luisa Marigal, a vt l; b Luiciano Flores, cng ngh du m, v ng Juan Medina chuyn gia khoan. V Pha Vit Nam c cc ng Nguyn Giao v Trn Ngc Ton cng i thc a vng chu th sng Cu Long t ngy 1-1-1976 v lm vic vi on n cui thng 1-1976.
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Mt s kin ca on nh sau: - bn trng ng Nai, trn lp ph trm tch vi, lc nguyn ca Paleozoi Thng c hnh thnh mt bn trng tui ch yu l Trias, Jura, v Creta. Trm tch Trias bt u bng lp st bin khi cha Amonit, phn xut Riolit, trn l st xen k vi cha Amonit. Cc trm tch ny chuyn tip t t sang Nori, ven ra c cc bt chnh hp. Trn na l Jura. Trm tch Permi trn cha vi trng c nhiu khe nt, quan st thy H Tin. Hy vng chu th sng Cu Long c 2 tng Mesozoi v Tam c trm tch cha du kh. Mng macma v bin cht rt su. Quan h gia bn ng Nai v Mkng khng r. - Nn thnh lp cc i a cht nghin cu thch hc - a tng t Paleozoi n Tam trn tng vng lp bn c a l, xc nh th t khu vc tm kim thm d. Sau lm a vt l bng cc thit b hin i (my ghi s, trm x l in t..) v chn v tr t ging khoan. - trng Sng Hng, da vo thng tin khoan su gii thch li kt qu a vt l. Khng tp trung khoan su qu dy nh Giao Thy. - Cn c chng trnh o to cn b kt hp gia o to trong nc v ngoi nc. - Mhic c kh nng gip Vit Nam trong lnh vc du kh. Nhng yu cu ca pha Vit Nam, on s bo co ln Tng thng v Chnh ph Mhic l ngi tr li. Chng ti sn sng lm cho Chnh ph Mhic thy r nhu cu ca cc bn.
Kt thc nm 1975, mt khng kh khoa hc si ni trong hot ng du kh tip ni vi nim phn khi chm dt chin tranh, t nc thng nht. Kh nng hp tc quc t cng c m ra, vi tinh thn thn thin, hu ngh ca cc nc bn b nh Lin X (x hi ch ngha) v Mhic (th gii th ba). Tuy nhin, tnh hnh kinh t - x hi - an ninh trong nc cn nhiu kh khn, tnh hnh th gii v khu vc phc tp nn hot ng du kh cha hi iu kin pht trin thun li.
7.2. o to nhn lc du kh
i ng cn b k thut du kh Vit Nam c o to chnh quy cc trng i hc ni ting ca Lin X nh i hc Thm d a cht Mtxcva mang tn Ordjonikidze MGRI, i hc Cng nghip du kh Mtxcva mang tn Vin s I. M. Gubkin - ngi pht minh ra l thuyt v ngun gc hu c ca du m. Cc trng i hc: Du kh Bacu - Adcbaigian, Du kh Bucart - Rumani v cc trng i hc ca cc nc Hunggari, Anbani, Cng ha Dn ch c, Tip
125
Khc, Trung Quc, Ba Lan, Php cng nh cc trng i hc trong nc (i hc Tng hp H Ni, i hc Bch khoa H Ni) cng o to nhiu cn b k thut ch cht cho ngnh Du kh.
Lp cn b k thut cao cp u tin v on 36 c cc k s a vt l H c Hoi, Trng Minh, Phan Minh Bch tt nghip Trng MGRI; cc k s a cht du kh Nguyn Quang Hp, Nguyn Ngc C, cc k s khoan Trng Thin, ng Ca, inh Vn Danh tt nghip Trng i hc Gubkin, k s khoan Phan Vn Ngn tt nghip Trng M Lningrt; cc c nhn vt l Nguyn Ngc Khnh, Nguyn Hip, c nhn a vt l Nguyn Tn Kch, Nguyn Thnh, on Thm, ng Cng Long, Trng nh Qu, Nguyn Tr Lin, Phan Quang Quyt, on Thm, c nhn ton Nguyn Cao, Nguyn Cng S, Nguyn Khc ng, Nguyn V Sn tt nghip Trng i hc Tng hp H Ni. Cc k s Tng Mi, Trn Ngc Ton, Ng Mnh Khi tt nghip Trng i hc Du kh Bucart - Rumani. Cc k s a cht L Trng Cn, L Vn Chn, Nguyn Giao, Nguyn c Lc, k s v tuyn in Bi Xun Toi tt nghip Trng i hc Bch khoa H Ni. K s Phm Th Cu tt nghip Trng i hc M - a cht Bc Kinh. Lc lng cn b k thut s cp trng lc u tin l Nguyn Quc Trng, Phm Ngc Cc, Nguyn Thanh Xun, Hong Vn Li, Nng Huy Nhi, Nguyn Ngc Ton, Bi Duy To, Trn Nghim, Hong Khnh Ho, trung cp trng lc c Phm Liu, Nguyn Hu Chuyn; trung cp a chn c Trn Cnh, Nguyn c Tun, Nguyn Vn Bnh, Bi Vn Khit; k thut bn mn Nguyn Xun Thanh, Phm nh Phng sau l k thut tnh ton; k thut tnh ton gm c: V Long, Nguyn Th Mai, Nguyn Th Bch Ngc, Nguyn Th Bch Th. T nm 1970, cc cn b ny c tip tc o to ln bc i hc, tr thnh cc c nhn - k s a vt l. T nm 1965, i ng k thut vin trung cp c b sung thm kh ng nh k thut trc a Ng Anh Chnh, cc k thut a chn nh L Hu Liu, Hong Vn Sch, L Ngc Thnh, Ng Th Loan, T Th Nh, Nguyn Th Tnh, Nguyn Th Mai, V Th n, Nguyn Th Hi, Trn Th Sm; Cc tnh ton vin c V Th Tm, V Th Dim, V Th c, Li Th Hi, Hong Vn Cu, V Th Hin. Cc k thut vin s cp gm c Phm Quang Chin, Nguyn Quang Hng, Nguyn Ch Thnh, Ng Vn Kim, Nguyn Th Nhi, Hong Vn Dng, Phan Th Oanh. Mt i ng ng o cn b trung cp thm d in, trc a c o to trong nc c L ng Giai, Lng Xun Thnh, Bi Duy To, inh Vn B, Nguyn Vn Tng, Nguyn Vn Snh, L Xun Thnh, L Ngc Thng, Tng Xun Trng, L Cng inh, tt nghip trung cp k thut a vt l trng Trung cp a cht ca Tng cc a cht. Cn b s cp, ho , tnh ton vin c L Xun Hnh, ng Vn Sinh, Trn Th Xun Vui, on Th Vui, Hong Th Lan, Nguyn Xun Din, Nguyn Th Nh, Nguyn Th Thy, L Th Lin, Nguyn
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Th Cn, Chu Th Loan, Trn Xun Nhng, Cao Th Hng Vit, V Th Xuyn, V Th Thanh Thu, Mai Th Lan, Nguyn Th Giao, L Th M
Sau ny nhiu ngi trong s cn b k thut trung cp c o to tip ti Trng i hc Tng hp H Ni thnh c nhn a vt l. Lc lng ny gp phn quan trng nng cao cht lng chuyn mn trong thm d a vt l.
Tt c cn b ny qua qu trnh cng tc thc t u trng thnh vt bc, t nhiu thnh tu chuyn mn xut sc, nh Phan Th Hng Qu, Nguyn Th Thi, V Th L, V Ngc Chuc, Nguyn Hu Tr, Nguyn Th Hng, Nguyn Bch Yn, Phm Quang Minh v nhiu ngi khc
Trong cc nm tip theo, nhiu cn b tt nghip cc trng i hc Tng hp H Ni, i hc Bch khoa H Ni, i hc M - a cht H Ni, i hc Du m Bacu thuc Lin X c tng cng.
l cc k s Nguyn Bnh Ti, Hong Trung Lp, Trn Duy Lun, Nguyn Vn Hng, V Vn Mo, Nguyn Vn Quyt, Cc k s in t c Nguyn c Ha, Nguyn Xun Triu, Hong Vn Hanh.
Mt b phn khc tuy s lng khng ng nhng cn nhc n l s cn b thuc Tng cc Hu cn - B Quc phng.
Tiu biu nh Trn Xanh, Nguyn nh Ha, v.v., c o to chng trnh i hc Hc vin Hu cn - Vn ti Hng qun Xvit Lningrt v Hc vin Cng trnh hu cn Qun Gii phng nhn dn Trung Quc Trng Khnh v chuyn ngnh ng ng - b cha xng du.
l nhng cn b ch cht ca Hc vin Xng du Qun i, c nhiu chin cng trong s nghip gii phng dn tc v sau nm 1975 cng ng gp nhiu cho s pht trin ca ngnh Du kh Vit Nam. o to sau i hc v du kh trong thi gian ny Tng cc a cht cha c quan tm nhiu.
Ch c 3 ngi tt nghip ph tin s Lin X l Nguyn Giao - a cht, Trng Thin - khoan v Trng Minh - a vt l. S cn li u do cc c quan khc gi i o to (Rumani: Trn Ngc Ton - a vt l; Lin X: Nguyn ng Hi xy dng cng trnh bin, Trn Mnh Tr - lc du, Trng Bin - khoan). Sau mt s cn b ging dy Trng i hc M - a cht H Ni (Phm Huy Tin, L Xun Ln, Phan Trung in) cng nh nhng sinh vin tt nghip
127

Trng i hc Du m Bacu nm 1972-1973 c chn lm nghin cu sinh Lin X. y l th h ng nht tt nghip ph tin s chuyn ngnh du kh sau nm 1974.
Bn cnh hnh thc o to, thc tp mang tnh s phm truyn thng nh k trn y, xut hin mt hnh thc o to thc t ti nc ngoi rt hiu qu. T nm 1968, theo hip nh song phng lin chnh ph, nhng on thc tp sinh ng b gm k s, trung cp, cng nhn mt chuyn ngnh du kh c c i thc tp ti cc c s sn xut Lin x, Rumani. T nm 1972, thm mt loi hnh thc tp thc t 2 nm dnh cho mt s k s mi tt nghip c la chn. Nm 1972-1974, on thc tp sinh hn hp gm 17 k s ln u tin c c sang Angiri - mt nc theo c ch kinh t th trng. Vi s nhit tnh v thn thin ca Chnh ph Angiri i vi Vit Nam, SONATRACH (Cng ty Du kh Quc gia Angiri) c ch o to mi iu kin thun li gip cho on thc tp sinh hon thnh nhim v. V vy, on c c hi tip cn, tm hiu cc vn p ng yu cu ca lnh o Tng cc a cht v Tng cc Ha cht v tm hiu c cu t chc v hot ng ca ngnh du kh.
Tng cc a cht 10 ngi: Ng Mnh Khi, Nguyn nh Khung, Nguyn Tr Lin, Trn Khc Tn, Trn V Chu, Nguyn Vn S, L Vn Doanh, Nguyn c Hunh, Quang Ton, Lng Vn Thnh; Tng cc Ha cht 5 ngi: Vn H, L Hu Lp, V Trng c, L Quang Vinh, Lng Thanh Chc; trng i hc M - a cht 2 ngi: Nguyn Quang Hinh, Nguyn Ph.
Do khng b hn ch bi cc quy nh ngt ngho v bo mt, v chuyn mn, cc thnh vin on thc tp c b tr lm vic ti cc c s sn xut theo yu cu. Mi ngi c tip cn nhiu thit b hin i, nhiu t liu k thut, thng mi, hiu c quan h hp ng, cc hnh thc hp ng kinh t - dch v gia SONATRACH vi cc cng ty a quc gia, hiu c cch thc t chc v vn hnh mt cng ty du kh quc gia. Cng thi gian cn c 2 on thc tp sinh du kh Trung Quc, bao gm cc chuyn ngnh nh a cht du kh, xy lp gin khoan, cng nhn vn hnh khoan, bm trm xi mng, th hn cao p, kim tra khuyt tt cn ng, phn tch du th hnh thc thc tp c hc l thuyt, nhng ch yu l thc tp tay ngh. Nhng thc tp sinh ca hai on trn sau khi v nc ng gp rt nhiu cng sc v kin thc cng nh tay ngh cho cc hot ng du kh Lin on 36 cng nh Tng cc Du kh
128
Chnh hnh thc o to ny t kt qu cao, gip nng cao tm hiu bit v k nng lm vic ca cn b k thut du kh cc loi ln rt nhiu. S thc tp sinh v lc ha du cng rt ng, k c cng nhn c n hng trm ngi, hu nh tt c cc nc x hi ch ngha. Tuy nhin, y li l khu o to lng ph nht v khng c mc tiu s dng v khng c ai lm vic ng chuyn mn sau khi c o to. Trong hot ng du kh, mt i ng quan trng v ng o nht chnh l cng nhn v k thut vin s cp. Cc trng cng nhn k thut thuc Tng cc a cht v B Cng nghip l ni cung cp lc lng ny. Ring on 36 c Trng K thut nghip v t ti lng Tuyn Qun, x Cc Kh, huyn Kim ng, tnh Hng Yn (ph trch trng l ng Hoa, gio vin khoan c ng Nh v ng Hong Hu Nghim). Thng 10-1973, Lin on a cht 36 thnh lp Trng o to cng nhn v s cp k thut ti Tn Cu - Kim ng - Hng Yn. Chng trnh hc gm rt nhiu ngnh ngh, ng nht l cng nhn c kh, khoan, trc a, a cht, a vt l, ha phn tch, v.v.. Do mt bng vn ha chung ca x hi trong giai on ny cha pht trin nn phn ln hc vin c tuyn o to cng nhn thng mi tt nghip cp I (Tiu hc) hoc cp II (Trung hc c s). Hnh thc o to hiu qu nht l km cp hc ngh, thi gian hc t 1 n 2 nm. Nh s kho tay, thng minh v cn c, chu kh nn vi kin thc rt t i ban u, sau mt thi gian lm vic thc t, trnh tay ngh ca hc vin c nng dn ln mt cch nhanh chng, p ng ngy cng cao cc yu cu rt phc tp v kht khe ca ngnh, c cc chuyn gia nh gi cao. Ring Trng Tn Cu, ngoi cc loi cng nhn ni trn cn o to c s cp ngoi ng phc v chuyn gia Lin X, nhn vin y t, nh my, nu n, cng l mt hin tng c bit ng ghi nh cho mt thi k lch s.
II. HOT NG DU KH ca php vng tm chim v ca vit nam cng ha MIN NAM
Trong nhng nm 1945-1954, vng Php tm chim, hot ng a cht v khai thc m gim nhiu. T nm 1951, S a cht ng Dng sp nhp vo Trung tm Nghin cu Khoa hc v K thut (CRST - Centre National de Recherches Scientifiques et Techniques). Nm 1954, sau khi min Bc c gii phng, ngi Php tip tc mt s hot ng ca S a cht ng dng c Si Gn. Hot ng a cht khng c g nhiu, ngoi vic mt s nh a cht Php nh J. Fromaget, E. Saurin,
129
H. Fontaine, cng b mt s cng trnh nghin cu trc y Lng Sn, Hi Phng v mt s hn o, ng k l nm 1952 ti bn Bn a cht ng Dng t l 1/2.000.000 do J. Fromaget v E. Saurin thnh lp (Bn a cht ng Dng ca J. Fromaget ti bn nm 1952)1. V khai thc, Php ch cn khai thc than Hn Gai, sn lng nm 1953 ch cn 887.000 tn (trc chin tranh l 2.615.000 tn). Nhn chung, cho n nm 1954 nhng ti liu v a cht v khong sn ca Php ng Dng vn c gi tr khoa hc v thc tin c s dng nhiu sau ny. Ngy 19-12-1954, Php k hip nh trao quyn hnh chnh, chnh tr cho Ng nh Dim. c s hu thun ca M, ngy 23-10-1955 Ng nh Dim t chc trng cu dn , ph trut Bo i v ln lm Tng thng. M gip chnh quyn Dim tng cng qun i, tng vin tr (t nm 1953 n nm 1961: 2.117 triu USD, trong c 572 triu USD cho qun s). Mi nm min Nam nhp 2 triu tn du cho xe, my thy, trong khong mt na chy cc nh my in. T nm 1957 n 1961, hng nm phi chi t 15,310 triu n 17,517 triu USD nhp du ha2. Nm 1960, phong tro ng khi lan rng khp min Nam. Do tnh hnh chnh tr v an ninh khng n nh nn hot ng iu tra a cht min Nam rt hn ch. S a cht c t chc theo Ngh nh s 356-BKT/HC/N ngy 25-6-1957 trc thuc B Kinh t. Mt b phn ca Bo tng a cht ng Dng c chuyn t H Ni vo Si Gn nm 1954, tr thnh Bo tng ca S a cht thuc Vit Nam Cng ha, m ca khng thng xuyn cho khch tham quan. Mt s nh a cht ngi Php nh E. Saurin, H. Fontaine v mt s nh a cht Vit Nam nh T Trn Tn, Nguyn Lan T, Hong Th Thn, Trn Kim Thch, Nguyn An C hoc chnh l cc nghin cu trc y, hoc nghin cu v kin to, c sinh, a tng, cc sui nc nng, vi, than, ct cha titan, st mt s vng trn t lin v mt s hn o (k c qun o Hong Sa).
1. Cc a cht v Khong sn Vit Nam: Th mc a cht Vit Nam, H Ni, nm 1998; n phm ca S a cht Nha Ti nguyn thin nhin, B Kinh t; Extrait du Bulletin de la Soct des tudes Indochinoises. Nouvelle srie-Tome XLVII-No3.1973. 2. ng Phong: Lch s kinh t Vit Nam 1945-2000, Tp II:1955-1975, Nxb. Khoa hc x hi, H Ni, 2002, tr.757, 902.
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ng k nht l nm 1956 xut bn T in a tng ng Dng ca E. Saurin, nm 1971 ti bn ln th ba Bn a cht ng Dng t l 1/2.000.000 do H. Fontaine hiu chnh1. Trong thi k 1954-1961, khng c bt k kho st a cht du kh no c tin hnh min Nam Vit Nam.
1. o lut Du ha 011/70 v Tng cuc Du ha v Khong sn

1.1. o lut Du ha
K t nm 1967, trong nim hy vng c du kh thm lc a do kho st a vt l mang li, H Mnh Trung v V Anh Tun, Nha Ti nguyn thin nhin thuc B Kinh t c giao nhim v son tho Lut Du ha. Lut ch yu da trn c s kinh nghim ca Iran. Ni dung chnh ca Lut l Hp ng c nhng theo cc cng ty du phi tr cho Vit Nam Cng ha hai khon thu l nhng t 12,5% (royalty = tin thu t) v thu li tc 45-55% s lng du sn xut. Thi gian tm kim l 5 nm c th gia hn thm 5 nm. Thi gian sn xut l 30 nm, c th gia hn thm 10 nm. Ngy 1-12-1970, chnh quyn Vit Nam Cng ha ban hnh o lut Du ha s 011/70, n nh vic tm kim, khai thc du m cng iu kin thu kha v hi oi c lin quan. o lut ny gm 6 chng vi 66 iu, quy nh v vic thm d v khai thc du m thuc lnh th Vit Nam Cng ha trong t lin v trn thm lc a. Quyn c nhng tm kim do Th tng ban hnh. Cc cng ty xin cp quyn c nhng phi ng trc mt s tin l 500 USD hoc 137.000 ng tin Si Gn, s tin ny l tin ng k ch k. Din tch c nhng tm kim c chia thnh tng nhng a (l), mi nhng a khng qu 20.000 km2, mi cng ty khng c cp qu 5 l (tc 100.000 km2). Thi hn quyn c nhng tm kim thay i ty theo tng trng hp v ko di t 5 n 15 nm. Quyn c nhng khai thc cp cho mi nhng a rng khng qu 5.000 km2 vi thi hn khng qu 40 nm. Thng 6-1971, B Kinh t Vit Nam Cng ha cng b nh cp quyn c nhng tm kim v thm d du m ti thm lc a min Nam v quy nh cho
1. Cc a cht v Khong sn Vit Nam. Th mc a cht Vit Nam, H Ni, 1998; n phm ca S a cht Nha Ti nguyn thin nhin, B Kinh t; Extrait du Bulletin de la Soct des tudes Indochinoises. Nouvelle srie-Tome XLVII-No3.1973.
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u thu c nhng theo Ngh nh s 249/BKT/VP/UBQGDH ngy 9-6-1971. Vng ny nm trong thm lc a Nam Vit Nam theo mt ng khp kn gm 33 im gii hn bi: v tuyn 5o20-11o Bc; kinh tuyn 101o27-110o ng, c chia thnh 60 l nh v mt min cha phn, tm gi l l ln hn, tc c thy 61 l c a ra u thu. Thm lc a Nam Vit Nam rng khong 300.000 km2. Ti liu lm c s u thu ny l kt qu o a vt l t 2 ca Cng ty Ray Geophysical Mandrel nm 1970 thm lc a Nam Vit Nam (kt hp gia a chn, trng lc v t), c s bo tr v ti chnh ca T hp 11 cng ty du m quc t thng qua y ban Phi hp su tm khong sn ca ECAFE v B Pht trin trn bin ca Chnh ph Anh.
1.2. y ban Quc gia Du ha

u nm 1971, khi o lut Du ha bt u c hiu lc, y ban Quc gia Du ha c thnh lp theo Sc lnh s 003-SL/KT ngy 7-1-1971 ca Th tng Vit Nam Cng ha Trn Thin Khim.
Ch tch l Tng trng Kinh t Phm Kim Ngc, sau 1974 l Tng trng Thng mi v K ngh Nguyn c Cng; i t L Mng Chi (B Quc phng); v cc Tng th k ca cc B T php, Ni v, Ngoi giao, Ti chnh; v 3 t nhn l k s u Ngc H, k s inh Quang Chiu, lut s Vng Vn Bc, v.v.. B phn phc v U ban Quc gia Du ha l mt Vn phng c 6 nhn vin gm Gim c Trn Vn Khi, Ph Gim c V Anh Tun, chuyn vin a cht Nguyn Vn Vnh, k s du kh Ph L Sn v hai nhn vin hnh chnh V Vn S v Nguyn Th Trc.
Vn phng c nhim v chun b tt c cc cng vic cn thit cho cng tc u thu cp quyn c nhng. Cc cng vic ch yu gm hai phn: hnh chnh v k thut. Phn hnh chnh c nhim v dch o lut Du ha sang ting Anh, vi s tr gip ca Sesto Vecchi (Cng ty Lut quc t) v lut s Tng Th Thnh Trai, gip cc chuyn gia Iran, Anh nghin cu v t vn xy dng hp ng c nhng v cc vn kin lin quan n th tc gi thu. Phn k thut c nhim v nghin cu Lut Bin, xc nh ranh gii thm lc a v lp bn phn l. Mi kt qu nghin cu ca Vn phng bo co U ban Quc gia Du ha trnh ln Chnh ph.
1.3. Tng cuc Du ha v Khong sn

Tng cuc Du ha v Khong sn c thnh lp vo thng 6-1974 (ngay sau t u thu th hai), trc thuc B Thng mi v K ngh, trc mt gm c 5 b phn: Cuc Du ha (Nguyn Vn Vnh), Nha K hoch hun luyn (Ph L
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Sn), Cuc Khong sn (Phm Vit Bng), Trung tm Nghin cu a cht (Trn Hunh Anh) v Nha Hnh chnh v K ton (Nguyn Huy Cm). Nhim v ca Tng cuc Du ha v Khong sn khng ch pht trin ngnh du kh m cn qun l ngnh a cht v thm d khong sn. Tr s ca Tng cuc Du ha v Khong sn t ti Vn phng ca Nha Ti nguyn thin nhin (c) ti s 2 Nguyn Bnh Khim. Ton b Vn phng U ban Quc gia Du ha cng chuyn v a im ny. S lng nhn vin tng ln nhiu hn v sau mt thi gian ngi nh s 2 Nguyn Bnh Khim cng tr nn cht chi.
Nha Ti nguyn thin nhin cng lm c kh nhiu cng vic tuy nhn s khng ng v thit b cn thiu thn. Ngoi vic xut bn cun sch Vit Nam a cht Kho lc ghi li nhng nghin cu a cht v kho c hc, cn pht hin mt s khong sn nh kim loi en ilmenite, titanium cc bi bin min Trung, bauxit Ty Nguyn, mlpen, v.v.. Tuy nhin, cng vic ch dng li ch cha t chc c vic nh gi tr lng v tnh n vic khai thc, mt phn cha c nh u t vo lnh vc ny, mt khc cng v tnh hnh chin cuc. Do vy, Nha Ti nguyn thin nhin tr thnh mt b phn ca Tng cuc Du ha v Khong sn.
Khi cc cng ty du khoan ging, cc k s ca Tng cuc Du ha v Khong sn u thay phin nhau ra gin khoan hc hi, theo di cng vic ca cc trm a cht - a vt l, t khoan trn gin. Cc kt qu khoan, a vt l u c chuyn v Tng cuc nghin cu cng vi chuyn vin cc cng ty du Si Gn. Vic ra gin khoan l mt hnh thc hun luyn ti ch. Tuy nhin, trong chn thng hot ng t thng 6-1974 n thng 3-1975, Tng cuc Du ha v Khong sn cha lm c g nhiu.
2. Hot ng thm d du kh
2.1. Nghin cu a cht - a vt l
Nm 1966, theo ngh ca y ban Kinh t chu ca Lin hp quc (ECAFE), cc nc trong khu vc thnh lp y ban iu phi chng trnh iu tra khong sn ngoi khi chu (CCOP) (thng 10-2001 i tn l y ban iu phi cc chng trnh khoa hc a cht ng v ng Nam chu ) nhm h tr cc nc trong khu vc trin khai thm d v tm kim ti nguyn khong sn ngoi khi.
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Nm 1967, c quan Hi dng hc M tin hnh kho st ton b thm lc a Nam Vit Nam bng t hng khng (t l 1/250.000, tit din 10 gamma). Tip theo, cc nm 1967-1968 Cng ty Alping Geophysical Corporation cng trin khai nghin cu vng ny. Nm 1968, khng qun M tin hnh o t hng khng phn pha Nam ca Vit Nam Cng ha, ch yu l vng ng bng sng Cu Long v phn bin nng ven b. Cng trong nm ny, nhiu cng ty ca Anh tin hnh thm d a chn s b bin ng v vnh Thi Lan. Kt qu pht hin mt tng trm tch dy khong 3-4 km c cu trc cu - kin to kh thun li cho vic cha du. Nm 1969, Naval Oceanographic Office tin hnh kho st a chn Bin ng v vnh Thi Lan vi mng li tuyn c chiu di hn 16.000 km. Cng ty Ray Geophysical Mandrel tin hnh o a vt l vng thm lc a min Nam v vng pha Nam Bin ng vi tng s vo khong 3.482 km tuyn. Kt qu cc kho st ny c ng trn tp ch ca CCOP, hp dn cc cng ty du quc t quan tm n tim nng du kh thm lc a Nam Vit Nam. Mt s nc trong vng ng Nam , nh Brunei, Malaixia, Innxia tip cn vng Bin ng i din vi Vit Nam, pht hin v khai thc du t lu. Do vy, mt nhm cng ty du quc t hp tc thu Cng ty Ray Geophysical Mandrel thc hin chng trnh kho st a chn, t v trng lc tng i chi tit hn trn thm lc a Vit Nam. Khong 8.400 km tuyn a vt l c kho st trong 2 nm 1969 v 1970 theo mng li 30 km x 40 km. u nm 1970, Cng ty Mandrel tin hnh o t hai pha Nam Bin ng v dc theo b bin min Nam vi khi lng 8.639 km tuyn a vt l, bo m mng li tuyn 30 km x 50 km kt hp gia cc phng php a chn, trng lc v t. Tng khi lng nghin cu a vt l thc l 9.935 km tuyn. Cc tuyn a vt l khu vc ca Cng ty Mandrel cng nh cc cng ty khc cho php lp cc s ng thi t l 1/500.000, cho thy cc tng phn x, chiu dy ti thiu ca lp trm tch ni ny c th hn 2 km. Qua c th xc nh c mt s n v cu trc nh i nng Khorat, i nng Cn Sn, 3 bn trm tch: Si Gn - Bruny (sau l b Nam Cn Sn), Mkng (sau l b Cu Long) v vnh Thi Lan (sau l b Malay - Th Chu) u c trin vng cha du rt cao1.
1. Cc Bo co ca ECAFE/CCOP.
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2.2. Chun b gi thu

Vo thp k 60 ca th k XX, du kh th gii c nhng chuyn bin quan trng. Nm 1960, T chc cc nc xut khu du m (OPEC) c thnh lp. Mt s nc trong OPEC bt u p dng mt vi kiu hp ng khc vi c nhng: hp ng phn chia sn phm - PSC (Iran, Innxia), hp ng dch v (Iran, Vnzula) v hp ng ng iu hnh - JOC (Angiri, 1969). Ti cc hp ng phn chia sn phm v dch v nh Iran, Innxia v Vnzula, cng ty du tr thnh nh thu chu trch nhim sn xut v c chia t l du sn xut 40/60, 25/75, v.v., vi nc ch quyn hoc c nc ch quyn tr ph dch v bng du. Vnzula, hp ng dch v c Cng ty Du kh Vnzula (CVP) p dng k t nm 1968. Iran nm 1966, Cng ty Du ca Php l ERAP nhn lm dch v tm v sn xut du cho Cng ty Du quc gia ca Iran (NIOC) nhn tin cng bng s du do hai bn tho thun. Thc ra, sau mt thi gian di p dng hp ng c nhng, cc nc ny tch lu c kinh nghim v mnh v k thut v ti chnh, nn thnh lp Cng ty Du kh quc gia Pertamina Innxia, NIOC Iran, CVP Vnzula, v.v.. c bit, Mhic l nc phn ng mnh nht v tin b nht bng vic quc hu ho cng nghip du m vi s thnh lp Cng ty Du quc gia PEMEX. Ni chung, qua cc hp ng ny, ch quyn m du thuc v nc c du ch khng cn thuc v cng ty du nh trong hp ng c nhng1. Cui nm 1970, Cng ty Conoco (M), tip xc vi B Kinh t Vit Nam Cng ha tm hiu v hp ng c nhng. Hai k s V Anh Tun (Nha Ti nguyn thin nhin) v Trn Vn Khi (lc by gi l Trng phng u t, B Kinh t) c giao nhim v lm vic vi Conoco tm hiu v cng nghip du kh. Conoco xut nn cp nhng l c nhng ln vic khai thc c ti u, khng nn quan h vi cc cng ty khng l nh Shell v Esso v cc cng ty ny c th ch gi ch v ang bn rn vi nhng m du nhng ni khc, v khng nn ch trng vo s Hoa hng Ch k v ngun li chnh l du kh nn phi buc cc cng ty du u t y nhanh vic tm kim v khai thc. Conoco ch mong mun c thng lng vi Chnh quyn Vit Nam Cng ha xin cp mt l ln t nht l 10.000 km2, m khng cn phi qua u thu. Sau ny, Conoco khng d thu. Ngay sau khi thnh lp Tng cuc Du ha v Khong sn, Vn phng Tng cuc mi cc chuyn gia v php lut v k thut ca Iran gip son tho bn
1. Fuad Rouhani, A history of O.P.E.C, 1971.
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Hp ng c nhng mu cng cc vn kin v gi thu, sau mi mt lut gia ngi Anh chuyn ngnh du m tham kho thm kin. o lut Du ha khng quy nh phi c u thu. Nhng cc chuyn gia t vn gp l nn t chc nhng cuc gi thu rng ri, khng nn thng lng song phng. Cc vn kin gi thu gm thng bo nh tin hnh tm kim v khai thc du thm lc a, th mi, bn vn lc v hp ng mu. Trong cung (Offer) d thu, cc cng ty phi nu ra nng lc, k hoch, kinh nghim, kh nng k thut, kh nng ti chnh cho vic tm du, s Hoa hng Ch k v nh khc ca h nh vic o to cng nhn vin Vit Nam trong ngnh cng nghip ny, v.v1.
ng Nguyn Vn Vnh nguyn l Gim c Cuc Du ha ca Tng cuc Du ha v Khong sn k li: C su ngi ca Vn phng cng nhau chia s mi cng vic cn phi lm, dch bn hp ng c nhng gc ting Anh sang ting Vit. kp trnh U ban Quc gia Du ha cu xt cho vic chun b u thu, c nhm cng nhau thc hm thc khuya, nht l trong giai on thc hin in roneo 2 bn hp ng c nhng mu bng ting Vit v ting Anh. Ngoi ci my roneo v giy c B Kinh t cp, nhng vt t vn phng khc nh ci c l, kp Acco v nhng th lt vt khc, Vn phng phi i lng mua ch tri ni bn hng ph thi ca M. B Trc nh my, chng ti cha li tng trang stencil n m mt trong nh sng yu t ca Vn phng vo ban m, quay roneo trn giy trng c 21 cm x 33 cm, in ba, c l ri kp ng thnh tp dy khong 1 cm. Cc hp ng c nhng mu ny cng vi cc vn kin khc s c trao cho cc cng ty tham kho trc khi d thu. Ton b cc vn bn ny c Vn phng hon tt trong vng 6 thng v c U ban Quc gia Du ha chp nhn.
Sau ny, khi kt qu u thu c cng b vo thng 7-1973, Vn phng tin hnh in hp ng c nhng chnh thc chun b vic k kt vi cc cng ty du vo thng 8-1973. Vic in n hp ng c giao cho nh in SAIGON, song Vn phng li phi hng ngy c mt ti nh in trn ng Trn Quc Ton hin nay, theo di, n c, sa li mort, kim tra s trang trc khi ng tp. Trong t 1 cp quyn c nhng, 32 bn hp ng chnh (16 bn ting Anh v 16 bn ting Vit) cho 8 l trng thu c ng ba da vi 4 mu khc nhau cho bn cng ty trng thu: xanh nht (Mobil), xanh bin (Sunningdale), (Esso) v nu (Pecten). Cc bn chnh ny c dng k kt v mi bn gi 2 bn. Mt s bn ph vi ba giy trng dy c ch theo 4 mu ni trn c in thm s dng khi cn v lu tr.
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- Ranh gii thm lc a, nhng tranh chp Sau khi cng vi lut s Vng Vn Bc (U vin U ban Quc gia Du ha) v Gim c Trn Vn Khi d Hi tho v php lut du ha do ECAFE t chc Bng Cc nm 1971, Nguyn Vn Vnh c Vn phng giao nhim v nghin cu tp ti liu ECAFE ny v bn ranh gii tm thi thm lc a min Nam ch yu pha ng trong khu vc t Phan Thit ra n khu vc bin c su 200 m v t kinh tuyn 1100 xung pha Nam v vng qua vnh Thi Lan. Min Trung c thm lc a hp d kin s c kho st v phn l sau ny. ng c s dng xy dng ranh gii thm lc a vo thi im l ng chnh gia tnh t t lin hoc hi o ca mi nc trong vng Bin ng. Cc o chnh c s dng lm ng c s l Ph Qu, Cn Sn, Hn Khoai, Th Chu, o Hi tc (Pirates) v Ph Quc1. Chnh s bt ng quan im v hi o c chp nhn hay khng gia cc nc to ra 2 vng tranh chp gia Vit Nam vi Innxia, Malaixia. Ti thi im ny, Innxia v Malaixia n nh ng ranh gii thm lc a Bin ng ri, cn pha Ty, Thi Lan v Campuchia cha chnh thc cng b ranh gii. Ranh gii thm lc a gia Vit Nam v Innxia, c nhng phn ln vo nhau to ra mt vng tranh chp rng nht, khong 25.000 km2. ng chnh gia ca Vit Nam l ng cch u gia o Cn Sn (ch cch b bin khong 70 km) v b bin Kalimantan. Innxia chn ng chnh gia ca o Natuna (cch b bin ca h 150 km) v b bin Vit Nam. Khng bn no chp nhn o ca i phng lm ng c s. Gia Vit Nam v Malaixia, vng tranh chp rng khong 15.000 km2 nhng khng qu cng thng v ng c s v nhng hn o pha Ty Malaixia nh Trengganu tng i kh gn b bin ca h. Nm 1972, Vit Nam v Campuchia c mt cuc hp s b v thm lc a gia hai c quan du m ti Phnm Pnh. Campuchia khng ng ng ranh gii ca Vit Nam ly o Ph Quc v mt s o nh lm ng c s v h vn xem Ph Quc l mt phn lnh th ca h. Nguyn Vn Vnh thuyt trnh v ng ranh gii ny vi pha Campuchia. Cui cng hai bn ng khng a ra gii php no m ch nhm mc ch tm hiu quan im ca nhau trc khi tin n mt phin hp cp cao hn. t nhin vo thng 8-1974, d cha chnh thc
1. CCOP/ECAFE, ti liu hi tho v Php l Du ha ti Bng Cc, Thi Lan.
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cng b ng ranh gii, Chnh quyn Campuchia vn cho php t hp Elf - Esso mang tu khoan du Glomar IV vo khoan bn trong ranh gii thm lc a Vit Nam v pha Ty Nam o Ph Quc, Vit Nam Cng ha phn khng v yu cu Chnh quyn Campuchia cho ngng ngay hot ng khoan bn trong ranh gii thm lc a Vit Nam cng b. Vo gia thng 9-1974, tu Glomar IV nh neo ri khi v tr khoan.
Trn Vn Khi (tri) v Nguyn Vn Vnh d Hi tho Php l Du ha ti Thi Lan (nm 1971)
Cha c mt cuc hp chnh thc no v thm lc a Vit Nam gia Vit Nam v Thi Lan, ngoi tr vn hi phn nh c. Theo thng l php l quc t, mt gii php n ha c th p dng vng tranh chp l hai nc s cng nhau bn bc gii quyt t l phn chia ty theo tnh hnh hp tc v v tr m du . - Phn l Trong ranh gii cng b, tng din tch thm lc a Nam Vit Nam khong 420.000 km2 bao gm c nhng vng tranh chp vi Innxia, Malaixia, Thi Lan v Campuchia. U ban Quc gia Du ha ngh rng to hp dn cho giai on gi thu t u tin ny (nm 1973), nn phn l theo nguyn tc vung c 7.000-8.000 km2 c hai vng pha ng v Ty, t Phan Thit xung C Mau vng sang vnh Thi Lan. Tng cng khong hn 40 l. Cc l khng vung vn vng bin c th ln hay nh hn tu theo a im v ranh gii thm lc a tranh chp. Nu gi thu thnh cng v din bin tm du tr nn lc quan hn, cc l trong t gi thu k tip s thu nh li. Trong t gi thu th hai (nm 1974), din tch l gim xung cn khong hn 4.000 km2, gn 2/3 din tch ban u. Nu c thm t gi thu khc, din tch c th thu nh tng ng hn na1.
1. Ti thi im ny, Bin Bc nc Anh, din tch ca l cp cho cc cng ty du ch vo khong 500 Km2.
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- Gi thu t 1 Su thng sau khi o lut Du ha c ban hnh, B Kinh t cng b nh cp quyn c nhng tm kim v khai thc du ha thm lc a. Ngh nh s 249 ngy 9-6-1971 mi cng ty du np bn tr li vn lc vo ngy 15-8-1971. n cui ngy ny, Vn phng nhn c 18 bn tr li, trong c 15 cng ty nc ngoi v 3 cng ty trong nc. Cc h s c trnh ln U ban Quc gia Du ha xt duyt. Mt vn cn c quan tm l liu trong s cc h s ny, c nhng cng ty no c nh u thu trng mt vi l mua i bn li khng? Hu nh vo lc , h s tr li ca cc cng ty trong nc u khng p ng tiu chun cn c ca mt cng ty du tht s. Mt vn t nh khng d a ra quyt nh loi b hay khng loi b. Cc yu t cu xt bao gm: (1) Khon chi ph dnh cho vic thm d, khoan ging; (2) Thi gian bt u thm d, khoan ging v sn xut; (3) Ngun ti chnh ca cng ty km theo bn xc nhn ca ngn hng; (4) Kinh nghim chuyn mn k thut v ang hot ng nhng ni no; (5) xut quyn li khc dnh cho Vit Nam trong c Hoa hng Ch k, ngn khon o to v cng nghip du kh
Cc l c nhng t 1, nm 1973
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Vic nghin cu nh gi cc h s cng kt thc, nhng y ban Quc gia Du ha cha th cng b kt lun cng ty no t yu cu hay khng t v cha nhn c ch th tin hnh gi thu. V nh vy, Vn phng/U ban Quc gia Du ha ch bit ch i v tip tc lm nhng cng vic thng nht, chun b cho nhng chng trnh sp ti1. Mi n gn 2 nm sau, bng Ngh nh s 133 ngy 24-3-1973, B Kinh t li cng b cp quyn c nhng tm kim v khai thc du. Hn cui cng np bn tr li vn lc l ngy 24-4-1973. Vn phng nhn thm 19 h s, tng cng c 37 bn tr li cho c 2 t. Sau khi nghin cu h s, U ban Quc gia Du ha loi b 10 h s khng t yu cu, trong c mt h s gi mo chng th. Thng 5-1973, B Kinh t mi cc cng ty du tham d mt phin hp nhn h s d thu cng nh hp ng mu, cung (Offer), v gii p nhng thc mc v cc vn kin v h s d thu. Cc cng ty c khong gn 2 thng chun b np h s ng thu. Hn cht np h s l 18 gi ngy 2-7-19732.
ng Nguyn Vn Vnh ghi li: Ch mi ri ngy 2-7-1973 cng n. Ngay t u gi sng, c su nhn vin trong Vn phng n mc t chnh. Mi ngi vui v ch n cc cng ty du, mi th sn sng, khun du, thi khn dng nim phong cc bao th cung m cc cng ty s mang n np. 8 gi, 9 gi, 11 gi. Sut bui sng, khng mt ai n np cung. Cc cng chc trong B ra vo hi thm tnh hnh, Vn phng ch bit lc u,... 12 gi, gi bnh m kp tht cng nhau va n va ch. Bui chiu, 2 gi ri 3 gi ng Ph L Sn v ti cng ra pha cng B Kinh t. H c thay i nh khng? C s kin chnh tr, qun s g quan trng ang xy ra khng? Vo lc 4 gi chiu, mt chic t l chy vo cng. V lut s i din ca Esso bc ra, ti hng dn ngay ln Vn phng. Sau vi li cho hi x giao, ng ta trao cho ng Khi mt phong b dn kn, dy cm. ng Khi k ngay trn ln dn pha sau bao th ri mi ng y cng k. Ngay sau ti nim phong m bo rng h s ca h c tuyt i gi kn cho n khi m ra cng mt lc trc s hin din ca tt c cc cng ty v i din ca h vo sng ngy mai... ... Sng ngy 3-7-1973, ti phng khnh tit B Kinh t, trc s chng kin ca tha pht li, tham tn thng mi cc nc i din cc cng ty d thu, U ban Quc gia Du ha m nim phong 18 bao th k tn vo tng trang ca cung. Sau phin hp, Vn phng xem xt cc cung v ghi cc s liu. Tuy c n 18 bao th, nhng cc cung ch chn 8 l trong s 18 l a ra u thu. Theo tiu ch thng thu ra t u, Esso thng 1 l vi Hoa hng Ch k 5
1, 2. Trn Vn Khi: Du ha Vit Nam 1970-1975, Nhng ngy cn nh, 2002.
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triu USD. Mobil Oil vi 2,5 triu USD trng 2 l gn Vng Tu v Phan Thit v Shell Oil vi 9 triu USD trng 3 l. Sunningdale (Canaa) gp may chn 2 l pha Nam mi C Mau khng ai cnh tranh v thng thu d s Hoa hng Ch k thp rt nhiu so vi cc cng ty kia. Tng cng 8 l ny mang li s Hoa hng Ch k l 16.600.000 USD. S tin ny s c cc cng ty chuyn cho Vit Nam Cng ha trong vng 30 ngy sau khi chnh thc k hp ng v nhn c Sc lnh cp quyn c nhng.
Ngy k hp ng c nh vo 21-8-1973 vi 3 cng ty: Esso, Mobil Oil v Sunningdale. Ring Cng ty Shell Oil ngh xin k 1 tun sau . L do l Shell Oil mun lin doanh vi Cng ty Cities Services tng kh nng ti chnh cn thit cho vic khoan du. T hp Shell v Cities ang lm th tc ng k vi tn mi l Pecten Vit Nam (Pecten l tn khoa hc ca s ip - shell).
Hai bui l k kt c t chc ti phng khnh tit ca B Kinh t, trc s chng kin ca i din cc cng ty du, i din cc c quan chnh ph v quan chc ngoi giao cc nc. V pha Vit Nam, ng Phm Kim Ngc, B trng Kinh t ng thi l Ch tch U ban Quc gia Du ha lm i din k tn cng vi ng inh Quang Chiu, y vin cao nin ca U ban Quc gia Du ha k nhn chng. V pha cng ty du, mt i din k chnh thc v mt ngi k nhn chng. Cc bn phi k vo tng trang ca Hp ng c nhng.
Theo Hp ng c nhng, cc cng ty c 5 nm v c th gia hn thm 5 nm tm kim nhng phi khoan tm du trong vng 2 nm. Cng ty phi np cho U ban Quc gia Du ha mt tn dng th bt kh hon ca mt ngn hng quc t uy tn vi s tin cam kt s dng trong vic tm kim v khoan du (Pecten 3 l tng cng 20 triu USD, Mobil 2 l vi 15 triu USD, Esso 12 triu USD). Trong thi gian tm kim, cng ty c php giao tr cho Vit Nam tng phn ca l, mi ln khng qu 500 km2 gim thu nhng t. Nu tm thy du, thi hn khai thc l 30 nm c gia hn 10 nm. Cc cng ty phi thng bo k hoch khoan ging tm du ca h v dnh ngn khon cho o to l 300.000 USD mi nm, k t khi bt u khoan ging cho n lc sn xut, nhm tin n s dng lao ng Vit Nam gm 90% cng nhn v 60% nhn vin ch huy. Ngay t khi cc cng ty bt u hot ng, lao ng Vit Nam c tuyn chn lm vic ti vn phng cng ty hoc ln gin khoan va hc va lm, mi ngy 3 ca. Cc k s v chuyn vin a cht Vit Nam cng thay phin nhau lm vic vi cc b phn khoan, trm a cht - a vt l Schlumberger, v.v., ngay trn
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gin khoan. tng xy dng mt trng o to v du kh Vit Nam ca ng Ph L Sn ra i, tuy nhin cha kp bin thnh hin thc. - Gi thu t 2 Thng 2-1974, B Thng mi v K ngh cng b nh cp quyn c nhng t 2, vi 33 l, din tch mi l khong 4.000 km2 bn trong thm lc a khng c tranh chp. Khong 50 h s mi thu c gi n cc cng ty vi nhng iu kin tng i kht khe hn t 1, bao gm c vic cam kt phi chp nhn Vit Nam c th thay i cc iu khon v iu kin hp ng, k c vic iu chnh cc thu sut trong tng lai v mc tham gia u t ca Vit Nam. Thng 3-1974, B Thng mi v K ngh cho bit trong s cc cng ty tr li vn lc, c khong 34 cng ty d thu c cng nhn c kh nng tham d u thu, gm 22 cng ty M, 5 cng ty Canaa, 2 cng ty xtrylia, 2 cng ty Php, 1 cng ty Anh, 1 cng ty Nauy v 1 cng ty Nht Bn. Trong s c 18 cng ty d thu t 1. Cc cung cho bit s Hoa hng Ch k khong 34,4 triu USD. Mt s ln cc cng ty lin kt li thnh t hp d thu. C tt c 10 t hp d thu nhng ch c 9 h s l iu kin. T hp Sunningdale vi 4 cng ty b loi. Cc t hp trng thu trn 9 l gm cc T hp Pecten v Broken Hill (xtrylia): 1 l; Mobil v Kaiyo Oil (Nht Bn): 2 l; Union Texas v Skelly Oil: 1 l; Marathon, Sun v Amerada Hess: 1 l; Canadian Oil and Gas v Conzinc Rio Tinto (xtrylia): 4 l. T hp trng thu 4 l ny cui cng li b cuc, khin s Hoa hng Ch k gim xung cn 29,1 triu USD. Mt cht d oan kh khi hi ca ngi phng Ty l T hp Mobil trng 2 l s 12 v 13 nhng yu cu i li thnh 12A v 12B. Union Texas d kin s dng 12 triu USD trong 5 nm tm du, Marathon 8,5 triu USD. Cui nm 1973 u nm 1974, bn cng ty trng thu t 1 a cc cng ty a vt l vo tin hnh kho st chi tit v a chn, trng trng v t trng trn cc l ca h nghin cu cu trc a cht, tm cc cu to v xc nh nhng a im s khoan. Trc , vo thng 9-1973 theo yu cu ca Cng ty a vt l, Vit Nam Cng ha h tr mt tu thy ln phng ma ma bo a chuyn vin cng ty ny n cc o Cn Sn, Ph Qu (Hn Thu), Hn Khoai v mt s o nh khc gip h tm v tr thun tin t thit b nh v, tu a vt l, tu dch v tip vn hot ng v di chuyn gin khoan n ng v tr. Ba trm nh v c t ti Vng Tu, Hn Khoai v Cn Sn.
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Cc l c nhng trong u thu t 2

ng Vnh k li: Chuyn du kho ny cng l mt dp cho ti cng cc chuyn vin a cht Nha Ti nguyn thin nhin v nh a cht Henry Fontaine i theo nghin cu thm v a cht ca cc hn o cha c dp t chn ti ny. iu k th m n nay ti mi cht nh li l Cn Sn c Phonolite, mt loi nham thch p ng cho n c o ca Vit Nam....
Sau khi c kt qu kho st chi tit, cc cng ty thng bo k hoch khoan ca h s c tin hnh sm hn d kin. Pecten khi cng khoan vo thng 8-1974, Mobil Oil vo thng 9-1974, Esso thng 12-1974 v Sunningdale thng 3-1975. Khong 4 thng sau khi k hp ng, Cng ty du Mobil Oil chnh thc thng bo c Kaiyo Oil Nht Bn tham gia hp tc v sau li c thm SNPA Php (Soct Nationale des Ptroles dAquitaine). Cc khon vn d kin b ra cho mi l trong 5 nm khoan tm du cao nht l ca Esso vi 12 triu USD, Pecten vi 6-8 triu USD/l v Mobil vi 7,5 triu USD/l.
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2.3. Khoan tm kim du kh

Vo nhng nm 1973-1974, cc cng ty du la Mobil, Pecten, Esso Union Texas, Marathon v Sunningdale sau khi trng thu cc hp ng c nhng, tin hnh kho st a vt l tm kim trong cc l 03, 04, 05, 06, 09, 10, 11, 12, 15, 16, 20, 28 v 29 vi khi lng 49.960 km tuyn. Trn c s ti liu a vt l c c, cc cng ty ni trn tin hnh phn tch, lin kt, phn chia cc ranh gii a chn v xy dng c mt s bn ng thi t l 1/100.000 cho cc l ring bit v t l 1/50.000 cho mt s cu to c trin vng du kh nh Bch H, i Bng, i Hng, Ma, v.v..
Ngay sau khi pht hin mt s cu trc a cht thun li khoan, cc cng ty du n Vn phng y ban quc gia Du ha tham kho kin v vic t tn cc ging khoan. y cng l iu lm cho Vn phng phi suy ngh gip h t tn cc ging khoan. t tn theo anh hng Vit Nam? Khng xong, s my ngi y mang ting l ging khng tm ra du! Trn th gii thng ly tn a phng t tn m du. Tn tnh hoc thnh ph? Ti sao li thnh ph ny m khng l thnh ph khc, bn trng bn khinh. xtrylia ly tn cc con c ca x h. Nhng Vit Nam c n 4 cng ty, lm th no phn bit c khi gi tn ging th bit n l ca ai ri. Vn phng cho ba cng ty khoan u tin ly tn con th hoc cy tri, hoa l. Pecten chn tn hoa hay tri cy ty l, Mobil chn th rng, Esso chn loi chim. ng Vnh k li: ng Peter Gelpke, Tng Gim c Mobil n Vn phng cho bit Mobil nh t tn ging ca h l s 3 (sau l l 05) l Big Bear. Lc y ti ang c mt nn bn gi vi ng Khi nn chuyn sang tn Vit Nam l i Hng. Tm li tn ging ca Cng ty Pecten l cy ci vi Hng, Da, Ma, ca Esso l chim chc vi i Bng, ca Mobil l th rng nh Bch H, i Hng. Sunningdale cha khoan trong nm nay nn cha chn tn ging. C nn cho h chn qu khng?
Da vo kt qu tng hp ti liu kho st a vt l khu vc v kho st t m, cui nm 1974 u nm 1975, Cng ty Pecten tin hnh khoan 4 ging (Hng1X, Da-1X, Da-2X v Ma-1X) v Cng ty Mobil khoan 2 ging Bch H-1X v i Hng-1X. Ging khoan Hng-1X c khoan trn cu to Hng (l 12) gp mng trc Tam su 1.609 m. Trong tp trm tch Miocen di nm bt chnh hp trn mng trc Tam c mt tp ct kt c biu hin du kh. Cng tc th va cho thy rng du gp trong ging Hng-1X thuc loi tn d, khng c tr lng khai thc cng nghip.
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Ging khoan Da-1X c khoan trn cu to Da (l 12) gp mng trc Tam su 4.049 m sau khi khoan qua 3.200 m. Kt qu th va cho lu lng 1.514 thng du v 164.000 m3 kh/ngy m. Th va ln 2 su 3.146 m cho 715 thng condensat v 334.000 m3 kh/ngy m. Cng ty Pecten kt lun rng ging khoan Da-1X l ging c du kh cng nghip. Ging khoan Da-2X c Pecten khoan vi mc ch xc nh ranh gii du nc ca cu to Da nhng phi b d su 3.625 m. Trn l 04, Cng ty Pecten khoan trn cu to Ma ging Ma-1X. Trong qu trnh khoan gp nhiu lp ct kt c biu hin du kh su khong 2.8953.124 m. Song do c d thng p sut cao nn cng tc th va khng c tin hnh. Ging khoan Ma-1X kt thc su 3.353 m v c xem l ging khoan c biu hin du kh. Thng 9-1974, trn l 09 ti cu to Bch H, Cng ty Mobil khoan ging Bch H-1X. Kt qu th va ln th nht su 2.828 m cho 430 thng v 5.660 m3 kh/ngy m. Th va ln th hai ti su 2.750 m cho 2.419 thng v 24.350 m3 kh/ngy m. Ging khoan Bch H-1X kt thc su 3.062 m, l ging khoan u tin tm thy du kh c gi tr thng mi b trm tch Cu Long. Ging khoan i Hng-1X c khoan trn 1 05 vi su d kin l 3.871 m; nhng ch kp khoan ti su 1.819 m th phi dng do min Nam Vit Nam c gii phng vo ngy 30-4-1975. Kt qu ca 6 ging khoan trn khng nh s tn ti du kh ca cc b trm tch khu vc thm lc a pha Nam. Mc d c mt khi lng ti liu ln nh vy nhng cho n nm 1975 vn cha c mt bo co tng hp chung cho ton vng, k c cc vn nh gii thch a cht cc ti liu t, trng lc cng nh nh gi trin vng du kh mc khc nhau. Ngoi ra c nhiu cng ty du nc ngoi u thu cho nn vic minh gii ti liu da trn cc quan im khc nhau, vic chn cc ranh gii phn x khc nhau cng gy kh khn cho cng tc tng hp ti liu ton vng. Sau khi pht hin du ging Bch H u nm 1975, da theo kho st t trng ni trn, Cng ty a vt l Geophysical Services Inc. (GSI) ngh cho php h tin hnh kho st chi tit vng ng bng sng Cu Long (v ging Bch H nm trong phn ko di ra bin ca b trm tch ny). GSI ngh s chu mi chi ph kho st. Sau khi hon tt, cc d liu kho st s a ra bn cho cc cng ty d thu, tin li s chia 50/50. Cng trong giai on ny, Cng ty Robina Oil
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ng mun a ngay gin khoan n tm du m khng cn qua giai on kho st a vt l. Cc ngh ny u khng c chp nhn. - Pecten Vit Nam Vo thng 8-1974, Pecten u tin mang gin Ocean Prospector na chm (semi-submersible) vo l 08 (sau l l 12) khoan ging Hng-1X.
Ging u tin ny c mt giai thoi kh vui. Theo quy c t tn, Hng l tn ging, s 1 l ging th nht, ch X ngha l thm d (vit tt ca t Exploration). Khng bit tn ging c gy hiu lm hay bo gii c hiu lm m gi l ging Hoa Hng 9 (theo ch s La m IX l 9) va thm ln mang li may mn (9 nt). Vn phng thy bo ch gi nh vy cng th v nn khng mun ci chnh. Vy m mi khoan u tin ny li thiu cht may mn! Th nht, khoan khng ng ngy d kin. Thi tit vo ma ny Bin ng thng c ging bo, bin ng. Gin khoan n v tr khng ng hn, li gp kh khn neo gin xung y bin. Do vy thay v bt u h ng khoan xung bin ngy 12-8-1974 th phi i hai, ba ngy sau. Th hai, khong 2 tun l sau , khi xung n su 1.770 m d kin, mi khoan pht hin c du vt du ln ln trong mnh vn tri ln. Bo ch loan tin vui trng du. Nhng sau l ni bun khi nghe Pecten thng bo Hng-1X l ging kh, quyt nh trm ging v s chuyn gin khoan n a im khc khoan tip. Ging c xem l kh v khng cha du nhiu sn xut. Bo ch loan nhiu tin v Hoa Hng 9 khng may mn. Tuy l tin bun nhng min c du vt du th vn cn may mn v hy vng. C du vt du c ngha l c lp trm tch sinh v cha du. Hng-1X kh v nhng chuyn ng kin to t gy lm mt i lp chn v y du i ni khc.
Ngy 2-9-1974, ging Da-1X bt u khoan. K hoch d kin su 4.500 m. Ngy 5-9 khoan n khong 1.200 m. Ngy 12-9 khoan n khong 1.600 m. Ngy 19-9 t 3.000 m khoan su, nhng vt du bt u xut hin trong dung dch khoan, mn khoan v c nghin cu ngay ti phng th nghim trn gin. Cng xung su, khoan cng chm, li thm thi tit xu, cn khoan b gy phi ngng khoan gii quyt s c. Ngy 10-10 khoan n gn 4.000 m, ch cn khong 500 m na l n mc tiu. Da-1X chm ch mt tun sau . Pecten thng bo ang tin hnh th nghim 2 va cha du v s c kt qu s b trong vi ngy ti. C hai va cho thy kh thin nhin khong hn 480.000 m3, du th khong hn 2.200 thng/ngy. V y l ging thm d, nn Da-1X c trm li ch thi im thun li cho khai thc. Theo Pecten, lu lng ni trn cha ln c th khai thc thng mi ti thi im . Bo ch li loan tin Da 9 (IX) c tr lng 1 t thng v c th khai thc trong 30 nm (?!).
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Ngy 6-11, Ocean Prospector c di n a im khoan mi l Ma-1X l 06 (sau l l 04). Ging khoan n su khong 3.600 m. Cc d kin cho thy c du vt du, nhng khng th va nh Da-1X v cng c trm li. Cui thng 2-1975, Ocean Prospector li quay tr v cu to Da khoan ging Da-2X, cch Da-1X khong 2 km. Ging Da-2X l ging thm lng c su d kin khong 4.300 m, vi mc ch xc nh din tch, hnh dng v cc chi tit k thut khc nhm chun b khai thc thng mi. Ngy 10-3 n su hn 1.800 m th thy c vt du. Cha khoan xong th gin khoan phi nh neo vo gia thng 4-1975, trc ngy min Nam Vit Nam c gii phng. - Mobil Oil u nm 1975, tu khoan Glomar IV, sau khi ri khi khu vc tranh chp gia Vit Nam Cng ha v Campuchia, c t hp Mobil - Kaiyo iu n l 04 (sau l l 09) khoan ging Bch H-1X, c su d kin khong 3.000 m. n ngy 20-1-1975 khoan c khong 2.000 m. n su quy nh, vo ngy 11-2-1975, t hp Mobil - Kaiyo v SNPA th 2 va su khong 3.000 m lu lng trong vng 3 gi l 430 thng/ngy v 5.600 m3 kh ng hnh. Ngy 19-2-1975, t hp Mobil, thng bo th va th hai, lu lng c 2.400 thng/ ngy, du thuc loi nh t lu hunh cng vi gn 25.500 m3 kh ng hnh/ ngy. T hp cho bit s khoan th nghim nh gi thm bit kch thc m v tr lng chun b khai thc thng mi. Theo d kin ca Mobil, h s cn 3 nm thc hin cc quy trnh khai thc bao gm vic ln k hoch, xy dng gin khai thc, khoan ging sn xut v s bt u sn xut thng mi vo cui nm 1977. Ngy 12-3-1975, Mobil cho bit di tu khoan Glomar IV n l 03 (sau l l 05) khoan ging i Hng-1X c su gn 4.000 m. Thi gian khoan d kin 2,5 thng. Cng nh Da-2X, i Hng-1X cha khoan xong th khong 1 tun l trc ngy 30-4, tu khoan phi nh neo quay v Xingapo.
t du th nghim sn xut ging khoan Bch H-1X (ngy 11-2-1975)
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- Esso cha tm thu c gin khoan no khoan ging i Bng-1X vo thng 12-1974 nh k hoch thng bo. - Sunningdale, cha khoan ging no m ch tin hnh nghin cu a vt l chi tit v a cht cng trnh y bin vo thng 11-1974 chun b a gin t nng (jack-up) v d kin s khoan vo thng 3-1975. Nh vy, ti vng thm lc a Nam Vit Nam, ch trong vng na nm k t thng 8-1974 n thng 3-1975, c 6 ging khoan, trong c 2 ging cha khoan xong, nhng 3 ging thm d xc nhn mt ging c vt du (Hng1X), mt ging pht hin du c kh nng thng mi (Da-1X) v mt ging c du thng mi (Bch H-1X). Nh vy, t l thnh cng khoan tm du thm lc a Nam Vit Nam tng i cao so vi t l thnh cng l 1-10 m cc cng ty du m th gii thng nhc ti trong thi gian ny. - Trin vng du kh ngoi khi min Nam Vit Nam Theo cc bo Si Gn lc , H Mnh Trung cho rng c nhiu trin vng v thm d a chn xc minh c nhiu tng trm tch dy. Tri li, gio s Trn Kim Thch, Ch nhim Khoa a cht, i hc Si Gn li cho l khng c kh nng c du, v min Nam, phn ln l macma v bin cht, trm tch ch c dip thch cha than c kh nng v kh, cc trm tch cn li khng c ngun gc bin1.
Trong ln tip xc vi ng Trn Ngc Ton ngy 5-5-1975 ti i hc Si Gn, gio s Trn Kim Thch cho bit kin trn mang tnh cht chnh tr ch khng phi l kin khoa hc.
Mt kt lun nghim tc hn c tm thy trong s ti liu b li ti sn bay Tn Sn Nht sau ngy 30-4-1975, khng thy tn tc gi, di u Evaluation of oil possibilities in offshore Vietnam (nh gi kh nng du m thm lc a Vit Nam), trong nu ln 2 nhm yu t thun li v khng thun li: - Thun li + Cc bn trm tch dy tng t nh cc nc trong vng ng Nam . + Cc cu to c xc nh bng cc phng php a vt l. + Du hiu du tm thy trong ging khoan u tin Hng-1X.
1. Trn Kim Thch: Du ha min Nam Vit Nam, Nxb. La Thing, Si Gn, 1972.
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+ Du v kh thu c trong kt qu th va trong ging khoan th hai ca Pecten (Da-1X). Phn di: lu lng 1.514 thng du (240 m3) v 5,8 triu feet khi (164.256 m3) kh/ngy. Phn trn: lu lng 11,8 triu feet khi (334.176 m3) kh v 715 thng (114 m3) du/ngy. + Du hiu du cng c ghi nhn trong ging khoan ca Mobil. - Khng thun li + Phn ln cc tch t du trong cc bn trng ngoi khi ng Nam c th khng t gi tr thng mi. Cc m du, kh ngoi bin ng Nam c kch thc b. + Phn ln cc by c cu trc phc tp. Vic gii thch v phn gii s liu a chn kh khn. + Biu hin du ch mi tm thy trong cc cu to hp dn. Nguyn nhn cha c bit. + Kch thc cc tch t nh v kh nng cng sut khai thc ca cc tng tng i ngho. Khoan thm lng c th s cung cp kt lun r hn. Phn ln cc tp cha u cha kh. Gi tr kh li l vn khi chng nm 200 dm ngoi khi. Du c im ng c cao (khong 95oF) nn vic vn chuyn kh khn. su nc bin (trn 300 ft~91 m) v chi ph vt liu leo thang gy ra gi thnh chi ph pht trin m d on c th cao. S tham gia ca pha Vit Nam v kh nng thay i Lut Thu ca M cng l m my trong bc tranh kinh t. + Cc s liu th va thiu. ngha/gi tr cc s liu ny cha c bit.
3. Cc d n ch bin du kh
3.1. D n lc du ca cc Cng ty Esso, Shell, Caltex
Ngy 1-4-1959, Chnh ph Vit Nam Cng ha yu cu cc hng Shell v Esso nghin cu kha cnh kinh t ca vic xy dng nh my lc du ti Vit Nam. Nm 1960, Esso-Shell ngh thnh lp mt cng ty lc du, ng thi Summit, Phillips Petroleum v Sterling Petroleum cng ngh thnh lp mt cng ty lc du khc. Nm 1961, Vit Nam Cng ha thng lng vi 2 nhm: Esso-ShellL v Summit - Phillips (Sterling rt lui).
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Nm 1962, khng t c tha thun vi nhm Summit - Phillips, tip tc thng lng vi nhm Esso-Shell. Ngy 4-4-1962, B trng Kinh t Vit Nam Cng ha k mt tha thun vi cc hng du Esso v Shell thnh lp mt cng ty lc du xy dng mt nh my lc du cng sut 22.000 thng/ngy (khong 1,1 triu tn/nm), vi vn u t c tnh khong 16 triu USD. Nm 1962-1963, Chnh ph Vit Nam Cng ha v cc cng ty cn nhc 3 a im xy dng nh my lc du l Nha Trang, Vng Tu v Cam Ranh. Cu - Nha Trang c chn lm a im xy dng nh my lc du v c nc su cho cng tip nhn tu du 86.000 DWT v thun li hn c v iu kin h tng, an ninh. Vng Tu thun li v th trng, t ai, nhng bn cp tu hi xa v an ninh khng bo m; Cam Ranh h tng km, nc khng su1. Vit Nam Cng ha cho php d n c s dng khong 115 ha t ti Cu - Nha Trang xy dng nh my lc du. Ngy 30-4-1964, Cng ty Lc du Vit Nam c thnh lp, vi s vn ban u 200.000 ng (tin min Nam), chia lm 20 c phn, bao gm: - C phn A: Vit Nam Cng ha 4 c phn, SOFIDIV 1 c phn; - C phn B: Esso, Shell, Caltex 15 c phn; - Cc bn giao cho Esso qun tr d n. n cui nm 1965, d n cha tin trin c, c quan MACV (The U.S. military Assistance Command, Vietnam) nh B Quc phng can thip xin tm s dng khu t Cu cho nhu cu qun s. Ngy 21-9-1965, Cng ty Lc du Vit Nam bn giao khu t cho MACV tm s dng. Ngy 15-10-1965, B Kinh t yu cu Cng ty Lc du Vit Nam xem xt vic di chuyn a im nh my lc du ti vnh Cam Ranh. Nm 1968, v tr m Cng ty Lc du la chn Cam Ranh li khng c MACV chp thun, v nm trong khu vc qun s.
1. Cng vn 538-PT/VP/LB/M ngy 18-7-1962 ca Vn phng Ph Tng thng Vit Nam Cng ha, T trnh s 860-PT/VP/LB/M ngy 19-11-1962 ca Ph Tng thng Nguyn Ngc Th v chn la a im thit lp nh my lc du; T trnh gi Th tng Chnh ph Vit Nam Cng ha ca Nha Tng Gim c K hoch Ph Th tng nm 1964 v vic Cng ty Lc du (Bn sao Trung tm Lu tr Quc gia II).
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Ngy 3-6-1969, Vit Nam Cng ha chnh thc yu cu Cng ty Lc du Vit Nam cho bit lp trng ca cc hng Esso, Shell, Caltex v nu trong vng ba thng khng c k hoch c th thc hin d n th Chnh ph s t tin hnh. Ngy 3-7-1969, cc cng ty du la khng nh vic thc hin tha thun k ngy 4-4-1962 v ngh Chnh ph gii ta v chuyn nhng chnh thc khu t ti Cu - Nha Trang, bo m an ninh v cho nng cng sut Nh my Lc du ln 30.000 thng/ngy (khong 1,5 triu tn/nm). Ngy 20-2-1970, B Kinh t triu tp cuc hp lin b gii quyt cc ngh ca Cng ty Lc du Vit Nam, nhng sau , mt s vn cha th gii quyt dt im v d n vn khng c trin khai. Ngy 24-9-1973, Hi ng Ni cc Vit Nam Cng ha ng cho nghin cu gii php gii tn Cng ty Lc du Vit Nam1.
3.2. xut ca Cng ty Oceanic Exploration

Trong khi d n ca Cng ty Lc du Vit Nam cha c trin khai th nm 1967 B Kinh t ku gi 11 cng ty nc ngoi (Idenmitsu Kosan Co., Ltd,. Teikoku OIC Co., Ltd. Ishii Iron Workss Co., Ltd. Asahi Bussan Co. Nippon Kikatsuyu KK, Gulf Oil Corp., Sumit Industrial Co., Philips Petroleum Co., ENI, National Iranian Oil Co., Kuwait National Petroleum Co.) u t trong lnh vc lc du. Hu ht cc cng ty t chi hoc khng tr li, ch c hng Summit Industrial Co., c xut nhng sau khng xc tin. Ngy 17-2-1970, Cng ty Oceanic Exploration Co., ngh xy dng nh my lc du vi cng sut 50.000-60.000 thng/ngy (khong 2,5-3 triu tn/nm) v ha s np bo co kh thi. Nhng sau d n cng khng tin trin c2.
3.3. D n lc du ca Cng ty International Associates Inc.

Ngy 15-3-1968, Ch tch Cng ty International Associates Inc. (M) xin u t mt nh my lc du Vit Nam. Tng thng Vit Nam Cng ha yu cu cng ty thc hin d n cng sm cng tt3.
1. Cng vn 02/8/KHPTQG/CTGT/M ngy 4-10-1973 ca Tng trng B K hoch v Pht trin quc gia Vit Nam Cng ha v vic nghin cu gii php gii tn Cng ty Lc du Vit Nam (Trung tm Lu tr Quc gia II). 2. Phc trnh v cc d n lc du ti Vit Nam ngy 15-7-1970 ca Th trng B Kinh t Vit Nam Cng ha Phm Vn Dng (Trung tm Lu tr Quc gia II). 3. General Report on Vietnam Oil Refinery. Ted Hartley Bishop, President of Southeastern International Associates. Sept. 27, 1972 (Trung tm Lu tr Quc gia II).
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Ngy 19-2-1970, B Kinh t cp giy php u t cho Cng ty International Associated Inc. (sau ny i thnh Southeastern International Associates). Ngy 18-12-1970, International Associated Inc. trnh B Kinh t Bo co tin kh thi. Ngy 18-11-1971, cc cng ty ca Nht Bn (Marubeni - Lida Comp. Ltd,. Sumitomo Shoji Kaisha Ltd. Toyo Menka Kaisha Ltd. Japan Gasoline Co., Ltd.) k tha thun vi International Associated Inc. cc cng vic chun b hp tc xy dng nh my lc du Cam Ranh vi cng sut 170.000-190.000 thng/ ngy (8,5-9 triu tn/nm) v bao tiu mt phn sn phm ca nh my (FO, naphtha). Ngy 22-11-1971, Ch tch hng Arabian Oil Company Ltd. c th chnh thc cam kt vi Ch tch Cng ty International Associated Inc. cung cp du th Khafji cho Nh my Lc du Vit Nam vi khi lng 90.000 thng/ngy (4,5 triu tn/nm) thi hn 10 nm v cho vay 30 triu USD. Thng 7-1972, Southeastern International Associates Inc. (S.I.A.I) trnh B Kinh t Bo co kh thi ca d n. Trong thng 8 v thng 9-1972 c nhng cuc trao i gia B Kinh t v nh u t lm r cc ni dung d n v S.I.A.I khng nh cc nh u t M nm 80% v cc nh u t Vit Nam nm 20% c phn ban u ca nh my; sau 10 nm pha Vit Nam s nm c phn a s.
D n Nh my Lc du ny c nhng im chnh sau y: - Cng sut nh my 70.000-85.000 thng/ngy (3,5-4,25 triu tn/nm), c d phng m rng gp i trong tng lai. - a im xy dng Cam Ranh. C thm 2 v tr na gn Cam Ranh cn nhc l Ba Ngi v Cam Lm. - Du th l Arabian Light v Khafji. - Sn phm gm cc loi xng, du ha, DO, LPG, FO, naphtha, gas oil. - Cng du c th tip nhn tu du ti trng ti 200.000 DWT, 110.000 DWT cho du th v sn phm xut khu v tu nh hn cho sn phm ni a. - Tng vn u t d tnh khong 95 triu USD. - Thi gian xy dng khong 30 thng.
Ngy 13-8-1973, Ph Ch tch Cng ty S.I.A.I c T cam kt np Hoa hng Ch k 3 triu USD cho Chnh ph Vit Nam Cng ha c cp giy php chnh thc cho d n Nh my Lc du Cam Ranh
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Cng ngy, Cng ty cng gi th cho Tng thng Vit Nam Cng ha xin c chp thun d n thit lp nh my lc du ti Cam Ranh ca Cng ty Southeastern International Associated Inc. Thng 10-1973, Ph t c bit v k hoch quc gia trnh Tng thng v ni dung d tho Tha c v Nh my Lc du (Refinery Agreement) gia International Associates Company Ltd. vi Chnh ph Vit Nam Cng ha. Do quan im hai bn cn khc nhau kh xa v tnh hnh chin s min Nam, d n ny cng khng thc hin c.
3.4. D n nh my lc du ca Cng ty LTV Aerospace Corp.

Ngy 20-2-1972, Gim c quan h quc t ca Cng ty LTV Aerospace Corp. gi th cho cc B trng B K hoch v Pht trin quc gia, B Kinh t, B Ti chnh ngh Chnh ph Vit Nam Cng ha cho Cng ty u t mt nh my lc du, vi cc iu kin tng t nh Chnh ph Hong gia Thi Lan p dng cho mt doanh nhn ngoi quc thnh lp mt cng ty lc du nm 1961. D n lc du Thi Lan thnh cng v mang li hiu qu cho c hai bn. Cng ty sn sng m phn thc hin d n Vit Nam. Ngy 27-2-1973, B trng B K hoch v Pht trin quc gia trnh Th tng Vit Nam Cng ha d n ni trn. Ngy 22-3-1973, y ban Kinh t Ti chnh hp, Th tng kt lun d n do LTV Aerospace Corp. xut cha c g hp dn lm, B K hoch v Pht trin quc gia cn tm hiu thm c tht s nghim chnh hay khng? Sau d n khng tin trin g thm. Ngoi cc d n xy dng nh my lc du ni trn, cn c cc d n xy dng nh my sn xut phn bn t than, nhng u khng trin khai c.
4. Nghin cu khoa hc v o to
Trong thi gian 1954-1975, min Nam mt s t chc quc t v cc cng ty du kh nc ngoi cng c cc hot ng nghin cu du kh, quy m nh, tnh h thng thp nhng tnh thc dng c ch trng. Nm 1969, da trn ti liu t hng khng do S Hi dng M o nm 1967, H Mnh Trung trnh by Kho lc cu trc ng bng sng Cu Long v tho lun v vn du m (Esquisse structural du delta du Mekong. Discussion du problme ptrolier - Archive Gologique du Vietnam, Saigon, no.12, pp. 195-211) ti Hi ngh Khoa hc du m quc t vo nm . B. P. Dash,
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K.O. Ahmed, P. Hubral ng bi Nghin cu a chn vng Poulo Pajang, ngoi khi Ty Nam Vit Nam (Seismic investigation in the region of Poulo Pajang, offshore from southwest Vietnam) trn CCOP Tech. bull.vol.3 nm 1970 (CCOPThe Coordinating Committee for Geoscience Programmes in East and Southeast Asia), Bosum W. E., Kind E.G., H Mnh Trung cng b ti liu Gii thch bn t hng khng vng tam gic chu Cu Long (Interpretation of the aeromagnetic map covering the Mekong delta) trn CCOP Tech.bull. vol.4 nm 1971 cng nh nm 1973 Cng ty Robertson Research International Limited (Anh) cng Cng ty Beicip (Vin Du m Php - IFP) l ng tc gi ca bo co a cht v cc cu to trin vng hydrocarbon ngoi khi Vit Nam (The geology and hydrocarbon prospects of offshore Vietnam). Cc cng trnh trn cho bit ngoi khi khu vc o Th Chu, chiu dy trm tch Mesozoi c th t n 3-4 km; bn Cn Th, C Mau dy 3-5 km; cc trm tch Lias, Trias v c th tr hn cng vi vi Permi c th c gi tr trong cng tc tm kim du kh; i nng Cn Sn gm granit tui Creta mun; mng nm di bn Mkng v Si Gn - Bruny cha phyllit v cc loi khc c bin cht thp hn thuc tui Creta - Eocen; xm nhp granit i Khorat - Semitau v Cn Sn c cng tui Creta - Eocen; phn ng Bc bn Mkng v Si Gn - Bruny l nhng i nng c khong cch rt gn nhau v cc khi t gy, cc cu to nm di dc lc a, chng c quan h cht ch vi cc t gy pht trin rng ri trong bn trng Trung Hoa (China basin); tui cc trm tch nm trong bn trng Mkng v Si Gn - Bruny mt phn c xc nh bi ging khoan Bch H-IX ca Mobil vi chiu su t n 9.929 ft (3.026 m), ct qua Miocen di - Oligocen; cc nghin cu trn t lin vng a ho Ty Bc Borneo v bn Si Gn - Bruny cho thy cc trm tch nm trn cc Paleocen un np mnh c th c tui Miocen. Ti cu to Bch H xc nh cc mt a chn phn x tng ng vi y Pliocen, nc tng (Red Beds), bt chnh hp Miocen di, cc mt bt chnh hp trong Miocen di - Oligocen v mng m hc. min Nam Vit Nam cho n nm 1973 khng c hot ng o to chuyn ngnh du kh. Mt s ngi c o to ti i hc K thut Du m Texas nh Ph L Sn, Nguyn Vn Vnh, v.v.. Tng cuc Du ha v Khong sn l mt c quan cng lp t tr nn lng bng ca cng nhn vin tng i cao v l mt ngnh mi nhiu tim nng nn p ng c nguyn vng v tng lai ca gii tr, do thu ht chng nhng cc sinh vin tt nghip cc ngnh khoa hc, k thut v qun tr kinh doanh trong nc m c nc ngoi. Nha K hoch hun luyn c giao trch
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nhim tuyn thm nhn vin cc cp. T cc trng i hc Si Gn, cc k s a cht T Trn Dng, Nguyn Anh Tun, Chu Thnh Thin, Trn Ton, Nguyn Ngc Tr; c nhn ha hc L Ngc Tuyn, kin trc s Nguyn Hu nh, ha s Nguyn Tn Cng, v.v., cng nh t cc trng i hc nc ngoi: lut s tin s Nguyn Ngc Bch hc Trng i hc Harvard, thc s cng ngh Nguyn Tn, thc s du ha Nguyn Bo Ngc, c nhn du ha Nguyn Bch Quang, cc c nhn qun tr kinh doanh Nguyn Danh Hi, V ng Khai, c nhn c kh Nguyn Hu Mu, thc s c kh Thi Vn Thnh, v.v., ln lt v lm vic Tng cuc Du ha v Khong sn. Khi cc cng ty du bt u khoan thm d, cc k s ca Tng cuc Du ha v Khong sn u thay phin nhau ra gin khoan hc hi, theo di cng vic ca cc trm a cht - a vt l, t khoan trn gin. Cc kt qu khoan, a vt l u c chuyn v Tng cuc nghin cu cng vi chuyn vin cc cng ty du Si Gn. Vic ra gin khoan l mt hnh thc hun luyn ti ch. Tuy nhin, trong chn thng hot ng t thng 6-1974 n thng 3-1975, Tng cuc Du ha v Khong sn cha lm c g nhiu.
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Kt lun
c s liu cho thy ngi Vit cng nh cc dn tc khc trn th gii, sm bit khai thc, ch bin v s dng ti nguyn thin nhin t cc loi n cc loi qung kim loi (vng, bc, ng, thic, thu ngn) v than.
Song do iu kin t nhin, nc ta rt him cc xut l du m v kh thin nhin, nn ch khi c giao lu vi phng Ty, ngi Vit mi tip xc mt dng nhin liu mi l du ha. V khi thc dn Php hon thnh vic xm chim Vit Nam, cc nh a cht Php mi bt u n vn du kh Vit Nam sau khi pht hin mt s im l du kh. Thc s h cng cha lm c g nhiu, ngay Fromaget, tuy c mt s nhn nh tng qut nht, nhng cng mi ch l nhng gi nh ht sc s b v kh nng du kh ng Dng. Ch sau khi Vit Nam ginh c c lp, nht l sau khi min Bc c hon ton gii phng, cc nh lnh o Vit Nam Dn ch Cng ha sm quyt tm xc tin vic thm d ti nguyn khong sn, trong c du kh cho d ti liu v cc thng tin c c qu ngho nn so vi cc loi khong sn khc. Trong bi cnh trong nc v th gii lc by gi, vic Chnh ph Vit Nam ngh cc nc x hi ch ngha, ch yu l Lin X, c chuyn gia c kinh nghim gip Vit Nam va nghin cu kho st, nh gi trin vng du kh, va o to cn b cho Vit Nam l mt ch trng ht sc ng n, mt tm nhn chin lc ca ng v Chnh ph. iu ht sc quan trng l cc chuyn gia gip Vit Nam xut c mt k hoch tng th, tng bc c th trin khai tm kim thm d du kh, vi s tr gip to ln ca Lin X. Ngy 27-11-1961, on thm d du la (on 36 du la) c thnh lp, l du mc lch s m u mt thi k hot ng du kh c t chc Vit Nam Dn
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Kt lun
ch Cng ha (sau ny, ngy 27-11 c nh nc cng nhn l Ngy truyn thng Du kh Vit Nam). Ngy 3-9-1975, Tng cc Du m v Kh t Vit Nam c thnh lp, m ra mt giai on mi trong tin trnh pht trin cng nghip du, kh, ngy 3-9 c cng nhn l Ngy thnh lp ngnh Du kh Vit Nam. Hai mc thi gian trn i vo lch s ca mt giai on hnh thnh v t nn mng cho giai on pht trin cng nghip du kh Vit Nam. V hot ng tm kim thm d du kh Sau khi c thnh lp, on 36, sau ny l Lin on a cht 36, p dng cc cng ngh tin tin v ng b ca th gii vo cng tc tm kim, thm d du kh min Bc Vit Nam. Trong thm d a vt l min vng H Ni v vng trng An Chu s dng mt h cc phng php trng lc, a chn phn x - khc x, in cu to, a vt l ging khoan. Ring thm d trng lc m rng kho st trn ton min Bc Vit Nam. min vng H Ni nghin cu c lt ct a cht su trn 3.500 m, thnh lp cc bn cu to vi cc t l khc nhau, t i th 1/500.000, khu vc 1/200.000 v 1/100.000 n chi tit 1/25.000 v 1/10.000. Kt qu thm d a vt l cung cp cc s liu rt quan trng, t c s cho cng tc khoan tm kim, thm d du kh min Bc. Trong cng tc khoan c cc dng khoan v bn n chiu su 150-160 m, khoan cu to n chiu su 1.200 m, khoan thng s v tm kim su n 2.4004.253 m. Cng tc khoan khng nh kt qu thm d a vt l, chnh xc ho cu trc a cht min vng H Ni, pht hin cc vt du v va kh trong trm tch Neogen. Ngy 18-3-1975, pht hin m kh Tin Hi. vi tr lng ti ch n 1,3 t m , l s kin ni bt ca 15 nm tm kim, thm d du kh min Bc Vit Nam.
3
Ngoi ra y cn pht hin nhiu va than, phn b rt rng v c tr lng n hai trm t tn, m nc khong Tin Hi. Cc ti liu ny rt quan trng cho pht trin cng nghip than, b sung ngun nng lng cho t nc trong tng lai v cung cp mt ngun nc ung tinh khit di do vi cht lng cao. Cng tc th nghim, nghin cu khoa hc - k thut v cng ngh kp thi tng kt cc kt qu sn xut, c kt thnh cc cng trnh khoa hc ri quay li nh hng cho cng tc tm kim, thm d.
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Nghin cu tng hp ti liu a cht - a vt l, khoan cho mt bc tranh kh r rng v cu - kin to, a tng - trm tch, c im a ho ca trm tch Tam min vng H Ni. vng trng An Chu mc nghin cu cn thp hn. Min vng H Ni c nh gi c trin vng v kh l ch yu tuy khng ln, cn v du th vi mc cn t hn. Vng trng An Chu cn c cc kin khc nhau v trin vng v khng trin vng. Nhng nh gi trn y c bn l ng n v c gi tr cho sau ny. l kt qu ca bao nhiu cng sc v tr tu, k c hy sinh tnh mnh ca i ng cn b, cng nhn Vit Nam v chuyn gia Lin X, trong iu kin kh khn, gian kh v nh hng ca cuc chin tranh ph hoi ca quc M i vi min Bc Vit Nam. T nhng ngy u chp chng, kin thc v kinh nghim cn nhiu hn ch, nhng vi s gip tn tnh ca chuyn gia Lin X, i ng cn b, k s v cng nhn k thut lm cng tc thm d du kh Vit Nam nm bt v p dng c sng to cc cng ngh tin tin th gii vo thc tin Vit Nam; o to c mt lp cn b khoa hc - k thut du kh c trnh cao v kinh nghim thc t phong ph, mt i ng cng nhn lnh ngh. C th ni min vng H Ni l ni m u ca ngnh Du kh Vit Nam, l trng hc o to i ng nhng ngi lm cng tc du kh, chun b cho nhng bc pht trin mnh m sau ny ca ngnh Du kh Vit Nam. Trong giai on ny min Nam, hot ng thm d du kh c mun hn (1970-1975), nhng s ra i ca Lut Du ha (nm 1970), U ban Quc gia Du ha (nm 1971) v Tng cuc Du ha v Khong sn (nm 1974) thc y cng vic tm kim, thm d du kh min Nam. Nh vn u t v cng ngh nc ngoi, cng tc tm kim, thm d du kh c trin khai thm lc a min Nam. xc nh 3 b trm tch ch yu: Si Gn - Bruny (B Nam Cn Sn), Mkng (B Cu Long) v vnh Thi Lan (B Malay - Th Chu) c xc nh. Vic pht hin du kh trong cc ging khoan cc B Cu Long v Nam Cn Sn l cn c sau ngy thng nht t nc, ng v Nh nc Vit Nam quyt tm xy dng v pht trin ngnh Du kh Vit Nam.
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Kt lun
V ch bin, vn chuyn v phn phi du kh T nhng nm 1959-1960, chng ta c mt s th nghim chng ct du ng Ho, chng ct condensat m kh Tin Hi, s dng kh nng Thi Bnh. Cc cng vic ny ch l s tp dt v ch bin du kh. Cc d n v lc du v ha du c min Bc v min Nam v nhiu l do khc nhau, khng trin khai c. H thng vn chuyn, phn phi xng du c xy dng v pht trin, nht l h thng ng ng dn xng du trn ng H Ch Minh huyn thoi, gp phn to ln cho s nghip gii phng min Nam. Mt s kinh nghim thc tin Qua thc t hot ng du kh ca Vit Nam trong giai on 1961-1975 c th rt ra mt s kinh nghim sau: (1) Trong thm d a vt l p dng tng i ng b cc phng php trng lc, a chn, in, a vt l ging khoan; khc phc nhng nhc im ca tng phng php ring r, cung cp ti liu cho vic tng hp nghin cu a cht. Tuy c nhiu c gng nghin cu khoa hc, ci tin k thut, nhng kh nng ca cc phng php ny khng lm r c lt ct a cht su hn 3.5004.000 m, khng pht hin c mng, do cng cha nh gi c chnh xc chiu dy trm Tam. l do bn cht km phn d ca mi trng a cht tng su min vng H Ni. Sau ny, hy vng tn ti ny c th c khc phc bng cch ng dng cc cng ngh mi, hin i hn. (2) Cc ging khoan cu to u tin cho thy vi chiu su 650-1.200 m khng th xuyn qua tng trm tch dy trn 3.000 m m a vt l pht hin. Nn khoan cu to l khng hp l v khng c hiu qu tt cho vic thm d du kh vng c cu - kin to phc tp nh min vng H Ni, gy nhiu lng ph. Cn tin hnh khoan su thng s - tm kim khi c kt qu thm d a vt l. Cng tc khoan cn mt s vn cha khc phc c nh t trng dung dch cao i vi cc tng c trin vng cha kh, bm trm xi mng khng tt lm nh hng n cng tc th va, hn ch pht hin cc tng sn phm. (3) Cc d n ch bin du kh c hnh thnh cng lc vi cc hot ng tm kim du kh. Nhiu chng trnh v d n lc ha du c nghin cu rt cng phu nhng cha c trin khai thc hin; mt i ng cn b khoa hc - k thut c o to cn bn nhng cha c s dng theo chuyn
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mn. V trong giai on ny, nc ta cha c cc iu kin thun li v chnh tr, kinh t - x hi trin khai cng tc lc ha du. Tri qua 15 nm tm kim, thm d min vng H Ni, vi khi lng to ln v nghin cu a cht - a vt l - khoan m ch pht hin c mt m kh nh vi tr lng khim tn 1,3 t m3 kh th hiu qu kinh t l thp. Song phi tha nhn mt yu t khch quan l cu trc v mi trng a cht min vng H Ni rt phc tp, khng c cc iu kin thun li cho vic thnh to v tch t cc m du kh va hoc ln. M kh Tin Hi C tuy c tr lng nh nhng c ng gp to ln cho sn xut in v cng nghip ca tnh Thi Bnh, mt tnh thun nng. l cha tnh n gi tr ca ngun nc khong Tin Hi v nht l pht hin ti nguyn than v cng ln min vng H Ni. Ci qu nht l hnh thnh mt i ng cn b, chuyn gia c o to ng b v khoa hc - cng ngh v qun l; mt lc lng cng nhn lnh ngh, lm nng ct cho hot ng du kh trong cc giai on tip theo.
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Ch bin: Ph ch bin: C vn: Tc gi: Cng tc vin: Nguyn Hip Quang Ton Nguyn Ha, L Vn C, Phan T Quang, H T Nguyn Tin Dng, Lng c Ho, inh Hu Khng, Nguyn ng Liu, Trng Minh, Nguyn Th Hng Nga, Nguyn Xun Nhm Ng Thng San, Nguyn Sm, H T, Trn Ngc Ton, L Quang Trung, L Vn Trng, B Vn T, L Xun V Phan Minh Bch, Nguyn Phng Chm, o Duy Ch, ng Ca, inh Vn Danh, Nguyn Xun n, Nguyn Vn c, ng Trn Giao, Trn Vn Giao, Vn H, Hong Thu H, Nguyn ng Hi, Nguyn Mnh Hin, ng Minh Hng, Trng nh Hi, L Vn Hng, ng Th Hng, Phm Vn Kho, Nguyn Hng Ln, V Long, Hong Lc, ng Lng, Nguyn Vn Minh, Ngc Ngn, Phan Vn Ngn, Bi Hi Ninh, Nguyn Mu Phng, Phan Huy Quynh, ng Anh Sn, Nguyn Ch Thnh, Phng nh Thc, Hong Ngc Tr, Lng Nguyn Khoa Trng, Nguyn c Tun, Phm Anh Tun, T nh Vinh
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chng
HNH THNH T CHC V XC NH PHNG THC TRIN KHAI HOT NG DU KH
I. TRNG THNH T HU CHIN V TRONG BAO VY, CM VN

Ngy 30-4-1975, chin dch H Ch Minh i thng, t nc Vit Nam bc vo k nguyn c lp, thng nht, i ln ch ngha x hi. Min Bc khc phc hu qu chin tranh, khi phc kinh t t nhiu kt qu tt. min Nam, chnh quyn cch mng mau chng c thnh lp v i vo hot ng. Sn xut nng nghip, cng nghip v th cng nghip c khi phc, cc ngnh sn xut khc cng nh vn ho, gio dc, y t dn dn hot ng tr li. Ngy 25-4-1976, Tng tuyn c bu Quc hi c t chc trn ton quc. Cui thng 6 u thng 7-1976, Quc hi kho VI hp k u tin ti H Ni, nh du nc Vit Nam thng nht v mt nh nc v quyt nh i tn nc l Cng ha x hi ch ngha Vit Nam. i hi i biu ton quc ln th IV ca ng Lao ng Vit Nam (t ngy 14 n ngy 20-12-1976), quyt nh i tn ng l ng Cng sn Vit Nam, thng qua K hoch 5 nm 1976-1980 vi nhng ch tiu rt cao, nhm thc hin mt bc c ngha quyt nh a t nc i ln ch ngha x hi. Ngy 1812-1980, Quc hi thng qua Hin php mi ca nc Cng ha x hi ch ngha Vit Nam. Trong quan h quc t, nhiu nc trn th gii by t thin ch sn sng gip Vit Nam v vn, chuyn gia, k thut.
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Phn th hai: TNG CC DU M V KH T VIT NAM...

B Nguyn Th Bnh - nguyn Ph Ch tch nc Cng ha x hi ch ngha Vit Nam k li: Gn mt nm sau khi t nc thng nht, ti t B trng B Ngoi giao Chnh ph Cch mng lm thi Cng ha min Nam Vit Nam tr thnh B trng B Gio dc nc Cng ha x hi ch ngha Vit Nam. Lc tnh hnh thiu xng du nghim trng, cn phi i vay du mt s nc bn. V trc ti c mt s quan h vi nhiu nc Bc Phi, nhng nc c du nh Angiri, Libi, Irc nn cc ng ch lnh o yu cu ti i vay du. Khong thng 6-1976, ti cng ng ch Trc lm vic Vn phng Ph Th tng v ng ch L Mai lm phin dch bt u cuc vn ng. u tin chng ti i Angiri, rt tic lc Tng thng Boumdienne va mt trong mt tai nn my bay. Cc v lnh o mi ti khng quen lm. Lm vic vi Petronas1 (Tng cng ty Du kh Angiri), bn rt nhit tnh, ha xem xt yu cu ca ta mt cch thin ch nhng cha tr li ngay. Sau t lu ti c bit chng ta c on n Angiri lm vic, bn cng cho ta vay mt s du vi li sut u i. n thm Libi, chng ti gp Tng thng Gaddafi v c quan du kh ca bn. Tng thng Gaddafi chc mng chin thng ca Vit Nam v cng ha s nghin cu yu cu ca ta. Cui cng chng ti sang Irc. Lc u gp Tng thng2, ng ny n tip chng ti nim n, hoan nghnh thng li ca Vit Nam v nghe chng ti ni v tnh hnh kh khn v nhiu mt, c bit l nng lng. Tng thng ha s bn ngay trong lnh o. Ngy hm sau chng ti n cho Saddam Hussein - Ph Tng thng - lc cng c xem l ngi hng trong khu vc Trung ng. n gp Ph Tng thng chng ti cng ni qua v tnh hnh t nc, nhng vn ang t ra. Sau khi nghe xong, Ph Tng thng ni ngay: Trc y nhn dn Irc ng h cuc chin u chnh ngha ca cc bn. Nay gip cc bn hn gn vt thng chin tranh, chng ti quyt nh tng Vit Nam 400.000 tn du v cho vay 1 triu tn vi li sut u i. Ti nghe m khng tin tai mnh. Hi i hi li mi mi dm chc l bn p ng yu cu ca ta qu mc mong i. Chnh ph yu cu ti i hon n. Phi ch chc c tun m phi gp Tng thng th mi gii quyt xong. c bit vi Irc, nh bn dnh cho ta nhiu u i trong chng trnh i du ly lng thc nn chng ta tr cho bn mt phn n, nhng cng cn li my chc triu USD. Trong chuyn thm Irc nm 2003, c l chuyn thm cp cao cui cng ca Vit Nam ti Irc trc cuc chin tranh ca M nh chim Irc, ti ngh vi bn kt thc vic n ny ca ta, s tin n c th xem l mt s vn u t vo mt cng trnh kinh t Vit Nam. Nhng ti ht sc xc ng trc thi ca
1. Tng cng ty Du kh Angiri khi l Sonatrach - T.G. 2. Tng thng Irc nm 1976 l Ahmed Hassan al-Bark, anh h ca Ph Tng thng Saddam Hussein - T.G.
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Chng 3: HNH THNH T CHC V XC NH PHNG THC...

bn. Mc d trong hon cnh kh khn, bn quyt nh xa n cho ta (!)1. C th n nm 2004 vic n mi c gii quyt xong2.
c bit, chuyn thm cc nc Ty u ca Th tng Chnh ph Phm Vn ng v nhng hip nh c k kt trong nm 1977 m ra nhiu trin vng mi cho kinh t Vit Nam. Nm 1977, Vit Nam tr thnh thnh vin ca nhiu t chc quc t nh Lin hp quc, Ngn hng Th gii, Ngn hng u t Quc t, Ngn hng Pht trin chu . Tuy nhin, t nm 1977 cng xut hin mt s du hiu khng hong kinh t: ngun d tr nguyn vt liu, ph tng thay th bt u cn kit; sn lng nng nghip gim st so vi nm 1976 (12 triu tn); Khme tng cng tn cng bin gii Ty Nam; M tip tc duy tr cm vn; Trung Quc ct vin tr Ngy 27-6-1978, Vit Nam chnh thc gia nhp Hi ng Tng tr Kinh t. Trong nm 1979, nhng lc lng th ch quc t gy rt nhiu kh khn cho Vit Nam: nhiu khon vin tr, hip nh k kt b xo b Hot ng sn xut, kinh doanh cng nh i sng sinh hot gp nhiu kh khn. Nm 1981, ng v Chnh ph c cc ch trng quan trng v nng nghip, cng nghip v phn phi lu thng. Nh vy, tnh hnh kinh t - x hi nm 1982 bc u c chuyn bin. i hi i biu ton quc ln th V ca ng Cng sn Vit Nam (t ngy 27 n ngy 31-3-1982), xc nh thi k qu ln ch ngha x hi nc ta chia ra nhiu chng. Trong chng ng u gm 10 nm (1981-1990): ... tip tc xy dng ch ngha x hi v ci to x hi ch ngha, tng cng hn na s nht tr v chnh tr v tinh thn ca nhn dn, gim bt v khc phc kh khn, n nh v ci thin i sng nhn dn, chn ng v loi tr cc biu hin tiu
1. Bin bn tho thun v vic xo n cho Vit Nam c k ti Baghdad ngy 17-3-2002 gia Ph Ch tch nc Cng ha x hi ch ngha Vit Nam Nguyn Th Bnh v Ph Tng thng nc Cng ha Irc Taha Yasin Ramadan. Tuy nhin, theo ti liu ca B Ti chnh, vic xo n cha thc hin c do: (i) Vit Nam cha giao ht s hng ha theo cam kt ti cc U ban Lin Chnh ph do chin tranh xy ra, v sau chin tranh cc doanh nghip khng k c hp ng vi Pha Irc; (ii) Pha Irc khng tr n cho cc doanh nghip Vit Nam i vi s hng giao (38 triu USD). Hin nay, B Ti chnh bo co vi Chnh ph v c nhiu cng hm gi Pha Irc thc hin bin bn xo n, nhng Pha Irc cha chp nhn xo n, vi l do h s c Pha Irc tht lc, mc d Pha Vit Nam nhiu ln sao chp v gi ti liu cho Irc - T.G. 2. Trch hi k i vay du ca b Nguyn Th Bnh do ng B Vn T cung cp.
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cc, t nhng tin b quan trng trong mi lnh vc, to ra th cn i mi ca nn kinh t, ng thi chun b cho nhng bc tin vng chc v mnh m hn trong chng ng tip theo1. Ti Hi ngh Trung ng ln th 6 v ln th 7, cc vn i mi t duy v i mi chnh sch kinh t c nu ra. Lc ny, ci t Lin X (Perestroyka, Glasnost) cng c nh hng ti t duy kinh t v chnh sch kinh t Vit Nam. Trong nhng nm 1980, Vit Nam, tnh hnh kinh t gp kh khn nghim trng: sn xut gim st, cc x nghip khng cn vn lu ng; ngn hng thiu tin; thng nghip thiu hng; lm pht mc 3 con s. i sng cn b cng nhn vin v nhn dn rt kh khn Mt s kin lch s quan trng l i hi i biu ton quc ln th VI (t ngy 15 n ngy 18-12-1986) m u cho cng cuc i mi ca Vit Nam: i mi t duy, i mi phong cch lnh o. Mc d tnh hnh kinh t nm 1987 cha sng sa, GDP tng chm, sn lng nng nghip st gim so vi nm 1986, xut khu km (854,2 triu rp - la), ch bng 1/3 nhp khu (2.455 triu rp - la), mc lm pht cn rt cao (416%); nhng c nc tng bng n nhn nhng t tng i mi ca ng v Nh nc. c mt s bc tin quan trng c v t duy kinh t ln chnh sch kinh t, nhm tho g mt lot c ch kinh t c v bc u hnh thnh c ch mi. Lut u t nc ngoi ti Vit Nam c Quc hi nc Cng ha x hi ch ngha Vit Nam kha VIII, k hp th 2 thng qua ngy 29-12-1987, nhm thu ht vn t nc ngoi vo Vit Nam, khng phn bit h thng chnh tr ca quc gia u t c tc dng nht nh. S d n nm 1988 l 37; nm 1989 l 68. Tng s vn ng k nm 1988 l 371,8 triu USD; nm 1989 l 582,5 triu USD. Hng lot ch trng, chnh sch v i mi qun l kinh t c ban hnh tc ng tch cc n pht trin kinh t nc ta nh: Quyt nh s 217/HBT ngy 14-11-1987 ca Hi ng B trng v vic ban hnh cc chnh sch i mi k hoch ha v hch ton kinh doanh x hi ch ngha i vi x nghip quc doanh; Ngh nh s 27/HBT v 29/HBT ngy 9-3-1988 ca Hi ng B trng cho php pht trin kinh t gia nh v kinh t t doanh; Ngh nh s 53/HBT ngy 26-3-1988 ca Hi ng B trng v t chc b my Ngn hng Nh nc Vit Nam, Ngh quyt s 10 ca B Chnh tr v khon h trong nng
1. ng Cng sn Vit Nam: Vn kin ng Ton tp, Nxb. Chnh tr quc gia, H Ni, 2005, t.43, tr.61.
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nghip, Ngh quyt s 15-NQ/TW ngy 7-7-1988 ca B Chnh tr v phng hng pht trin ngnh Du kh n nm 2000 Nh vy, nm 1990, nn kinh t Vit Nam tip tc pht trin v thot ra khi khng hong. GDP tng 5,09%. Ch s lm pht gim t 774,7% nm 1986 xung cn 67,4%. Sn lng lng thc t 21,488 triu tn. Trong c nc tr gi xut khu l 2.404 triu USD, tr gi nhp khu l 2.752,4 triu USD.
1. ng li, ch trng pht trin ngnh Du kh Vit Nam

1.1. Thi k trc i mi (1975-1986)
ng v Nh nc rt quan tm n hot ng tm kim v thm d du kh. Cc kt qu khch l trong cng tc tm kim, thm d du kh ng bng sng Hng do Lin on a cht 36 (Tng cc a cht) trin khai (1961-1975), v t nm 1972, lnh o cc c quan ng, Nh nc nh Th tng Chnh ph Phm Vn ng; Ph Th tng Chnh ph kim Ch nhim U ban K hoch Nh nc L Thanh Ngh; B trng Vn phng Ph Th tng ng Th, Ph Ch nhim y ban K hoch Nh nc L Khc; B trng B C kh v Luyn kim Nguyn Vn Kha... c Ban Du m v Kh t (Tng cc Ha cht) cp nht thng xuyn v tnh hnh hot ng du kh trn th gii. Thng tin v cc cng ty du kh phng Ty pht hin du kh thm lc a Nam Vit Nam c bit ngay trong thi gian cn chin tranh, cho nn ngy 30-4-1975 khi ting sng va chm dt ti Si Gn, on a cht B (do Tng cc a cht c vo kho st a cht vng Mt trn Gii phng Dn tc min Nam kim sot) l t chc u tin tip qun (v mt hnh chnh) Tng cuc Du ha v Khong sn ca chnh quyn Si Gn.
Theo li k ca ng L Quang Trung - k s a cht, sau ny l Ph Tng Gim c X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro: Tng cc a cht quyt nh c mt on cn b trong c ng, do ng Nguyn Ngc Sm - k s a cht, on trng on a cht 36B, sau ny l Ph Tng Gim c X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro, lm Trng on vo Si Gn tip qun ti liu ca Tng cuc Du ha v Khong sn. on cn b ny chia thnh hai nhm. Nhm do ng Sm dn u i theo ng b bng xe UAZ, cn nhm gm ng Trung, bay vo Si Gn sng ngy 5-5-1975 t sn bay Gia Lm. Chuyn bay c Thiu tng Hong Phng - Chnh u Phng khng - Khng qun cng mt s s quan chuyn pho hoa vo Si Gn n ngy 15-5-1975, n Ch tch Tn c Thng v cc ng ch lnh o ng v Nh nc vo Si Gn lm L mng chin thng trc Dinh c Lp. Nhm ng Nguyn Ngc Sm cm giy gii
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thiu ca Chnh ph, nhng v i bng t nn n chm hn, do vy nhm ng Trung phi li sn bay Tn Sn Nht, cng n, vi n v b i tip qun sn bay. Ngy 12-5-1975, sau khi c on gp tng Trn Vn Tr - Ch tch y ban Qun qun Si Gn, tng Tr giao nhim v cho on v gii thiu n Tiu ban Qun qun a cht do ng Nguyn Chnh, ng Bc v mt s anh em na (ngi ca on a cht B ni trn) tip qun Tng cuc Du ha v Khong sn ti s 2 ng Nguyn Bnh Khim. on c chuyn n ngh ti khch sn ng T Do (Continental). Ngy hm sau trong trang phc qun gii phng, on i b n Tng cuc Du ha v Khong sn, gp Tiu ban Qun qun a cht v mt s nhn vin ca Tng cuc cn li nh ng Vnh (k s a cht), b Hng (nh my). on thu thp c hu nh cn nguyn vn cc ti liu ca cc cng ty du kh lm trc ngy gii phng Si Gn. Ti y cn c 2 thng phuy du th ly t ging khoan Bch H-1X (l 09) ca Cng ty Mobil. Sau khi phn tch, tng hp, nh gi cc ti liu, on lm bo co v cui thng 7-1975 on ra H Ni. ng Trung cn k li: Ti cn nh i tin, c 10 ng bc C H i c 20.000 ng tin min Nam. Khi ra Bc mi ngi ch c mang theo 10 m vi mn tuyn (lc min Bc cha c) v mt chic qut in. Ai mang nhiu s b gi li ti sn bay!1. Theo li k ca ng Trn Ngc Ton - lc l tin s a vt l ca Tng cc a cht cng bay vo Si Gn ngy 2-5-1975 cng vi on cn b ca Ban An ninh, sau ng Ton cng tham gia vi on ng Sm, ng Trung n Tng cuc Du ha v Khong sn2. Theo ng Nguyn ng Hi, sng ngy 2-5-1975, Ph Th tng Mi giao nhim v cho 6 cn b l ng L Vn c - Ph Tng cc trng Tng cc a cht v cc ng Nguyn ng Hi, V Trng c, L Khc Thut, Trn Mnh Tr bay vo Si Gn tip qun Tng cuc Du ha v Khong sn ca Chnh ph Vit Nam Cng ha. ng Hi pht hin 17 Hp ng c nhng v thm d v khai thc du kh m Chnh ph Vit Nam Cng ha k vi cc cng ty du kh phng Ty3. Theo ng Ng Thng San k li: Vo u thng 6-1975, ng By Hng (tc ng Phm Hng) thay mt cho Chnh ph Cch mng lm thi Cng ha min Nam Vit Nam gi telex cho Chnh ph Vit Nam Dn ch Cng ha ngh c ngi vo tip qun ti liu ca Tng cuc Du ha v Khong sn. on c 3 ngi: ng Ng Thng San (cn b ca Vin Khoa hc Vit Nam), ng o Duy Ch
1. Theo ti liu V chuyn vo Si Gn tip qun ti liu du kh ca chnh quyn Si Gn nm 1975 ca L Quang Trung, vit ngy 26-10-2009, lu tr ti Tp on Du kh Quc gia Vit Nam v bi vit 30 nm - L trnh du kh vo Nam ca L Quang Trung, Thng tin Khoa hc. Lch s B Ra - Vng Tu, s 7-2005, tr.46. 2. Nhiu tc gi, T Duy Anh ch bin: Nhng ngi i tm la, Nxb. Hi Nh vn, 2007, t. II, tr. 480. 3. Nhiu tc gi, T Duy Anh ch bin: Nhng ngi i tm la, Nxb. Hi Nh vn, 2009, t. III, tr. 209-210.
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(cn b ca U ban K hoch Nh nc), ng V Trng c (cn b ca Tng cc Ho cht), sau c thm ng H c Hoi (cn b ca Tng cc a cht) bay vo Si Gn thc hin nhim v trn. Ngy 15-6-1975, on bay vo Si Gn v bt u tip qun ti liu ti Tng cuc Du ha v Khong sn s 2 ng Nguyn Bnh Khim. Trong thi gian 3 thng, on tp hp tt c cc ti liu thu nhn c t cc cng ty, t B Ngoi giao, Tng cuc Du ha v Khong sn ca Chnh ph Vit Nam Cng ha, v ln u tin lm bo co tng hp v cu trc a cht, trin vng du kh, nh gi tr lng tim nng ca thm lc a Nam Vit Nam.
Do thi gian tri qua kh lu (35 nm), c th c nhng chi tit cn cha tht chnh xc, cha trng hp nhau, song c th thy vic thu thp thng tin, ti liu v du kh c t thi chnh quyn Vit Nam Cng ha l rt khn trng kp thi bo co Chnh ph. Vic pht hin du kh ging Da-1X v du kh c gi tr thng mi ging Bch H-1X khng nh thm lc a Nam Vit Nam nht nh c du, v nhng nh gi s b cho thy tim nng du kh y l rt ln. y chnh l c s cc c quan chuyn mn bo co lnh o ng v Nh nc.
ng Vn H, nguyn l cn b ca Ban Du m v Kh t (Tng cc Ha cht) nh li: Cc nghin cu khn cp c Ban Du m v Kh t tin hnh t cc ngun ti liu: (1) Mua ca BEICIP (Bureau dEtude Internationale de Coopration et dInvestment Petrolier - Vn phng Nghin cu Quc t v Hp tc v u t Du kh) ti liu vi ni dung Nhng dng hp ng v nhng cch thc hp tc thm d v khai thc du kh trn th gii (Les formes de contrats et les modes de coopration internationale dans lexploration et production ptrolire); (2) Ti liu php l, v hn mi hp ng c nhng do cc cn b Ban Du m v Kh t Nguyn ng Hi v V Trng c tip qun t Vn phng Tng cuc Du ha v Khong sn ca chnh quyn Si Gn; v (3) Lut Du kh ca Irc - thc ra l cc hp ng mu m Irc k (Petroleum Acts of Iraq) gip cho lnh o Tng cc Ha cht c y ni dung trnh lnh o ng v Nh nc xin ch trng v chin lc pht trin hot ng du kh Vit Nam v cng l tin thnh lp mt t chc thng nht v hot ng du kh Vit Nam1.
Ngy 20-7-1975, B Chnh tr hp ln th nht ti Si Gn xc nh ng li pht trin ngnh Du m v Kh t Vit Nam, trong vch ra chnh sch hp tc vi nc ngoi (quy nh nhng nguyn tc c bn v la chn i tng
1. Theo gp ca ng Vn H, ngy 5-7-2011.
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hp tc, hnh thc hp tc v a bn hp tc). Ni dung Hi ngh ny c tng kt thnh Ngh quyt s 244-NQ/TW ca B Chnh tr1.
Theo li k ca ng L Vn C, trong Hi ngh ny Ph Th tng Chnh ph L Thanh Ngh c bo co, tham d c B Chnh tr, Trung ng Cc min Nam, mt vi thnh vin Chnh ph Vit Nam Dn ch Cng ha, trong c ng inh c Thin. Cc ng Nguyn Vn Bin - Ph Ch nhim U ban K hoch Nh nc, L Vn C - V trng V K thut Tng cc a cht, Nguyn ng Hi - U vin Thng trc Ban Du m v Kh t Tng cc Ha cht cng c d hp (vng mt ng L Vn c - Ph Tng cc trng Tng cc a cht)2.
Ngy 6-8-1975, Chnh ph Vit Nam Dn ch Cng ha ra tuyn b xc tin vic tm kim v khai thc du m trn lnh th v lnh hi Vit Nam, ng thi sn sng tho lun vi cc chnh ph v cc cng ty nc ngoi mun tham gia3. Ngy 9-8-1975, B Chnh tr ban hnh Ngh quyt s 244-NQ/TW v vic trin khai thm d du kh trn c nc. y l vn bn u tin v du kh ca ng ta, th hin s sng sut, tm nhn chin lc, l si ch xuyn sut qu trnh xy dng v pht trin ca ngnh Du kh Vit Nam. Ngh quyt khng nh: Du ha v kh t l ngun nng lng quan trng ca tt c cc nc cng nghip. Ngnh cng nghip lc du v ha du (phn bn, cht do, si tng hp, dc phm, v.v.) l mt thnh phn c bn v tin tin ca mt c cu cng nghip hin i. Sau khi chin thng quc M, c nc ta bc vo thi k pht trin kinh t ton din; chng ta phi nhanh chng tm ra v khai thc du, kh. Du ha tr thnh mt vn kinh t v chnh tr c ngha chin lc cn c Nh nc coi lm mt trng im u tin trong k hoch kinh t ti chnh v khoa hc k thut... Vi kt qu thm d ti nay c hai min, tuy cha nh gi c tr lng cng nghip, nhng c th khng nh trin vng du m v kh t nc ta. Cn xc nh ngay mt chnh sch du, kh bin trin vng ny thnh hin thc. Chnh sch ny phi rt tch cc, p ng c yu cu pht trin trc mt v lu di ca nc ta, ng thi ph hp vi v tr, trnh kinh t, kh nng k thut, qun l v trin vng ti nguyn ca nc ta.
1. Theo Bo co s 782/DK-BC ngy 11-4-1977 ca Tng cc Du m v Kh t Vit Nam. Lu tr ti Tp on Du kh Quc gia Vit Nam. 2. Trch phng vn ng L Vn C, ngy 3-12-2009 ti H Ni. 3. ng Phong ch bin: Bin nin Kinh t Vit Nam (1975-2008), Nxb. Khoa hc x hi, H Ni, 2008, tr. 7.
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Phng hng ch yu ca chnh sch du - kh: ... Ngnh du - kh Vit Nam cn t nhng mc tiu sau y: (1) Nhanh chng tm ra v khai thc nhiu du, kh, va dng trong nc, va c th xut (2) Nhanh chng hnh thnh mt nn cng nghip du - kh hon chnh, bao gm c thm d, khai thc, vn chuyn, lc du, ha du, c kh phc v ngnh du, v.v.. Tranh th trin khai song song vic thm d du v xy dng cng nghip ch bin gm lc du v ha du. (3) Nh nc nm ngun ti nguyn du la mt cch vng chc v an ton. Trong thi hn ngn nht, nc ta phi vn ln t lc gii quyt nhng yu t c bn (khoa hc, k thut, thit b, vn, qun l) pht trin ngnh du - kh trong khi vn m rng hp tc vi nc ngoi. Xc tin thm d du, kh c min Bc v min Nam, c t lin v ngoi bin Trc mt y nhanh thm d thm lc a min Nam v vng ng bng sng Hng,... Vng ng bng sng Cu Long v vng trng An Chu cng bt u ngay Mun pht trin nhanh chng v vng chc ngnh du - kh, phi c chnh sch hp tc rng ri vi bn ngoi. Trong qu trnh hp tc, chng ta phi gi vng ch quyn quc gia, gi vng c lp t ch, tranh th nhanh chng tng cng tim lc ca mnh, tin ti t lc mc cao nht c th c. Vi v tr chnh tr ca Vit Nam hin nay, chng ta c th hp tc vi cc nc x hi ch ngha, vi cc nc t bn v cc nc thuc th gii th ba... So snh cc hnh thc hp ng hin p dng cc nc, ta bc b hnh thc hp ng c nhng m ngy quyn k vi cc cng ty t bn; ta chn hnh thc hp ng chia sn phm v hp ng dch v tip tc nghin cu, c th ha vo iu kin nc ta. Thnh lp t chc thng nht v du, kh cho c nc. Tch cc t chc lm cng tc du, kh trong Tng cc a cht, Tng cc Ha cht, Tng cc Du la v Khong sn min Nam, thnh lp Tng cc Du - Kh Vit Nam... Trong thng 8-1975 cn thnh lp xong Cng ty Du - Kh min Nam Vit Nam. ng thi cn thnh lp mt t chc gm i din cc b c lin quan gip
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Trang u v trang cui Ngh quyt s 244-NQ/TW
Trung ng ng v Chnh ph nghin cu cc chnh sch v hp tc v du - kh vi cc nc. C k hoch tch cc chun b cn b, cng nhn a i o to nc ngoi, ch o to cn b qun l, lut php, thng mi quc t, cn b c trnh cao v cng nhn lnh ngh thuc nhng phn then cht trong k thut thm d khai thc ch bin du, kh. M rng vic o to cn b du, kh cc trng i hc v trung cp trong nc T chc nghin cu sm cc cng trnh lc du, ha du, cc phng n v lp cn c dch v phc v du, kh min Bc v min Nam sm xc nh k hoch u t xy dng1.
1. ng Cng sn Vit Nam: Vn kin ng Ton tp, Nxb. Chnh tr quc gia, H Ni, 2004, t.36, tr. 285290. (Phn in nghing do Ban Bin son nhn mnh).
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a) Thnh lp Tng cc Du m v Kh t Vit Nam Ngay sau khi B Chnh tr ban hnh Ngh quyt s 244-NQ/TW v vic trin khai thm d du, kh trn c nc, ngy 20-8-1975, U ban Thng v Quc hi ph chun Quyt ngh s 33-QN/QH/K5 thnh lp Tng cc Du m v Kh t Vit Nam. Cn c vo Ngh quyt v Quyt ngh trn, ngy 3-9-1975, Hi ng Chnh ph ban hnh Ngh nh s 170/CP v vic thnh lp Tng cc Du m v Kh t Vit Nam, nh du ngnh Du kh Vit Nam bc sang mt trang s mi, chm dt thi k hot ng ca cc t chc ring r thuc Tng cc a cht, Tng cc Ha cht Tng cc Du m v Kh t Vit Nam l t chc nh nc u tin qun l mt ngnh kinh t k thut thng nht trong c nc (tr phn ho du do Tng cc Ha cht ph trch).
ng Phan Minh Bch nh li: Vo nhng ngy u ca Tng cc Du kh, ti ph trch k hoch - k thut, ng Cng c Vng ph trch k ton - ti v. Ti v ng Vng c rt t Lin on a cht 36 - Tng cc a cht. ng Nguyn ng Hi ph trch i ngoi v ng Nguyn Ngc Lin ph trch vn phng u c rt t Tng cc Ha cht. C quan Tng cc Du kh lc u t ti tng hm ca tr s Tng cc Ha cht, sau chuyn v nh s 48 ph Nguyn Thi Hc vn khng ch lm vic, thm ch n tip v lm vic vi chuyn gia nc ngoi ti phng c ci to t nh v sinh!.
Trang u v trang cui Ngh nh s 170/CP
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Tr s u tin ca Tng cc Du kh ti nh s 48 Nguyn Thi Hc, H Ni
Tr s Tng cc Du kh thi k 1978-1995 ti nh s 80 Nguyn Du, qun Hon Kim, H Ni
* Vic trin khai thc hin Ngh quyt s 244-NQ/TW Ngy 20-2-1976, ti Hi ngh B Chnh tr, Tng cc Du m v Kh t Vit Nam trnh by K hoch Trin khai thm d du m v kh t: I. nh gi trin vng du kh cc vng 1. Thm lc a Nam Vit Nam: c trin vng v quan trng nht Tr lng du kh c th thu hi t nht l 1 t tn, nhiu nht c th ti 4-5 t tn.
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2. Vng trng H Ni: tuy c khoan su, nhng a cht n y Tam cha chnh xc, nh gi tr lng kh khn Kt qu GK 61 d on tr lng kh tng ng 20-25 triu tn du th mt vi cu to kch thc 15-20 km2. Trin vng kh l ch yu. 3. Thm lc a vng Bc B: din tch trin vng ln 3-5 ln vng trng H Ni. 4. ng bng sng Cu Long: ang thu CGG lm a chn. c on trin vng c th tng t nh vng trng H Ni hoc hn mt cht. 5. Vng trng Quy Nhn: theo ti liu GSI rng 25-30 km, di hng trm kilmt, nc bin su 150-1.000 m. II. Mc tiu v ch trng chung i vi cc vng D kin sn lng du thu c (triu tn) Nhu cu trong nc (triu tn) Hnh thc: - Hp ng ton din vi nc ngoi thm lc a Nam Vit Nam. - T lm, thu dch v ng bng sng Cu Long. - T lm mc cao kt hp hp tc tng phn ng bng sng Hng. i vi thm lc a Nam Vit Nam: trong k hoch 5 nm 1976-1980 cn nh gi tr lng 600-700 triu tn (ly ln c), chi ph 10 nm t 5,5-6 t USD (nm cao nht 1 t USD). Cn tung ra 7-8 l hp tc, dnh 1 l tt nht t lc i vi ng bng sng Hng v ven b: tip tc ngh Lin X gip. Lm vic vi Rumani v vng trng ng Quan. Vng bin nng trong phm vi 20-30 km ven b thu CGG lm a chn. i vi ng bng sng Cu Long: thu CGG kho st a vt l. Vay vn t lm khu a cht, trng lc, in, khoan nng. C gng nm 1978 khoan su thm d. III. nh gi v chn i tng hp tc c 30 cng ty xin hp tc. Ta chn 10 cng ty vo tho lun: Cc cng ty xtrylia, Canaa nh, phi da vo M, s M. H thch PSC (Hp ng chia sn 1980 3-5 5 1985 17-22 12-15 1990 47-52 25-30
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phm B.T.), khng thch hp ng dch v. Php hiu ta, chn Aquitaine. Nht Bn c nhiu tham vng, thi vi ta cha tt, nhng cng ty mun lm n vi ta. Cho Nht Bn tham gia trong t hp do Php lm operator. Yu cu Nht Bn xy dng nh my ch bin c 5 triu tn/nm. Vay vn Nht Bn t lm. Canaa: cn tranh th, c k thut ca M. Chnh ph Trudeau mun thng qua du lm n vi ta. Nauy: c k thut, trc mt vay vn, thu dch v Italia: k thut kh, c th hp tc vi cc cng ty c quyn M. Cc cng ty M: cha tip xc nhng ng. IV. La chn hnh thc hp tc: phn chia sn phm, bao thu dch v1. Trn c s bn K hoch Trin khai thm d du m v kh t, B Chnh tr quyt nh: - Mc tiu: + Nm 1980-1981: bt u khai thc du thm lc a Nam Vit Nam. + Nm 1985: Nh nc phi c trong tay 15-20 triu tn du th. - m bo mc tiu trn cho php Tng cc Du m v Kh t Vit Nam tho lun vi cc cng ty nc ngoi trn 8-10 l thm lc a Nam B. Thc hin Ngh quyt s 244-NQ/TW, Tng cc Du m v Kh t Vit Nam c nhiu on i nc ngoi hc tp kinh nghim lm du kh bin v bn quan h hp tc.
ng Ng Thng San, lc l Trng phng K thut ca Cng ty Du kh Nam Vit Nam, nh li: Ma h nm 1976, Chnh ph c on cn b ca Tng cc Du m v Kh t Vit Nam v Vn phng Ph Th tng i thm Irc v Cot tm hiu cng nghip Du kh ca h v gp Quc vng tm cch vay vn u t cho ngnh Du kh ca ta, trong c nh my lc du. on do ng Nguyn Xun Trc chuyn vin cp cao ca Vn phng Ph Th tng - dn u; v Tng cc Du m v Kh t Vit Nam c ng Nguyn ng Hi, ti v ng V Trng c lm phin dch. on mang theo 1.000 USD gm hai loi tin 2 v 5 USD bc thnh hai gi, ti c giao gi tin, s mt nn lc no cng k k ci cp! Chng ti n Khch sn Sheraton, c l l khch sn sang nht ca Cot, vi cng tc ph ca ng Trc l 50 cents/ngy, anh em chng ti c 45 cents/ngy, chc chn l khng n ri! Ti hm chng ti nhn i! n nt my ming bnh ly trn my bay. Sng hm sau chng ti th pho khi bn thng bo mi chi ph do bn i th!
1. Vn bn s 282/TCDK.
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Chng ti c mt Hong thn ca Cot c chc v tng ng Ph Th tng tip. Ti trnh by tim nng du kh ca Vit Nam vi m Bch H c tr lng ln (sau mi bit rng chng thm vo u so vi Cot!). Bn ha cho vay 35 triu USD t qu Arab (Arab fund) pht trin nng nghip vi mt s iu kin. ng Trc bo co Chnh ph v cho bit Chnh ph khng chp nhn. Ti cn nh, khi ng Trc khen ngi bn v t nc sang trng, hng ho trn ngp, bn cho bit mt phn tin bn du c chuyn sang phc li x hi v ngi dn c hng, ri ch vo sa mc v ni khi Cot khng cn du th Cot s tr thnh sa mc!. ng San k tip: Vo ma thu nm 1976, cng lc on Tng cc Du m v Kh t Vit Nam i Mhic do ng L Quc Tun - Chnh Vn phng kim ph trch V Kinh t - K thut v Hp tc quc t lm Trng on, on i Php do ng L Vn C - Ph Tng cc trng lm Trng on v cc ng Nguyn ng Hi, ti v ng V Trng c. on lm vic vi cc Cng ty CFP, ELF Aquitaine; thm IFP. B trng B Ngoi giao Php tip chng ti in Champ dElyse. Kt qu chuyn i t c s cho vic hp tc v mua thit b th nghim ca IFP, v m phn hp ng vi ELF - Aquitaine (mc d sau ny khng thnh cng).
Ti Hi ngh B Chnh tr, ngy 19-8-1976 Tng cc trng Nguyn Vn Bin trnh by bo co: I. Vng bin Nam Vit Nam Cc cng ty mun t sut doanh li t 20-30%. Ta khng ch 10-13%. Ta u tin chn hnh thc bao thu dch v ton phn v t nhy cm vi gi du. Khng loi tr hnh thc PSC Dnh 2 l 04 v 12B t lm iu hnh v thu dch v. D tr cc l 11, 14, 15, 1/3 l 06 + 1/3 Bc l 03, mt khu vc vnh Thi Lan. Tung ra m phn cc l 07, 2/3 Bc l 06, 2/3 Nam l 03, 09, 10, 05, 08, 01, 02, mt khu vc vnh Thi Lan v quanh qun o Trng Sa. La chn CFP (Php), BP (Anh), ELF-Aquitaine (Php), PetroCanada (Canaa), ENI (Italia), Seafort (Canaa, thc cht l M). T lm l 04 + 12B, thu chuyn gia c vn. Vay Nauy 280 triu Curon tng ng 50 triu USD vi li sut ngn hng, thu GECO lm a chn (t nht 3.000 km), Cng ty Aker khoan. Nauy vin tr khng hon li Trng o to 500 cng nhn, tr gi 8 triu USD. Chnh ph Nauy c th b mt phn gi dch v, ta cn chu t 5-7%. Trng hp Nht Bn (JPDC) chu b vn, s kt hp c hai ngun vn.
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D nh thu GECO lm t m 2.000 km a chn l 04, 12B v 11, sau vnh Bc B (5.000 km). Thu Cng ty Aker khoan (gin t nng) 6 GK, trong 3 GK nh gi tr lng cu to Bch H. II. ng bng sng Cu Long Qua ti liu CGG c 2 trng: Hu Giang v Tin Giang. Dnh 1 trng ta t lm, 1 trng hp tc vi Rumani. III. ng bng sng Hng pht hin du v kh Tin Hi C. Cn khoan thm 4 ging (3 ging 2.400 m, 1 ging 1.700 m nh gi tr lng. Da vo Lin X, b sung thm 1 trm carota Slumberger. trng ng Quan mua thm thit b a chn ca Php. Nhn sm 3 phng th nghim ca Php m Chnh ph duyt vn. Phi m rng din tch thm d vng ng Quan v ngoi bin (vnh Bc B). IV. Vnh Bc B C nhiu trin vng. Cn ra bin sm, trc ht l bin nng (0-15 m nc), nh Lin X gip. i vi bin su (su hn 15 m nc), do Lin X cha c kinh nghim, vay vn Nauy thu lm a chn 5.000 km. Nu vn vay ca Nauy khng dng xy dng cng dch v Vng Tu th c th xy dng cn c dch v min Bc phc v cho khoan vnh Bc B. V. Cn c dch v Vng Tu Hin c 2 cng ty Comex (Php) v Norsen (Nauy) nhn gip xy dng trn gi 280 triu Curon. VI. Khu Lin hip lc du - ha du Sau khi B Chnh tr cho ch th (thng 6-1976), chn 2 a im Phan Rang v Thnh Tuy H kho st. VII. T chc thc hin B sung cn b, cng nhn. iu cn b kinh t, k thut cc ngnh khc. Qun i chuyn sang ngnh Du kh mt s s quan tr, kho, l cn b qun l, cn b khoa hc - k thut ph hp vi ngnh Du kh. Kin ton t chc ca Tng cc. Gii quyt cc ch , chnh sch, cung cch qun l. Thnh lp T chuyn vin Ph Th tng gip Chnh ph ch o cc ngnh lin quan. Cho php Tng cc Du kh phi hp vi Ban Ci tin Qun l Kinh t th
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im qun l ton ngnh theo phng thc hch ton kinh doanh x hi ch ngha. Tng cng c s vt cht k thut1. Trn c s Vn bn s 1617/DK-BC, B Chnh tr quyt nh: - Gi li l 04 (sau l l 09) v cc l tt l 12B (sau l l 16), 11 v 15 lm d tr quc gia. - Cho php hp tc 8 l l 1 (sau l l 28), 2 (l 29), 3 (l 05), 5 (l 11), 6 (l 04), 7 (l 15), 8 (l 12) v 9 (l 06). Thng 10-1976, ti Hi ngh B Chnh tr, cho php a ra hp tc 6 l. Trong nm 1976, Tng cc Du m v Kh t Vit Nam tip xc vng u vi 17 cng ty v Nh nc Php, xtrylia, Canaa, Nauy, Italia, Nht Bn, Mhic, Anh. Cha tip xc vi cc cng ty M do cm vn. chun b xong hp ng mu lm c s m phn. Chn i tc hp tc phc tp, chn hnh thc hp ng cng khng km. Ngh quyt s 244-NQ/TW loi b hp ng c nhng, chn hp ng chia sn phm v hp ng dch v nghin cu. Thc t vo lc rt t ngi am hiu vn ny.
ng Vn H, nguyn Trng ban Hp tc quc t ca Tp on Du kh Quc gia Vit Nam, k li: B Ngoi giao mi tin s kinh t nng lng Michael Tanzer (ngi M) trnh by vn kinh t nng lng cho mt s quan chc cc b, ngnh. ng ta a ra khi nim la du la - petrodollars, nh gi qu cao v th ca ch ti nguyn, cc cng ty du kh mt v th c quyn k thut - cng ngh thu li nhun ln, h phi i lm thu gi li li nhun thu c. T quan im ny dn n nhn thc rng, hp ng dch v c li cho ch ti nguyn. Cng thm kin t vn ca chuyn gia Vit kiu Php, B Ngoi giao nghing v hp ng dch v. c kin cho rng nu ta k hp ng chia sn phm, ta s mt ngay 1 t USD! Vic hp tc vi cc cng ty du kh phng Ty vo u t tm kim, thm d v khai thc du kh l mt vn mi, trong bi cnh t nc va thot khi chin tranh, qun l mang nng du n t lc t ch khp kn, y s hoi nghi khi giao tip vi nc ngoi. Chnh v vy, lnh o Tng cc rt ch trng vic nghin cu cn k trnh xin ch trng ca ng v Chnh ph v la chn i tc hp tc, v hnh thc hp tc v v ni dung c bn ca hp ng du kh. Vic gii thch v thuyt phc cc c quan qun l nh nc c s ng thun vi cc kin ngh ca Tng cc Du kh v ni dung v hnh thc hp
1. Vn bn s 1617/DK-BC.
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ng du kh: Hp ng chia sn phm (Production Sharing Contract - PSC) hoc Hp ng dch v (Service Contract) l rt nan gii v mt nhiu thi gian. im gay cn v nhy cm nht trong hp ng du kh l iu kin phn chia quyn li kinh t gia ch ti nguyn v ngi u t. ng tic lc ch c s rt t k s ca V Kinh t - K thut v Hp tc quc t nm c l thuyt kinh t phng Ty trong khi nhng khi nim kinh t cn rt mi m vi ta1.
Sau cuc khng hong nng lng th gii, cc nc Trung ng, in hnh l Iran, Irc p dng dng hp ng dch v. Chuyn gia t vn Irc c Vit Nam mi, cng khuyn ta chn hnh thc hp ng ny. Phi mt kh nhiu thi gian v cng sc tm hiu, tranh lun mi sng t nhng vn cn bn l hp ng dch v thch hp vi cc nc Trung ng, c tim nng v tr lng du kh rt ln, c lut php v du kh v nht l cc sc thu c ban hnh. Cc cng ty du kh nc ngoi chp nhn hnh thc hp ng ny v ri ro thp v li nhun bo m. Hp ng chia sn phm (PSC) c Innxia xut nm 1967. V s linh hot ca n i vi cc th ch chnh tr v h thng lut php, nhiu nc p dng v pht trin hnh thc hp ng ny. i vi cc nc khng mnh v tim lc ti chnh m tim nng du kh khng ln hoc cha r, hp ng chia sn phm thch hp vi nc ch nh v trong giai on tm kim, thm d (ri ro cao) khng phi b tin u t. Cn nh thu nc ngoi phi b tin chu ri ro trong giai on tm kim, thm d (c th mt trng), nhng khi thnh cng pht hin ra m v khai thc th c thu hi ton b chi ph b ra v cn c chia mt phn du li. Xt tng th, hnh thc hp ng khng quyt nh quyn li kinh t, v nh u t ch nhiu n tiu ch t sut doanh li u t, cn ch ti nguyn quan tm n phn du thu c t m cho quc gia. Lnh o v cc chuyn gia ca Tng cc Du m v Kh t Vit Nam rt vt v thuyt phc v bo v quan im ca mnh. Cui cng, mt gii php trung gian, dung ha c Chnh ph chp nhn l dng hp ng hn hp gia chia sn phm v dch v c p dng cho cc hp ng du kh k nm 1978.
1. Khi c hi cho kin v chuyn mn, nhiu ngi ngc nhin v ln u tin thy trong hp ng mang tnh cht kinh t u t gia 2 doanh nghip (Petrovietnam - Cng ty Du kh quc gia) v mt cng ty nc ngoi li c cc iu khon quy nh quyn ca ngi u t i vi cc b, ngnh: quyn m ti khon ngn hng, quyn i li, quyn nhp khu vt t, thit b, dng c nhn c min thu nhp khu
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Ngy 28-1-1977, B Chnh tr quyt nh: - Cho php k hp ng vi 3 cng ty ELF (Php), Deminex (Cng ha Lin bang c) v ENI (Italia). - Cho php giao cho ELF hai l 3 v 5; Deminex l 7 v ENI hai l 6 v 8. Tng cng 5 l trong 46 l ca thm lc a pha Nam. - T sut doanh li ca cc cng ty n 15,5% th c php k tho thun nguyn tc ti ch. Nu ln ti 16% th c th chp nhn, nhng phi in xin kin li trc khi k. - Ring vi ELF (Php), do cc mi quan h nhiu mt, nu t sut doanh li c cao hn Deminex (Cng ho Lin bang c) 0,5% th vn k vi ELF hai l 3 v 5. Trong sut qu trnh m phn vi cc cng ty, Th tng Chnh ph Phm Vn ng v cc Ph Th tng Chnh ph Nguyn Duy Trinh, L Thanh Ngh u theo di v ch o1. u nm 1977, B trng inh c Thin dn u on i Ty u m phn vi cc cng ty v k hp ng nguyn tc vi Cng ty Deminex (Cng ho Lin bang c).
trn trnh by, B Chnh tr cho php k vi ELF - Aquitaine (Php), Deminex (Cng ha Lin bang c), ENI (Italia). Trc khi i, ng Thin n bo co Th tng Chnh ph Phm Vn ng, Th tng ni c th k vi Php u tin, nhng ng Thin hy n bo co v xin kin Tng B th L Dun. Tng B th cho rng, Php trc y thng tr ta, rt am hiu ta. Tt nht u tin l k vi c v c c cng nghip c kh, ha cht nht chu u
T ngy 25-4 n ngy 3-6-1977, Th tng Chnh ph Phm Vn ng i thm mt s nc Ty u nh Php, an Mch, Nauy, k nhiu hip nh v hp tc kinh t, vn ha v khoa hc - k thut. Th tng Chnh ph cng vi B trng inh c Thin i thm Vin Du kh Php (trong khon tin vay ca Chnh ph Php, Chnh ph Vit Nam dnh 22 triu phrng mua 11 phng th nghim trang b cho Vin Du kh Vit Nam)2; k hip nh vi Nauy hin i ho k thut khai thc du m thm lc a Vit Nam.
1. Bo co s 782/DK-BC ngy 11-4-1977. Lu tr ti Tp on Du kh Quc gia Vit Nam. 2. Phim ti liu v chuyn thm ny c lu tr ti Tp on Du kh Quc gia Vit Nam.
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ng Phan Minh Bch k li: Ngay t u Tng cc Du m v Kh t Vit Nam c nh hng khoan thm d du kh ngoi thm lc a. Nm 1976, B trng inh c Thin v Ph Tng cc trng L Vn C i thm Nauy bn v hp tc du kh. u nm 1977, ti v anh Mnh cng Ph Gim c v phin dch ca Technoimport c c i Nauy, d kin k 4 hp ng vi Nauy. Kt qu cui cng k c hp ng xy dng Cn c dch v du kh ti Vng Tu, kt hp vi cng tc t lc xy cu cng ti c s ny. Hp ng th hai v cng tc a chn bin ti vng cu to Bch H. Hai hp ng ny chun b c s vt cht - k thut cho vic thc y cng tc khoan su tm kim thm lc a. Hp ng th ba l h tr xy dng Trng cng nhn k thut B Ra, bao gm c thit b ln su do Chnh ph Nauy ti tr. Tng cc Du m v Kh t Vit Nam sm chun b o to cng nhn k thut, c bit cng nhn khoan su. S cng nhn ny l lc lng nng ct cho cng tc khoan, c kh ti X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro c thnh lp v sau ny, cng nh i lm thu ti cc gin khoan ca cc cng ty hp tc vi ta. Rt tic l hp ng v khoan khng k kt c do khng tho thun c v gi thu ngy khoan gia hai bn l 16.000 USD/ngy v 20.000 USD/ngy. Pha Nauy mun hng n 18.000 USD/ ngy. Trc khi i Nauy, ti i theo Tng cc trng Nguyn Vn Bin gp Tng B th L Dun, xin kin v mt s vn , trong ng Bin xin k v khoan vi gi 18.000 USD/ngy v c s ng ca lnh o. Trc khi i Nauy, V i ngoi cho bit thng tin trn th trng Xingapo ch cn thu vi gi 11.00012.000 USD/ngy. Thc ra thng tin ny khng chnh xc.
T ngy 3-10 n ngy 20-10-1977, B trng inh c Thin cn dn u on kho st cng nghip du kh ti Trung Quc (theo Hip nh hp tc khoa hc v k thut gia Trung Quc v Vit Nam), rt ra mt s nhn nh ng ch l: Trung Quc ly ng li t lc cnh sinh l chnh, huy ng mi phng tin, thit b trong nc lm du kh. Ta c cch i ring, hp tc vi nc ngoi trn c s bo v ch quyn v hai bn cng c li, ng thi thu thm dch v mnh t lm, dn dn tin ti t lm hon ton1. Nh vy c th thy ngay t nhng ngy u sau gii phng min Nam, ng v Chnh ph khng nhng thnh lp cc t chc chuyn su v du kh, m cn vch phng hng v ch o tng bc i rt c th nh l mt Tng cng trnh s ca mt n mang tm vc quyt nh s hng thnh ca mt t nc2.
1. Theo Bo co kt qu chuyn i kho st tnh hnh cng nghip du kh Trung Quc, ngy 25-10-1977. Lu tr ti Tp on Du kh Quc gia Vit Nam. 2. Xem thm Bo co s 1732/DK-KTN v nhng ch th ca Ph Th tng L Thanh Ngh v hp tc du kh vi cc nc x hi ch ngha. Lu tr trong cp 57-HS 749 ti Tp on Du kh Quc gia Vit Nam.
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b) Thnh lp Cng ty Du m v Kh t Vit Nam (Petrovietnam) trnh vic mt c quan qun l nh nc ng ra k hp ng vi cc cng ty nc ngoi, ngy 9-9-1977, Chnh ph ban hnh Quyt nh s 251/CP v vic thnh lp Cng ty Du m v Kh t Vit Nam (gi tt l Petrovietnam) trc thuc Tng cc Du m v Kh t Vit Nam, Cng ty c chi nhnh pha Nam l Petrovietnam Sud, chi nhnh pha Bc l Petrovietnam Nord. Tng cc trng Tng cc Du m v Kh t Vit Nam Nguyn Vn Bin sm xc lp biu tng (sau ny gi l Logo) ca Cng ty (v Logo ca Petrovietnam xem Ph lc Phn II-01).
V quy nh, Petrovietnam c chc nng nh mt cng ty du kh kiu cc cng ty du kh trn th gii, nhng thc cht, do nhng hn ch v ch trng, chnh sch, c ch v php lut lc by gi, ngoi vic k kt cc hp ng du kh vi cc cng ty nc ngoi, Petrovietnam vn ch l ci bng ca Tng cc Du m v Kh t Vit Nam, s dng b my ca Tng cc v hot ng theo c ch bao cp.
Trang u v trang cui Quyt nh s 251/CP
Ngy 29-12-1977, B Chnh tr ra Ch th s 30-CT/TW v nhng vic cn lm y nhanh cng tc du m v kh t.
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nh gi v vic thc hin Ngh quyt s 244-NQ/TW t c mt s kt qu, nhng nhn chung cng vic tin trin chm. B Chnh tr quyt nh thm mt s ch trng nhm y mnh cng tc du m v kh t trong nhng nm ti. Ch th vit nh sau: (1) V yu cu khai thc Tm ly con s d bo v tr lng l 2 t tn du th, c th tm xc nh mc khai thc cn t ti 50-60 triu tn/nm. Mc tiu phn u: 1981-1982 bt u ly c du, nm 1985 t mc khai thc 20-25 triu tn. Khng c xem nh vic thm d kh. (2) Vn hp tc vi nc ngoi v t lc khai thc du kh V lu di ta phi tin ti t lc. Nhng hin nay do kh khn v vn, k thut, qun l nn ta phi ch ng tranh th hp tc vi nc ngoi. Ngay t by gi ta thu dch v t mnh trin khai thm d v khai thc vi im trn t lin v thm lc a. Phi ra sc o to ngun nhn lc. Tng cc Du kh phi sm c mt n ton din v t lc. Chn nhng nc no c th nhn lm vi ta nhng cng trnh lc du, ha du, c kh nng Trc mt tin hnh m phn vi ba cng ty ca Ty c, Php, Italia Nu xt vn cha m bo c nm 1985 c 20-25 triu tn du th, c th a ra vi l na hp tc vi cng ty ca Canaa, hoc Ty c. Trn t lin, ngoi phn ta t lm, s dnh phn hp tc vi cc nc x hi ch ngha vi cc hnh thc thch hp. C th hp tc vi Lin X ng bng sng Hng v ng bng sng Cu Long. Xc tin m phn vi Rumani lm ng bng sng Cu Long. Khi no Lin X c k thut lm bin su th s xt ti hp tc vi Lin X thm d, khai thc thm lc a. Trc mt, c th chuyn gia Lin X lm c vn cho ta trong vic hp tc vi cc cng ty t bn. Tranh th s gip ca cc nc dn tc ch ngha sn xut v xut khu du la, nh t vn vay vn, mi chuyn gia gip ta v kinh nghim trong vic ta t lm v trong quan h v nhiu mt vi cc cng ty t bn.
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(3) Xy dng c s lc du - ho du Song song trin khai thm d v khai thc du, cn tranh th xy dng hai khu lin hp lc du v ha du Thnh Tuy H (ng Nai) v Nghi Sn (Thanh Ha), vi cng sut khong 10-12 triu tn/nm. Tm ngun vn bng s hp tc vi Lin X, Rumani v cc nc x hi ch ngha khc; gi thm vn v k thut ca mt s nc t bn; vay vn ca cc nc xut khu du la. Phi c bit ch trng bo v mi trng, chng nhim. (4) Nhu cu v vn u t Nhu cu v vn u t rt ln v trong thi gian u ch yu l vn ngoi nc. Tng cc Du kh cn xy dng sm k hoch u t cho tng khu, c tc thch hp v hin thc. U ban K hoch Nh nc v Tng cc Du kh phi khn trng nghin cu vic tm vn. Tp trung gii quyt nhanh ngun vn cho: - T thm d, khai thc ng bng sng Hng v sng Cu Long. - T thm d v khai thc l 4 thm lc a min Nam. - Xy dng nh my lc du c cng sut 5-6 triu tn/nm Thnh Tuy H (ng Nai) hoc Nghi Sn (Thanh Ha). - Xy dng mt s c s vt cht - k thut cn thit: i my bay ln thng, i tu dch v, trung tm x l ti liu a vt l, xng c kh sa cha, tin ti sn xut u khoan, thit b khoan v mt phn thit b lc du, ho du, mt s thit b l (a vt l, o carataga, trm xi mng). (5) Vn bin gii trn bin y l mt vn rt phc tp v phi gii quyt lu di. Ta cn tranh th gii quyt mt bc trong khi mi bt u tm kim du kh bin. (6) Mt s vn v t chc thc hin Cng tc du kh i hi s ng gp ca nhiu ngnh. Tng cc Du kh phi ch ng ra nhng yu cu c th i vi cc ngnh. Tng cng nhanh t chc ca ngnh Du kh. Giao cho Tng cc Du kh ph trch vic nghin cu quy hoch, thit k v ch o xy dng cc khu lin hp lc du v ha du (ti phn c sn phm ha du) thng nht c ch trng v
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ch o, gn lin hai khu lc du v ha du. Cc khu ch bin v gia cng tip sn phm ha du do Tng cc Ha cht v B Cng nghip nh ph trch. iu ng mt s cn b ct cn v qun l, v k thut mt s ngnh; a phn ln cn b k thut v kinh t v du kh ang cc ngnh v Tng cc Du kh. Tch cc o to ngun nhn lc. C k hoch v chnh sch thch hp s dng tt lc lng khoa hc, k thut trong Vit kiu cc nc t bn. Xy dng v tng cng nhanh c s vt cht - k thut phc v ngnh Du kh. Ch trng xy dng cc cn c dch v, h thng c kh sa cha, cc trng o to cn b v cng nhn, cc khu sinh hot ca cn b v cng nhn Xy dng ngay Vin Nghin cu v Thit k du kh v mt s c s th nghim Nghin cu xy dng kp thi nhng lut l, quy ch cn thit; chun b chnh sch, ch ph hp vi tnh cht v iu kin sn xut ca ngnh B Quc phng v B Ni v phi hp vi Tng cc Du kh c k hoch bo v cc khu vc thm d, khai thc du kh v cc hot ng lin quan Nghin cu v thi hnh chnh sch thch hp i vi chuyn gia nc ngoi nhm to thun li cho chuyn gia lm vic v hp tc tt vi Pha Vit Nam Ch trng bo v mi trng trn t lin v bin. C nhng bin php tch cc v phng chy, cha chy. (7) Nghin cu c bn chnh sch v nng lng U ban K hoch Nh nc phi hp vi cc ngnh nghin cu, xy dng chnh sch nng lng khai thc v s dng hp l, c hiu qu kinh t cc ngun nng lng trong nc. Tng cc Du kh cn nghin cu mt cch c bn chnh sch du kh ca nc ta, mt b phn quan trng trong chnh sch nng lng chung1. Ch th s 30-CT/TW c th ha v chi tit thm mt bc so vi Ngh quyt s 244-NQ/TW, nhiu quan im, nhiu mc tiu vn cn mang tnh thi s cho n ngy nay, vi kh th hng hc chin thng ngoi xm, cng nh mt
1. Ton vn Ch th s 30-CT/TW ngy 29-12-1977 ca B Chnh tr c ng trong: ng Cng sn Vit Nam: Vn kin ng Ton tp, Nxb. Chnh tr quc gia, H Ni, 2005, t.38, tr. 767-774. (Phn in nghing do Ban Bin son nhn mnh).
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Trang u v trang cui Ch th s 30-CT/TW
s mc tiu ca cc K hoch 5 nm (1976-1980 v 1981-1985), nn cc con s v sn lng khai thc du kh cn mang tnh ch quan, nng vi v duy ch. Ngy 1-3-1978, Hi ngh Thng v Hi ng Chnh ph nh gi v quyt ngh: I. V t chc b my ca Tng cc Du kh Cn phn nh r chc nng, nhim v ca Tng cc v mt qun l nh nc v qun l sn xut kinh doanh. II. V hp tc du kh vi Rumani (1) Cp cho Tng cc Du kh 1,8 triu USD nhp my, vt t v dch v ca nc th ba phc v cho hp tc khoan thm d du kh gia nc ta v Rumani. (2) Vn Rumani cho vay nhp cc my mc ng b ha b khoan F-2002DH cho vic khoan 3 ging khoan ti ng bng sng Cu Long, t l li khng qu 3,5%. (3) Trao i vic hp tc xy dng nh my lc du v sn xut du nhn vi cc iu kin:
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- Li sut hng nm khng qu 3,5% (nu tnh bng rp) v khng qu 7% (nu tnh bng USD). - Ta khng chu khon tin ng trc (acorapte). - Ta khng m bo hi oi bng SDE v gia ta v Rumani l hai nc x hi ch ngha. - Tin thit k ph (engineering) khng qu 10% tin thit b FOB. Nu Rumani khng chp nhn cc iu kin trn, s thi hp tc xy dng nh my lc du v sn xut du nhn. (4) V khu lin hp lc du, ha du s 2, ng v nguyn tc s nh Cng ty Technip thit k. Cn xem xt vic dnh mt phn vn vay ca Php, khong 500 triu n 750 triu phrng (khong 100-150 triu USD) lm nh my lc du (trong b ro, cn cng trnh ph tr s dng vn khc). B Ngoi giao cn thm d kh nng tham gia hp tc ca Tip Khc v Cng ha Dn ch c v lnh vc ny. B Xy dng c trch nhim lm quy hoch chung khu lin hp lc du, ha du s 2 Nghi Sn (Khu IV c)1. Nh vy c th thy ngay t u nm 1978, Chnh ph c nhng ch trng kh mnh v sn xut kinh doanh trong lnh vc du kh. Nhng nhng din bin phc tp trn th gii v tnh hnh kinh t nc ta khi khng cho php trin khai y cc cng vic nu trn. Ngy 23-6-1978, Hi ng Chnh ph ban hnh Quyt nh s 150/CP v vic b sung v sa i mt s t chc ca Tng cc Du kh, ch yu lin quan n chc nng qun l nh nc ca Tng cc. Trin khai Ch th ca B Chnh tr v Quyt ngh ca Chnh ph, Tng cc Du kh m phn v tin hnh k kt cc hp ng thm d v khai thc du kh i vi mt s l thm lc a pha Nam Vit Nam.
Ngy 4-4-1978, k hp ng chia sn phm du kh (PSC) vi Cng ty Deminex (Cng ha Lin bang c) i vi l 15. Ngy 18-4-1978, k hp ng PSC vi Cng ty Agip (Italia) i vi cc l 04 v 12. Ngy 2-9-1978, k hp ng PSC vi Cng ty Bow Valley (Canaa) i vi cc l 28 v 29.
1. Thng bo s 11/TB ngy 2-3-1978.
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Ngy 9-10-1978, Hi ngh Thng v Hi ng Chnh ph bn v tnh hnh trin khai cng tc du kh min Nam: - V m phn vi Php: gi nguyn tc ti thiu nh vi Cng ty Agip. - ng cho Tng cc Du kh phi hp vi cc b c lin quan tuyn mt s tr thc Vit kiu gii v tng mt chuyn mn, c ch i ng thch ng h an tm cng tc. - B trng inh c Thin cng cc b: Quc phng, Ni v, Giao thng vn ti, Ban T chc Chnh ph, U ban nhn dn cc tnh lin quan, chun b n quy hoch c khu Du kh Vng Tu - Cn Sn; cng Ban T chc Chnh ph chun b n v t chc b my B Du kh v Ha cht trnh Thng v Hi ng Chnh ph trong phin hp ti1. Ngy 2-2-1979, Thng v Hi ng Chnh ph hp, c nhng ch o v du kh: - V cn c dch v du kh. B Chnh tr quyt nh thnh lp c khu Vng Tu - Cn o. Ph Th tng Mi v B trng inh c Thin cng Ban T chc Chnh ph lm vic vi U ban nhn dn tnh ng Nai xc nh a gii. - V t chc ngnh Du kh. Trc mt gi nguyn nh hin nay. Ban T chc Chnh ph lm vic vi cc ngnh lin quan tng cng mt s cn b nghip v, k thut cho Tng cc Du kh, ch tng cng cn b k ton gii nm c cc hot ng kinh doanh v u tranh vi cc cng ty t bn nc ngoi. - bo m trin khai cng vic khng gy tr ngi n hot ng ca cc cng ty nc ngoi, Thng v Hi ng Chnh ph yu cu cc ngnh: ngn hng, ti chnh, hi quan, ni v, quc phng, bu in, hng khng dn dng phi ci tin cch lm vic, phi hp cht ch phc v cng tc du kh c nhanh chng, kp thi. Ph Th tng Mi s lm vic vi cc ngnh c k hoch chn chnh cc cng tc ni trn cho ph hp. - Thng v Hi ng Chnh ph cho php Cng ty Deminex khoan tm kim phn cu to nm l 04. V phn ta t lm l 04, cn thm d mt s nc nh Canaa, n vay vn, trn c s s trin khai cc cng vic cn thit. - Thng v Hi ng Chnh ph nhc Tng cc Du kh v cc ngnh lin quan phi khn trng hon thnh cc cng vic c quy nh Phi theo di cht
1. Thng bo s 50/TB ngy 12-10-1978.
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ch hot ng ca cc cng ty nc ngoi trnh b ng khi tnh hnh c din bin phc tp1. Ch trng thnh lp c khu Vng Tu - Cn o l mt quyt sch c tm chin lc, khng ch cho hot ng du kh (sau ny c th ni Vng Tu l thnh ph du kh ca Vit Nam), m cn cho pht trin kinh t min ng Nam B. Cc ch o ca Chnh ph cng cho thy rng do ta bt u ng chm vo cch lm vic, cch tnh ton kinh t, cch qun l ca cc cng ty t bn phng Ty. khng nh hng n hot ng du kh v khng b thua thit, Chnh ph giao trch nhim cho mt Ph Th tng c k hoch ci cch hnh chnh (ni theo ngn t hin nay) cc b, ngnh. c) Hp tc vi Lin X v thm d, khai thc du kh thm lc a Nam Vit Nam Ch trng hp tc a phng trong hot ng du kh Vit Nam c khng nh trong Ngh quyt s 244-NQ/TW l cm nang i ph vi tnh hnh din bin xu khi cc Cng ty Deminex, Bow Valley v Agip chm dt hot ng v rt khi Vit Nam trong nm 1979-1980. Ngay trong nm 1979, mt on cn b cp cao, dn u l B trng inh c Thin, i thm v lm vic ti Lin X, on tip xc v lm vic vi B trng B Khai thc du, B Khai thc kh, B a cht, Ch nhim y ban Quan h kinh t vi nc ngoi v y ban K hoch Nh nc Lin X bn v hp tc ton din t khu u ti khu cui c trn t lin, bin nng v thm lc a2. on bn vi Pha Lin X lch trnh c th, s lng chuyn gia sang gip Vit Nam nghin cu ti liu v xem xt tnh hnh c th v du kh trong phm vi c nc. Cn c vo cc kt qu t c, ngy 1-12-1979, trn c s bo co ca Tng cc Du kh Vit Nam, B Chnh tr hp v sau ra Thng bo v hng hp tc vi Lin X v du kh: Hp tc vi Lin X, c s tham gia ca mt s nc trong Hi ng Tng tr kinh t l rt cn thit xy dng ngnh cng nghip Du kh hon chnh v vng chc, gip ta tin ti t lc t qun l n cc mt k thut. Thng bo cp n nhng lnh vc c th Tng cc Du kh c hng bn bc vi Lin X3.
1. Thng bo s 09/TB ngy 5-2-1979. 2. Bo co s 71/DK-KTN ngy 11-10-1979 ca Tng cc Du kh Vit Nam. 3. Ton vn Thng bo s 17-TB/TW ngy 8-12-1979 v quyt nh ca B Chnh tr (phin hp ngy 1-12-1979) v hng hp tc vi Lin X v du kh, xem thm: ng Cng sn Vit Nam: Vn kin ng Ton tp, Nxb. Chnh tr quc gia, H Ni, 2005, t.40, tr. 509-510.
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Ngy 17-12-1979, Tng B th L Dun gi th cho Tng B th L.I. Brginev ngh ng Cng sn v Chnh ph Lin X gip xy dng ngnh cng nghip Du kh Vit Nam v vic hp tc gia hai nc trong khai thc du kh thm lc a min Nam Vit Nam. y l ngh chnh thc cp cao nht ca Vit Nam v hp tc ton din Vit - X trong lnh vc du kh. Ngy 4-3-1980, Tng B th L.I. Brginev tr li th ca Tng B th L Dun.
Ni dung th c dch sang ting Vit nh sau: Knh gi: ng ch L Dun - Tng B th Ban Chp hnh Trung ng ng Cng sn Vit Nam ng ch L Dun knh mn Ban Chp hnh Trung ng ng Cng sn Lin X v Chnh ph Lin X ch nghin cu ngh c nu trong th ca ng ch ngy 17-12-1979 v vic xy dng ngnh cng nghip Du kh Vit Nam v vic hp tc gia hai nc trong khai thc du kh thm lc a min Nam Vit Nam. Xut pht t ngha quan trng hng u ca vic khai thc m du kh i vi nc Cng ha x hi ch ngha Vit Nam, Lin X cho rng trong nm nay, cc t chc ca Lin X cn nghin cu xc nh cn c kinh t - k thut khai thc du kh thm lc a min Nam Vit Nam v lp chng trnh phi hp tin hnh cc cng tc thm d a vt l v a cht cng trnh khu vc ny trong nhng nm 1981-1985. Pha Lin X cng ng c cc chuyn gia Lin X sang cng tc B Du kh nc Cng ha x hi ch ngha Vit Nam vi t cch l c vn. xc nh cn c kinh t - k thut cho vic khai thc v lp chng trnh phi hp thm d, trong thi gian ti Lin X s c on chuyn gia sang Vit Nam. on do ng ch Th trng th nht B Cng nghip Kh dn u. V vn hp tc xy dng nh my ch bin du Vit Nam cn c tho lun trong qu trnh phi hp k hoch nh nc nm 1981-1985 gia hai nc chng ta. Xin gi ng ch li cho cng sn1.
trin khai cc cng vic nu trong th, Pha Lin X c Th trng th nht B Cng nghip kh Iu.V. Zaisev dn u sang Vit Nam. Ti bui tip din ra ngy 17-4-1980, Th trng Zaisev pht biu vi Th tng Phm Vn ng nh sau: Sau khi ng ch Brginev v B Chnh tr ng Cng sn Lin
1. Lu tr ti Vn phng Trung ng ng, cp s 13.2, tr. 69.
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X p ng yu cu ca ng ch L Dun v B Chnh tr ng Cng sn Vit Nam, theo ch th ca B Chnh tr ng Cng sn Lin X, on chuyn vin du kh Lin X c nhim v sang Vit Nam cng vi cc chuyn vin Vit Nam tin hnh nhng cng vic: - Xem xt v tnh ton tr lng du kh khu vc thm lc a Vit Nam. - Xy dng Lun chng kinh t - k thut pht trin ngnh cng nghip Du kh ca Vit Nam. Trong Lun chng kinh t - k thut ny phi tnh ton khi lng vn u t, cc trang thit b cn thit, khi lng cng tc xy dng v nh gi c s vt cht - k thut hin nay ca Vit Nam. - Xy dng chng trnh tin hnh cng tc thm d a chn khu vc thm lc a Vit Nam cho 5 nm ti (1981-1985). - Bn vic c c vn sang gip Vit Nam.1. Cng trong Thng bo trn, on chuyn vin Lin X cn cho bit cc chuyn vin Lin X nh gi v tim nng du kh ca Vit Nam c th khai thc c c 3 khu vc: Vng trng Cu Long, vnh Thi Lan, vng trng Saigon - Sarawark l 3,6 t tn du v 2.700 t m3 kh. Tr lng c th khai thc c ca vng trng Cu Long l 1 t 178 triu tn du v 3 t m3 kh. Ring tr lng c th khai thc c ca 2 cu to Rng v Bch H l 435 triu tn. Thng 11-1979, on chuyn vin du kh ca Lin X sang cng tc Vit Nam lc u c tnh tr lng c th khai thc c ca 2 cu to ny l 240 - 280 triu tn, thp hn so vi ln nh gi ny. S d by gi on chuyn vin Lin X nh gi cao hn trc v c cn c ti liu thm d ca Cng ty Deminex (Cng ha Lin bang c) tin hnh pha Bc 2 l ny. Deminex khoan xung cc tng su hn cc l khoan 2 l ni trn, tuy s liu ca Deminex cha c th nghim, nhng cc chuyn vin ca Lin X v Vit Nam rt ngc nhin v thi l lng ca Deminex, chc chn h giu khng cho chng ta bit nhiu ti liu thm d. V d nh h ni h khng th bn vo cc va c v hng thit b bn n. Nhng ai cng bit rng thit b bn n rt gn nh v n gin, nu b hng tht th ch cn ng th vo vali gi bng my bay l 2-3 ngy sau kp c thit b thay th. Nh vy, c th khng nh, cc cng ty Deminex, Bow Valley, Agip rt khi hp ng du kh ti Vit Nam thi im l do sc p ca M cm vn Vit Nam, s ph hoi ca cc th lc th ch chng Vit Nam.
1. Thng bo ngy 17-4-1980. Lu tr ti Vn phng Trung ng ng.
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Cng trong Thng bo trn, on chuyn vin du kh Lin X cn nu ln cc tnh ton s b k hoch khoan thm d v khoan khai thc: xy dng cc gin khoan, s lng cc ging khoan thm d, khai thc, s lng gin khoan, xy dng ng ng dn du v kh v c s tip nhn Vng Tu, xy dng c s vt cht cho vic sn xut v sa cha cc cu kin gin khoan, c s sa cha v ng tu, xy dng mt th trn cho 5.000 - 6.000 chuyn gia. Tm li l c mt c s dch v k thut phc v cho vic thm d, khai thc ngoi bin m on chuyn vin d kin n nm 1990 s t 7,6 triu tn du. on cui ca Thng bo vit: Sau khi Th trng Zaisev trnh by, i s Saplin c mt trong cuc gp ny ni vi Th tng Phm Vn ng l cn phi trin khai cng vic mt cch khn trng v tp trung, cn phi tm ra nhng hnh thc thch hp v c hiu qu nht hp tc gia hai nc trong lnh vc du kh. Ngy 18-4-1980, Th trng Zaisev cng vi B trng inh c Thin k bin bn v c c vn Lin X. Cc c quan thm quyn hai bn s k hip nh chnh thc sau. Ngy 23-4-1980, Tng cc Du kh c Vn bn s 18/DK-KTN bo co Th tng Chnh ph v kin trao i gia Th trng th nht B Cng nghip Kh Lin X Iu.V. Zaisev vi B trng ph trch cng tc du kh inh c Thin: - Hp tc Vit Nam - Lin X vi hnh thc hp doanh 50% mi bn, Pha Lin X cho Vit Nam vay phn ng gp vn ca mnh. - M rng hp tc ra ngoi 2 l 09 v 16, c th l lm a vt l ton b thm lc a min Nam Vit Nam v trin khai sang l 15 nu Vit Nam ly li ca Cng ty Deminex. - ngh B trng inh c Thin sm sang thm Lin X v trong dp ny sm tha thun cc iu kin mi c vn Lin X sang gip du kh Vit Nam. Khi sang thm Lin X cng ngh B trng inh c Thin mang theo th ca Tng B th L Dun gi Tng B th Brginev tin bn bc chun b cho nhng cng vic c th. V tip theo l nhiu cuc tip xc gia cc on cp cao v cp chuyn vin ca Vit Nam v Lin X i n chun b cho mt hip nh v hp tc gia hai nc.
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t ti mt hip nh gia Chnh ph hai nc v hp tc thm d a cht v khai thc du, kh thm lc a pha Nam Vit Nam, mt on i biu do Tng B th L Dun, Th tng Phm Vn ng dn u sang Lin X. on c Tng B th L.I. Brginev n tip nng nhit. c bit trong cuc hi m, Tng B th L.I. Brginev c mt bi pht biu quan trng, cp n nhiu vn : - Tnh hnh kinh t Lin X, kh khn, thun li. - Tnh hnh th gii thi im 1979-1980 phc tp v tnh hnh khu vc ng Nam , Nam - V 25 nm quan h hp tc kinh t thng mi gia hai nc, s gip c th v vt t, k thut, c bit l v qun s cho Vit Nam. V du kh, trong bi din vn c on: Hin nay c nhng tim nng lm su sc v pht trin hn na quan h kinh t. Ti trc ht mun ni n ngh ca cc ng ch v vic cng nhau khai thc du m v kh ti thm lc a phn pha Nam ca Vit Nam. D nhin cng vic ny i hi nhiu vn, k c ngoi t. Nhng y l vic ng lm. S l rt ng, nu chng ta dnh cho cng vic ny s u tin, thm ch so vi cc cng trnh khc xy dng vi s gip v hp tc ca Lin X. Nh vy, hm nay chng ta c th k hip nh nguyn tc v vn ny1. Kt qu ca hai bc th trao i gia hai nh lnh o cao nht ca ng Cng sn Lin X v ng Cng sn Vit Nam, v kt qu ca cc cuc hi m l: Hip nh gia Chnh ph Cng ha x hi ch ngha Vit Nam v Chnh ph Lin bang Cng ha x hi ch ngha Xvit v vic hp tc tin hnh thm d a cht v khai thc du, kh thm lc a pha Nam Cng ha x hi ch ngha Vit Nam c Ch nhim U ban K hoch Nh nc Vit Nam Nguyn Lam v Ch nhim U ban K hoch Nh nc Lin X N.K. Baibakov k ti in Kremli - Mtxcva ngy 3-7-1980, di s chng kin ca Tng B th L Dun v Tng B th L.I. Brginev.
Phn m u ca Hip nh vit: Chnh ph Cng ha x hi ch ngha Vit Nam v Chnh ph Lin bang Cng ha x hi ch ngha Xvit.
1. Ti liu lu tr v lnh vc du kh ti Vn phng Trung ng ng.
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Ch nhim U ban K hoch Nh nc Vit Nam Nguyn Lam v Ch nhim U ban K hoch Nh nc Lin X N.K. Baibakov k Hip nh ti in Kremli - Mtxcva
Xut pht t quan h hu ngh anh em v gip ln nhau sn c gia nhn dn Vit Nam v nhn dn Lin X, Xut pht t cc nguyn tc ca Hip c hu ngh v hp tc gia Cng ha x hi ch ngha Vit Nam v Lin bang Cng ha x hi ch ngha Xvit k ngy 3-11-1978, Vi lng mong mun pht trin hn na s hp tc kinh t - k thut gia Vit Nam v Lin X, Ph hp vi cc nguyn tc ghi trong chng trnh tng hp v tng cng v hon thin hn na s hp tc v pht trin s lin kt kinh t x hi ch ngha gia cc nc thnh vin Hi ng Tng tr kinh t, Th theo yu cu ca Chnh ph Cng ha x hi ch ngha Vit Nam, tha thun nhng iu di y.
Hip nh gm 6 iu th hin y cc nguyn tc c bn nh l hip nh khung m ng cho mt hip nh c th tip theo trin khai cng vic thm d a cht v khai thc du, kh thm lc a pha Nam Cng ha x hi ch ngha Vit Nam.
195
Trang u v trang cui ca Hip nh

chun b mt hip nh c th trin khai cng vic v tm kim, thm d, khai thc du kh Vit Nam - Lin X sau khi hip nh nguyn tc k ngy 3-71980, Chnh ph c nhng ch o st sao, c th. Ngy 17-7-1980, Chnh ph c Cng vn s 3032/V7 yu cu Tng cc Du kh, y ban K hoch Nh nc, B Ngoi thng, B Ti chnh, Ngn hng Nh nc, Vin Nghin cu ci tin qun l kinh t son tho hip nh c th v iu l ca X nghip Lin doanh. Ngy 20-7-1980, ti Vng Tu, B trng inh c Thin, Tng cc trng Tng cc Du kh Nguyn Ha v mt s thnh vin on Vit Nam trao i cng vic vi Ph Ch tch y ban Nh nc v Kinh t i ngoi Lin X E.I. Oxadchuc, i s Lin X ti Vit Nam Saplin v mt s thnh vin ca Lin X, v vn xy dng khu cng nghip Vng Tu chun b cho thnh lp X nghip Lin doanh tm kim, thm d, khai thc du kh thm lc a Nam Vit Nam nh chun b Lun chng kinh t - k thut (TEO), nhng im ch yu ca hip nh c th v iu l hot ng ca X nghip Lin doanh1.
1. Cng vn s 28/TH ngy 25-7-1980.
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on c vn cao cp lin b ca Lin X gm i din y ban K hoch Nh nc, B Cng nghip Kh, y ban Nh nc v Kinh t i ngoi, B Ngoi thng do ng N.K. Baibakov, Ch nhim y ban K hoch Nh nc dn u cng cc ng E.I. Oxadchuc, Ph Ch nhim y ban Nh nc v Kinh t i ngoi, v ng Iu.V. Zaisev, Th trng th nht B Cng nghip Kh cng cc chuyn gia u ngnh nh Ovannhetxov, Zavrev, O.O. Seremeta v nhiu ngi khc ca cc c quan trn sang Vit Nam nh gi li tr lng v tim nng du kh thm lc a Vit Nam, cng nh lc lng khoa hc - k thut, quy hoch c s vt cht v h tng Vng Tu, lm bn p trin khai thm d v khai thc du kh ni chung, trc tip l xy dng c s cho ngnh cng nghip khai thc du kh bin Vit Nam. on chia thnh cc nhm lm vic: (i) Nhm lm bo co nh gi tim nng du kh thm lc a Vit Nam, thm d a chn khu vc v xy dng bo co lun chng khai thc sm m Bch H; (ii) Nhm nghin cu quy hoch cng du kh, bi lp rp gin khoan v quy hoch tuyn ng dn du t Vng Tu n Long Thnh - Thnh Tuy H, ni d kin s xy nh my lc du u tin s dng du Bch H qua khu x l du th ti Tn Thnh (B Ra); (iii) Nhm quy hoch khu nh cn b cng nhn du kh (khu 5 tng) vi s lng cn b cng nhn du kh d kin lc pht trin c th ln n 10.000 ngi Vit Nam v 2.000 chuyn gia Lin X cng gia nh. Pha Vit Nam cng huy ng tng lc c nc, hp lc cng Lin X chun b xy dng h tng thm d v khai thc du thm lc a pha Nam Vit Nam, m cc cng ty t bn rt i. Mc d rt kh khn v kinh t, nhng vi nhn thc du kh l cu cnh xy dng v pht trin t nc, nn mt chin dch ln c trin khai m trng im ca chin dch l Vng Tu. Lm th no nhanh chng xy dng Vng Tu thnh cn c cho ngnh cng nghip Du kh bin Vit Nam? Cc b, ngnh gm Vn phng Ph Th tng, y ban K hoch Nh nc, y ban Hp tc v u t, B Xy dng, B Giao thng vn ti, B Quc phng (Hi qun, Binh on 318), B Cng an (A17), B Ti chnh, Ngoi thng, Ni thng, Y t, Tng cc Du lch vo cuc cng vi Tng cc Du kh di s ch o trc tip ca cc Ph Th tng Trn Qunh, Mi, ng S Nguyn v B trng inh c Thin. Mi tin cng vic u c cp nht bo co Tng B th L Dun v Th tng Phm Vn ng. Nhng ngi m lnh o X nghip Lin doanh thng xuyn tip xc lm vic gii quyt cc yu cu ca on Lin X, ngoi Tng cc Du kh cn c cc ng Ng Thit Thch, Trn Xun Gi, u Ngc Xun, Hong Trng i, Nguyn Xun Trc, on Thy Ba, Nguyn Khnh Ton, V Hi Triu, Nguyn Hng Din, L
197
Kh v nhiu ngi khc. Lnh o c khu Vng Tu - Cn o cng tham gia h tr tch cc quy hoch Vng Tu thnh khu cng nghip Du kh c cc ng T Hy, T Thnh, Nm Thuyt, Xun Thy, Lm Vn Th, Ba Ng, c bit l lc lng an ninh - bo v ca c khu v A17. V pha Tng cc Du kh c B trng inh c Thin, lnh o Tng cc Du kh Nguyn Ha, Phan T Quang, Phm Vn Diu, ng Quc Tuyn, trc tip ch o, tham gia cng on chuyn gia c cc ng L Quc Tun, Nng Tc Lm, ng nh Cn ng Nguyn Ngc Sm, Gim c Cng ty II l u mi v hu cn cng ton lc lng ca Cng ty II, cc ng Dng Quang Thnh, Nguyn Sm, Ng Thng San v cc cn b k thut v qun l khc Tng cc v Cng ty Du kh II cng tham gia tch cc h tr cho on chuyn gia Lin X. Tng hnh dinh chin dch c t ti Khch sn Ha Bnh (trc l Khch sn Palace) Vng Tu. Sau hn ba thng, bn bo co hon thnh vi mt nhn nh ht sc kh quan v tr lng du kh Vit Nam. Bo co nh gi tim nng du kh thm lc a Vit Nam v phng n khai thc sm m Bch H c gi ln Chnh ph Vit Nam v Lin X. Ch o thc hin bo co ny l Th trng Zaisev, tham gia lm bo co v Pha Lin X c cc ng Seremeta, Vardanhian, Djafarov, Adamian, Belianhin...; v Pha Vit Nam c cc ng Ng Thng San, Nguyn ng Liu, Trn Quc Vinh, Ng B Bt, Nguyn Vn c, Cao M Li, Nguyn Thc Khng, Nguyn Minh Ton, Ng Khnh Bng, Nguyn Vn Trng, Nguyn Quang Vinh, V Thin Lng, v.v.. y l mt trong nhng cn c quan trng nht, l yu t bo m chc chn cho vic k kt hip nh chnh thc thnh lp X nghip Lin doanh Vit - X. B Cng nghip Kh v y ban K hoch Nh nc Lin X l hai c quan c nhng ng h tch cc cho vic thnh lp X nghip Lin doanh. Trong nhng nm 1980-1982, Lin on a vt l Vin ng Lin X thc hin mt khi lng ln cng tc nghin cu a chn ti thm lc a Nam Vit Nam. Trn c s kt qu nghin cu ny, cc chuyn gia Lin X - Vit Nam cng c nhng kt lun c cn c khoa hc v trin vng du kh cao ca b Cu Long v m Bch H, lm c s tin hnh khai thc sm ti y. Mt vn c t ra l la chn hnh thc hp tc khi thnh lp X nghip Lin doanh. Vit Nam v Lin X s chn hnh thc hp tc v t chc hot ng nh th no cho ph hp vi iu kin, hon cnh thc t v em li hiu qu cao nht, xy dng c c s vt cht - k thut cho ngnh Du kh hin i ca
198
Vit Nam v nhanh chng o to c i ng lao ng ng o, nhng cn b cng nhn du kh c trnh , chuyn mn cao. Hai bn thng nht thnh lp mt d n lin doanh gp vn 50/50 bng hin vt (khng c s gp vn bng tin) trn c s Hip nh hp tc hu ngh Vit Nam - Lin X k nm 1980 v chn m hnh X nghip lin hp thm d, khai thc du kh bin Adcbaigian lm c s xy dng Lin doanh du kh Vit - X. Nh vy, thng qua d n ny l mt quyt nh c bit, khc thng, bi vo thi im Lin X cng nh Vit Nam cha c x nghip lin doanh tng t. Cc nh lnh o Pha Vit Nam trc tip ch o tho Hip nh ny l Th tng Phm Vn ng, cc Ph Th tng L Thanh Ngh, Trn Qunh, Ph Ch nhim y ban K hoch Nh nc L Khc, B trng ph trch cng tc du kh inh c Thin, Th trng B Ngoi thng Hong Trng i v nhiu ngi khc. V Pha Lin X c Ph Ch tch th nht Hi ng B trng I.V. Arkhipov, Ph Ch tch Hi ng B trng K.F. Katusev, Ch nhim y ban K hoch Nh nc N.K. Baibakov, Ph Ch nhim y ban Nh nc v Quan h i ngoi E.I. Oxadchuc, B trng B Cng nghip kh S.A. Obrusev v nhng ngi khc. V chun b ni dung vn kin hip nh Pha Vit Nam c ng Trn Hu Lc ph trch cc vn ngoi thng, ng H T ph trch v ti chnh, gp vn, gi du, ng Ng Thng San ph trch v k thut v chng trnh cng tc. V Pha Lin X, trc tip l cc ng Iu.V. Zaisev, O.O Seremeta, E.I. Oxadchuc. iu c quan tm nhiu nht, c bit Th tng Phm Vn ng yu cu ng H T phi gii thch v c s tnh gi xut xng, v gi tr v h s chuyn i ng rp chuyn nhng, v hnh thc gp vn bng vt t tnh theo c s cc hp ng nhp khu thit b ton b, t ai thc mc v phng n khai thc sm m Bch H T ngy 17 n ngy 25-2-1981 H Ni v Vng Tu, hi m gia on Vit Nam do Th trng B Ngoi thng Hong Trng i dn u v on Lin X do Ph Ch tch y ban Kinh t i ngoi Nh nc Lin X E.I. Oxadchuc dn u Tha thun d tho Hip nh gia Chnh ph Cng ha x hi ch ngha Vit Nam v Chnh ph Lin bang Cng ha x hi ch ngha Xvit v vic thnh lp X nghip Lin doanh Vit - X thm d a cht v khai thc du, kh thm lc a min Nam Cng ha x hi ch ngha Vit Nam v iu l ca X nghip ny. Ngy 19-6-1981 ti Mtxcva, Ph Th tng Chnh ph Vit Nam Trn Qunh v Ph Ch tch Hi ng B trng Lin X K.F. Katusev k Hip
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Ph Th tng Chnh ph Vit Nam Trn Qunh v Ph Ch tch Hi ng B trng Lin X K.F. Katusev k Hip nh ti Mtxcva
nh gia Chnh ph Cng ha x hi ch ngha Vit Nam v Chnh ph Lin bang Cng ha x hi ch ngha Xvit v vic thnh lp X nghip Lin doanh Vit - X tin hnh thm d a cht v khai thc du, kh thm lc a pha Nam Cng ha x hi ch ngha Vit Nam.
Hip nh gm 27 iu, ngoi phn m u, c nhng ni dung chnh nh sau: - Thnh lp trn lnh th Vit Nam mt X nghip Lin doanh trn nguyn tc ngang nhau tin hnh thm d, khai thc du, kh thm lc a pha Nam Vit Nam ti vng do Vit Nam xc nh vi s tham gia ca cc t chc Lin X (iu 1). - X nghip Lin doanh l php nhn ca Vit Nam, tun th php lut Vit Nam hot ng trn c s iu l ca X nghip Lin doanh (iu 3). - Cc Bn tham gia X nghip Lin doanh: + Vit Nam: Tng cc Du kh Vit Nam. + Lin X: B Cng nghip Kh Lin X (iu 4). - Cc Bn nh mc vn php nh v cc Bn ng gp ngang nhau (iu 5).
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- Cc cng vic m cc t chc Lin X thc hin cho X nghip Lin doanh tnh vo phn gp vn ca Lin X. Cc t chc Lin X theo tha thun ca Bn Vit Nam s thc hin vic nghin cu a vt l ton thm lc a Vit Nam (iu 6). - Cc cng vic Bn Vit Nam lm cho X nghip Lin doanh nh dch v, kho st, thit k, chuyn cho X nghip Lin doanh nh , ni lm vic v sn xut - Vic chuyn tin ng Vit Nam sang rp chuyn nhng v ngc li v mc ch ca Hip nh ny s thc hin theo t gi hi oi c cc c quan c thm quyn hai Bn tha thun (iu 8). - Thanh ton cc chi ph mua vt t, dch v v cc khon tin vay ng gp vn, tr n vay c quy nh chi tit ti cc iu 9, 10, 11, 12, 13. - Bn Vit Nam dnh cho X nghip Lin doanh s dng khng phi tr tin cc phn t thch hp ni s xy dng cc cng trnh sn xut, nh , cng trnh vn ha i sng ca X nghip Lin doanh (iu 14). - C quan lnh o ca X nghip Lin doanh l Hi ng Lin doanh, mi Pha c mt s i din thng trc ngang nhau. C quan chp hnh ca X nghip Lin doanh l Ban Tng Gim c. Tng Gim c v Ph Tng Gim c th nht c b nhim l cng dn hai nc (iu 17). - K hoch ca X nghip Lin doanh ph hp vi k hoch nm, 5 nm v k hoch trin vng ca X nghip Lin doanh c son tho ph hp vi k hoch ca cc Bn v c cc Bn chp nhn (iu 19). - Li nhun ca X nghip Lin doanh sau khi tr cc khon theo quyt nh ca Hi ng lp v b sung cc qu ca X nghip Lin doanh v dng vo cc mc ch khc, c chia u cho cc Pha tham gia X nghip Lin doanh, tc l 50% mi Pha. Li nhun chia cho Pha tham gia X nghip Lin doanh ca Bn Lin X khng phi chu thu (iu 22). - Du do X nghip Lin doanh sn xut c chia u cho cc Pha tham gia X nghip Lin doanh, phn du Pha Lin X c nhn s cung cp cho Lin X theo cc iu kin ca Hip nh thng mi Vit - X. Vn phn chia kh do X nghip Lin doanh sn xut s c cc Bn gii quyt b sung (iu 23). - X nghip Lin doanh c th gii th theo tha thun ca cc Bn (iu 26). - Hip nh c hiu lc k t ngy k (iu 27).
Hip nh c k kt l mt bc ngot cho s pht trin ngnh cng nghip Du kh ca Vit Nam, c bit sau khi cc cng ty du phng Ty, nh Deminex, Agip v Bow Valley chm dt hp ng du kh v rt khi Vit Nam!
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Trang u v trang cui ca Hip nh
Cc nh lnh o Vit Nam khng nh y l mt s kin ln th hin s hp tc trn tinh thn ng ch anh em gip Vit Nam vt qua kh khn lc ny ph th bao vy, cm vn kinh t ca M v cc th lc khc do M ng h chng ph Vit Nam. S hp tc gia hai nc thi im ny l rt cn thit, nhn dn Vit Nam ghi nh v bit n nhn dn Lin X, Chnh ph Lin X v s kin ny.
Tuy nhin khng phi l khng c nhng kin bnh lun ngay trong khi chun b, tho lun ni dung d tho Hip nh cng nh sau khi Hip nh c k kt: - C ngi Pha Lin X ni vi on Vit Nam: Thi chng ta khng bn na, ti thng bo vi cc ng ch bit l hai B Chnh tr thng qua ni dung Hip nh ri1. - Ti tham gia nhiu vn kin, hip nh, nhng vi Hip nh ny th n ci du phy cng khng thay i c2. Ngoi ra, mt s trong nhng vn khng thng nht l: (1) i tng hp tc l ton b thm lc a Vit Nam, iu s lm mt quyn ch ng ca nc ch nh trong vic pht trin du kh trong tng lai; (2) Khng quy nh thi hn ca Hip nh; (3) Pha Lin X c ghi s gp vn ngay khi vt t, thit b xung tu cng ca Lin X v
1. E.I. Oxadchuc, Ph Ch nhim y ban Nh nc v Quan h i ngoi ca Lin X. 2. Lu Vn t, Lut s B Ngoi thng Vit Nam.
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theo gi quc t, cn Vit Nam phi xy dng xong cng trnh, nghim thu bn giao a vo s dng mi c ghi nhn vn gp! Gi cng trnh li phi tnh theo ng d ton, trn c s mt bng gi bao cp ang p dng cho c nc. R rng cc quy nh kiu ny l khng cng bng! Lnh o ng v Nh nc Vit Nam khng phi l khng suy ngh, n o, nhng trong bi cnh tnh hnh trong nc v quc t rt bt li cho Vit Nam lc ny, Vit Nam rt cn sm c du kh, phi cn nhc tnh ton gia ci c v ci cha c quyt nh: - Chng ta c k i ri sau ny s xem xt thay i1. - Thi, c kt hn sinh con ri sau ny s tnh2. Lch s sau ny chng minh l quyt nh ng, ph hp vi tnh th v c tm nhn chin lc.
1.2. Thi k i mi t sau i hi VI ca ng (nm 1986) n nm 1990

i hi VI ca ng cui nm 1986 nhn thng vo s tht nhng kh khn, nhng khuyt im trong ng li, ch trng, chnh sch pht trin kinh t - x hi theo m hnh Lin X v quyt nh phi i mi t duy, trc ht l i mi t duy kinh t. Trong thc t khng phi khng c kin cn khc nhau. Trong lnh vc du kh cn c kin ch nn hp tc vi Lin X. V vy, Ban B th yu cu Tng cc Du kh nghim chnh thc hin Ch th s 04-CT/TW ngy 9-3-1987 v vic hp tc gia nc ta vi n trn nhiu mt, nht l du kh3. Ngoi ra cng bt u xut hin vn nghin cu sa i, b sung Hip nh v iu l v thnh lp X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro4. Lut u t nc ngoi ti Vit Nam ban hnh ngy 29-12-1987 to iu kin cho hot ng du kh c mt mi trng mi. Hot ng thm d v khai thc du kh Vit Nam ( ng bng sng Hng hay thm lc a), hp tc vi Lin X u trn c s cc hip nh c k kt gia hai Chnh ph. Lut u t nc ngoi ti Vit Nam khuyn khch v to iu kin cc cng ty du kh ca cc nc khng phn bit ch chnh tr, c th u t vo Vit Nam vi cc hp ng kinh t a dng.
1. Trn Qunh, Ph Th tng Chnh ph Vit Nam. 2. inh c Thin, B trng ph trch cng tc du kh. 3. Cng vn ngy 10-3-1987 ca Ban B th Trung ng ng. Lu tr ti Tp on Du kh Quc gia Vit Nam. 4. Vn bn 1369/V7 ngy 25-8-1987. Vn ny rt phc tp v thi gian ko kh di nn s c trnh by chi tit Chng 6.
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Ngy 26-2-1988, Tng cc trng Nguyn Ha gi Tiu ban Chin lc kinh t - x hi ca Hi ng B trng Vn bn s 246/KH v Phng hng pht trin ngnh cng nghip Du kh Vit Nam n nm 2005 (ch yu hp tc vi Lin X) lm vic vi on chuyn vin cao cp Lin X gip Vit Nam xy dng Chin lc kinh t - x hi n nm 2005. V thm d v khai thc du kh, nh gi chung l chm, khng t tin ra. Ngy 1-4-1988, lnh o ng v Nh nc iu ng ng Nguyn Ho, Tng cc trng Tng cc Du kh v lm Quyn Ch nhim U ban Ngn sch ca Quc hi, bt Ph Tng cc trng Trng Thin ln lm Tng cc trng Tng cc Du kh.
Bn sao Cng vn s 19/VP.TM ca Tng cc Du kh Vit Nam trnh Thng v Hi ng B trng bn Chin lc pht trin ngnh cng nghip Du kh Vit Nam n 2010
Ngy 19-5-1988, lnh o ng v Hi ng B trng cho php Tng cc Du kh m i din l Petrovietnam k hp ng chia sn phm (PSC) vi Cng ty Du kh n (ONGC) ti l 06, 19 v 12E thm lc a Nam Vit Nam. Ngy 16-6-1988 k hp ng PSC vi t hp cng ty Shell-Petrofina (H Lan - B) l 112, 114, 116 thm lc a min Trung Vit Nam, do Shell l nh iu hnh (Operator). Tip sau l ngy 21-11-1988, k hp ng PSC vi Cng ty Total (Php) ti cc l 106, 107 vnh Bc B; ngy 16-2-1989 k hp ng vi Cng ty BP (Anh) cc l 117, 118, 119, vi Cng ty IPL cc l 22 v 115; ngy 16-4-1989 k hp ng vi Cng ty Enterprise Oil l 17, 21. Theo ch o ca Hi ng B trng, Tng cc trng Trng Thin v Ph Tng cc trng Nguyn Hip cng c quan Tng cc khn trng son tho
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Trang u v trang cui Ngh quyt s 15-NQ/TW ca B Chnh tr
Chin lc pht trin ngnh Du kh Vit Nam n nm 2010, trn tinh thn i mi. Vn bn s 19/VP.TM ny c trnh ln Thng v Hi ng B trng ngy 4-6-1988. Ti cuc hp ca B Chnh tr Thnh ph H Ch Minh ngy 2-7-1988, ng Trng Thin trnh by Vn bn ny.
ng Thin k li: Bn Chin lc c tt c U vin B Chnh tr ng tnh v nh gi cao. ng 5 ngy sau, ngy 7-7-1988, B Chnh tr c Ngh quyt s 15-NQ/TW v phng hng pht trin ngnh Du kh do ch thn Tng B th Nguyn Vn Linh k Ti lo nht l vic m rng i tc. Trc y chng ta ch k vi duy nht Lin X v cng ph thuc hon ton vo h. Nhng Ngh quyt cho php m rng cc i tc, k c cc nc t bn. Vn ny by gi bnh thng, nhng ngy l vic h trng. c ngi t cu hi hay l chng ta c nh thay i ng li ngoi giao vi Lin X1.
Trn c s xem xt ni dung bn Chin lc ca Tng cc Du kh, B Chnh tr ban hnh Ngh quyt s 15-NQ/TW, ngy 7-7-1988 v Phng hng pht trin ngnh Du kh Vit Nam n nm 2000.
1. Nhiu tc gi, T Duy Anh ch bin: Nhng ngi i tm la, Nxb. Hi Nh vn, 2006, t.I, tr.211-212.
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Mc d ni dung Ngh quyt s 15-NQ/TW khng di, cha y 3 trang nh my, nhng khng nh quan im i mi, to ra mt chn tri rng m cho ngnh Du kh Vit Nam ln mnh. Ngh quyt khng nh: t nc ta c ngun tim nng du kh ng k thm lc a. ng, Nh nc v nhn dn ta phi tp trung nhng c gng n mc cao nht bin tim nng thnh hin thc, tng bc a du kh tr thnh mt ngnh kinh t k thut quan trng trong chin lc pht trin kinh t nhng thp k ti. Phng hng pht trin ngnh Du kh n nm 2000 l: 1. Yu cu: a) Va nhm t mc tiu c bn, lu di l xy dng ngnh cng nghip Du kh hon chnh, va nhm trc mt gp phn chng lm pht, phc v ba chng trnh kinh t ln v phc v nhng nhim v cp bch n nh tnh hnh kinh t - x hi hin nay. b) T nay n nm 1995, y mnh cng tc tm kim, thm d trn ton thm lc a Vit Nam, c c con s tr lng xc minh, thu ht c nhng khon u t ng k t nc ngoi vo, y mnh cng tc thm d, tm kim, khai thc nhiu du kh p ng nhu cu ca nn kinh t quc dn, hnh thnh vo nm 2000 ngnh cng nghip Du kh nc ta bao gm thm d, khai thc, ch bin, dch v, xut nhp khu. c) Xy dng v o to c mt i ng cng nhn, cn b khoa hc k thut, cn b qun l sc tng bc lm ch c ngnh cng nghip Du kh, tin ln t lc pht trin ngnh th k sau. d) M rng s hp tc vi cc nc v cc cng ty nc ngoi Cng nghip Du kh l mt ngnh hin i, c k thut phc tp, yu cu vn u t ln v mang tnh ri ro cao. Mt khc u t vo du kh li c kh nng mang li hiu qu kinh t cao, thu hi vn nhanh. Chng ta phi c chnh sch tch cc v mnh dn m rng hp tc vi cc nc v cc cng ty nc ngoi trong lnh vc du kh. Trong vic hp tc phi thc hin ch quyn quc gia, ch quyn ti nguyn, la chn i tng, phng n v hnh thc hp tc no mang li cho ta hiu qu kinh t cao nht v nhanh nht.
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Chng ta da vo Lin X pht trin ngnh Du kh, hp tc tt vi Lin X trong X nghip Lin doanh du kh Vit - X v trong 7 l thm lc a pha Nam vi hnh thc hp doanh. Nu Lin X ng , c th chuyn mt phn din tch trong 7 l ni trn sang hnh thc hp ng chia sn phm vi mc Lin X gp vn u t 100%. cc khu vc cn li trn ton thm lc a Vit Nam (tr nhng vng c bit dnh cho quc phng) hp tc vi Lin X v cc nc x hi ch ngha khc, vi cc cng ty thuc cc nc t bn ch ngha v cc nc ang pht trin vi hnh thc hp ng chia sn phm theo thng l quc t, nc ngoi u t 100%, hp tc t khu thm d, khai thc n khu ch bin (lc ho du), dch v, sn xut thit b du kh, v.v.. nhng vng thm lc a cn tranh chp, hp tc vi cc cng ty t bn ch ngha. B Chnh tr giao cho Thng v Hi ng B trng quyt nh c th cc i tng, hnh thc v khu vc hp tc. e) Tch cc xy dng cng nghip lc ha du v s dng kh thin nhin Song song vi vic thm d v khai thc du, ra sc y nhanh tin xy dng c s lc ha du v tch cc s dng kh ng hnh v cc m kh nu c. Nm 1991, khi cng xy dng khu lin hp lc ha du pha Nam v hon thnh giai on I (3 triu tn/nm) vo nm 1995. Trong khi cha xy dng xong, nghin cu thc hin phng n s dng du th c hiu qu cao nht, bao gm c vic a du th i lc nc ngoi. Nhanh chng lp phng n trc nm 1995 s dng kh ng hnh t m Bch H v cc m khc sn xut phn m, pht in v phc v i sng nhn dn. xy dng c s lc ha du v ng ng dn kh t ngoi bin vo t lin, tch cc vay vn ca nc ngoi i i vi huy ng vn ca nhn dn. B Chnh tr giao cho Hi ng B trng lp phng n v k hoch c th v vn ni trn trnh B Chnh tr xt. f) T chc thc hin S nghip pht trin cng nghip Du kh i hi s ng gp tch cc ca nhiu cp u ng v nhiu ngnh c lin quan. Nh nc cn sm xy dng k hoch di hn, ngn hn v cng tc du kh, chm lo i sng cng nhn vin chc du kh, ban hnh lut l, quy ch, chnh sch,
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ch cn thit thc hin c kt qu Lut u t nc ngoi ti Vit Nam trong lnh vc du kh, trong c chnh sch thch hp i vi chuyn gia v nh u t nc ngoi v du kh, to thun li cho h hp tc tt vi ta. Cc ngnh c lin quan phi bo v tt cc khu vc thm d v khai thc du kh, bo m ch quyn v an ninh quc gia, bo v mi trng trn bin v trn t lin cc khu vc c hot ng du kh, cc nh my lc du, ha du, c bin php tch cc phng chy v cha chy. Nghin cu ci tin phng thc v c ch hot ng ca cc t chc ng v on th qun chng trong ngnh Du kh, c bit nhng c s hp tc vi nc ngoi v nhng gin khoan bin. Sau khi Ngh quyt s 15-NQ/TW c ban hnh, theo ch o ca Hi ng B trng1, ngy 7-8-1989, Tng cc Du kh hon chnh v trnh li Thng v Hi ng B trng v Ban B th Trung ng ng vn bn Chin lc pht trin ngnh Du kh Vit Nam n nm 2000 (xem Ph lc Phn II-02). Mc d cn nhiu hn ch (ch sau mt nm ban hnh Ngh quyt s 15-NQ/ TW), mi bt u k v trin khai 5 hp ng PSC, s liu v tm kim, thm d v khai thc cn rt khim tn, ng thi cng cha lng ht cc din bin tnh hnh trong nc v trn th gii k c s tn ti ca Tng cc, nhng y l c gng to ln ca tp th Tng cc Du kh ln u tin xy dng Chin lc ngnh, t ch quan, duy ch, c tnh kh thi nhiu hn. Khi cc cng ty du kh nc ngoi u t vo thm d, khai thc du kh Vit Nam, l c quan qun l nh nc v du kh, Tng cc Du kh ch ng trnh Hi ng B trng k hoch d tho Lut Du kh. c Hi ng B trng cho php, Tng cc Du kh bt u trin khai cng vic ny t thng 8-1988. Nhng do cng vic ny ko di n nm 1993, Quc hi mi thng qua v ban hnh Lut Du kh, cho nn vn ny s c trnh by chi tit phn sau.
2. T chc b my iu hnh v trin khai hot ng du kh

Ngh nh s 170/CP ca Hi ng Chnh ph ban hnh ngy 3-9-1975 nu r: Tng cc Du kh Vit Nam l c quan trc thuc Hi ng Chnh ph, chu trch nhim trc Hi ng Chnh ph thc hin vic qun l nh nc v ton b ti nguyn du m v kh t trong c nc, k c trong t lin v ngoi bin; t
1. Cng vn s 1280/KH ngy 18-7-1989 ca Vn phng Hi ng B trng.
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chc vic tm kim, thm d, khai thc, ch bin du m v kh t trong c nc (tr phn ha du do Tng cc Ha cht ph trch); thc hin vic hp tc v du, kh vi nc ngoi theo ng ng li, nguyn tc v quan h i ngoi ca ng v Nh nc. Tng cc Du kh Vit Nam c nhim v v quyn hn nh sau: (1) Nghin cu trnh Hi ng Chnh ph quyt nh ch trng, chnh sch v quy hoch pht trin ngnh cng nghip du m v kh t Vit Nam; t chc thc hin ch trng, chnh sch v quy hoch y sau khi c Hi ng Chnh ph xt duyt. (2) T chc thc hin nhim v qun l nh nc i vi ton b ti nguyn du m v kh t; nghin cu trnh Hi ng Chnh ph xt duyt cc chng trnh, k hoch v tm kim, thm d, khai thc, ch bin du m v kh t, v d n phn cng trch nhim cho cc ngnh, cc cp c lin quan v vic phc v cng tc du m v kh t trong c nc; theo di, n c, kim tra vic thc hin cc chng trnh, k hoch v d n phn cng y. (3) T chc vic hp tc vi cc c quan hu quan nc ngoi trong lnh vc du m v kh t theo ng ng li, nguyn tc v cc quy nh hin hnh v quan h i ngoi ca ng v Chnh ph. (4) T chc thu thp, chnh l v lu tr ton b h s, ti liu v lnh vc cng tc du m v kh t trong c nc. (5) Qun l cng tc t chc, cn b, ti sn, ti v v cng tc o to, bi dng cn b, cng nhn ca Tng cc Du kh Vit Nam theo cc quy nh hin hnh. C cu t chc ca Tng cc Du kh Vit Nam gm c: - Cc c quan qun l sn xut, kinh doanh: + Cng ty Du kh min Bc Vit Nam. + Cng ty Du kh min Nam Vit Nam. + Mt s n v, x nghip sn xut thuc din qun l ca Tng cc. - Cc c quan s nghip v qun l nh nc: + V K hoch - Lao ng v Vt t. + V Kinh t - K thut v Hp tc quc t. + V Ti v - K ton - Thng k. + V T chc cn b v o to.
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+ Vin Du kh Vit Nam. + Cc Xy dng c bn. + Vn phng. + Cc trng o to cn b, cng nhn du kh thuc din qun l ca Tng cc. + Phng Bo v chnh tr (Phng trc thuc Tng cc). Vic thnh lp, sa i, bi b cc Cc, V v t chc tng ng ca Tng cc do Hi ng Chnh ph quyt nh theo ngh ca ng ch Tng cc trng. Vic quy nh nhim v, quyn hn v trch nhim c th ca mi t chc trong Tng cc do ng ch Tng cc trng quyt nh. Cc V cn t chc gn nh, c V trng ph trch, c th c V ph gip vic; V ni chung khng c phng. b my ca Tng cc Du kh c th hot ng c ngay, Tng cc a cht, Tng cc Ha cht v t chc du kh hin c min Nam Vit Nam phi chuyn giao cho Tng cc Du kh cc t chc, cn b, cng nhn ang lm v cng tc du m v kh t cng vi nhng h s, ti liu, ti sn, thit b, vt t, tin vn v nhng c s vt cht - k thut khc c lin quan. Vic bn giao phi chu o, theo ng cc th tc hin hnh v hon thnh trc ngy 31-10-1975.
Ngy 8-9-1975, Tng cc trng Tng cc a cht Nguyn Vn ip gi Vn bn s 967/C-DK cho cc n v trong ngnh a cht, thng bo Ngh quyt ca ng, Quyt ngh ca Quc hi v Ngh nh ca Chnh ph v vic thnh lp Tng cc Du kh Vit Nam; ng thi ch th cho cc n v chun b Tng cc a cht tin hnh chuyn giao cng vic v t chc lc lng, ti sn, ti liu a cht du kh sang Tng cc Du kh c sm v tt; ng thi c quan h hp tc cht ch v lu di vi cc n v a cht du kh trong lnh vc iu tra a cht cng nhau lm tt cng vic iu tra thm d a cht ca c nc.
Ngy 23-9-1975, Chnh ph ban hnh Quyt nh s 184/CP v Quyt nh s 185/CP, b nhim ng Nguyn Vn Bin (lc l Ph Ch nhim U ban K hoch Nh nc, nguyn Tng cc ph Tng cc Ha cht) gi chc Tng cc trng Tng cc Du kh Vit Nam v ng L Vn C, V trng V K thut Tng cc a cht, gi chc Ph Tng cc trng Tng cc Du kh Vit Nam.
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Qu qun: thn Cng nh, x nh Xuyn, Gia Lm, H Ni. Tham gia cch mng t thng 3-1945, c kt np ng thng 10-1945. kinh qua nhiu chc v lnh o trong thi k khng chin chng thc dn Php, cng nh lnh o cc t chc khoa hc v kinh t (B th Th u Bc Giang; Tnh u vin, U vin U ban Khng chin hnh chnh tnh Bc Giang; U vin U ban Khoa hc v K thut Nh nc; Ph Tng cc trng Tng cc Ha cht; Tng cc trng Tng cc Du kh; Ph Ch nhim U ban K hoch Nh nc kim Vin trng Vin Phn vng quy hoch Trung ng (nay l Vin Chin lc pht trin thuc B K hoch v u t).
ng Nguyn Vn Bin (1923-1997)
ng l Tng cc trng Tng cc Du kh u tin c cng to ln trong vic xy dng nn mng ca ngnh Du kh Vit Nam. Vi tm hiu bit su rng, c phn i trc thi i, ng sm quan tm v c ch trng, bin php ngnh Du kh non tr Vit Nam tip cn vi cng nghip v cng ngh du kh phng Ty, la chn phng thc hp tc v hnh thc hp ng du kh. T thng 10-1979, cho d lm vic lnh vc khc v ngh hu, ng vn lun quan tm n ngnh Du kh Vit Nam. Qu qun: Thnh ph H Ch Minh.
Tt nghip Trng i hc M Pari nm 1955, tham gia ng Cng sn Php nm 1951 (c chuyn sang ng Lao ng Vit Nam nm 1958, nhng tui ng c tnh t nm 1951). Thng 9-1955 ng v nc, cng tc Tng cc a cht, kinh qua nhiu chc v. T nm 1962 n nm 1975 l V trng kim Chnh a cht - Tng cc a cht. T thng 9-1975 n thng 4-1988 l Ph Tng cc trng Tng cc Du kh Vit Nam. Trong thi gian t thng 11-1975 n thng 7-1977 kim chc Gim c Cng ty Du kh Nam Vit Nam. T thng 5-1988 n thng thng 4-1989 l C vn Tng cc trng Tng cc Du kh Vit Nam. T thng 5-1989 n thng 6-1996, ng chuyn v cng tc Thnh ph H Ch Minh ng L Vn C (C vn cho Ph Ch tch ph trch kinh t i ngoi ca U ban Sinh nm 1930 nhn dn Thnh ph H Ch Minh, Gim c Thng trc v sau l Tng Gim c Khu Ch xut Si Gn). ng l i biu Quc hi kho III, VI. Tin s L Vn C cn l i din thng trc ca Vit Nam ti t chc y ban iu phi cc chng trnh a cht ngoi khi v i duyn hi khu vc ng v ng Nam (Coordinating Committee for Coastal and Offshore Geoscience Programmes in East and Southeast Asia - CCOP).
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ng c nhiu cng lao ng gp v iu tra khong sn trong ngnh a cht v v cng tc nghin cu khoa hc cng ngh trong ngnh Du kh (Ch nhim Chng trnh khoa hc k thut cp Nh nc v du kh m s 22.01 giai on 1980-1985). ng c khen thng Hun chng Khng chin chng M, cu nc hng Nh, Hun chng Lao ng hng Nh v nhiu Huy chng cao qu khc.
tng cng ch o, nm 1976 Chnh ph b nhim Trung tng inh c Thin, Ch nhim Tng cc Hu cn (B Quc phng) lm B trng ph trch cng tc du kh. n nm 1978, B trng inh c Thin kim B th Ban Cn s ng Tng cc Du kh1.
Tn tht l Phan nh Dinh. Qu qun: Nam Vn, Nam Trc, Nam nh. Hot ng cch mng t nm 1930, kt np ng nm 1939. Kinh qua nhiu chc v cao cp trong ng v Chnh ph (y vin Ban Chp hnh Trung ng ng, Thng tng, Th trng B Quc phng, B trng B C kh luyn kim, B trng ph trch du kh kim B th Ban Cn s ng Tng cc Du kh, B trng B Giao thng vn ti). ng c nhiu cng lao trong qun i (nht l trong lnh vc hu cn) thi khng chin chng thc dn Php v chng M, cu nc trong s nghip gii phng min Nam, cng nh trong xy dng v pht trin kinh t. ng c khen thng Hun chng Sao Vng, Hun chng H Ch Minh v nhiu Hun chng, Huy chng cao qu khc.
ng inh c Thin (1913-1987)
ng ph trch cng tc du kh t nm 1976, c nhng ng gp to ln v ch trng hp tc du kh vi nc ngoi, to tin cho xy dng c s h tng ca ngnh Du kh, li nhng du n mang c tnh inh c Thin trong lch s ngnh Du kh Vit Nam.
Ngoi ra, Chnh ph cn iu ng v b nhim cc i t: Phan T Quang (Cc trng Cc Xng du - Tng cc Hu cn), ng Quc Tuyn (Ph Tng cc trng Tng cc Xy dng kinh t kim T lnh Binh on 14), Phm Vn
1. Quyt nh s 465/NQ-NS-TW ngy 13-6-1978.
212
Diu (Ph Ch nhim Tng cc Xy dng kinh t B Quc phng)1; v ng Chu - Chuyn vin 9 (Chuyn vin cao cp) Vn phng Hi ng B trng2 lm Ph Tng cc trng Tng cc Du kh.
Qu qun: c Tng, c Th, H Tnh. i t Phan T Quang kinh qua nhiu chc v quan trng: Ph Gim c Nha Cng an Trung B, Cc trng Cc Xng du Tng cc Hu cn - B Quc phng, Ph Tng cc trng Tng cc Du kh Vit Nam. ng c cng ln trong vic xy dng tuyn ng ng xng du huyn thoi Trng Sn. Trong ngnh Du kh, ng lm vic khng bit mt mi ch o sn xut trong Nam ngoi Bc. ng gp phn to ln trong vic ci tin tiu chun, ch , i sng cho ngi lao ng trong ngnh Du kh. ng c khen thng Hun chng c lp hng Ba, Hun chng Qun cng hng Nh, Hun chng Khng chin hng Nht, Hun chng Khng chin chng M, cu nc hng Nht v nhiu Hun chng, Huy chng cao qu khc. Qu qun: Xun Trng, Xun Thu, Nam nh. i t ng Quc Tuyn tham gia cch mng t nm 1944, kinh qua nhiu chc v cao cp trong qun i: Ph Ch nhim Hu cn tin phng, Ph T lnh mt trn B5, Ph Ch nhim Tng cc Xy dng kinh t kim Cc trng Cc Nng lm, sau kim T lnh Binh on 14, Ph Tng cc trng Tng cc Du kh Vit Nam. ng c cng ln trong vic ch o Binh on 318 tham gia xy dng c s h tng cho ngnh Du kh v trc tip ch o Cng ty phc v i sng tng gia sn xut, chn nui gia sc, gp phn khc phc kh khn trong i sng ca cn b, cng nhn vin ngnh Du kh. ng c khen thng Hun chng Qun cng hng Ba, Hun chng Chin thng hng Nh v nhiu Hun chng, Huy chng cao qu khc.
ng Phan T Quang
Sinh nm 1924
ng ng Quc Tuyn (1918-1995)
1. Quyt nh s 649/NQ-NS-TW ngy 29-10-1978. 2. Quyt nh s 291/CT ngy 3-11-1982.
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Qu qun: Ngha L, T Ngha, Qung Ngi. i t Phm Vn Diu kinh qua nhiu chc v cp cao trong qun i: Tham mu trng Cng binh on 559, Ph T lnh B T lnh Cng binh, Ph Ch nhim Tng cc Xy dng kinh t B Quc phng v sau ny l Ph Tng cc trng Tng cc Du kh. ng ph trch cng tc xy dng c bn ca Tng cc Du kh, c cng ln trong vic ch o xy dng cu ng phc v xy lp cc gin khoan trn t lin, xy dng Cn c dch v trn b Vng Tu cng nh chun b xy dng Nh my lc du Thnh Tuy H - ng Nai.
ng Phm Vn Diu (1921-1995)
ng c khen thng Hun chng Qun cng hng Nh, Hun chng Khng chin chng M, cu nc hng Nht v nhiu Hun chng, Huy chng cao qu khc.
V c bn c quan Tng cc Du kh c t chc theo Ngh nh s 170/CP: Vn phng (Chnh v Ph Vn phng gm cc ng L Quc Tun v Nguyn Ngc Lin); V T chc cn b v o to (ng Trn Ngn Hot - V trng); V Kinh t - K thut v Hp tc quc t (ng L Quc Tun - Chnh Vn phng kim ph trch V, ng Nguyn ng Hi - Ph V trng); V K hoch - Lao ng v Vt t (ng Phan Minh Bch - Ph V trng ph trch, ng Nguyn Quang Hp - Ph V trng, sau ny c ng Nng Tc Lm l V trng), V Ti v - K ton - Thng k (cc ng ng nh Cn, Cng c Vng - Ph V trng, sau ny c ng H T l V trng); Cc Xy dng c bn (ng Dng Quang Thnh - Ph Cc trng ph trch, ng V Bt - Ph Cc trng); Vin Du kh vn cha c chnh thc thnh lp (mc d c ng Nguyn Giao l Ph Vin trng ph trch, ng H c Hoi - Ph Vin trng. Phi n thng 5-1978, Vin Du kh mi chnh thc i vo hot ng)1. Ngoi ra, Tng cc Du kh thnh lp Phng Thng tin t liu2, Phng Nghin cu k thut khai thc du kh, Phng Qun l vt t, Phng C kh (theo cc quyt nh s: 71/Q-DKTC, 72/Q-DK-TC v 73/Q-DK-TC ngy 12-3-1977). Sau khi Cng ty Du m v Kh t Vit Nam (Petrovietnam) c thnh lp theo Quyt nh s 251/CP ngy 9-9-1977 ca Chnh ph, n ngy 16-11-1977 Tng cc trng Nguyn Vn Bin c t trnh bng Vn bn s 2444/DK1. Theo Vn bn 24/DK-TC ngy 28-1-1979 ca Tng cc Du kh gi Ban T chc Chnh ph. 2. Trc y l Phng Thng tin - T liu kinh t k thut trc thuc V Kinh t - K thut v Hp tc quc t theo Quyt nh s 473/TCDK-TC ngy 30-12-1975; sau ny trc thuc Tng cc Du kh theo Quyt nh s 24/DK-TC ngy 28-1-1977.
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TCCB gi Chnh ph v t chc b my qun l ngnh cng nghip Du kh Vit Nam, th hin tm nhn kh xa v tip cn vi thng tin cng nghip Du kh th gii. Ni dung Vn bn nu r: 1. Ngnh Du kh l ngnh cng nghip hin i, cn c t chc theo mt chu trnh khp kn t tm kim, thm d, khai thc, ch bin lc ha du, vn chuyn v phn phi sn phm. 2. Cn c cc t chc sm n u v nhng t chc qu ; trc mt cha ph trch khu phn phi, song c th nhn khu thit k, vn chuyn, ng ng, kho cng. 3. Kt hp t chc qun l tp trung cao Tng cc vi t chc mt s cng ty khu vc: Cng ty Du kh Bc, Cng ty Du kh Nam, on Du kh ng bng sng Cu Long. 4. Tin ti t chc cc cng ty dch v k thut chuyn mn ho, trc mt t chc ngay Cng ty a vt l du kh. 5. Cn c h thng t chc xy dng c bn hon chnh v mnh t khu kho st thit k ti xy lp, c 2 Ban kin thit cc nh my lc ha du. 6. Nn c nhng hnh thc t chc lm vic vi nc ngoi: Cng ty Du kh Quc gia Vit Nam; cc ban iu hnh hn hp Vit Nam v nc ngoi; cc cng ty dch v lm n vi cc cng ty nc ngoi; tin ti s c cc cng ty hn hp vi nc ngoi; cc t chc i din ca Petrovietnam nc ngoi. 7. Khu then cht pht trin tin ti t lc l h thng o to cn b, cng nhn; h thng vin k thut v cc on, trm nghin cu, phng th nghim; h thng cc nh my c kh. Ngy 25-1-1978, Tng cc trng Nguyn Vn Bin c t trnh bng Vn bn s 128/DK-TCCB gi Chnh ph v vic ngh b sung, sa i t chc b my ca Tng cc. Ni dung Vn bn nu r: 1. Cc t chc sn xut, kinh doanh, xy dng c bn, xin thnh lp thm: a) Cng ty a vt l du kh Vit Nam; b) Cng ty Vt t vn ti du kh; c) Cng ty Xy lp du kh; d) Vin Thit k du kh; ) Trm my tnh a vt l. 2. Cc t chc nghin cu o to: Vin Du kh Vit Nam gm h thng cc vin, phn vin chuyn ngnh, cc on i a cht chuyn v cc c s nghin cu thc nghim gn lin vi cc n v sn xut.
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3. Cc c quan thc hin chc nng qun l nh nc: a) Xin tch V K hoch - Lao ng v Vt t thnh: V K hoch, V Lao ng v tin lng, Cng ty Vt t vn ti du kh; b) Xin tch V Kinh t - K thut v Hp tc quc t thnh: V Quan h i ngoi, V K thut, Trung tm thng tin t liu du kh; c) Cho thnh lp Cc Bo v v Phng ha thay th Phng Bo v c trong Ngh nh s 170/CP v cho thnh lp Cc C in. Ngy 2-3-1978, Chnh ph c nhng iu chnh v t chc ca Tng cc Du kh trong Thng bo s 11/TB. Ni dung Thng bo nu r: Cn phn nh r chc nng, nhim v ca Tng cc v mt qun l nh nc v qun l sn xut kinh doanh. Ngoi nhng n v c t chc theo Ngh nh s 170/CP, nay thnh lp: Cng ty Du kh Vit Nam, c chi nhnh min Nam; Cng ty Vt t vn ti du kh; Trm My tnh a vt l; T chc Vin Du kh m nhim c cng tc nghin cu v cng tc qun l khoa hc k thut, m khng t chc v k thut ring; tch V K hoch - Lao ng thnh V K hoch bao gm c Thng k v V Lao ng tin lng; V Quan h i ngoi; B phn Thng tin t liu; Cc Bo v v Phng ha thay cho Phng Bo v. T cc vn bn trn ca Tng cc Du kh cng nh ca Chnh ph, vn qun l k thut vn cha tch thnh mt v ring. Ngy 23-6-1978, Chnh ph li ban hnh Quyt nh s 150/CP v b sung v sa i mt s t chc ca Tng cc: 1. i tn Cng ty Du kh Nam Vit Nam thnh Chi nhnh min Nam ca Cng ty Du m v Kh t Vit Nam. 2. Tch V K hoch - Lao ng v Vt t hin c thnh 2 v: V K hoch (ph trch cng tc thng k v k hoch vt t), V Lao ng v tin lng. 3. Tch phn hp tc quc t trong V Kinh t - K thut v Hp tc quc t hin c thnh lp thm mt v mi, ly tn l V i ngoi v du kh. 4. Thnh lp mi: Cc Bo v v Phng ha du kh (trn c s Phng Bo v chnh tr hin c) v Cng ty Vt t vn ti du kh. Nh vy, nu theo Quyt nh s 150/CP th bt u t ngy 23-6-1978, V Kinh t - K thut v Hp tc quc t ch cn l V Kinh t - K thut.
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V nhn s, trong thi k ny Ph Cc trng ph trch Cc Bo v l cc ng L ng, V Xun Linh; V trng V K hoch l ng Nng Tc Lm; Quyn V trng ph trch V Lao ng v tin lng l ng Ngc Ngn; V trng V Hp tc quc t l ng L Quc Tun.
Trong nm 1979, tnh hnh trong nc v trn th gii c nhiu din bin phc tp. ng li, ch trng v pht trin ngnh Du kh, nht l trong lnh vc hp tc du kh vi cc nc trn th gii i hi phi c s iu chnh ph hp. Ch trng hp tc ton din vi Lin X trong c lnh vc du kh c nh hnh.
Ngnh Du kh c s thay i trong cp lnh o. Ngy 25-10-1979, Hi ng Chnh ph ban hnh Quyt nh s 383/CP v vic ng Nguyn Vn Bin thi chc Tng cc trng gi chc Ph Ch nhim U ban K hoch Nh nc v trc tip lm Vin trng Vin Phn vng quy hoch Trung ng.
Ngy 23-10-1979, ng inh c Thin lm B trng ph trch cng tc du kh kim chc Tng cc trng Tng cc Du kh theo Quyt nh s 953/NQ-NS-TW. Ngy 21-1-1980, Ban Chp hnh Trung ng ng quyt nh ng inh c Thin thi gi chc Tng cc trng Tng cc Du kh lm B trng B Giao thng vn ti, ng thi thay mt Chnh ph ph trch cng tc du kh theo Quyt nh s 1037/NQ-NS-TW. Ngy 27-2-1980, Hi ng Chnh ph ban hnh Quyt nh s 62/CP v vic ng inh c Thin, U vin Trung ng ng, B trng B Giao thng vn ti, thay mt Chnh ph ph trch cng tc du kh, giao thng v iu ha vn ti trong c nc. Ngy 3-4-1980, Hi ng Chnh ph b nhim Trung tng Nguyn Ha, nguyn l T lnh Qun on I gi chc Tng cc trng Tng cc Du kh1, kim chc Tng Gim c Cng ty Du m v Kh t Vit Nam2; ng thi kim B th Ban Cn s ng Tng cc Du kh3. Sau , ng Nguyn Ha cn c c kim chc Ph Tng Gim c th nht X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro Vng Tu.
1. Quyt nh s 107/CP. 2. Quyt nh s 203/CP ngy 1-7-1980. 3. Quyt nh s 1144/NQ-NS-TW.
217

Qu qun: H Ni. Tham gia cch mng t nm 1944, kinh qua nhiu chc v cao cp trong ng v Nh nc cng nh trong qun i: U vin Ban Chp hnh Trung ng ng kho V, VI; Trung tng, T lnh Qun on I, tc Binh on Quyt Thng; Tng cc trng Tng cc Du kh kim B th Ban Cn s ng Tng cc Du kh; i biu Quc hi kho VII, VIII; Quyn Ch nhim U ban Kinh t v Ngn sch ca Quc hi. ng c nhiu chin cng trong chin tranh chng thc dn Php, chng chin tranh ph hoi ca quc M v gii phng min Nam. ng c khen thng Hun chng H Ch Minh, Hun chng Qun cng hng Nht v nhiu Hun chng, Huy chng cao qu khc.
ng Nguyn Ha Sinh nm 1927
ng l Tng cc trng Tng cc Du kh t nm 1980, c cng ln trong vic xy dng v pht trin s hp tc du kh gia Vit Nam v Lin X, trong vic t chc v hot ng ca X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro Vng Tu, sau ny tr thnh mt n v ch lc ca ngnh Du kh Vit Nam. Qu qun: Vn Phc, qun H ng, H Ni. Tham gia cch mng t rt sm. ng m nhim nhiu chc v lnh o: B th Tnh u, Ch tch y ban hnh chnh, Tnh i trng Tnh i H ng; Ph Tng cc trng Tng cc Lm nghip; Th trng B Xy dng; Chuyn vin cao cp Vn phng Hi ng B trng; Ph Tng cc trng Tng cc Du kh Vit Nam. ng c cng trong lnh vc xy dng c bn ca ngnh Du kh Vit Nam, trc tip ch o t chc hnh thnh X nghip lin hip Xy lp du kh. ng c khen thng Hun chng c lp hng Nht, Hun chng Khng chin hng Nht, Hun chng Khng chin chng M, cu nc hng Nht v nhiu Hun chng, Huy chng cao qu khc.
ng Chu (1923-1997)
Sau khi Hip nh hp tc v thm d v khai thc du kh thm lc a Nam Vit Nam c k ngy 3-7-1980 v Hip nh thnh lp X nghip Lin doanh du kh Vit - X ngy 19-6-1981, Hi ng B trng c Quyt nh s 19/HBT ngy 6-8-1981 sa i b my t chc ca Tng cc Du kh Vit Nam, vi ni dung: (1) i tn V i ngoi v du kh thnh V Hp tc quc t.
218
(2) Tch V Kinh t - K thut1 thnh hai v: - V a cht du kh. - V Khoan v Khai thc. (3) Thnh lp V Vt t v Vn ti. (4) Thnh lp Cng ty a vt l trn c s chuyn on a vt l hin c thnh Cng ty; (5) i tn Cng ty Du kh min Bc Vit Nam thnh Cng ty Du kh s I; (6) Gii th Cng ty Du kh min Nam Vit Nam.
Thc hin Quyt nh ca Hi ng B trng, ngy 10-9-1981, Tng cc Du kh thnh lp V Vt t v Vn ti2, V trng l ng Trn Xanh. Tch V Kinh t - K thut thnh V a cht du kh, V ph ph trch l ng Nguyn Giao; V Khoan v Khai thc3, Quyn V trng l ng Trng Thin, sau ny ng ng Ca l V trng. Thnh lp Phng Khoa hc k thut4. Trc , ngy 29-8-1981, Tng cc Du kh quyt nh chuyn Ban Qun s thnh V ng vin, gi l V 15, Ph V trng l ng on Ngc nh6. V 1 gii th ngy 1910-19847, chc nng ca V 1 c chuyn cho V K hoch, V trng V K hoch l ng Nguyn Quang Hp.
Ngy 26-9-1981, Ch tch Hi ng B trng c Quyt nh s 169/CT chuyn mt b phn ca Tng cc Du kh vo pha Nam, c th nh sau: a) Vo Thnh ph H Ch Minh: C quan Vn phng Tng cc v cc Cc, V gm 93 ngi; b) Vo c khu Vng Tu - Cn o gm: Cng ty i sng: 15 ngi, Cng ty Vt t - vn ti: 40 ngi Tng cng: 148 ngi.
1. Cn c vo cc Quyt nh ca Chnh ph, c th thy rng V Kinh t - K thut tn ti t ngy 236-1978 (Quyt nh s 150/CP) n ngy 6-8-1981 (Quyt nh s 19/HBT), nhng Tng cc Du kh Vit Nam, trong cc vn bn u vit l V K thut v ti Vn bn s 949/DK-TCCB ngy 16-61979 B trng inh c Thin duyt c cu t chc v bin ch V K thut tm kim, thm d (T.G). 2. Quyt nh s 1199/DK-TC. 3. Quyt nh s 1200/DK-TC. 4. Quyt nh s 1201/DK-TC. 5. Quyt nh s 1144/DK-TC. 6. Quyt nh s 1512/TCCB, ngy 22-10-1981. 7. Quyt nh s 1167/DK-TC.
219
ng thi cng quyt nh: Tr s ca Tng cc Du kh pha Nam ng ti s 7 Mc nh Chi, Thnh ph H Ch Minh. y ban nhn dn Thnh ph H Ch Minh v c khu Vng Tu - Cn o gii quyt vic nhp h khu, cp cc tiu chun nhu yu phm v s mua hng cho c quan ca Tng cc Du kh vi s lng nh trn. Thc hin Ngh quyt s 16/HBT v tinh gin bin ch hnh chnh nh nc, c quan Tng cc t 350 ngi (nm 1981) gim cn 280 ngi1. Ngy 17-12-1982, ng Trng Thin v ng Bi Hi Ninh c b nhim Ph Tng cc trng Tng cc Du kh theo Quyt nh s 344/CT. Ngy 21-9-1984, Tng cc thnh lp Ban Nghin cu du kh bin2, thnh lp V Khoa hc - k thut3, chuyn nhim v qun l khoa hc k thut ca V a cht du kh cho V Khoa hc - k thut4, gii th V Vt t v Vn ti v chc nng ca n c chuyn giao cho V K hoch5, thnh lp Ban Thanh tra6. Ngy 1-12-1984, chuyn Cc Bo v thnh Ban An ninh kinh t7, nhng n ngy 20-8-1985 Ban An ninh kinh t li chuyn thnh Cc Bo v du kh theo Quyt nh s 956/TC.
Ph Cc trng ph trch Cc Bo v l cc ng Nguyn V Ch, Nguyn Vn Thi. Thi k ny ng Trn Hng Trang l V trng V T chc cn b, ng Ngc Ngn l V trng V Lao ng v tin lng, ng Trn Xanh l Chnh Vn phng, ng Trn Ngc Ton l Ph V trng ph trch V Khoa hc k thut.
Ngy 10-1-1985, Hi ng B trng ban hnh Ngh nh s 06/HBT, vi ni dung: B my gip vic Tng cc trng Tng cc Du kh thc hin chc nng qun l nh nc i vi cc lnh vc cng tc gm c Vn phng v 11 v (V K hoch, V Khoa hc - k thut, V Ti chnh - K ton, V Lao ng v tin lng, V T chc cn b, V Xy dng c bn, V Hp tc quc t, Ban Thanh tra, V a cht a vt l du kh, V Khoan v Khai thc du kh, V C
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Vn bn s 1062/DK-TC gi Ban T chc Chnh ph ngy 13-8-1982. Quyt nh s 1446/Q-TC. Quyt nh s 1168/DK-TC ngy 19-10-1984. Quyt nh s 1698/DK-TC ngy 14-11-1984. Quyt nh s 1598/DK-TC ngy 27-10-1984. Quyt nh s 1699/TC-DK ngy 14-11-1984 Quyt nh s 1832/TC-DK.
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in v Thit b du kh). Chc nng, nhim v v bin ch ca cc V c giao cho Tng cc trng quy nh. Ngy 19-5-1986, Ch tch Hi ng B trng ban hnh Ch th s 130/CT v thnh lp Tiu ban Nghin cu thm nh n tm kim, thm d du kh vng ca sng Hng vnh Bc B, Tng cc Du kh l mt trong cc thnh vin ch cht giao nhim v cho Cng ty Du kh I (Thi Bnh) trin khai n. Nhm tip tc hon thin v t chc b my, Tng cc Du kh quyt nh sp nhp V Khoa hc - K thut v V a cht a vt l du kh thnh V Khoa hc - K thut du kh1. Thng 6-1987, Tng cc Du kh quyt nh sp nhp V Khoan v Khai thc du kh v V C in v Thit b du kh thnh V Khoan - Khai thc v Thit b du kh2, i tn Phn vin Du kh pha Nam ca Vin Du kh thnh Phn vin Lc ho du trc thuc Tng cc. Ngy 8-3-1988, Tng cc trng Nguyn Ha trnh Ch tch Hi ng B trng phng n sp xp li b my qun l nh nc v kinh t v tinh gin bin ch ca Tng cc Du kh, trng tm l sp xp li s V/Vn phng gim t 11 xung cn 8 v bin ch t 263 ngi cn 150 ngi (Vn phng t 127 ngi gim cn 60 ngi), c Ch tch Hi ng B trng ph duyt.
V nhn s, thi k ny Chnh Vn phng l cc ng Quang Ton (nm 1987), Don Tin Dng (nm 1989); V trng V K hoch l ng Nguyn Quang Hp; V trng V T chc - Lao ng l ng Ng Mnh Khi; V trng V Ti chnh - K ton l ng Cng c Vng; V trng V Hp tc quc t l cc ng: o Duy Ch (nm 1987), Quang Ton (nm 1989); V trng V Xy dng c bn l ng Nguyn Sm; V trng V Khoa hc - K thut l cc ng: Nguyn Hip (nm 1986), Nguyn Tr Lin (nm 1989). Cc trng Cc Bo v l ng Phan Trng Vit.
Sau i hi ng ln th VI, Petrovietnam li bt u tip xc vi cc cng ty du kh th gii. trnh phn ng ca Lin X, ng thi cng m rng quan h quc t Nam - Nam, n l nc c lnh o ng v Chnh ph chn lm bc t ph.
1. Quyt nh s 1684/Q-TC ngy 31-10-1986. 2. Quyt nh s 1004/TC ngy 27-6-1987.
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Ngy 11-4-1988, Ch tch Hi ng B trng ban hnh Quyt nh s 100/CT v vic thay i nhn s ca Tng cc Du kh: - ng Nguyn Ha thi gi chc Tng cc trng Tng cc Du kh nhn nhim v khc. - ng Trng Thin gi chc Tng cc trng Tng cc Du kh. - ng Nguyn Hip, V trng V Khoa hc - K thut gi chc Ph Tng cc trng. - ng L Vn C thi gi chc Ph Tng cc trng Tng cc Du kh lm cng tc nghin cu khoa hc.
Qu qun: Nhn Phong, An Nhn, Bnh nh. Nm 1955 hc kho Chuyn vin a cht, sau cng tc on a cht I Apatit Lo Cai. Nm 1957 tham gia dy lp S cp a cht, khoan. Nm 1961 l Ph Trng phng K thut cng trnh, V K hoch - K thut, Tng cc a cht. T nm 1963 n nm 1972 hc i hc v nghin cu sinh Lin X v l tin s, Trng phng Du kh ca Tng cc a cht. Sau khi Tng cc Du kh c thnh lp (nm 1975), ng lm Ph Gim c Cng ty Du kh Nam Vit Nam. Nm 1979 lm Ph Gim c Cng ty Du kh I (Thi Bnh). Nm 1980 l Quyn V trng V Khoan v Khai thc du kh Tng cc Du kh. Nm 1982 c bt Ph Tng cc trng Tng cc Du kh ng Trng Thin v kim Gim c Cng ty Du kh I (nm 1984). Thng 4-1988, (1933-2008) ng c b nhim lm Tng cc trng Tng cc Du kh. Nm 1990, sau khi Tng cc Du kh sp nhp vo B Cng nghip nng, ng gi chc Th trng, sau chuyn v lm Tng Gim c Tng cng ty Du kh Vit Nam. Nm 1992 l Tr l Th tng Chnh ph v cng tc du kh. Nm 1995 l U vin Hi ng Qun tr Tng cng ty Du kh Vit Nam. ng ngh hu nm 1998. ng c cng trong vic t chc xy dng bn chin lc u tin ca ngnh Du kh Vit Nam (thng 4-1988), lm c s B Chnh tr ban hnh Ngh quyt s 15-NQ/TW ngy 7-7-1988 v phng hng pht trin ngnh Du kh n nm 2000, m ng cho s hp tc a phng ca ngnh Du kh Vit Nam vi du kh th gii; cng nh trong qu trnh m phn sa i Hip nh hp tc thm d v khai thc du kh k vi Lin X nm 1981. ng c khen thng Hun chng Khng chin hng Ba, Hun chng Lao ng hng Nh, Hun chng Hu ngh ca Lin bang Nga v nhiu Hun chng, Huy chng cao qu khc. Nm 2009, ng c truy tng Hun chng c lp hng Ba.
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* Cc n v thnh vin ca Tng cc Du kh Sau khi Tng cc Du kh c thnh lp, vic u tin l tip nhn cc n v t Tng cc a cht chuyn sang. Tng cc Du kh ban hnh cc Quyt nh s 202/TCDK, 201/TCDK v 203/TCDK, ln lt chuyn on 36B, on 36F v Lin on 36 trc thuc Tng cc a cht nay trc thuc Tng cc Du kh. on 36F c gi l on a vt l (ngy 22-11-1975); ngy 5-3-1976 Tng cc Du kh ra Quyt nh s 320/DK-Q v vic t chc li on a vt l thnh on Du kh 12 (song vic i tn ny khng c thc hin trn thc t). min Nam, Tng cc quyt nh thnh lp on a vt l min Nam, gi tt l on du kh 22 trc thuc Cng ty Du kh Nam Vit Nam kho st a vt l ng bng Nam B v vng bin nng ven b1; thnh lp on Du kh ng bng sng Cu Long, gi tt l on Du kh Cu Long2; tch on Du kh 22 khi Cng ty Du kh Nam Vit Nam, nhp vo on Du kh ng bng sng Cu Long3. B trng inh c Thin ra quyt nh i tn Lin on a cht 36 thnh Cng ty Du kh I; i tn Cng ty Du kh Nam Vit Nam thnh Cng ty Du kh II, chuyn tr s ca Cng ty Du kh II t Thnh ph H Ch Minh v Vng Tu4; chuyn on 36A thuc Cng ty Du kh I thnh i khoan trc thuc on du kh ng bng sng Cu Long, trong nhn mnh: trong 3 ngy ton b on 36A phi ri Tr Vinh xung ti khoan trng. Ngy 16-6-1979, c quyt nh thnh lp on a vt l II5, nhng thc t khng trin khai. Ngy 2-4-1980, Tng cc Du kh quyt nh di chuyn tr s on a vt l t th x Hng Yn n Xun Thu (Nam nh). Khi on a vt l chuyn i thnh Cng ty a vt l, tr s Cng ty c chuyn t Xun Thu n thnh ph Hi Phng6. Mc d ngay trong Ngh nh s 170/CP ngy 3-9-1975 ca Chnh ph v thnh lp Tng cc Du kh c ghi Vin Du kh l n v thnh vin ca Tng cc, nhng phi n ngy 9-9-1976 mi c kin ca U ban Khoa hc v K
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Quyt nh s 407/Q-TC ngy 4-12-1975. Quyt nh s 491/DK-QTC ngy 4-11-1977. Quyt nh s 529/Q-TC ngy 14-11-1978. Quyt nh s 1044/Q-TC. Quyt nh s 954/DK-TC. Quyt nh s 90/CT ngy 5-3-1985.
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thut Nh nc v vic thnh lp Vin, v n ngy 22-5-1978, Tng cc Du kh mi ban hnh Quyt nh s 655/DK-QTC v vic giao nhim v, quyn hn v t chc b my ca Vin Du kh Vit Nam, c tr s ti H Ni.
Sau B trng inh c Thin quyt nh trc mt Vin Du kh t ti th x Hng Yn. Cho n ngy 30-11-1987 Tng cc Du kh mi cho php Vin Du kh chuyn a im v H Ni1, v n ngy 18-1-1989 Ch tch Hi ng B trng mi cho php Vin Du kh t tr s ti H Ni2.
Ngoi ra, Tng cc Du kh quyt nh thnh lp Phn vin Du kh pha Nam Vit Nam trc thuc Vin Du kh3, sau i tn thnh Phn vin Lc ha du trc thuc Tng cc4. Cng trong nm 1978, Tng cc Du kh thnh lp Trung tm Thng tin t liu kinh t k thut (gi tt l Trung tm Thng tin T liu du kh)5. Cc n v lm cng tc dch v u tin l Cng ty Xy lp du kh pha Nam6 v Cng ty Thit k du kh7 c thnh lp ngy 16-11-1977. Tip theo l Cng ty Thit b vt t vn ti du kh (gi tt l Cng ty Vt t vn ti du kh)8. Ngy 30-9-1988, tch X nghip sn xut Barit t Cng ty Vt t vn ti du kh thnh lp X nghip sn xut ho phm trc thuc Tng cc Du kh9. Ngy 8-31990, X nghip sn xut ha phm pht trin thnh Cng ty Dung dch khoan v ho phm du kh10. Khi cc cng ty du kh Deminex, Bow Valley, Agip bt u trin khai hot ng thm d du kh trn mt s l thm lc a Nam Vit Nam, bt u ny sinh mt s yu cu v dch v (khch sn, tr s lm vic, trc in i, thng tin lin lc, th tc xut nhp cnh), do , Tng cc Du kh thnh lp X nghip Dch v du kh Vng Tu11 trc thuc Cng ty Du kh Nam Vit Nam. C l y l t chc u tin lm ng chc nng dch v du kh.
1. Quyt nh s 1860/VP. 2. Quyt nh s 11/CT. 3. Quyt nh s 123/DK-TC ngy 19-1-1982. 4. Quyt nh s 1014/DK-TC ngy 27-6-1987. 5. Quyt nh s 656/DK-TC ngy 23-8-1978. 6. Quyt nh s 542/DK-QTC. 7. Quyt nh s 543/DK-QTC. 8. Quyt nh s 498/DK-QTC. 9. Quyt nh s 1057/TC-DK. 10. Quyt nh s 182/Q-TCDK. 11. Quyt nh s 454/DK-Q-TC ngy 12-4-1978.
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Cng vi vic thnh lp c khu Vng Tu - Cn o, xy dng khu cng nghip v cn c dch v du kh, Chnh ph cho thnh lp Ban Kin thit khu cng nghip du kh Vng Tu1. B Quc phng iu S on 318 (Qun on 65 - Qun khu IV) i lm du kh Vng Tu2. Sau , Th tng Chnh ph quyt nh iu b sung mt s n v qun i tham gia xy dng khu dch v du kh Vng Tu3, v thnh lp Binh on lm du kh 318. Cc n v ny nhiu cng sc cho vic r ph bom mn, nh s vt, san lp mt bng xy dng bn cng, cn c dch v cng nh cc khu lm vic v sinh hot. Sau khi X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro c thnh lp Vng Tu, hot ng xy dng cn c trn b c y mnh. Ngy 31-3-1982, Ch tch Hi ng B trng ban hnh Quyt nh s 71/CT, cho php Tng cc Du kh thnh lp Ban Qun l cng trnh du kh Vng Tu. Ngy 30-8-1983, Ch tch Hi ng B trng quyt nh chuyn giao Binh on 318 t B Quc phng sang Tng cc Du kh4 thnh lp X nghip Lin hip Xy lp du kh5. Hot ng thm d du kh ngoi khi ngy cng rm r, i hi Tng cc phi tch X nghip Dch v du kh trc thuc Ban Qun l cng trnh du kh Vng Tu thnh lp X nghip Dch v du kh trc thuc Tng cc6. Ngy 14-3-1987, Hi ng B trng ban hnh Quyt nh s 53/HBT v vic thnh lp Cng Vng Tu. chun b xy dng cc nh my lc - ha du, ngy 7-6-1977, Tng cc Du kh thnh lp Ban Chun b xy dng khu lin hp lc - ha du pha Nam Vit Nam7 v pha Bc Vit Nam8; sau l Ban Chun b u t cng trnh khu lin hp lc du - ha du9 v Ban Ch o xy dng cng trnh lc du Thnh Tuy H10.
1. Cng vn s 2437/VP ngy 11-6-1980. 2. Quyt nh s 406/Q ngy 28-6-1980. 3. Quyt nh s 269/TTg ngy 13-9-1980. 4. Quyt nh s 224/CT. 5. Quyt nh s 225/CT. 6. Quyt nh s 1700/TC ngy 14-11-1984. 7. Quyt nh s 185/DK-Q-TC. 8. Quyt nh s 186/DK-Q-TC. 9. Quyt nh s 43/Q-TC ngy 3-2-1982. 10. Quyt nh ngy 11-2-1987.
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Sau khi Tng cc Du kh m rng hp tc vi cc cng ty du kh nc ngoi, ngy 20-5-1988 Tng cc Du kh ban hnh Quyt nh s 615/DK-TC v vic thnh lp Cng ty Du kh II (Petrovietnam II) trc thuc Tng cc Du kh, tr s t ti Thnh ph H Ch Minh. Tip theo, ngy 17-11-1988 quyt nh thnh lp Cng ty Petrovietnam I1 trc thuc Tng cc Du kh, tr s t ti thnh ph Hi Phng. Cc cng ty Petrovietnam I v Petrovietnam II c nhim v chnh l theo di, gim st cc cng ty du kh nc ngoi thc hin cc hp ng tm kim, thm d v khai thc du kh PSC do Petrovietnam k vi cc cng ty nc ngoi. Ngy 22-3-1989, Tng cc Du kh quyt nh chuyn Cng ty a vt l, c tr s ti ng Nng (Hi Phng), thnh Cng ty a vt l v Dch v du kh GPTS trc thuc Tng cc Du kh2. Trong nhng nm cui 70 u 80 ca th k XX, i sng ca cn b cng nhn vin gp rt nhiu kh khn, Tng cc Du kh sm thnh lp Cng ty Dch v i sng3, v Trm sn xut la vi din tch 400-500 ha min Nam4, k c chn nui gia sc nn phn no ci thin cuc sng ca cn b cng nhn vin trong ngnh. Tuy l mt c quan qun l nh nc vo loi sinh sau mun, nhng Tng cc Du kh c ng v Chnh ph to mi iu kin thun li cho hot ng nh sn sng thay i, b sung cc t chc, n v cho ph hp vi tnh hnh c th (phn ln l theo ngh ca Tng cc); c ch trng r, dt khot, quyt nh mnh iu cn b qun l, chuyn gia gii c kinh nghim trc ht t nhng n v lm du kh 14 nm trc y (Lin on a cht 36) ca Tng cc a cht, nhng ngi trong Ban Du m v Kh t (thnh lp t nm 1971) ca Tng cc Ha cht lm nng ct, v t cc b, ngnh khc k c t qun i v Tng cc Du kh. l cha k n vic quan tm, theo di, ch o theo tng bc i ca ngnh Du kh.
Vic b nhim ng inh c Thin, nguyn Ch nhim Tng cc Hu cn B Quc phng; ng Nguyn Vn Bin, nguyn Ph Ch nhim U ban K hoch Nh nc lm lnh o ngnh Du kh Vit Nam trong giai on cn trng nc c vai tr xung lc to th cho ngnh Du kh Vit Nam tin ti. Cc
1. 2. 3. 4. Quyt nh s 1195/DK-TC ngy 17-11-1988. Quyt nh s 195/TCDK. Quyt nh s 1600/Q-TC ngy 2-12-1978. Quyt nh s 851/S ngy 1-6-1981.
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ng rt quan tm n vn cn b v chuyn gia. Cc ng pht hin v s dng nhng ngi c nng lc, kinh nghim (d v lnh vc du kh thi cn rt t ngi am hiu). B trng inh c Thin cn s dng nhm chuyn gia t vn, trong c ng Nguyn Vn Ho nguyn l Ph Th tng ca chnh quyn Vit Nam Cng ha. ng H T, nguyn V trng V Ti v Tng cc Du kh, sau ny l B trng B Ti chnh k li: Hai thng sau (k t khi chuyn t B Ti chnh v Tng cc Du kh), ng inh c Thin, B trng ph trch cng tc du kh mi ti ln gp. Ti cng c nghe anh em ni l ng c trch ti sang bn ny m cha n gp ng. ng va ci va ni: - Nghe anh sang y lu sao cha n gp ti nm tnh hnh, bit ngi, bit vic m giao nhim v. Ti thnh tht ni vi anh: - Ti trnh din anh Nguyn Vn Bin, Tng cc trng. ng Thin vui v, thn i dn d ti: - Ti bit anh khi ti khu gang thp Thi Nguyn, anh B Ti chnh ln duyt quyt ton, lm k hoch. Ti bn vi cc anh Phm Vn ng, Mi, Hong Anh xin anh v y lm V Ti v ny. Khi ti lm Th trng B Cng nghip nng, ti tnh nguyn ln khu gang thp Thi Nguyn bit th no l than cc, ha cht, qung, vi, quy trnh sn xut gang thp th no. Anh lm ti chnh anh phi i thc t. Ti phi tng cng anh cho Cng ty Du kh II. Anh l V trng, nhng anh phi lm ph cho anh Nguyn Ngc Sm, gip anh Sm qun l kinh t ti chnh cho Cng ty Du kh II. V Cng ty qun l 3 cng ty t bn: Cng ty Agip (Italia), Deminex (Cng ha Lin bang c), Bow Valley (Canaa). ng Thin ci: Anh c i khng? - Anh giao nhim v, ti sn sng i1. ng Ngc Ngn, nguyn V trng V Lao ng v tin lng k li: ng Thin khi chn la cn b trong qun i sang lm du kh, ngoi phm cht ca mt ngi lnh C H, cn i hi phi c trnh vn ha, chuyn mn; i vi cn b cp cao cn yu cu phi bit hai ngoi ng. ng Thin cn c bit ti s dng cn b. Ngy khi bit Thiu tng T K chun b ngh hu, ng ngh ng T K sang lm Tr l cho ng, nhng lng ca ng T K vn do B Quc phng tr! ng T K, vi uy tn to ln i vi dn Nam B, gip Tng cc Du kh rt nhiu trong lnh vc i sng2.
1. Nhiu tc gi, T Duy Anh ch bin: Nhng ngi i tm la, Nxb. Hi Nh vn, 2006, t. I, tr. 167-168. 2. Phng vn ng Ngn, ngy 21-10-2009 ti Vng Tu.
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ng ng Trn Giao, nguyn Trng ban Thng mi Tp on k li: Cui nm 1975 u nm 1976 trn ng i cng tc t H Ni n Thi Bnh, Tng cc trng Nguyn Vn Bin ni: Cu nh nhc anh Cm (L Vn Cm - cn s ca V T chc cn b) lm cng vn xin cho c 3 ngi l cc anh Nguyn Sm, Dng Quang Thnh v inh Vn Kin (Kin en). Sau ng Bin gii thch cho ti hay: anh Sm l ngi rt c kinh nghim lm cc th tc ban u trong cng tc xy dng c bn nn phi xin bng c anh y v. Ngnh Du kh s phi trin khai rt nhiu cng trnh. Anh Thnh l ging vin i hc Xy dng, c kin thc gip Tng cc xem xt v duyt thit k xy dng. Anh Kin rt c kinh nghim, c ti t chc gim st thi cng v c tm vi ngh1.
Tuy nhin lc , vic c hai cp lnh o B trng ph trch cng tc du kh v Tng cc trng Tng cc Du kh khng trnh khi s chng cho trong ch o cng tc... Thng 4-1980, tip tc s nghip ca nhng ngi tin nhim, Tng cc trng Nguyn Ha kin ngh v c Chnh ph ph duyt vic iu chnh b my c quan Tng cc nhm tinh gin v nng cao nng lc qun l nh nc v qun l sn xut. ng mnh dn s dng v bt cc cn b tr c nng lc, nht l kin quyt chuyn cc cn b k thut nng ct ca Cng ty Du kh I Thi Bnh vo lm vic trong X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro Vng Tu (do i sng, sinh hot qu kh khn v mi cng vic Lin doanh mi ch bt u, cha u vo u, nn ai m c c vo Vng Tu coi nh l i lnh th ngy xa! C ngi t chi i Vng Tu v xin ra khi ngnh).
ng Trn Hng Trang, nguyn V trng V T chc cn b k: Mt s kin ln gy chn ng t tng do yu cu ca t chc phi iu ng, chuyn vng. y l vo u nhng nm 1980, mc d cc khi chn ca cc gin MSP-1, MSP-2 ang ln lt a ra bin xy lp, tin hnh khoan vm trung tm Bch H, ni pht hin m du ti ging BH-1X (Mobil). Song ban u nhn vo, nhiu ngi cn nghi ng v tng lai ca n. Mt khc, trn t ang tr li, y gia nh, v con h an c. Xo trn, ph v s n nh dn thn vo mt vng t mi, qu thc khng t ngi lo ngi, hoang mang. Thc t na l, dc ng a cht, tm du, i ng nhng ngi hnh trnh t bui ban u y, h cha gi, nhng cng khng cn tr. Bi vy, ton b qun ca Cng ty Du kh I ang lm nhim v chnh l khoan v khai thc du m l trung tm im nng. Lnh iu ng, h phi i v mt vng coi nh t v hoang. H phi nh c gia nh hay tm thi cnh chng Nam v Bc? y l cnh dng dng, vn vng kh x2.
1. ng Trn Giao: Nhng du mc lch s. Lu tr ti Tp on Du kh Quc gia Vit Nam. 2. Nhiu tc gi, T Duy Anh ch bin: Nhng ngi i tm la, Nxb. Hi Nh vn, 2009, t.III, tr. 264-265.
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Thc t anh ch em n Vng Tu gp phn xng ng vo xy dng v pht trin X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro tr thnh n v ch lc, anh c ca ngnh Du kh Vit Nam, nhiu anh em v sau tr thnh cc cn b nng ct, lnh o cc n v, k c lnh o ngnh. C th khng nh rng: Lin on 36, sau ny l Cng ty Du kh I l ci ni v X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro l trng o to cn b v lnh o ca ngnh Du kh Vit Nam. B my c quan Tng cc Du kh tuy c nhiu thay i, khi th thm, bt, lc th iu chuyn chc nng nhim v mt vi b phn t ni ny sang ni kia, s ngi lc ng trn 300 ngi, khi tinh gin bin ch ch cn mt na. S ngi hot ng trong ngnh thi Tng cc, lc cao nht khong 8-9 nghn ngi, song cng ngh, k thut tin tin v phc tp, u t cng ln so vi cc ngnh khc, a bn hot ng khng nhng ri trn c nc m cn c trn t lin ln trn bin, khng ch tip xc lm vic vi chuyn gia cc nc x hi ch ngha m cn va phi hc tp va phi qun l hot ng cc cng ty du kh phng Ty bt k hon cnh no i ng cn b, chuyn vin cc Cc, V, Vn phng Tng cc cng c gng thc thi nhim v qun l nh nc v sn xut ca mnh. Vic xy dng v bo v k hoch di hn, ngn hn mt rt nhiu cng sc. Xt duyt cc phng n, bo co k thut tm kim, thm d, bo co tr lng m kh Tin Hi C, m du Bch H, s cng ngh khai thc m Bch H, xy dng v ban hnh cc quy trnh, quy phm trong qun l k thut phi ph hp, tng xng vi cng ngh k thut ca Lin X cng nh ca phng Ty i hi cn b, chuyn vin kinh t, khoa hc k thut phi khng ngng nng cao trnh . Vic m phn, son tho cc hp ng du kh yu cu khng ch tho v ngoi ng, ct li l phi tinh thng lut php quc t, am hiu bi ton kinh t, cu ch cht ch i hi cn b, chuyn vin lm cng tc i ngoi lun lun phi cp nht tri thc. Ngay vic tng n gin nh thu ht, tuyn dng ngun nhn lc lao ng cng i hi lnh o Tng cc cng nh cn b ph trch phi n lc.
ng Ngc Ngn nh li: Khi thnh lp X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro Vng Tu (nm 1981), yu cu 1.000 cng nhn c tay ngh. Kim u ra? Ti c Ph Ch tch Hi ng B trng Mi cho php i n tt c cc trng dy ngh ca Tng cc Dy ngh, ca cc b, cc ngnh, cc a phng tuyn chn. ng inh c Thin cn nhn mnh phi tm trong lc lng k thut ca qun i, li xe nn ly t qun i Ngy kim c cng nhn c tay ngh bc cao rt kh, li cng kh l cng nhn li cu 100 tn. Si Gn khi y ch c 3 cng nhn c o to ti M. Ti tm c 2 ngi
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Ti cn nh khi bn chuyn s dng cc cng nhn lnh ngh ca Thnh ph H Ch Minh, cc ng Mai Ch Th, Phan Vn Khi l lnh o thnh ph lc ni: cc anh phi c xe ca, hng tun sng th hai chy xung Vng Tu, chiu th by a anh em v thnh ph. Kh khn l nh vy y, nhng khng kh bng chuyn gii quyt ch chnh sch, nht l lng bng cho anh em, k c cho cn b. Tuyn c cng nhn nhng lng v ph cp khng sng th h chy thi. Chng ti ngh nng gp 12 ln so vi mc ang quy nh. Ph Ch tch Hi ng B trng Mi c ng Trn Phng lm vic vi du kh, ng Phng nht tr. B trng B Lao ng, Thng binh v X hi Trn nh Hoan v ng Th trng (ti khng nh tn) nht tr, nhng ng V trng ca B th kch lit phn i! Sau ny cc ng on Duy Thnh, Trn c Lng u ng h. Thuyt phc Pha Lin X cng khng n gin. Ti nh li khi m phn vi ng Hatkin - chuyn gia Lin X c ci u rt ging Lnin, ng Phan T Quang Ph Tng cc trng, ci phanh o ra ngay gia cuc hp v ni: Ti l i t cng phi i mn o y ny. Chnh X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro Vng Tu l x nghip u tin b ch hai gi, thc hin ch mt gi khi m c ca hng mu dch Vng Tu1.
Vic iu ng c Binh on 318 ca qun i sang ngnh Du kh cng l mt sng to v quyt tm cao. Nhng ngi lnh va ri tay sng cm ngay cuc, xng (ngy lm g c my mc!) lao ng ct lc, m hi c khi c mu xy dng c s h tng cho ngnh Du kh. Tng cc Du kh rt quan tm n thu nhp ca ngi lao ng trong ngnh.
ng Hong Ph, nguyn Trng ban Lao ng tin lng Tng cng ty Du kh nh li: Sau khi Tng cc Du kh c thnh lp (thng 9-1975), cha c h thng tr lng cho ngnh Du kh. Cn b lnh o, k s, k thut th p dng theo bng lng chung ca cc x nghip khai khong, cn lao ng c th ca ngnh nh th khoan, cng nhn a vt l, th va, bm trm xi mng vn dng thang lng ca th khai thc m hm l, cng nhn c kh 7 bc c s ch o ca Tng cc trng Nguyn Ha v V trng V Lao ng v tin lng Ngc Ngn, ng Hong Ph cng vi ng Nguyn Quyn - nguyn Trng phng T chc Lin on a cht 36, c bit phi ln lm vic V Lao ng v tin lng, cng vi T nh mc khoan ca Lin on a cht 36 (sau ny l
1. Phng vn ng Ngn, ngy 21-10-2009 ti Vng Tu.
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Cng ty Du kh I), do ng L Lc lm T trng, bt u trin khai vic nghin cu, xy dng bng lng cho ngnh vo nm 1984. Sau my thng lm vic tch cc, bng lng c trnh B Lao ng v Chnh ph ph chun. Trong ngh nh v ci tin tin lng nm 1985, ln u tin c thang, bng lng ca cng nhn, lao ng chuyn ngnh Du kh. Sau ny, ng Hong Ph cng vi ng Nguyn Mnh Thng (V T chc cn b v o to) cn xy dng khung gi tin lng (tnh bng USD) cho lao ng Vit Nam lm vic cc cng ty du kh nc ngoi u t ti Vit Nam, c B Lao ng, Thng binh v X hi cng Tng cc Du kh ph chun v ban hnh vo nm 19901.
Tng cc Du kh coi vic o to, ti o to, bi dng v tng cng ngun nhn lc l mt nhim v trng tm, trc mt l c ngi lm vic v hc ngay trong khi lm vic vi cc cng ty nc ngoi, sau l dn dn c th m nhim v thay th c cc chc danh phi thu ngi nc ngoi. Vn ny c trnh by chi tit phn cng tc o to.
II. T U T THM D V KHAI THC DU KH

1. Khu vc ng bng sng Hng
Sau khi Tng cc Du kh Vit Nam c thnh lp, cng vic tm kim, thm d du kh tip tc c trin khai thc hin min vng H Ni, do cc n v t Tng cc a cht chuyn sang. Cc chuyn gia Tng cc Du kh (Nguyn Quang Hp, Trng on) v ca B a cht Lin X (B.P. Krmov, Trng on) t ngy 23-1-1976 n ngy 4-3-1976 xem xt ton b ti liu a cht - a vt l c, nh gi trin vng du kh ca min vng H Ni v xut k hoch tm kim, thm d giai on 1976-1980 vi khi lng 27 ging khoan, 72.500 m khoan v 1.787 km a chn im su chung. Kt qu d kin s pht hin c khong 5 t m3 kh trn di cu to Kin Xng - Tin Hi v 1 t m3 kh ti vng trng ng Quan2.
1. kin ng gp ca ng Hong Ph vo d tho Lch s ngnh Du kh Vit Nam, ngy 27-1-2011. 2. Kt lun ca on chuyn vin B a cht Lin X v on chuyn vin Tng cc Du kh Vit Nam v phng hng thm d du kh ti min vng H Ni trong nm 1976-1977 v trin vng ti nm 1980, H Ni, thng 3-1976. Ti liu lu tr ti Tp on Du kh Quc gia Vit Nam.
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1.1. Hot ng ca on a vt l 36F (sau l Cng ty a vt l)

Tng cc Du kh ch o y mnh cng tc thm d a vt l chnh xc ha cc cu to, lm c s cho vic tip tc khoan tm kim du kh ng bng sng Hng.
Quyn on trng on a vt l 36F l cc ng Ng Mnh Khi (nm 1975), Nguyn c Tun (nm 1977); sau ny ng Nguyn in l on trng (nm 1979). Khi on a Vt l i tn thnh Cng ty a vt l, ng Nguyn in l Ph Gim c ph trch (nm 1979). ng Nguyn ng Liu l Gim c Cng ty (nm 1986), tip sau ng Vn Hu l Ph Gim c ph trch (nm 1988).
T cui nm 1975, ln u tin phng php a chn im su chung c s dng Vit Nam bng trm my ghi tng t SMOV x l trn my PSZ-4 (-4) ca Lin X (Kruchenhuc, Murzin, Trn c Th) v bng my ghi s SN 338B x l s b trn my CAS ca Php (Nguyn Tr Lin, Trng Minh, Nguyn c Tun). Nm 1975, Ng Sch Trng tin hnh o a chn thng ng ging khoan 61 nhm lin kt chi tit ti liu a chn vi ti liu a vt l ging khoan lm r cu trc cc thn cha du kh. Nm 1976-1977, cng tc kho st in tip tc c thc hin, phng php in trng nhn to trc giao c tin hnh trn cc cu to Tin Hi B, C v Kin Xng C v t - telua trn hai tuyn dc v ngang trn vng ng bng sng Hng. Nhng kho st a vt l ny va c ngha nghin cu va c ngha thc t khng nh s tn ti ca cc i cu trc, xc nh chiu dy trm tch v b mt mng. Cng trong nm ny, cng tc nghin cu, nhm tng chiu su nghin cu (Trn c Th, 1976), v tng kt cng tc a chn phn x trn ton khu vc t l 1/100.000 c thc hin bi cc k s Vn Lu v tin s Phm Nng V. Cng tc tng kt phng php kho st in trn vng ng nam min vng H Ni cng c thc hin bi Hong Trung Lp nm 1976 v trn ton min vng di s ch o ca k s Nguyn Tn Kch v Nguyn Bnh Ti nm 1977. Tng hp kt qu nghin cu vn tc truyn sng a chn phn x ( Vn Lu, 1975). Tng kt cng tc a chn phn x vng nam ng Quan (o Quang An, 1976), vng bc ng Quan (L Vn Dung, 1976). Nm 1978-1979, cng tc kho st, o v trng lc t l ln tip tc c hon tt v nh gi tng kt ton b ti liu trng lc tin hnh t nm 1962
232
Trm my a chn v tu Bnh Minh
n nm 1979 (Phan Quang Quyt, Trn Quc Vinh). Cng tc tng kt o v trng lc do k s Nguyn Quc Trung thc hin. Kt qu ny gp phn khng nh s tn ti nhng i cu trc chnh ca vng ng bng sng Hng v nh hng cng tc thm d tip theo. Cc nm 1980-1983, trin khai nhiu t kho st a chn im su chung nhm tng chiu su nghin cu, tm hiu cu trc ca cc tng su nh ip Phong Chu v mng. ng ghi nhn l ch trng hng hot ng thm d ra vng bin trong thi gian ny. trin khai Phng n thm d a chn im su chung v trng lc y vng nc nng ven b vnh Bc B (I.G. Ivachenko, 1978), on a vt l dng tu T-01 kho st trng lc bng cc my o trng lc y (-). V a chn, on a cht 36F to bo th nghim thu n a chn trn cc phng tin th s, trm my a chn SMOV-24 t trn tu T-02. Bo co kt qu thc hin phng n (R.A. Lupr, Giang Cng Thnh v nnk, 1978-1981) cho bit tuy khi lng thu n cha nhiu, ch vo khong 222 km tuyn vng nc rt nng (1-10 m nc) nhng khng nh tn ti cc cu to bc 2 thnh di pht trin ko di t t lin ra bin, c phng ty bc - ng nam, trng vi di nng Tin Hi phn cch mt bn l trng ng Quan v mt bn l trng Phng Ngi. Tip sau, on a vt l 36F tin hnh ci hon tu vn ti, lp t trm a chn ghi tng t Progress-1, sau ny trm ghi s Progress-2 ca Lin X, con tu a chn u tin mang tn Bnh Minh ra i. Phng n kho st a chn phn x im su chung vng ty bc vnh Bc B bng tu Bnh Minh (R.A. Lupr, Nguyn Vn Kha, Nguyn Cng Binh, 1985) c Tng cc Du kh ph duyt v trin khai bi i a chn bin, sau l on a vt l bin (on
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trng Ch Hiu, cc on ph Vn Hu v V Tin Hi) vi khi lng thu n vo khong 2.500 km tuyn. Ti liu c x l trn my PSZ-4 (-4) ca Lin X, my CAS-48 ca Php t ti Thnh Cng - H Ni v trn my IBM 360-50 ca M t ti Trung tm my tnh qun i ti Thnh ph H Ch Minh.
Cc bo co v cng tc a chn bng tu Bnh Minh pha ty bc vnh Bc B, giai on 1981-1982 (R.A. Lupr v nnk, 1984; V Tt Thng v nnk, 1987), lm sng t cu trc phn ko di ra bin ca min vng H Ni, ghi nhn s tn ti ca cc tng cu trc chnh trong lp ph trm tch Tam, ca 3 i cu trc Ty Nam, ng Bc c b dy 500-3.500 m v Trung tm c b dy 4.000-5.000 m.
Cng trong thi gian ny, cc tu a vt l Poisk v Iskatel ca Lin X cng tin hnh kho st trn 8.224 km tuyn khu vc v 2.350 km tuyn chi tit vnh Bc B (trong hp ng vi X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro), kt qu pht hin nhiu cu to c trin vng du kh.
S khu vc hot ng ca tu Bnh Minh vnh Bc B
T nm 1976 tr i, ngoi cc trm a chn ghi tng t ca Lin X, on a vt l 36F s dng c hiu qu trm my a chn ghi s SN-338B ca Php (tn hiu ghi vo cun bng t v bng giy nhy cm nhit, th h mch vi in t IC), x l trn trm my CAS-48. l trm my a chn c cng ngh hin i thi by gi.
Trong thi gian ny, Xng sa cha my a vt l do k s Hong Vn Hanh l Xng trng, t cui nm 1979 tr i Xng trng l Nguyn Vn Bnh, k s in t Dng Vn Vng, sau l k s Lu Minh Tin.
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1.2. Hot ng ca Lin on a cht 36 (sau ny l Cng ty Du kh I)

Khi Tng cc Du kh ra i, Lin on a cht 36 c chuyn giao ton b gm tr s, nh xng, thit b, con ngi... cho ngnh Du kh v vn gi nguyn nhim v chnh l tin hnh nghin cu, kho st, khoan thm d du kh ti vng ng bng sng Hng. Hot ng tm kim, thm d du kh ca Lin on c trin khai theo chu trnh khp kn, bao gm t khu lp c s a cht; chn v tr ging khoan; lp phng n a cht k thut thi cng ging khoan; vn chuyn, xy lp, tho d thit b khoan; iu hnh cng tc khoan; o a vt l ging khoan, dch v dung dch khoan; chng ng bm trm xi mng; th va; x l s c ging khoan; sa cha thit b khoan; cung cp phng tin vn ti, vt t, nguyn nhin liu, v.v.. Trong nhng nm cui thp k 70 v u thp k 80 ca th k XX, cng tc nghin cu nh gi tim nng du kh, la chn i tng khoan cng nh iu hnh cng tc thi cng khoan ng bng sng Hng u phi da vo s gip ca cc chuyn gia Lin X.
Lin on trng Lin on a cht 36 l ng Phan Minh Bch, sau ny Quyn Lin on trng l ng ng Ca.
Pht hin du ti ging khoan 63, Tin Hi, Thi Bnh (nm 1976)
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Lin on c i tn thnh Cng ty Du kh I vo thng 8-1978 nhng vn gi nguyn nhim v.

Gim c Cng ty l ng Phan Minh Bch, tip sau l cc ng Nguyn Ngc C (nm 1980), Trng Thin (nm 1984), Ph Gim c ph trch l ng Nguyn Vn c (nm 1987), Gim c l ng Nguyn Trng Tng (nm 1988).
T thng 5 n thng 11-1976, ging khoan 63, trn cu to Tin Hi C, khoan n su 2.400 m, ging pht hin kh, condensat v du th 3 khong th 1.566-1.610 m, 1.682-1.720 m v 1.862-1.944 m. Vic tm ra du th v kh trong trm tch Ph C m ra trin vng mi v tim nng du kh ng bng sng Hng. Nhng cng nhn ca i khoan 5 c mt ti khoan trng khi khng bao gi qun c nhng khonh khc ng nh v hnh nh nhng ngi cng nhn lm vic trn gin khoan vui sng nh in, a vo cng tm mnh trong dng du th mu cnh gin.
Th tng Chnh ph Phm Vn ng vui mng cm mu condensat ti m kh Tin Hi, Thi Bnh; Hong Hu Nghim (ngi ng th 4 t phi sang) i trng i khoan; Nguyn Vn Ph (ngoi cng bn phi) Ch tch y ban nhn dn tnh Thi Bnh; Nguyn Vn Bin (ngoi cng bn tri) Tng cc trng Tng cc Du kh (thng 3-1976)
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Tin vui ny lm nc lng c nc, Th tng Chnh ph Phm Vn ng thay mt ng v Chnh ph v thm chng kin v ng vin tp th cn b Lin on a cht 36, cng nhn i khoan 5 ti cng trnh. Cng trong nm 1976, mt cu to khc - cu to Tin Hi B, nm v pha Ty Bc ca cu to Tin Hi C, c kim nh bng vic khoan ging 103 nhm vo cc va sn phm tng t nh ging 61 v 63, ging t su 3.000 m. Kt qu ging khng c du, ch c biu hin kh nhng khng ng k. T ngy 29-10-1976 n ngy 3-11-1977, ging 65 trn cu to Tin Hi C c thi cng, thm nh cc va tng ng nh tm thy cc ging 61 v 63, t su 2.063 m, nhng ging khng cho kt qu tt nh mong i. T thng 12-1974 n thng 5-1977, trin khai khoan ging 102 bng gin Uralmash-3D, ging u tin trn cu to Kin Xng C ti x Giao Lc, huyn Xun Thy, tnh Nam nh, t chiu su 3.968 m. y l ging khoan su nht t trc ti thi im , ng thi cng l ging khoan gp nhiu s c nht (25 ln). Ging b xm nhim kh mnh. Sau khi ng cht i p v bm dung dch nng vo lng ging th kh li xut hin ngoi ming ging. C lc kh phun mnh y ct dung dch ln ming ging cao ti 25-30 m. khoan trng lc ch li nhng ngi chu trch nhim chnh tham gia vo cu s c kh phun, cc lc lng bo v, cng an phng chng chy ca a phng vi hng chc xe cu ha tc trc ngy m. x l s c kh phun, Lin on huy ng hng chc xe chuyn dng vn chuyn hng trm tn barit v t st ng a v v tr ging khoan gia cng dung dch nng. Sau hn mt thng cu s c, bng vic bm dung dch nng 1,67g/cm3, dng kh c dp tt. Ging c chng ng, bn mn th 2 va bng cn khoan t 3.943-3.966 m v 3.918-3.929 m, kt qu l ging ch cho dng kh yu. S d ging khoan gp nhiu trc trc do y l ging khoan c chiu su ln, t rn chc, nhit cao v kh xut hin nhiu t su 2.330 m tr xung. Bi hc ln nht thu hoch c l kinh nghim khoan n chiu su 4.000 m trong iu kin a cht phc tp v phng php x l kh phun bng dung dch nng. T thng 3 n thng 6-1977, Lin on trin khai khoan thm lng ging 67 trn phn pha Nam ca pht hin Tin Hi C. khoan n chiu su 2.400 m, c biu hin kh tt v du th ging nh ging 63. T thng 6 n thng 9-1977, khoan ging 71 trn cnh ty bc cu to Tin Hi C ti x Ty Giang, huyn Tin Hi, t chiu su 2.500 m, c biu hin rt nhiu kh nhng khong va tng t nh ging 61.
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T thng 10 n thng 12-1977, khoan ging 69 trn cnh ng bc cu to Tin Hi C ti x ng Lm, huyn Tin Hi, t chiu su 2.400 m, pht hin kh cc va tng t nh ging 61 nhng yu hn. T thng 10-1977 n thng 3-1978, khoan ging 106 ngay trn nn ging 61, d kin khoan n 4.500 m nhm pht hin cc va kh nm di 2.400 m. Khi ging khoan t chiu su 2.999 m, xy ra s c kh phun gy chy sut 3 ngy m. Tng cc trng Nguyn Vn Bin trc tip c mt cng cn b, cng nhn trn cng trnh gii quyt s c bng cch tng t trng dung dch dp kh phun; cu xi mng ngn cch su gn 3.000 m; t mng lch tip tc khoan xin (vic ny rt kh khn, phi lm i lm li ti 3 ln), sau tip tc khoan n su 3.100 m th buc phi dng. Thnh cng ca ging 106 l c s i n nhn nh rt quan trng rng kh khng ch tn ti ip Tin Hng m cn tm thy ip Ph C. Kt qu kh quan ca 7 ging khoan trn cu to Tin Hi C (61, 63, 65, 67, 69, 71 v 106) trong giai on t nm 1975 n nm 1979 c s lp bo co nh gi tr lng pht hin kh Tin Hi C. c thm thng tin cho vic chun b bc sang giai on khai thc, ging 75 c khoan n su 1.200 m trong thi gian t thng 10 n thng 11-1980, khng nh s tn ti va kh T1 v pht hin hai va mi T2 v T3. Nh vy cho n cui nm 1980, trn v xung quanh cu to Tin Hi C kho st vo khong 210 km a chn phn x v khoan 10 ging khoan vi khi lng 21.190 m khoan, vic xc nh cu trc, lin kt nh gi cc va kh, la chn cc thng s va, xc nh c ba va T1, T2 v T3 nm khong su 1.000 - 1.200 m v ln u tin cng b con s tr lng ca 3 va ni trn c vo khong 580 triu m3. Kt qu ny cho thy Tin Hi C c xem l mt m kh nh, c th sm a vo khai thc phc v cho cng nghip a phng. ng thi, Cng ty Du kh I tip tc khoan thm mt s ging khai thc khc nh cc ging 76, 77 v 79 vo cui nm 1981 v u nm 1982 nhm gia tng sn lng khai thc t m kh ny. Kt qu l cc ging 77, 79 u pht hin kh cc va T1, T2, T3, ging 79 pht hin thm va T0 khong su t 1.177 m n 1.187 m. Trong ging 76 c ghi nhn nh mt bi hc kh qun, l s c kh phun. Ging c khi cng khoan vo ngy 29-4-1982 bng gin F200-2DH ca Rumani. Ngy 18-5-1982, ging khoan n chiu su 582 m bng chong khoan
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ng knh 269 mm th bt u bm ra ko cn. Khi vic ko cn khoan gn kt thc (cn mt cn nng), kp trng pht hin kh xm nhp mnh vo dung dch v y cn nng ln. Lc thay v phi th cn xung, ng i p v bm dung dch nng dp ging th kp trng vn tip tc cho ko cn ln thay chong khoan. Khi va tho xong chong c th dng kh a dung dch tro ln ming ging v bt u phun.
Lc hai anh th trn cao l H Vn Trng v Phm Vn Vng ang lan can trn thp, thy kh phun ln ming ging mnh dn ln, ci o bo h lao ng cun vo tay, nm dy cp chng thp tt xung mt t an ton. Nh s nhanh nhn thng minh ny, cc anh t cu mnh thot khi him nguy. Kh vn tip tc phun ngy cng mnh hn t bui chiu cho n gn na m th tm ngng, anh em cng nhn i lm ca ba c phn cng dn v sinh sn khoan v khu vc xung quanh v ch barit gia cng dung dch nng. t nhin n 12 gi m, kh phun tr li cng lc cng mnh, anh em cng nhn c yu cu s tn ra khi v tr ging khoan ngoi bn knh 100 m. n 1 gi 40 pht ngy 19-5, kh phun o t mnh cha tng thy km theo ting n ln, trong giy lt ton b gin khoan F200-2DH v cm my mc thit b khc b chn chm trong h ging su c bn knh t 10-15 m. Ct nc dung dch do kh y ln phun cao chng 15 m. Kh vn tip tc phun cho n chiu ngy hm sau th tm ngng, li mt h su ng knh gn 30 m, bong bng kh vn cn si ln ng c, ch cn nhn thy u thp khoan nh ln 5 m trong h nc c ngu. Rt may khng c thit hi v ngi.
Nguyn nhn xy ra s c kh phun ti ging 76 c xem xt k v bo co ln Tng cc Du kh. Tuy nhin cng phi nhn nhn thm rng ngoi nguyn nhn ch quan do sai st ca c cng tip tc cho ko cn khi c biu hin kh xm nhp mnh vo lng ging, do cht lng xi mng gn kt gia S c kh phun ti ging khoan 76 thnh ging v ng chng 299 mm khng tt th mt nguyn nhn khch quan khc cn phi cp l thi gian cha c ti liu o a chn phn gii cao xc nh s tn ti ca kh
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nng ti v tr t ging khoan v cng chnh v th m khng thc hin gii php khoan pilot hole (thm d gii ta kh nng). y l bi hc ng ghi nh cho ngnh Du kh Vit Nam. Gia nm 1983, trong khi khoan ging 74 (lm li nhim v ca ging 76), kh li b r ra ngoi ng chng, phi nh ch khoan ging. Trc tnh hnh , Tng cc Du kh mi mt on chuyn gia ca B a cht Lin X sang x l gip. Sau mt thi gian nghin cu, on chuyn gia i n kt lun: kh phun ti ging 76, 74 l do cc ti kh nng khong su 350-500 m xm nhp ln trn theo cc khe nt, tr ng ti tng ct su 50-55 m v t i ln sau ct ng chng, nht l trong trng hp xi mng khng tt phn chuyn tip gia ng dn hng v ng chng 299 mm. Gii php an ton phi lm t nay v sau l phi khoan gii ta kh nng ri mi tip tc khoan su xung cc tng di v ch hn n cht lng bm trm xi mng thnh ging. Nm 1983, Cng ty Du kh I khoan thm ging 82A trn nn ging 82 v pha nam n su 1.210 m, pht hin thm 2 va T4 t 980-1.071 m v T5 t 926928 m, gp phn gia tng tr lng ca m Tin Hi C. Nh vic khoan thm lng m rng thm mt s ging ni m, tr lng c th khai thc c gia tng thm vo khong 100 triu m3. Khng th tha mn vi tr lng kh ca mt m nh nh Tin Hi C, Cng ty y mnh cng tc thm d m rng trn mt s cu to khc: khoan ging 104 trn cu to Ph C ti tnh Hng Yn n chiu su 4.114 m trong thi gian t thng 12-1976 n thng 2-1979, ging kh.
Tng Xun nh - Kp trng ang iu khin my khoan 3DH-250 (my khoan 5.000 m) ging khoan 104 Ph C v Chnh k s ng Ca - Quyn Lin on trng Lin on a cht 36, Thi Bnh (thng 4-1977)
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Ln u tin, ging c khoan bng gin 3DH-250 ca Rumani, c 5 chuyn gia Rumani sang gip dng thp. Cng vic xy lp c bn hon thnh vo ngy 4-12-1976, khi ko thp ln n lng chng th nghe tin B trng inh c Thin s v thm vo hm sau, thp c h xung ch. Sng hm sau, khi B trng v n ni, thp c dng ln an ton vi chiu cao 53 m.
Ging 200 c khoan trn cu to ng Hong ti tnh Thi Bnh n chiu su 3.700 m t thng 6-1978 n thng 5-1979, c biu hin kh yu; khoan ging 81 ti ra ng Bc ca ng bng sng Hng ti huyn Thi Thy, tnh Thi Bnh trong thi gian t thng 11-1979 n thng 2-1980, t su 2.800 m, ging kh; khoan ging 203 Th va ti ging khoan 84 nm 1984 cng trn ra ng Bc gn ging 81 trong thi gian t thng 7-1979 n thng 10-1980, t su 4.135 m, ging c biu hin kh; khoan ging 204 trn cu to ng Hong, tnh Thi Bnh trong thi gian t thng 2-1980 n thng 12-1981, t chiu su 3.850 m, ging c biu hin kh yu; khoan ging 107 ti x ng Vinh, huyn ng Hng, tnh Thi Bnh trong thi gian t thng 7-1982 n thng 12-1982, t su 2.600 m, ging kh; khoan ging 105 ti x Thi Thnh, huyn Thi Thy, tnh Thi Bnh trong thi gian t thng 3-1983 n thng 8-1983, t su 2.688 m, ging kh; khoan ging 116 ti huyn Thanh Min, tnh Hi Dng trong thi gian t thng 6-1984 n thng 12-1984, t chiu su 3.005 m, ging kh; khoan ging 112 ti Tin Hng, tnh Thi Bnh trong thi gian t thng 8-1984 n thng 1-1984, t chiu su 2.202 m, ging kh; khoan ging 84 khi cng ngy 1-10-1984 v kt thc ngy 21-3-1986 ti chiu su thc t 3.245 m. Trong qu trnh khoan mt s khong chiu su c biu hin kh. Sau khi th va kt qu cho dng kh tng i mnh, anh em rt phn khi. Tuy nhin, trong qu trnh theo di pht hin s xut hin kh xung quanh ming ging c hin tng phun ngm, nn tin hnh dp ging x l. Hin tng ny c cn b k thut ca Cng ty Du kh I tp trung x l nn s c c khng ch. Sau ging khoan c th va li nhng ch nhn c dng kh yu? Cu hi ny c phn no lm r khi khoan ging QD-1X sau ny. l do thm cha km ca cha v c th do nh hng ca dung dch khoan khi m va.
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Vi kht vng vn ra bin khi cha c gin khoan bin, Cng ty Du kh I phi hp vi B Quc phng a gin khoan t lin theo sng Hng t ca Ba Lt ra o Cn en.
Cn en l mt o ct hoang s c chiu di chng 10 km, chiu rng 500600 m, xung quanh l nhng bi ly cho nn ch khi c triu cng th cc thuyn mi cp o c. Gin khoan Uralmash-3D c tho ri cng cc thit b vt t khc c vn chuyn rt kh khn phc tp theo sng Hng, cp o, cu ln b, dng xe siu trng, siu trng a n v tr ging khoan.
Nh s lao ng sng to v lng quyt tm cao, ging 110 c khoan t thng 12-1978 n thng 4-1981 t su 4.253 m, th 3 va nhng khng cho kt qu kh quan. Vic hon thnh ging khoan ny, vi chiu su ln, trong iu kin thi cng ht sc kh khn, tuy khng c kt qu kh quan nhng chng minh c lng quyt tm rt cao v kh nng vt kh hon thnh nhim v ca ngnh Du kh vo thi gian , ng thi nh du s khi u hot ng tm kim, thm d ra vng bin nng.
ng Phan Minh Bch, nguyn Lin on trng Lin on a cht 36 cn nh mi hai s vic kh qun khi trin khai thi cng ging khoan Cn en, l: Mt ln, nhm ba chuyn gia Lin X cng mt s cn b Vit Nam ra kho st ging bng xung my. D kin k hoch l sng i chiu v, nhng chiu ti v sut m vn khng thy ai v. Lc khng c phng tin thng tin lin lc nh by gi, lnh o Lin on rt lo lng, bo co Tng cc Du kh v vic ny. Ngy hm sau, nhm cn b mi v n Giao Thy, ha ra thuyn b hng my, mi ngi phi ng li trn o, tri qua mt m va i va rt. Ln khc, t bn tu thuyn ti o Cn en n ging khoan phi i theo ng ven bin khong 1 km, ln thit b bm trm xi mng b sa ly, nc triu dng ln nhn chm, phi huy ng mt trung i b i a phng ko gip, nhng sut m ma ng ngm mnh di nc m vn khng ko ln c. Sau anh Nhun, i trng i xe vn ti, c sng kin ln su xung ct dy vo y thit b v nh xe mi ko ln c.
T nm 1985 tr i, hot ng tm kim, thm d du kh ng bng sng Hng bt u gim dn. Cng ty Du kh I ch tin hnh khoan thm mt s ging thm lng v khai thc trong khun kh m Tin Hi C nhm gia tng thm tr lng v sn lng khai thc kh. Thay vo , di s ch o ca Tng cc Du kh, ch trng m rng hot ng thm d ra vnh Bc B bt u c hnh thnh. Ngy 30-8-1984, Tng cc Du kh trnh Hi ng B trng v cng tc chun b vnh Bc B, c bit nhn mnh n khu vc ca sng Hng vi
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din tch khong 7.200 km2, su nc bin 30-50 m. Ti y lm a chn bng tu Bnh Minh 2.500 km mng 6 x 6 km, 4 x 4 km, sau tu Poisk ph chng mng 2 x 2 km. Da vo ti liu a chn ny pht hin 15 cu to dng vm c din tch t 10-70 km2 1. Ngy 22-4-1986, Tng cc Du kh trnh n tm kim, thm d du kh vng ca sng Hng giai on 1986-1990 ln Hi ng B trng. Ngy 19-5-1986, Hi ng B trng ra Ch th s 130/CT v thnh lp Tiu ban Nghin cu thm nh n tm kim, thm d du kh vng ca sng Hng vnh Bc B gm lnh o ca Tng cc Du kh v cp th trng cc b, ngnh c lin quan sm a ra kin vo cui qu II cng nm. Ngy 6-2-1987, Tng cc Du kh trnh B Chnh tr v K hoch trin khai cng tc du kh giai on 1987-1990. Ngy 14-8-1987, Tng cc Du kh c T trnh ln Thng v Hi ng B trng v k hoch tng t nhng chi tit hn, trong phn cp n k hoch tm kim, thm d vng ca sng Hng c ngh: Lin X gip k thut, chuyn gia c vn v cho vay vn (theo kiu hp tc ng bng sng Hng), tn dng cc phng tin k thut hin c ca X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro tin hnh iu tra c bn v tm kim, thm d bng sc ca Tng cc Du kh. C th c mt hnh thc hp tc mi: Vit Nam iu hnh, Lin X cho vay vn v chuyn gia, ta tr n vay bng du, li sut nh 2-4%. Tiu ban Nghin cu thm nh n tm kim, thm d du kh vng ca sng Hng lm vic nghim tc, cn nhc trn nhng yu t chnh nh tin thi gian, trnh qun l v k thut cng ngh, ngun vn u t xut la chn mt trong ba hnh thc (hay phng n) u t: hnh thc t lc, hnh thc lin doanh vi Lin X v hnh thc k hp ng chia sn phm du kh vi cc cng ty du kh nc ngoi. Tiu ban Nghin cu thm nh cho rng vng ca sng Hng l vng c trin vng nht cn xc tin u t, do i hi v vn ln, y nhanh tin v tranh th ti a cng ngh tin tin nn xut la chn hnh thc th ba. Ph Ch tch Hi ng B trng Trn c Lng xem xt kin xut ca Tiu ban nghin cu thm nh v trnh Thng v Hi ng B trng cc kin c th nh sau: Mt l, xt ring v mt hiu qu kinh t th phng n 3 l phng n tt nht; Hai l, nu nhng yu t chnh tr, ngoi giao, quc phng, an ninh khng cho php la chn phng n 3 th chn phng n 2, nhng cn tho lun vi cp cao ca Lin X c ngun vn u t v xc tin cng vic khn
1. Cng vn s 29/VP ngy 30-8-1984 ca Tng cc Du kh.
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trng nh lm i vi vng trng Cu Long pha Nam, khng xem l t d tr cho Lin doanh trong tng lai xa; Ba l, phng n 1 nn coi l phng n cui cng la chn1. Trong khi ch kin ph duyt ca Hi ng B trng, Tng cc Du kh giao Cng ty Du kh I lm cng tc chun b trin khai tm kim, thm d ra vnh Bc B, bao gm cc cng tc nh nghin cu a cht, a vt l xc nh cu to trin vng nht; thu thp s liu lp lun chng kinh t - k thut cho vic xy dng mt gin khoan c nh S chuyn hng ny c th ch trong Quyt nh s 13/DK-KH ngy 19-1-1986 ca Tng cc Du kh v vic giao nhim v ch tiu k hoch nm 1986 cho Cng ty Du kh I, trong c ghi chun b k hoch trin khai mt s hng mc cng vic c lin quan n cng tc tm kim, thm d ti vnh Bc B, theo lun chng v chng trnh s c ph duyt. Cng tc tm kim, thm d du kh ti vnh Bc B tip tc c c th ha r hn trong Quyt nh s 06/DK-KH ngy 13-2-1987 ca Tng cc Du kh v vic giao nhim v ch tiu k hoch nm 1987 cho Cng ty Du kh I, trong c ghi: (1) Hon thnh cng tc a cht cng trnh ti cu to s 7 phc v thit k gin khoan c nh s T-1. (2) Tip tc thit k khi chn , sn chu lc ca gin khoan c nh s T-1. (3) Chun b phng tin, iu kin k thut cn thit phc v cho vic lp rp khi chn gin c nh s T-1. (4) Lp phng n kinh t - k thut ging khoan s 1 trn cu to s 7 trnh Tng cc ph duyt vo qu III nm 1987. (5) Hon thnh vic ng b ha my khoan Uralmash-3D. (6) Trin khai xy dng cc cng trnh thuc c s iu hnh v dch v ti Hi Phng theo lun chng kinh t - k thut v k hoch c duyt. thc hin cc nhim v ni trn, Cng ty Du kh I ch ng t chc lc lng phi hp vi cc n v c lin quan trong ngnh nghin cu nh gi tim nng du kh vng bin nng trn c s ti liu a chn mi thu n bng tu Bnh Minh, trong c bit quan tm n cu to s 7 v kt qu cho thy chnh l cu to trin vng nht, c xp vo danh mc d tr quc gia cn
1. Ti liu lu tr ti Tp on Du kh Vit Nam.
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c kim nh bng vic khoan ging. l mt cu to vm, b phay ct, nm trn di nng Tin Hi ko di ra bin, c su mc nc vo khong 50 m. V nm trn vng nc nng, khoan c trn cu to ny cn phi c mt gin c nh. Ti thi im , Cng ty Du kh I ch c mt s gin khoan trn t lin cho nn c mt gin c nh t ch phi gia c chn mi v ng b ha vic lp t c my Uralmash-3D. y l vic lm hon ton mi m v ht sc kh khn trong vic gia cng phn chn , lp t c my khng l Uralmash-3D ln , ng b ha cc chi tit thit b m bo an ton cho thi cng. V vy, Cng ty thnh lp Xng Nghin cu Thit k Cng trnh bin do tin s Nguyn Vn Bo lm Gim c. Xng Nghin cu Thit k Cng trnh bin tin hnh c mt s cng vic c lin quan nh lp phng n a cht cng trnh, phng php ng b ha my khoan Uralmash-3D, cc nt kt ni chn , v.v.. chun b cho cng tc tm kim, thm d ra bin vnh Bc B, Tng cc Du kh giao nhim v t lc khoan kho st a cht cng trnh bin vnh Bc B cho Cng ty Du kh I. Mc d y l cng vic mi m y kh khn, trang thit b k thut khng c, nhng vi tinh thn vt kh v c s gip tch cc ca cc n v trong nc nh Vin Khoa hc K thut Giao thng vn ti ca B Giao thng vn ti, Trung tm Nghin cu Bin Hi Phng, Cng ty a vt l, Cng ty Du kh I ci hon thnh cng x lan B700, cng vi tu Bin ng, tu Bnh Minh tin hnh ba t kho st ra bin.
ng Nguyn Vn c, nguyn Ph Gim c ph trch Cng ty Du kh I k li: t 1 t ngy 26-9 n ngy 30-9, khng khoan c ging no do gi mnh, neo khng bm c y bin, x lan b x dch khi v tr. t 2 t ngy 10-10 n ngy 19-10, khoan c 3 ging (1 ging su 10 m, ging th hai su 17 m, ging th ba su nht l 27 m) nhng khng t chiu su cn thit. t 3 t ngy 12-11 n ngy 24-11, khng khoan c ging no (do thi tit gi mnh, x lan b x dch, do cc neo khng ti trng bm vo y bin). Do iu kin k thut khng bo m nn cng tc khoan kho st a cht cng trnh bin phi dng.
Tuy nhin, sau khi xem xt kin ca Ph Ch tch Hi ng B trng Trn c Lng v ca Tiu ban Nghin cu thm nh v d n tm kim, thm d du kh vng ca sng Hng nu trn, Hi ng B trng ng thun vi
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kin , nn ngy 27-6-1987, Cng ty Du kh I nhn c Cng vn s 1005/KH ca Tng cc Du kh v vic hon trin khai cng tc ti vnh Bc B, trong ghi r tm hon thc hin kho st a cht cng trnh trn cu to s 7; hon xy dng cn c ti Hi Phng; hon thit k v ch to khi chn gin khoan; dng ton b cc hp ng k vi cc ngnh c lin quan n cc cng vic ni trn; ng thi tin hnh nghim thu v thanh quyt ton cc phn vic lm ca cc hp ng theo ch quy nh ca Nh nc. Ngy 13-2-1988, Tng cc Du kh ra Quyt nh s 02/DKKH v vic giao nhim v k hoch nm 1988 cho Cng ty Du kh I th ch ghi thu thp ti liu cn thit nh a cht, a vt l, kh tng thy vnnhm phc v cho cng tc tm kim, thm d ti vng bin vnh Bc B trong thi gian ti. n nm 1989, theo Quyt nh s 05/DKKH ngy 10-1-1989, Tng cc Du kh ch giao nhim v cho Cng ty Du kh I: thc hin cc dch v cho cc cng ty du kh vnh Bc B theo cc hp ng kinh t. Nh vy, trong vng 4 nm (1986-1989), nhim v tm kim, thm d t lc ti vnh Bc B t thai nghn n thc thi trn thc t mi ch dng nhng cng vic mang tnh cht chun b v sn sng vo vic nu c cp trn chun y. Quyt nh tm hon phng n t u t tm kim, thm d ra vnh Bc B nh ni trn l ng n, ph hp vi xu th, din bin hnh chnh tr - kinh t th gii v ni lc ca ta lc by gi. Trn thc t, hot ng thm d, khai thc du kh ng bng sng Hng trong giai on 1986-1990 ch yu ch l khai thc kh ti m Tin Hi C, lm bo co tng kt cng tc tm kim, thm d giai on 1981-1985, lp phng n tm kim, thm d b sung cho giai on 1987-1990 v mt s nhim v nghin cu khc. Trong bi cnh nhim v tm kim, thm d ngy cng gim, ch cn li nhim v khai thc m Tin Hi C, cc cn b, k s, cng nhn k thut ca Cng ty Du kh I c iu chuyn sang cc n v khc nh X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro, Cng ty Petrovietnam II, Cng ty Dch v K thut Du kh, s cn li li lm vic ti X nghip Khai thc kh, X nghip Vn ti, X nghip Nc khong Tin Hi, Xng C kh, Xng K thut thc nghim Nhim v chnh khng cn, con s cn b, k s, cng nhn k thut cn kh ng ti trn 1.300 ngi, trc y h quen ln ln trn cng trng nay bc vo thi k t vic, bo m cuc sng Cng ty Du kh I quyt nh m ra hng sn xut ph: Xng C kh th lm sm lp, X nghip Vn ti th cho xe i chy thu, Xng K thut thc nghim th gia cng kali clorat - mt loi nguyn liu lm pho v lm mi th khc.
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ng Nguyn Xun Nh, nguyn l Xng trng Xng K thut thc nghim cho bit vi hn 100 cn b, k s cn tr li vn ln v tn ti th mt mt vn phi thc hin vic t o to, mt khc phi tm kim nhng cng vic ph ct sao kim c tin t nui nhau. T nm 1988, cc loi my mc thit b, vt t tn ng phc v cho cng tc tm kim, thm d ng bng sng Hng bt u c thanh l k c nhng vt t thit b cn mi!
Thc hin Quyt nh s 336/TCCB ngy 7-4-1994, Cng ty Du kh I chnh thc sp nhp vi Cng ty Dch v K thut Du kh. K t ci tn Cng ty Du kh I mang danh t thng 8-1978 sau vic t chc li Lin on a cht 36 khng cn, ch cn mt s n v nh nh l X nghip Khai thc kh Tin Hi cn tr li, mt thi gian sau c bn giao cho tnh Thi Bnh, sau ri li do Tng cng ty Du kh Vit Nam qun l. Hot ng tm kim, thm d du kh ng bng sng Hng din ra, t trc nm 1975 cho n nm 1985 ko sang u nm 1990, bng hnh thc Lin X cho vay vn theo Hip nh di hn vi li sut thp (1%), c chuyn gia gip k thut, bn vt t - thit b theo gi khi SEV, t iu hnh, t chu trch nhim v hiu qu v gnh chu ri ro. i vi vn, thit b, vt t k thut mua nc th ba th Vit Nam phi t lo. Nh vy trong vng 24 nm (1961-1985), chng ta thc hin khi lng cng vic rt ln, bao gm 5.900 km tuyn a chn v 44 ging khoan, chi ph ln ti 40,2 triu rp (Lin X); 6,66 triu ly (Rumani) 11,126 triu nhn dn t v gn 1 triu USD (cha k tin ng Vit Nam). Ton b gi tr quy i tng ng khong 60 triu rp - la. Kt qu l ta hiu bit c cu trc a cht min vng H Ni rt phc tp, c tim nng du kh hn ch; pht hin v a vo khai thc m kh Tin Hi C vi tr lng c th khai thc tng ng 600 triu m3; o to c mt i ng cn b k thut v qun l a nng, mt i ng cng nhn k thut c nhiu kinh nghim cung cp cho nhiu n v khc nhau ca ngnh Du kh. Bng kinh nghim c c ca mnh, h c nhiu cng hin trn nhiu cng v khc nhau, nhiu ngi trong s tr thnh nhng ngi lnh o ch cht, c uy tn, c nhiu ng gp cho ngnh trong nhng nm sau ny. Lin on a cht 36 trc y v Cng ty Du kh I sau ny chnh l ci ni ca ngnh Du kh Vit Nam.
1.3. Hot ng nghin cu tng hp ti liu a cht - a vt l ng bng sng Hng

c phng hng trin khai hot ng tm kim, thm d du kh ng bng sng Hng, hot ng nghin cu tng hp ti liu a cht - a vt l ng
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vai tr rt quan trng. Lc lng cn b k thut bao gm cc k s, ph tin s, tin s a cht, a vt l cng tc ti on Nghin cu a cht Du kh Chuyn 36B (gi tt l on 36B), Lin on a cht 36 v on a vt l c s phi hp rt cht ch trong cng tc nghin cu tng hp ti liu, phn tch cc loi mu, t chc cc chuyn kho st thc a nhm lm r v cu trc a cht, c im trm tch, tnh cht di dng ca cha, tim nng du kh ca ng bng sng Hng.
on trng on 36B ban u l ng Nguyn Ngc Sm. Cui nm 1975, sau khi ng Sm c iu vo Nam, ng Lng Trng ng c giao Ph on trng ph trch on 36B.
Cng trnh tng hp u tin l bo co a cht, trin vng du kh v phng hng thm d du kh tip theo min vng H Ni do K.M. Sevostianov, L Trng Cn v tp th tc gi ca on 36B (t nm 1978 tr thnh Vin Du kh Vit Nam) thc hin trong nhiu thng v kt thc vo thng 2-1977.
K.M. Sevostianov cho rng min vng H Ni c hnh thnh vo cui Paleogen ch khng phi c hn nh cc tc gi khc nhn nh v ng thi khng nh l mt b trm tch dng a ho c tng chiu dy c 5.000-6.000 m. V phn vng trin vng du kh, K.M. Sevostianov da vo cc yu t nh chiu dy, thnh phn v c im lp ph trm tch, mi trng lng ng vt liu, du hiu trc tip ngoi thc a phn chia min vng H Ni thnh hai vng trin vng: - Vng c trin vng l i trung tm nm kp gia hai t gy sng Chy v sng L, trong bao gm nhiu i trng v nng khc nhau. - Vng khng c trin vng l cc n nghing nm v Ty Nam ca t gy sng Chy v ng bc ca t gy sng L. Nhng ngh c th ca K.M. Sevostianov bao gm: - Trong giai on 1977-1980 cn y mnh cng tc thm d ti i trung tm, c bit khu vc ng nam ca i trung tm nh thm d trng lc, a chn im su chung chi tit nhm lp bn cu trc t l 1/25.000-1/50.000. - Khoan thng s tm kim Nam ng Quan, Tin Hi C, Kin Xng C. - y mnh cng tc nghin cu tng hp ti liu nhm lm r bng bn cu trc cho cc tng Tin Hng v Ph C.
Nhng xut trong bo co c Tng cc Du kh chun y, cc hng mc cng vic ln lt c thc hin v cho kt qu bc u ng khch l.
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Nm 1983, V.D. Skorduli, M.N. Khuduk, Nguyn Ngc C tin hnh thc hin bo co Tng kt nghin cu thm d a cht du kh 1962-1982 min vng H Ni. y l bo co va mang tnh tng kt thc t, va mang tnh khoa hc nhm nh gi kt qu ca 20 nm trin khai cng tc thm d a cht min vng H Ni. Cng trong thi gian ny cn phi k n mt s cng trnh nghin cu ca Vin Du kh Vit Nam nh Tng hp ti liu a cht a vt l, nh gi trin vng du kh v xut phng hng tm kim thm d min vng H Ni ca H c Hoi v nnk (nm 1986), Bo co nh gi nh lng tr lng du kh min vng H Ni (ca H c Hoi, Nguyn Xun Dnh v nnk v nhiu bo co chuyn khc. Tt c cc cng trnh nghin cu u tp trung nh gi v trin vng du kh lm c s cho vic ra quyt nh tip tc u t cho hot ng tm kim, thm d ng bng sng Hng hay tm ngng dnh s tp trung cho cc vng khc. Nm 1987, Nguyn Vn c v cng s hon thnh bo co Kt qu cng tc thm d a cht du kh min vng H Ni giai on 1980-1985. Bo co ny tng kt cc hot ng thm d trong mt giai on ngn, khng nh tim nng du kh hn ch ca vng. Tm li, s nh gi tim nng du kh ca vng ng bng sng Hng ca nhiu tc gi u c nhng im chung l ti y ch tn ti cc cu to nh, tnh cht di dng ca tng cha sn phm km, b bin dng do phay ct mnh cho nn iu kin bo ton rt km. Vi nh gi km kh quan nh vy, nm 1987, Tng cc Du kh quyt nh dng trin khai hot ng thm d du kh ng bng sng Hng v ch tp trung tip tc khai thc kh ti m Tin Hi C. Ngy nay khi nhn li cng tc nghin cu tng hp ti liu a cht - a vt l v cng tc trin khai hot ng tm kim, thm d thi , chng ta nhn thy min vng H Ni c cu trc a cht rt phc tp, vo thi k do thiu cc thit b phn tch a ha chnh xc nn tp trung nghin cu v cu trc nhiu hn l nghin cu v ngun gc tng sinh du kh v thng quyt nh khoan ging ni no c cu to m khng ch nhiu n cu to c gn v lin quan vi vng sinh du kh hay khng? Quan im thm d nh th s dn n hiu qu thm d khng cao.
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1.4. Hot ng khai thc v ch bin kh m Tin Hi C, tnh Thi Bnh

Thng 3-1975, chng ta ln u tin pht hin kh cng nghip ti ging 61, sau trong giai on 1976-1980 khoan thm mt s ging khc nh 63, 65, 67, 69, 71, 73, 106 khng nh s tn ti mt m kh nh c tr lng hn 500 triu m3, giai on 1981-1982 tip tc khoan thm mt s ging khai thc 75 , 77, 78, 79, 55 v khng nh thm v s tn ti mt s va kh mi v gia tng tr lng khai thc ca m ln trn 600 triu m3. xy dng k hoch, phng n pht trin, khai thc m kh Tin Hi, ngy 1-10-1977, T Khai thc Du kh c thnh lp ti Lin on a cht 36 ti Thi Bnh do ng Trnh Minh Hng lm T trng, 3 thng sau ng Phng nh Thc c phn cng lm T trng. y l t chc chuyn v khai thc du kh u tin ti Vit Nam. Ngy 20-2-1980, Th tng Chnh ph ch th: c cht t khc thay cho du diesel chy my pht in, phi xc tin nghin cu vic khai thc v s dng kh m Tin Hi C. Giao trch nhim cho Tng cc Du kh, B in v Than, B Giao thng vn ti, Tng cc Ha cht, y ban nhn dn tnh Thi Bnh phi hp khn trng trin khai vic ny1. Cng ty Du kh I trin khai lp phng n khai thc v Tng cc Du kh quyt nh thnh lp X nghip Khai thc Kh trc thuc Cng ty Du kh I2. ng Vi Minh Hng c Cng ty b nhim lm Gim c. Tip theo, ng Phng nh Thc c iu ng gi chc Ph Gim c ph trch k thut ca X nghip.
ng Nguyn Mu Phng nh li: Ngy 22-6-1978, Lin on ph ng Ca k Cng vn s 354 v vic xy dng trm khai thc th v x l kh ti Tin Hi, ngh Tng cc Du kh c cn b Phng Cng ngh, Cc Xy dng c bn, Cng ty Thit k cng tham gia bn bc trin khai. Ngy 4-1-1979, Tng cc Du kh t chc hp ti Cng ty Du kh I vi s c mt ca i din B in v Than, B Xy dng, tnh Thi Bnh. Ti cuc hp , chun b cho bt u khai thc kh ti Tin Hi C, Tng cc Du kh xem xt cn nhc v quyt nh phn cng bng Cng vn s 229/DK k ngy 1-2-1979 trong nu r: giao Cng ty Du kh I hon tt vic nh gi tr lng, thnh lp n v qun l khai thc n v ny lo lp phng n khai thc nhm sm a vic khai thc kh trong qu II; giao Cc Xy dng c bn lm u mi lin h vi B in v Than, B Xy dng, Cng ty Cng nghip Thi Bnh cng phi
1. Vn bn s 4465 V7 ngy 20-2-1980 ca Vn phng Ph Th tng. 2. Quyt nh s 852/DK-TC ngy 3-7-1981 ca Tng cc Du kh.
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hp xy lp cc cng trnh s dng kh; giao Vin Du kh Vit Nam lp phng n chng ct condensat lm dung mi cng nghip. Ngy 10-1-1979, Tng cc Du kh c cng vn ngh Trng i hc Bch khoa H Ni hp tc thit k xy dng trm x l. ng V Vn Vin, hin nay l Trng ban Ban Khoa hc v Cng ngh Tp on Du kh Vit Nam, k li: Bn thit k do cc cn b ca Cng ty Thit k, Phng Cng ngh - Cc Xy dng c bn v Cng ty Du kh I Thi Bnh hon thnh trong nm 1979 khng c trin khai v khng ph hp vi thc t. Ch n nm 1980 cng trnh khai thc kh Tin Hi C mi chnh thc khi ng li v l do thiu in nghim trng, cc t my pht in chy du min Nam chuyn ra (4 t my ca hng John Brown cng sut 17 MW/t my) khng c du diesel chy1.
Thc hin s ch o ca Tng cc Du kh, vi s ging khai thc hin c lc by gi c th bo m sn lng t nht vo khong 15-20 vn m3 kh/ngy chy mt tucbin kh loi 15MW v 4-5 triu m3 kh/nm cung cp cho cng nghip vt liu xy dng2. Pha in lc yu cu cp kh kh cho t my pht in vi p sut dao ng t 13-14 at trong khi kh khai thc c ln nc v condensat c p sut ming ging ca cc ging u c hn 100 at. Trong Bo co tm tt X l kh v kt qu ca t thit k, xy dng, vn hnh trm x l kh ti m Tin Hi C, Phng nh Ba bo co tm tt X l kh v Thc v nhm k s tr mi ra trng l V kt qu ca t thit k, Vn Vin, Dng Cng Khanh, Nguyn Hu xy dng, vn hnh trm x l kh Trung cng mt s cn b tng cng nh ti m kh Tin Hi C Nguyn Mu Phng, Khi, Nguyn Hng Min, khng c chuyn gia nc ngoi, tin hnh nghin cu nhiu phng n v cng ngh x l kh hin c trn th gii, ri mnh dn, sng to chn phng n x l kh nh dn n t nhin trn c s s dng cc vt t, thit b c v mt s thit b c th ch to c trong nc. Tin xy dng rt nhanh:
1. V Vn Vin: Bn gp ngy 10-1-2011, tr.3. 2. Ch th s 229/DK ngy 1-2-1979 ca Tng cc Du kh v vic khai thc l khoan 61.
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khi cng thng 1-1981, ngy 19-4-1981 dng kh c khai thc, x l v vn chuyn n trm tucbin pht in. Ngy 8-7-1981, bt u khai thc n nh m kh Tin Hi. y l cng trnh hon ton mi ln u tin c xy dng nc ta, cng trnh c tng Huy chng Vng ti Hi ch Trin lm Thnh tu kinh t k thut nm 1985. Ch trong nm u (t ngy 8-7-1981 n ngy 8-7-1982), trm x l cung cp 16 triu m3 kh cho tucbin in sn xut 70 triu kWh, tch c 380 m3 condensat. n nm 1986 khai thc c trn 120 triu m3 kh cung cp cho tucbin pht in v sau cung cp kh cho hng lot cc c s sn xut vt liu xy dng, nh snh, s, thu tinh, xi mng, gch trng men, gp phn ng k cho pht trin kinh t ni chung v cng nghip tnh Thi Bnh ni ring.
ng V Vn Vin k li: u nm 1980, bn thit k cng ngh, s lp t cc thit b tch kh (cc bnh tch nm ngang c tn dng cc bnh tch dng th va ti cc ging khoan c ch to ti Lin X, b khng s dng, nm ti cc ging khoan 67, 73, 104, 110 v cc h thng manifold c th va ti cc ging khoan qua th va m khng dng na; ch ch to 4 bnh tch xoy lc Cyclone ti Thi Nguyn; ng thu mua li t Nh my Nhit in Ung B; cc ct cong, mt bch, bulng, cu c ch to ti Xng C kh ca Lin on ti ch u - Thi Bnh; cc tc cha du c tn dng l cc tc cha du mazut cho cc t my diesel ca my khoan) do nhm k s ca Cng ty Du kh I sng to ra, bao gm: Phng nh Thc, Dng Cng Khanh, V Vn Vin, Vng Hu Onh, Nguyn Hu Trung ( mt do n phi c c Vng Tu nm 1986), Phm Cng Thi, Nguyn Vn Mnh, Dng B Sung1. Theo ng Nguyn Mu Phng: sau khi hon thnh v a vo vn hnh, m hnh m phng Trm x l kh Tin Hi c hai ln mang i trnh d ti Nh Trin lm Ging V - H Ni. T cng tc c cp Giy chng nhn Sng kin ci tin k thut - hp l ho sn xut v c thng 2.000 ng, s tin va t chc mt ba lin hoan!.
Trm x l u tin ca m c xy dng trn nn ging 61 thuc x ng C, huyn Tin Hi, tnh Thi Bnh i vo hot ng an ton t n nay. ch bin condensat thu c, ngy 10-1-1979, Tng cc Du kh giao nhim v cho Vin Du kh Vit Nam chng ct th im cng sut 1.000 lt condensat/ ln2. K s Trng nh Hi cng cc ng nghip thit k, ch to v lp t thit b chng ct ti Vin Du kh Vit Nam th x Hng Yn. Ngy 26-2-1981,
1. V Vn Vin: Bn gp ngy 10-1-2011, tr.3. 2. Quyt nh s 151/TK ngy 10-1-1979 ca Tng cc Du kh.
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hot ng chng ct condensat thu ete, du ha, dung mi cho ch bin cao su, pha sn bt u c tin hnh. Nhng sn phm ny cung cp cho Nh my Nha Hng Yn, Nh my Cao su Sao Vng, Nh my Sn tng hp H Ni, cn du ha lm cht t phc v cho sinh hot. T nm 1981 n nm 1983, 300.000 lt dung mi cc loi c sn xut, thay th c mt phn nhp ngoi.
Giy chng nhn Sng kin ci tin k thut - hp l ha sn xut
D n chng ct condensat thu c trong qu trnh khai thc kh ti m Tin Hi C tuy nh (2-3m3/ngy) nhng mang li li ch thit thc v l bc u tp dt cho cc d n ch bin du kh sau ny. ti Nghin cu s cng ngh ch bin kh ngng t ca m kh Tin Hi do k s Trng nh Hi lm Ch nhim c y ban Khoa hc K thut Nh nc cp Giy chng nhn quyn tc gi1.
Ni chng ct ru ca ng Hi (gi vui ca ni chng ct condensat) mang n cho Vin Du kh Vit Nam nhng nim vui nh v mi ln trao i hng hai chiu gia Vin Du kh Vit Nam vi Nh my Cao su Sao Vng, s sm, lp xe p c cung cp, phn phi cho anh ch em trong Vin.
Ti cng trng xy dng Trm x l kh Tin Hi cui nm 1980

1. S 82-22-012 ngy 6-8-1985.
Trm x l kh Tin Hi
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Ngy 22-6-1984, Ch tch Hi ng B trng Phm Vn ng ch th cho Tng cc Ha cht, Tng cc Du kh, y ban nhn dn tnh Thi Bnh v tnh H Nam Ninh phi hp chun b n xy dng nh my sn xut phn m bng kh thin nhin ng bng sng Hng vi s gip ca Lin X1. Nhng n khng thc hin c do tr lng kh khng . Nm 1985, Cng ty Du kh I hon thnh Bo co cu trc a cht v tnh tr lng kh, condensat ip Tin Hng, m kh Tin Hi C, do k s Phng c Hi lm ch nhim v tp th tc gi. Bo co ny c Hi ng xt duyt Tr lng Khong sn Nh nc nh gi cao v ph duyt vo thng 7-1985.
Ba Phng n khai thc m kh Tin Hi C
M kh Tin Hi c tr lng ti ch khong 1,3 t m3, tr lng thu hi khong hn 600 triu m3, c xem l mt m rt nh nhng vo thi k c cc cp lnh o Nh nc v cc b, ngnh rt quan tm. Sau mt thi gian khai thc th, Hi ng B trng ch o: Tng cc Du kh lp phng n khai thc hp l v hiu qu nht vi sn lng khai thc 45-50 triu m3 nm trong thi gian 20-25 nm kh cung cp cho cc h tiu th in, gm s, thy tinh thuc B in v Than, B Quc phng, Tng cc Ha cht, tnh Thi Bnh, ngun thu c c t bn kh phi np vo ngn sch nh nc theo hng dn ca B Ti chnh2. Nm 1987, Cng ty Du kh I hon thnh Phng n khai thc m kh Tin Hi C, do Nguyn Vn Minh lm ch nhim cng tp th tc gi. Ngy 14-121987, Tng cc Du kh ph duyt Phng n khai thc m kh Tin Hi C3, bao gm bo m sn lng 45-50 triu m3/nm; khoan thm hai ging ti hai vm Ty Bc v ng Nam; m rng Trm x l kh Tin Hi; xy dng thm ng
1. Vn bn s 3179 V7 ngy 22-6-1984 ca Vn phng Hi ng B trng. 2. Quyt nh s 12/CT ngy 11-1-1986 ca Ch tch Hi ng B trng. 3. Quyt nh s 1957/KKT-C ngy 14-12-1984 ca Tng cc Du kh.
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ng ni m. Kt qu sn lng khai thc kh t 12 ging khai thc khng ngng gia tng t 8,5 triu m3/nm trong nm 1981, ln 18,3 triu m3/nm trong nm 1982, ln tip 22,1 triu m3/nm trong nm 1983 v gi n nh mc 35-37 triu m3 trong nhiu nm cho n nm 1990 Tnh n cui nm 1990, tng cng 248 triu m3 c khai thc, doanh thu hn 3 t ng (Gi bn kh l 0,5 ng/m3 thi im trc qu IV-1981 v 1,2 ng/m3 k t ngy 1-10-1981; 55 ng/m3 t thng 1-1989, v 110 ng/m3 t thng 6-1989).
ng Nguyn Vn Minh - hm Ph Tng Gim c Tp on Du kh Vit Nam nh li: Sau 4 nm i vo hot ng, nhu cu v thit b o m kh ti m kh Tin Hi C ngy cng cp bch bn kh cho trm tuc bin kh, cng nh phc v nhu cu c s liu chnh xc cho thit k, vn hnh v iu hnh khai thc m. u nm 1985, ti c giao nhim v thay mt Cng ty Du kh I i Vng Tu nhn thit b o m kh t ghi do mt n v thuc Tng cc Du kh h tr. Trn ng v cng i c anh Nguyn Trng Hnh, cn b ca V Khoan - Khai thc ca Tng cc Du kh. bo m vn chuyn an ton, chng ti b tr thit b o thnh hai gi, mt gi l thn thit b o v cc ng thy (bng thy tinh), mt gi l cc chi tit bng kim loi, gi ny ti trong chic ti bi. Tu v n ga Hng C lc na m. Va xung tu th c rt nhiu thanh nin vy quanh, chen ln x y, ngi cho xch l, k cho khun vc thu, ngi cho nh tr Sau khi mc c xong, xp c ln xch l, th chng ti pht hin chic ti bi khng cn na! Nh th l chng ti khng hon thnh nhim v ca Tng cc v Cng ty Du kh I giao cho ri! Chng ti ht hong thay nhau chy ra pha truc ca nh ga vi hy vng pht hin k ly ti bi cha kp tu thot. Nhng cho ti khi khch xung tu ga vn, chng ti khng pht hin c g. Chng bit lm g na, chng ti ln xch l vi nim tht vng v b. Trong lc xch l chuyn bnh th nghe ting loa pht thanh: Nh ga xin thng bo, hnh khch no c chic ti bi b tht lc xin mi n Trm Cng an Nh ga gii quyt. Chng ti tng mnh nghe nhm. Nhng n khi thng bo ln th hai th ti nhy b i tm Trm Cng an Nh ga. Ti Trm cng an ti ni ti b k gian ly cp chic ti bi na mu vng, na mu en. Cc ng ch cng an hi trong ti c g? Ti tr li: trong ti c hai cc st khng g. lm g ? (Ti thong ngh c th cng an cho y l thit b c bit g y) Ti tr li: y l cc b phn chnh ca thit b o m kh, min Bc mi c ci ny l ci th 2, phc v o m kh m Tin Hi C, Thi Bnh. Cc ng ch cng an cn hi trong ti cn g na. Qu phn khi ti tr li khng cn g. Sau khi c hi li ti mi nh ra rng di y ti c mt l th, a ch ngi gi, ngi nhn v ti bit h gi tin nhng khng bit l bao nhiu. Cc ng ch cng an hi giy t ty thn, giy cng tc, ha n
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Sau khi nghe trnh by v kim tra giy t, cc ng ch cng an trao li ti bi, chc ti may mn v ni, i : bo m an ton cho khch i tu, cng an thng b tr lc lng mt phc trong sn ga. Hm y, cng an phc ngay on tu bn cnh, thy mt ngui xch ti chui qua gm tu nn h tm ngay. V vy k gian cng cha kp tu tn tang vt. V cng v vy chng ti khng th pht hin thy k gian xch ti trc nh ga. Ti cm n cc ng ch cng an v ra v khi tri hng sng.
Cng tc khai thc v s dng kh trong giai on 1981-1990 em li ngun thu tuy khng ln cho ngn sch nh nc, trong mt phn (15%) c gi li duy tu v m rng sn xut. Nhng y chnh l cng trnh u tin ca ngnh Cng nghip Kh Vit Nam do Cng ty Du kh I Thi Bnh trin khai, to ra hng triu kWh trong thi k thiu in trm trng, to c cng n vic lm cho hng nghn ngi lao ng thuc cc nh my, x nghip a phng tnh Thi Bnh.
Nhn dp 30 nm khai thc dng kh cng nghip u tin ca ngnh Du kh Vit Nam (ti m Tin Hi C (19-4-1981 - 19-4-2011), ngy 21-4-2011 ti th trn huyn Tin Hi, tnh Thi Bnh, Tp on Du kh Quc gia Vit Nam phi
L k nim 30 nm khai thc dng kh cng nghip u tin ca ngnh Du kh Vit Nam (19-4-1981 - 19-4-2011), ti Tin Hi, Thi Bnh (ngy 21-4-2011)
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hp vi y ban nhn dn tnh Thi Bnh long trng t chc L k nim 30 nm khai thc dng kh cng nghip u tin ca ngnh Du kh Vit Nam v tn vinh nhng ngi u tin tham gia s kin lch s ny. ng thi, Tng cng ty Thm d Khai thc Du kh (PVEP) cng t chc cho cc cn b du kh lo thnh thm li cc c s sn xut ca Trm x l kh Tin Hi.
Chp nh lu nim ti v tr ming ging khoan 61 - ging pht hin kh u tin ca m kh Tin Hi C, Thi Bnh
1.5. S gip ca Lin X trong hot ng thm d ti ng bng sng Hng
Trc y cng nh t nm 1975 n nm 1985, Vit Nam ch trng hp tc vi Lin X bng hnh thc vay vn di hn, li sut thp v h tr k thut trong vic t u t v t iu hnh cng tc tm kim, thm d du kh ng bng sng Hng. Trn thc t, pha Lin X h tr ti a Vit Nam c th mua cc thit b a vt l (SMOV-024, PSZ-4), khoan hin i nh gin Uralmash-3D c th khoan n chiu su 5.000m, cc gin BU-75 khoan n 2.400 m... Cng qua Lin X, chng ta nhp c cc gin 3DH-250 khoan n 5.000 m v F200 khoan n 3.500 m ca Rumani Cc n v thuc Cng ty Du kh I nh X nghip a vt l ging khoan, X nghip Bm trm xi mng, X nghip Vn tiu c trang b chng loi thit b, xe c chng, xe vn ti cc loi thuc hng tt nht, nhp t Lin X, c th p ng mi yu cu ca sn xut. Gi c my mc, thit b, vt t u c tnh bng gi quy nh trong khi SEV, r hn gi th trng t do, lm gim gi thnh chi ph sn xut, ng thi th hin thin ch ca Lin X thc s mun gip Vit Nam vt qua kh khn, hon thnh nhim v k hoch nhm sm tm ra du kh ti vng ng bng sng Hng.
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Nhiu chuyn gia k thut (a cht, a vt l, khoan khai thc, th va, cu s c, v.v.) c kinh nghim ca Lin X c c sang Vit Nam lm vic h tr, gip cc cn b k thut Vit Nam. Cng c chuyn gia (L.M. Cerdukov, thng 12-1972) hy sinh tnh mng khi cu cha s c ging khoan 100 ti Thi Bnh. Cc trng on chuyn gia nh cc tin s A.B. Kamenheski, V.D. Skorduli, G.A. Kostromin c nhiu ng gp, c vn cho cc lnh o Lin on a cht 36, Cng ty Du kh I v Tng cc Du kh. T nm 1976 n nm 1985 c trn 600 chuyn gia vi tng s ln n 967 lt chuyn gia n Vit Nam h tr. Ti tnh Thi Bnh c Chi hi Hu ngh Vit - X ca Cng ty Du kh I1. Nm 1983 cn 30 ngi, n nm 1985 gim ch cn 9 ngi trong na nm u v 6 ngi trong na nm cui. Nu em so snh iu kin sng ca Vit Nam v Lin X thi by gi th mc chnh lch c th ln ti vi chc ln. Thm vo l nhng yu t nh s khc bit v vn ha, thi tit nng nng khc nghit, dch bnh nhit i,... Cho nn c th xem chuyn gia lm vic ti Vit Nam lc l mt s hy sinh, chp nhn cc kh khn, ri ro. Cng ty Du kh I, Cng ty a vt l, Vin Du kh Vit Nam to iu kin tt nht c th cho cc chuyn gia. C cc khch sn dnh ring cho chuyn gia ti th x Thi Bnh, Xun Thu - Nam nh.
Nhiu mu chuyn vui v kh qun vn cn ng li trong k c cc cn b Vit Nam, nhng ngi mt thi cng lm vic, cng chia s kh khn vi cc chuyn gia Lin X. ng inh Hu Khng, nguyn Ph ban Tm kim, thm d ca Tp on Du kh Vit Nam, k li: Mt ln cng ng Chnh k s Lin X i kho st thc a ni s t v tr ging khoan. Chng ti i bng xe UAZ n ging khoan 200, dng xe v i b khong 600 m n b mt con knh o rng chng 6-7 m. Khng c cu, nc khng su, chng ti quyt nh li qua n tha t ni d kin s xy dng nn ging khoan. Sau khi o c, kho st xong, chng ti li li qua knh quay v ch xe v i v ging 203. Vo n phng c cng khoan, ng Chnh k s pht hin thy vt g cm cm trong ng qun, ng dm mnh chn xung nn xi mng th mt con a no mu trn cng ri phch xung nn. Mt ng ta ti nht khi nhn vo con vt k qui . ng Khng lin ni: th l ng chuyn ch ngha thc dn t x ng Hong, huyn Tin Hi sang n Thi Thy ri ! ng Chnh k s ngc nhin, khng hiu hi li, ng Khng tr li rng: Bc H tng ni ch ngha thc dn nh con a hai vi, mt vi ht mu cng nhn chnh quc, mt vi ht mu cng nhn nc thuc a. Nghe xong mi ngi u ci v ng c cng lin m t lnh ly ra mt ci bnh m en, mt hp trng c hi v mt l da chut bao t t ln bn mi mi ngi v c bi dng cho ng Chnh k s sau khi b mt i mt t mu.
1. Theo ng Phm Xun Bi, nguyn Trng phng Hnh chnh Cng ty Du kh I Thi Bnh.
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2. Khu vc ng bng sng Cu Long v ven bin ng Nam B

Cng ty Du kh Nam Vit Nam trc thuc Tng cc Du kh c thnh lp theo Quyt nh s 108/Q-TC ngy 16-11-1975 ca Tng cc Du kh, c nhim v qun l v iu hnh cng tc tm kim, thm d du kh pha Nam Vit Nam. Ban u tr s Cng ty ng ti s nh 47-48 ng Bn Bch ng (Vn phng c ca Ngn hng Manhattan) Thnh ph H Ch Minh, sau chuyn v khu nh i s qun M (c) s 7 Mc nh Chi, Thnh ph H Ch Minh. Trong c cu t chc ca Cng ty c hai on thm d l on a cht du kh 2.1 v on a vt l 2.2 (thng gi tt l on 21, on 22).
ng L Vn C, Ph Tng cc trng Tng cc Du kh kim Gim c Cng ty. Cc ng Nguyn Ngc Sm v Trng Thin l Ph Gim c Cng ty. ng Trng Thin cn c giao lm i din ca Tng cc Du kh pha Nam. Ban c vn cho Cng ty c Thiu tng T K, nguyn T lnh Qun khu 3, i t Nm Thi, nguyn Ch huy trng Bit ng Si Gn v ng Ba Xng. Cc c vn c vai tr c bit quan trng v mt quan h vi cc a phng pha Nam.
Trong hon cnh min Nam mi c gii phng, tnh hnh an ninh cn rt phc tp, cc phng tin giao thng, xng du kh khn, i sng thiu thn, Cng ty Du kh Nam Vit Nam phi c gng rt nhiu gii quyt cng vic pht sinh hng ngy. Nu khng c s gip ca cc c vn, c bit l s phi hp v gip ca Qun khu 7, Qun khu 9, Cng ty s kh vt qua c cc kh khn hon thnh nhim v c giao. Qun i iu trc thng tham gia kho st ng bng sng Cu Long v vng ven bin Nam B chun b cho cng tc tm kim du kh khu vc ny. Khi kho st a vt l ngoi bin, Hi qun vng 6 c mt n v tu thuyn cng nhiu s quan, thu th do Trung t Nguyn Phong Vn ch huy phi hp thc hin.
ng Trng Minh, nguyn on trng on 22, nh li: Khi vic lm trn knh rch, li thiu nhiu phng tin trang b trn tu thuyn, chng ti cn mt s trm pht in nh phc v cho on chuyn gia Php, nhng cha tm u ra. i t Phan T Quang lc by gi l Tng cc ph Tng cc Du kh cho bit kho Qun khu 9 ti sn bay Tr Nc c cc my ny; ng cn bo phi c kin c inh c Thin mi xin c. Bit tnh ca th trng, ti chun b mt cng vn tht chi tit v s lng, chng loi v a im my pht in cn xin. Theo ng gi hn ti n gp c Thin ti Bn Thu - Cn Th, ngi bo v a ti vo phng th thy c ang nm trn chic vng d chin bn cnh bn
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lm vic. Khng nhn ti, c hi ngay: My cn g ?. Ti trnh by yu cu xin my pht in phc v cho thm d a chn ng bng sng Cu Long. C hi: My bit n u, my cn bao nhiu?. Ti tr li ngay: D tha my pht in 5 KWA c kho qun nhu ca Qun khu 9 trong sn bay Tr Nc, on 22 cn xin 10 chic!. C ni ngay: My vit cng vn, tao k. Ti trnh cng vn in sn, c khng thm nhn, vit thm dng ch trn u cng vn gi Trung tng L c Anh - T lnh Qun khu 9 v k lun. C li hi: Cn g na?. D xong ht ri, xin cm n th trng!. C quay li nhn ti v ni: Cm n ci m g, v m lm vic!. Ri ti c ng Phan T Quang dn n gp Trung tng L c Anh v c gii quyt ngay. Ti mng qu, khng ng cng vic c xui chy chng vnh nh vy. on 22 c phng tin kp thi trin khai phng n thm d a chn CGG....
2.1. on a cht du kh 21
on a cht du kh 21 trc thuc Cng ty Du kh Nam Vit Nam c thnh lp ngy 19-12-19751, tr s ng ti th x Vng Tu, tnh ng Nai (sau ny l thnh ph Vng Tu thuc tnh B Ra - Vng Tu). on a cht du kh 21 c nhim v t chc kho st v nghin cu a cht vng ra trng Cu Long v b bin Trung B. V c cu t chc, on a cht du kh 21 gm c 7 b phn trc thuc.
K s a cht L Quang Trung lm on trng, k s a cht Phng Vn Hc lm on ph k thut, Nguyn Nh Th lm on ph ni chnh kim B th chi b. Lc cao nht on c 158 cn b, cng nhn vin.
chun b cho ni lm vic, n, ca cn b, cng nhn vin ca on, u nm 1976, ng Trng Thin xin c nh s 4 ng Hong Hoa Thm v lng Ph binh ca qun i Vit Nam Cng ha ng Trn Bnh Trng, th x Vng Tu.
ng L Quang Trung nh li: ... Thng 4-1976, ti cng 46 cn b, nhn vin t on 36C Bc Giang v on 36B Hng Yn i vo Vng Tu. y l t i c rt nhiu kh khn, bi y l t di chuyn tt c gia nh ca cn b cng nhn vin t Bc vo Nam. Cc t ti vn chuyn ngi, c t Bc Giang, Hng Yn n ga Hng C, H Ni... T y tt c ln 2 toa xe tu khch vo n ga Vinh. V cha c ng tu ha vo Nam, nn on ngi i xe t khch t Vinh vo Si Gn. Ba ngy, hai m mi n Si Gn, tt c li vo tm ti khch sn L Tng, ng Phm Ng Lo, ch xung Vng Tu. Trn ng
1. Quyt nh s 406/TCDK ngy 19-12-1975 ca Tng cc Du kh.
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i t H Ni vo Si Gn, do n ung dc ng khng bo m v sinh, mt s ngi ln, tr con m, nh c mt y t mang thuc i cng, nn on vo n Vng Tu an ton. Ti nh s 4 Hong Hoa Thm: 2 gia nh chung 1 phng, s c thn nm ngoi hnh lang. Thng 6-1976, ti li ra Bc nhn s cn b cng nhn vin cn li v gia nh ca h vo Vng Tu. Chuyn i ny cng khng km phn kh khn nh ln trc, nhng tt c mi ngi vn ho hc c vo Nam tm du nn mi kh khn u vt qua. Thng 5-1976, tt c cn b cng nhn vin v gia nh ca h chuyn v lng Ph binh, tr phng phn tch th nghim li nh s 4 Hong Hoa Thm cho n thng 12-1976 cng chuyn v lm vic ti lng Ph binh. Lng Ph binh l mt khu nh cp 4 c xy dng t nhng nm 1960, xung cp nghim trng, ma ma dt nhiu, mt s gia nh phi mua nilng che chn. Khi cn b cng nhn vin on 21 n , khng c nc ung, nc ging gn bi tha ma nn khng ai dm dng nc ging. Lnh o on thu khoan hai ging, khoan n su trn 100 m, gp nc ngm rt trong nhng nhim mn, tuy nhin cn b cng nhn vin c dng nc ny cng cm thy sung sng lm ri. Lng thc, thc phm v nhu yu phm phi ly ti Bin Ha, ng Nai. Tuy sng gn ng bng sng Cu Long, va la ca c nc, nhng do khng c lu thng nn lng thc ly Bin Ha l go d tr 2-3 nm, ch c 30% l go, cn 70% n sn kh, bt m, bo bo v c bung chui xanh (5 kg bung chui tnh 1 kg n). Do n bo bo nhiu, mt cp v chng va mi tt nghip i hc Lin X v, khi con gi u t tn l Bo Bo, ci tn y cho n lc c con gi c gia nh ring vn cn c gi. Cuc sng vt v nh vy, nn c mt s cn b cng nhn vin khng chu c xin chuyn tr li min Bc, s ng vt qua v tch cc hon thnh nhim v c giao....
Sau 2 thng chun b, thng 6-1976, Phng n Nghin cu cu trc a cht vng ra trng Cu Long do cc k s Phng Vn Hc, on Thin Tch, L Quang Nh thnh lp. Nhim v ca phng n l: nghin cu c im a cht, qua lm sng t v a tng, cu kin to, tnh cht thy a ha vng. Phm vi nghin cu gm cc tnh Kin Giang, Minh Hi, An Giang, ng Thp, Tin Giang, Long An, Sng B, Ty Ninh, Lm ng, ng Nai v cc o thuc mt s tnh nh: o Ph Qu, Cn o, Hn Khoai, Hn t, Ph Quc, Th Chu Phm vi nghin cu rt rng, a hnh phc tp, phng tin, iu kin rt thiu, nhng yu cu ca Cng ty Du kh Nam Vit Nam li rt khn trng, gip cho cng ty nh hng vng, cn tp trung khoan cu to v tm kim, thm d du kh trn t lin ng bng sng Cu Long. Vi tinh thn khn trng, lc lng cn b k thut ca on 21 c chia thnh hai t: a cht v a cht thy vn.
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T a cht thy vn do k s L Quang Nh ph trch. L trnh kho st c xc nh theo cc tuyn Vng Tu - Chu Thi (Th c), nh Qun, Tn Ph, Bo Lc, Lm ng; tuyn ven bin Vng Tu - Hm Tn - K G - Phan Thit Ph Qu, tuyn Vng Tu - Cn Th - C Mau - Nm Cn
ng on Thin Tch v ng Chu Kim Chung k li (ngy 04-11-2009): ... ti c cc im l quan st, m t, ly mu cc tuyn min ng Nam B - Lm ng cc nhm phi nh n lc lng dn qun, b i a phng dn ng phng tn qun Vit Nam Cng ha v FULRO tn cng, phi n, nh nh ng bo dn tc. Nhm kho st mt s im l b sung huyn nh Qun, Lang H. Khi lm vic vi y ban nhn dn huyn Tn Ph, tnh ng Nai, anh em hi ni no an ton, i din y ban huyn bo t ngoi cng huyn tr ra khng ni no an ton c. Cn cc tuyn l trnh min Ty Nam B th phi thu thuyn dn, i theo knh rch ly mu a ha, mu kh, nc t do; n ung ch yu da vo dn, c khi phi gn ly nc trong chum ca dn lm nc canh, khng c iu kin nu n, ng khng mn, chng mui phi t ci xua, dn y c cu ca mui ku nh so diu, a bng bnh nh bnh canh. Khi kho st trn cc o Ph Quc, Hn Tre, Hn Ri, Hn Ngh, An Thi, Th Chu, Nam Du, tu mi i t Rch Gi ra Ph Quc nhiu anh em say sng. Ch cn 8 ngi chu c sng, chia thnh hai nhm quyt tm i kho st cc o theo phng n nh. Khu vc ny hay b lnh Pn Pt nh ph, cn khi i kho st ni Thch ng, H Tin cch bin gii Campuchia 500 m, nhm kho st c b tr n trong tr s y ban nhn dn x M c. Ngy hm sau on ri khi ni y i kho st, n chiu nghe tin bn lnh Pn Pt san bng tr s x ny. Khi kho st o Ph Quc, on kho st phi nh ni n, ti Trung on Hi qun 101, nh tu hi qun ch i cc o kho st a cht. Tuy vy, cc nhm vn hon thnh vic kho st cc im l c nh ra ca phng n v sau tr v Vng Tu an ton.
Trong gn 2 nm i thc a, cc nhm k thut kho st gn 2.000 km l trnh, trong c 50 o ln nh trn vng bin Ty Nam Vit Nam, m t 600 im l , ly 40 mu ha thch ng, thc vt 10 vt l. Mu c gi ra on 36B Hng Yn phn tch.
Nhm tc gi do on Thin Tch lm ch bin hon thnh bo co tng kt vi cc nhn nh: - V trm tch Kainozoi: i tng trc tin l cc trm tch Tam, song li c chiu dy mng dn v pha ra ca trng Cu Long. V mt tm kim, cn trin khai trc tin l i ven bin, trn cc cu to thun li nh Nam Tr Vinh, Cn Th (Phng Hip), C Mau v Bn Tre. - V cc trm tch Mesozoi: cc ti liu v nh gi trin vng du kh cha y . cn nghin cu cc t hp sinh - cha - chn du, mc bin i th sinh,
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cc dng cu trc sng B v trm tch Mesozoi mun pht trin pha nam vng ny. Cc trm tch J3 - K ch pht trin thnh nhng i hp, hay nhng trng nh trng Thi Lan. - Cc trm tch Paleozoi ch pht trin khu vc H Tin v mt t Hn Qun (theo Saurin, 1939). Cc trm tch Devon b bin cht mnh khng c trin vng du kh. Cc trm tch C2 - P cn c nghin cu. - V a ha Bitum v kh: nhiu ni thy kh l ra trn mt trng Cu Long. Mt s im bo qung ca nhn dn c kim tra, nh gi.
2.2. on a vt l 22
on a vt l 22 c thnh lp theo Quyt nh s 406/TCDK ngy 19-121975 ca Tng cc Du kh.
on trng l ng Trng Minh; on ph l cc ng Nguyn Vn Di, Nguyn Thanh Xun, sau b sung thm ng V nh Long. Thng 12-1977, ng V nh Long c b nhim lm Quyn on trng on 22. Cn b cng nhn vin ca on lc ng nht ln ti trn 200 ngi.
Khi mi thnh lp, on 22 t tr s nh dn ti th x Vnh Long, u nm 1976, on chuyn v s nh 68 Trn Hng o v cn mt b phn cng Bnh Thy, th x Cn Th. Trong hon cnh min Nam mi gii phng, tnh hnh an ninh x hi cn rt phc tp, i sng ht sc kh khn, cn b, nhn vin t min Bc vo rt cc kh, khng c cc ch cung cp, tu nghi cc phng khch sn cn b hoang, n ung ti cc qun cm va h. Tuy vy, anh em vn c gng khc phc kh khn, quyt tm hon thnh cc nhim v c Tng cc Du kh giao cho. Theo Ch th s 3706/VFg ca Ph Th tng, t ngy 9-12 n ngy 19-121975, Tng cc Du kh t chc 1 on kho st thc a tm hiu cc iu kin thc t ng bng sng Cu Long, chun b cho vic k kt hp ng vi Cng ty CGG ca Php v tin hnh cng tc thm d a chn vng ny. on s dng my bay trc thng UH1A do B T lnh Qun khu 9 iu i kho st trn khu vc ng bng sng Cu Long v cc hi o ng Nam B.
Thnh phn on kho st c i din ca cc t chc: - Tng cc Du kh: 1. Trng Minh - on ph on 36F, Trng on kho st;
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2. Nguyn Ph Thnh - Trng phng K hoch on 36F; 3. Nguyn ng Liu - K s a vt l; 4. Trn Quc Vinh - K s trc a. - B Ni v: 1. Nguyn Hng Din - Cn b; 2. Nguyn Khnh Ton - Cn b. - B T lnh Hi qun: Nguyn Phong Vn - Trung t Hi qun Vng 6. - Cng ty CGG Php: 1. R.Munis; 2. R. Marre; 3. A. Macaudierre - i trng (Party Chief) a vt l Gmeaux. ng Trng Minh nh li: ...Trc thng UH1A do mt trung t khng qun li chnh v mt i u ph li, bui sng xut pht t Tn Sn Nht a chng ti i Cn Th, h cnh xung sn bay Tr Nc tip xng du ri bay tip. Trn ng kho st chng ti bay thp kho st dc theo sng Tin, sng Hu, ri dc theo knh Phng Hip thng tp, qua sng ng c, qua th x C Mau v h cnh xung cn c Nm Cn tip xng du v ngh ngi. i qua mt h thng cu bp bnh, chng ti n S ch huy qun i trong mt khu nh d chin. Cc s quan ch huy tip n rt nng nhit v hng dn on bay ra o Hn Khoai. Trc thng h cnh xung bi ngay trn nh ca o Hn Khoai, gn ngn hi ng. y c mt gia nh sinh sng trong mt ngi nh xy c trng coi ngn hi ng; h v lm vic y rt lu lm ri, khng cn nh t bao gi, con ci ln ln th vo C Mau sinh sng lm n, cn chu nh vn vi ng b ngoi o. o Hn Khoai c hnh th trng ging c khoai, nhng ngi trng hi ng k rng y c mt loi khoai mn to bng u ngi, v vy m o ny c tn l Hn Khoai. ng b ch o mi chng ti thng thc mn khoai luc mu pht tm, rt thm ngon. o Hn Khoai c ngun nc ngt di do, cung cp cho tt c tu thuyn qua y v c cho vng Nm Cn na, tht l mt ti nguyn qu gi... Trn ng tr v Si Gn, trung t phi cng cho trc thng xung ng Thp Mi gh thm qu nh, c gia nh cho my bao go trng b sung cho cc ba n ton bo bo v sn kh thi ....
Trn nh ni o Hn Khoai, on kho st tm thy cc mc trc a chun quc gia, c xy dng trong nhng nm 1930. Trong nhng ngy sau, on kho st tip tc bay i tm cc mc trc a Ba ng (Tr Vinh), Sn bay C ng v Hn Trng thuc Cn o, Ni Ln v Hi ng thuc Vng Tu,
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Hm Tn thuc Bnh Thun, cc im trn cc ca sng Tin, sng Hu... y l nhng cc mc c ta chnh xc cao, dng cho vic nh v khi hot ng thm d trn bin. on kho st trn h thng knh, rch ng bng sng Cu Long xc nh su, dng chy, cu cng, tm hiu cc iu kin cho tu thuyn thm d sau ny. Bo co kt qu kho st thc a l c s k thut Tng cc Du kh v Cng ty CGG (Companie Gnral de Gophysique) ca Php k hp ng thm d a chn ng bng sng Cu Long. Cui nm 1975, ng L Vn C, Gim c Cng ty Du kh Nam Vit Nam lp T trnh gi Trung ng ng v Chnh ph lm thi Cng ha min Nam Vit Nam v k hoch trin khai cng tc tm kim, thm d du m v kh t bng phng php a chn ng bng sng Cu Long v ven bin ng Nam B.
Ni dung t trnh: 1. Mc ch: Kho st thc a chun b cho cng tc a vt l, khoan su tm kim du m v kh t khu vc ng bng sng Cu Long. Ngoi cc cng tc trng lc, t - telua t lm, bc u ta phi thu Cng ty CGG ca Php dng tu Gmeaux cng thit b a chn bin nng tin hnh nghin cu khu vc ca vng vi khi lng tuyn khong 2.300 km. Cc tuyn a chn ph qua hu ht cc tnh ca ng bng Nam B (xem s tuyn), 2. Thu 1 tu Gmeaux vi thit b a chn v 2 h thng trc a v tuyn nh v l Shoran v Motorola, ngun pht sng l sng hi nc (vaporshock). Cn tt c cc phng tin phc v, bo m an ton, an ninh khc v pha ta s m nhn gii quyt. Cc loi tu thuyn n, , sinh hot, cung cp nguyn nhin vt liu, lng thc thc phm, lin lc, cp cu, d mn, chng ngi vt dt dn tu b trn bin v sng. Tt c c 17 tu thuyn, trong pha B T lnh Hi qun c 1 n v gm 10-12 tu. 3. Cng ty CGG c t 16-22 chuyn gia sang iu khin tu v cc loi my mc. Trong thi gian cng tc h s m nhn vic o to cho cn b Vit Nam s dng cc thit b. 4. ngh cc b: B Quc phng, B Ni v, B Ngoi giao, B Giao thng vn ti, B Ti chnh, Ngn hng Nh nc, B Vt t, Cc Bu in truyn thanh, B Ngoi thng v Ni thng, B Thu sn v cc tnh Nam B h tr phi hp thc hin cng tc ny.
Hp ng gia Cng ty Xut nhp khu Thit b ton b v K thut (Technoimport), i din cho Tng cc Du kh Vit Nam v Cng ty CGG
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(Php) c k ngy 6-121975 nhm tin hnh kho st a chn ng bng sng Cu Long v vng bin ng Nam B. on a vt l 22 thuc Cng ty Du kh Nam Vit Nam chu trch nhim phi hp thc hin phng n ny, tin hnh kho st a chn S tuyn kho st a chn do Cng ty CGG trn cc tuyn i th theo tin hnh ng bng sng Cu Long h thng sng, knh, rch ng bng sng Cu Long v vng ven bin ng Nam B, vi tng cng 2.275 km tuyn. Chi ph thu tu kho st a chn l l: 1.060.000 phrng/thng. Cng tc kho st a chn thc hin bng tu a chn Gmeaux (tu hai thn) trong thi gian t ngy 8-3 n ngy 25-9-1976, chia ra ba giai on cho ba khu vc: - Phn bin dc theo b bin, dng tu Gmeaux v bi dy streamer. - Trn h thng sng Cu Long, dng tu Gmeaux v bi dy streamer. - Trn h thng knh rch, bng can/thuyn v bi dy thu a chn y nc Bay - Cable.
H thng nh v v tuyn Shoran s dng cc ta trc a chun quc gia Ni Ln, Hi ng - Vng Tu, Vnh Chu - Sc Trng, sn bay C ng - Cn o, Hn Khoai v K G - Bnh Thun c s dng cho cng tc nh v i vi cc tuyn a vt l bin. H thng nh v Motorola c s dng i vi cc tuyn kho st trn sng v knh rch.
n v trc tip thc hin phng n a chn ca Cng ty CGG l i a chn bin thuc on 22, thnh lp theo quyt nh ca Gim c Cng ty Du kh Nam Vit Nam1, vi tng s 42 ngi. ng Nguyn ng Liu c quyt nh lm i trng. i ph l cc ng Ch Hiu v Trn Quc Vinh. Kt thc kho st vng ven bin v dc h thng sng Cu Long, trong 3 thng 6, 7, 8-1976, cng tc a chn chuyn vo t lin kho st dc theo cc knh, rch,
1. Quyt nh s 248/CTDK/TC ngy 6-3-1976 ca Cng ty Du kh Nam Vit Nam do Ph Gim c Nguyn Ngc Sm k.
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Bn ng thi tng H8 do Cng ty CGG ghi li
ngoi s ngi k trn cn phi tng cng thm 15 cng nhn ng dy, 2 k thut bn mn. Tu kho st a vt l Gmeaux ca Cng ty CGG (Php) l tu kho st loi nh, khng c iu kin v hu cn; ng thi khng chu c iu kin bin ng mnh. Nhm gii quyt vn hu cn trn bin, c s phi hp ca Hi qun nhn dn Vit Nam, i a chn bin c s dng c ni (khng t hnh) vi y tin ngh cn thit (y l thit b c ca Hi qun M c ci to v tn trang li). i km c ni cn c tu ko cng sut ln, tu bo v, vi s tham gia ca c mt hi on.
ng Trng Minh ghi li: ...Ngy 8-3-1976, tu ra khi n pht u tin, trn tuyn a chn 04 lin kt cu to Bch H vi ng bng sng Cu Long. Sng sm tinh m, tri yn bin lng, on tu gm tu k thut Gmeaux, tu c ni hu cn, tu hi qun dn ng v bo v rng rn xut pht t bn cng Si Gn ra bin. Qu tra n ta ging khoan Bch H, sng hi bt u n pht u tin. Cng vic hu nh tri chy. Bin lng, mt nc phng l nh trong h. Nhng thuyn trng ngi Php thng bo hy cn thn, l hin tng sp c dng t. Qu tht n x chiu bng my en n n ko n. Gi git, ma mt mng y tri, bin
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go tht, sng ln ph qua boong, tu Gmeaux khng cp mn c ni c, c nguy c v tu. Do pho hiu ghi bng ting c, k s Trn Tng Thiu hc Cng ha Dn ch c v, v say sng qu c nhm nn bn mu cp cu thnh mu xanh bnh yn, ri mu trng l v s! Thuyn trng c lun mn chi tc, cng say cng n nhiu. Cui cng bn c pho hiu th hi qun cng khng th n cu c. Tu phi chy loanh quanh ct ngang sng trnh, nu tu i dc sng s b lt v b nh chm ngay. Mi ngi say mm, nn mt xanh mt vng. i trng Nguyn ng Liu cng say. i ph Ch Hiu cng say nhiu hn, li ku au bng qu, thuc g cng khng khi, ku cu mi. Ti t say hn, cm b m chy quanh boong tu lin lc vi bc s hi qun tm cch cu cha, nhng cng khng c. Tu c ni cng t neo tri dt v pha o Ph Qu, khng lin lc c. Nu khng tr v t lin kp thi cp cu s v cng nguy him. y l vn t nh phi tnh ton cn thn. Theo quy nh ca hp ng l nu tu ca Php khng chu c sng gi phi quay v cng th Php chu tin; nu ta ra lnh v, ta phi tr 35 nghn phrng Php cho mi ngy ch ti bn. Ngh phi chu thit trong khi t nc cn ngho, phn vn mi, cui cng hi kin anh em, ti quyt nh ra lnh cho tu v cng Vng Tu. Tng l mi iu xui cho mt mi, no ng khi tu cp bn phao s 0 - Vng Tu th b b i bin phng bt gi v tu ngoi quc khng cm c Vit Nam, khng c giy t mang theo. Th l on ngi c Ty ln ta b nht trn n. Mt ngy khng cm nc, tm ra, ch cp trn gii quyt. Chiu hm sau, tu c ni mi c ko v Vng Tu. Nhn thy nhau, anh em reo h, mng m nc mt c tro ra, tng l khng cn gp nhau na1.
Cng tc kho st a chn bng tu Gmeaux kt thc vo ngy 25-9-1976. Ti liu thu n khu vc bin l kh tt, c chuyn v trung tm ca Cng ty CGG Pari (Php) x l v minh gii. Bo co tng kt kho st a chn ca Cng ty CGG khng nh rng: vng ng bng sng Cu Long l phn ko di v pha lc a theo hng Ty Bc ca b Cu Long vi lt ct trm tch Tam tng i dy cc vng graben ven bin, vo t lin b dy trm tch gim dn theo kiu vt nhn a tng. Cng tc kho st a chn ca Cng ty CGG phc ha nhng nt c bn v cu trc trm tch Tam vng ng bng sng Cu Long.
2.3. on Du kh ng bng Cu Long

Thng 11-1977, on Du kh ng bng Cu Long c thnh lp trn c s hp nht t chc - nhim v hai on: on 21 v 22, b sung nhim v khoan, nhm tip tc cng tc tm kim, thm d du kh vng ny.
1. Nhiu tc gi, T Duy Anh ch bin: Nhng ngi i tm la, Nxb. Hi Nh vn, 2007, t.II, tr. 214-215.
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Tr s on Du kh ng bng Cu Long ti Vnh Long
Kho st trng lc c tin hnh trn ton b vng ng bng sng Cu Long (Hu Giang - Phan Quang Quyt, 1978; Minh Hi, An Giang - Lng c Ho, L Vit Khi, 1979; Phng Hip - Trn Mnh H, 1981; Nam Tr Vinh, ng Thp - u Minh Sn, L Vit Khi, 1981); thnh lp c bn d thng trng lc t l 1/500.000 cho ton vng. T nm 1977, vic tin hnh thm d a chn ch yu l dng phng php phn x thng (MOB). Nhng do cht lng ti liu khng bo m nn trong giai on 1978-1980, on Du kh ng bng Cu Long t lc tin hnh cng tc a chn im su chung. Thu n a chn bng trm SMOV-24 (CMOB-24, Lin X) v x l s liu bng my PSZ-4 (-4, Lin X).
ng V nh Long, nguyn Quyn on trng on 22, sau l on ph on Du kh ng bng Cu Long k li: Nm 1976, trong khi trnh by phng n t chc kho st a vt l ng bng Cu Long chng ti c nu mt kh khn ln l vic vn chuyn cc thit b trn vng m ly sng nc Nam B, B trng inh c Thin lnh l phi dng ngay xe qut (xe b ch) chuyn thit b my mc. Xe qut khng c bnh v ko bng tru, c i thanh trt trn snh ly ca ng bo Nam B dng ch thc la. Thc ra vic vn chuyn my mc in t chuyn dng
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tinh vi v c chnh xc cao l khng th thc hin c. Nhng l mnh lnh ca B trng cn phi chp hnh. Trung t Trn Thnh, lc by gi l B th ng b on Du kh ng bng Cu Long by cch gii quyt l ln k hoch mua 2 con tru chun b cho vic vn chuyn my a chn, nhng sau 3 thng th bo co l tru b qu chn, khng s dng c na v m tht. Sau B trng c th k vo kim tra v quyt nh k lut ng V nh Long, nhng khng bit l do g m quyt nh ny khng c thi hnh....
Cht lng ti liu thu c nh gi l xu v cc l do: a hnh phc tp, thit b c khng ng b, nhng ch yu l do ch quan, chy theo khi lng, khng ch cht lng (v c kin v thit b nn u nm 1979, Tng cc Du kh c ng Hong Vn Hanh vo on 22 ti Cn Th do ng V Long ang ph trch kim tra trm SMOV-24, sau khi kim tra, cho ghi tt c cc loi bng chun my v c kt lun l trm my vn hot ng tt). Tuy nhin, cuc kho st cng thnh lp c cc bn cu to (L Vn Dung v Nguyn Th The, 1980) ph hp vi ti liu a chn ca Cng ty CGG Php. Hai trng Nam Tr Vinh v Vnh Chu, Bc Liu c xem l cc trng nh nhng khp kn, v pha bin pht hin c mt vi cu to a phng.
Bn tng hp t ti liu a vt l ng bng sng Cu Long
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lm r mt ct a cht v tm kim cc du hiu du kh vng ng bng sng Cu Long, Tng cc Du kh quyt nh cho khoan 2 ging khoan u tin trn cc khu vc c trin vng l Cu Long-I v Hu Giang-I. Ging khoan Cu Long-I (CL-I) Kt qu nghin cu a cht - a vt l khu vc ng bng sng Cu Long cho thy vng ca sng Hu l mt vng lm st vi b dy trm tch tng i ln v c xu th nng dn v pha t lin. Ti liu trng lc cng cho gi tr d thng m kh ln khu vc ny (- 26 mgal). Ging khoan CL-I c t trn cnh nng pha ng ca vng lm ca sng Hu, nm vo phm vi p C Ci, huyn Cu Ngang, tnh Cu Long (nay l tnh Tr Vinh), ngay ti cc n 560 trn tuyn a chn N10 CGG. y l ging khoan su u tin trn t lin min Nam Vit Nam. Sau 9 thng thi cng ging khoan (12-1978 8-1979) t n su 2.351 m, gp mng 2.120 m. Do thiu thit b, vt t trong qu trnh thi cng lm cho tin b chm gn 3 thng. Gi thnh mt khoan y l 2.700 ng/m1.
ng Nguyn Trng Tng - nguyn Lin on ph Lin on 36 nh li: Nm 1977 thnh lp on 36A thi cng ging khoan CL-I C Ci, tnh Tr Vinh, ng Phan Vn Ngn lm on trng. Sau chuyn i kho st v tr ging khoan cui nm 1976 do Lin on trng Phan Minh Bch c Lin on ph Nguyn Trng Tng v k s khoan Phan Vn Ngn a Trng on chuyn gia Lin X ca Lin on 36 Kostromin vo Tr Vinh i kho st v tr ging khoan CL-I C Ci. Thi gian min Nam mi gii phng cho nn tnh hnh an ninh x hi cha n nh, rt phc tp, giao thng i li kh khn, yu cu t ra l bo v an ton cho chuyn gia. Nhng c s gip ca Cng ty Du kh II v lnh o, cng an ca a phng Vnh Long - Tr Vinh, chuyn i t yu cu v an ton tuyt i. C mt chuyn vui, khi can va cp b c on ln b, Trng on chuyn gia Lin X xut hin th gp ng chu ngi nng dn a phng ang trng cy. ng ni to: M li tr li y ri!. Chng ti gii thch li cho ng ta: y khng phi M u m l bn Lin X, qu hng ca Lnin Cch mng Thng Mi gip Vit Nam ta nh thng hai quc ln l Php v M y! By gi li sang gip ta xy dng kinh t v bo v T quc. Mi ngi ln ci v ng chu ngi nng dn cng ci vui theo.
1. L Vn Trng v Nguyn Hu Ngha: Bo co tng kt a cht ging khoan CL-I, 1981.
271
on tuyn a chn N10 CGG, ni t v tr ging khoan CL-I
G.A. Kostromin, Trng on chuyn gia Lin X cng on kho st v tr ging khoan CL-I
Gin khoan CL-I
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Tip sau Trng on chuyn gia m bn ri xung mt t v tm ta trn bn ri ch v tr ging khoan CL-I ng cc tre lm mc. Li chnh ng nng dn kia cho mn cuc ng cc . on 36A sau mt thi gian thnh lp th nhp vo on Du kh ng bng Cu Long v on 36A qu xa Lin on 36, vic ch o v i li kh khn. Nhng Lin on 36 vn c trch nhim gip v mt k thut v cung cp vt t chuyn ngnh khi c yu cu. V d c th nh khi ging khoan CL-I gp s c, Lin on 36 sau ny l Cng ty Du kh I c hai k s vo cu kt v vn chuyn vo trn hai nghn mt cn tri bng my bay C.130 ca qun i t sn bay Gia Lm vo sn bay Tn Sn Nht, giao cho n v vn ti ch xung ging khoan ti C Ci vi tinh thn khn trng cu kt nh cu ha.
Ging khoan CL-I kh, cho thy kh nng hn ch v trin vng du kh khu vc ny. Ging khoan Hu Giang-I (HG-I) Ging khoan Hu Giang-I (HG-I), t ti cc n 75 tuyn a chn 10-BC, trong phm vi p M Thnh, x Hng in, huyn Phng Hip, tnh Hu Giang. Ging khoan c khi cng t thng 12-1979 v kt thc vo thng 4-1980, t chiu su 1.190 m. Kt qu xc nh chiu dy trm tch Tam mng (813 m), khng pht hin du hiu du kh. nh gi trin vng du kh ng bng sng Cu Long Ti Hi ngh bn v cng tc du kh vng trng sng Cu Long ngy 116-1979 do Ph Tng cc trng Tng cc Du kh Phm Vn Diu ch tr, Trng on chuyn gia du kh Lin X G.A. Kostromin trnh by n cng tc du kh ng bng sng Cu Long: vng trng Cu Long c kh nng tn ti cc loi by sn phm, chiu dy trm tch c ni n 2.000-2.500 m l Kainozoi, cho nn kt lun vng ny c trin vng du kh, v vng trng nm v pha ty bc ca mt vng trng ln pht hin ra du (du Bch H)V cng tc khoan, trc mt cn hon thnh tt l khoan Cu Long-I. Khi lng khoan 1979-1980 l 14.500m khoan; 1981-1985 l 45.000 m khoan, k c s lng d tr tng cng tt c l 15 l khoan, v 5 l khoan d tr cho khoan pht trin1. V vy, sau khi kt thc cc ging khoan CL-I v HG-I khng pht hin du kh, c tip tc trin khai k hoch nh chuyn gia xut hay khng tr thnh vn tranh ci trong Tng cc Du kh. Cui cng trn c s kin ca cc chuyn gia Vit Nam (Vin
1. Theo Bin bn Hi ngh bn v cng tc du kh vng trng sng Cu Long.
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Du kh Vit Nam, V a cht Du kh,), nm 1981, Tng cc Du kh quyt nh dng hot ng tm kim, thm d du kh ng bng sng Cu Long tp trung cng tc tm kim, thm d du kh thm lc a Nam Vit Nam, ni c nh gi l c trin vng ln v du kh. nh gi trin vng du kh ca trm tch Tam vng ng bng sng Cu Long, Nguyn Giao v nhm tc gi da trn cc ch tiu c bn v cu trc a cht (chiu dy trm tch khng ln); v biu hin du kh (khng pht hin c, kh l trn mt lin quan n kh m ly); v kh nng sinh - cha - chn du kh u hn ch; do i n kt lun: trm tch Tam ng bng sng Cu Long rt t trin vng du kh (Nguyn Giao v nnk, 1984).
III. HP TC VI PHNG TY
Sau chuyn i thm v lm vic ca B trng inh c Thin ti Nauy nm 1976, vi vn vay ca Chnh ph Nauy, ngy 5-8-1978, Tng cc Du kh k hp ng vi Cng ty a vt l Geco ca Nauy, kho st 21.000 km tuyn a chn cc l 09, 16, 19, 20 v 21; ring i vi 2 l l 09 v 16, mng li kho st c thit k chi tit ph ln cc cu to Bch H, Rng, Ba V, Tam o, c xc nh sau khi phn tch ti liu a vt l kho st trc nm 1975. Sau khi c Chnh ph ng , Tng cc Du kh (v mt hnh thc l Cng ty Petrovietnam) k hp ng du kh vi cc Cng ty Deminex (Cng ho Lin bang c) ngy 4-4-1978 trn l 07-TL (sau i thnh l 15); Cng ty Agip thuc Tp on ENI (Italia) ngy 18-4-1978 trn cc l 06 v 08-TL (sau ny l cc l 04 v 12); Cng ty Bow Valley (Canaa) ngy 2-9-1978 trn cc l 28, 29 thm lc a Nam Vit Nam.
K hp ng du kh vi Cng ty Deminex v Cng ty Bow Valley
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Hp ng chia sn phm du kh (PSC) l loi hp ng hp tc kinh doanh, c k gia i din nc ch nh vi cc nh u t nc ngoi trong thm d, khai thc du kh, vi t l tham gia ca nc ch nh thng nh hn 50%. Thi hn ca hp ng thng l 25 nm i vi du v 30 nm i vi kh, khng k thi gian gia hn. Trong cc iu khon ca hp ng quy nh r v cam kt cng vic v ti chnh; tin thc hin bng vic phn ra cc giai on c th; cc cam kt hoa hng ch k v hoa hng khi bt u khai thc; cc iu kin v phn chia sn phm gia nc ch nh v nh u t; cc iu khon v chm dt hp ng v nhiu iu khon khc na. Mt im mu cht ca hp ng dng ny l giai on thm d thng ko di khong 5 nm, pha nh thu c trch nhim thc hin ton b cam kt cng vic v ti chnh, phi gnh chu phn chi ph ca nc ch nh, ng thi chu hon ton ri ro cho nhng chi ph b ra trong trng hp khi kt thc giai on thm d m khng pht hin thy du, kh. Trong trng hp tm thy sn phm th cc chi ph c thu hi v nc ch nh mi chnh thc bt u gp vn. Trong sut qu trnh thc hin hp ng, nh thu du kh nc ngoi phi tun th mi lut php ca Vit Nam..., mi trng v cc chnh sch v thu. C th ni y l dng hp ng truyn thng rt cht ch, c th hin trong cc quy nh nh ni trn, ng thi nc ch nh trnh c nhng ri ro trong giai on thm d ban u v vn c quyn hn rt ln trong vic qun l, gim st thc hin. i vi hp ng du kh l 15, Cng ty Deminex thc hin cam kt kho st khng di 4.000 km tuyn a vt l, khoan 4 ging khoan; chi ph ti thiu 26 triu USD trong 3 nm u. Cng ty Deminex thc hin ng cam kt, khoan 4 ging khoan (chi ph t 4 n 6,2 triu USD/ging), kt qu nh sau: - Ging khoan 15A-1X ti cu to A, khi cng ngy 3-6-1979, chiu su 3.095 m, pht hin du tng Oligocen vi lu lng 26 thng/ngy m (khong 4 m3/ ngy m), khng c gi tr thng mi. - Ging khoan 15C-1X ti cu to C, khi cng ngy 6-7-1979, chiu su n mng 3.290 m, c du hiu du kh. - Ging khoan 15B-1X ti cu to B, khi cng ngy 7-9-1979, chiu su 3.642 m, c du hiu du kh. - Ging khoan 15G-1X trn cu to G, khi cng thng 7-1979, khoan vo mng 7 m chiu su 2.977 m, c du hiu du kh tng Oligocen v Miocen.
Trong giai on ny cng xy ra mt chuyn gay cn! Thi k ny dn di tn thng dng thuyn g vt bin. Mt ln, do gp bo t c mt thuyn
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dt vo gin khoan Ned Drill 2 do Cng ty Deminex thu, ang khoan trn cu to C (tng ng vi v tr m Rng ng sau ny) l 15 thm lc a Vit Nam, Pha ta yu cu Trng gin khoan phi trc xut nhng ngi di tn khi gin khoan v trao tr chnh quyn Vit Nam, nhng h khng chu. Pha ta c ngi c kin dng bin php cng rn. Rt may n pht cht, B Ngoi giao Cng ha Lin bang c ci nt thng qua gin xp vi B Ngoi giao Vit Nam bng cch n v a nhng ngi di tn vo t lin, sau c s chp thun ca chnh quyn Vit Nam, gii quyt theo nguyn vng sang Cng ha Lin bang c ca a s nhng ngi !
i vi hp ng du kh cc l 04 v 12, Cng ty Agip kho st l 04: 3.735 km, l 12: 4.130 km tuyn a vt l, khoan cc ging (chi ph t 4,8 n 8,1 triu USD/ging): - Ging khoan 04A-1X, khi cng ngy 14-8-1979, kt thc ngy 19-9-1979 n mng, t chiu su 2.462 m, c kh v condensat, lu lng 318.000 m3/ngy m. - Ging khoan 04B-1X, khi cng ngy 3-2-1980, kt thc ngy 6-3-1980, chiu su 2.442 m, v gp s c nn phi hu ging khoan. - Ging khoan 04B-2X, khi cng ngy 17-5-1980, kt thc ngy 9-8-1980, chiu su 2.693 m, kt qu ging kh. - Ging khoan 12A-1X, khi cng ngy 15-6-1979, kt thc ngy 11-8-1979, chiu su n mng 3.948 m, kt qu ging kh. - Ging khoan 12B-1X, khi cng ngy 16-11-1979, kt thc ngy 3-2-1980, chiu su 3.948 m, pht hin kh v du cn. - Ging khoan 12C-1X, khi cng ngy 9-3-1980, kt thc ngy 17-5-1980, chiu su n mng 3.657 m, pht hin kh. i vi hp ng du kh cc l 28 v 29, Cng ty Bow Valley khoan 2 ging 28A-1X chiu su 1.504 m v 29A-1X chiu su 1.516 m, chi ph t 2,9 n 3,6 triu USD/ging. Hai ging khoan ny u kh. Theo cam kt trong hp ng, Bow Valley cn phi khoan mt ging na, h ngh c khoan cu to Bch H, pha Vit Nam khng ng v yu cu h phi bi hon bng tin. Vic m phn ko di, cui cng Cng ty Bow Valley phi thc hin theo yu cu ca ta. C th thy rng trong thi gian khng di, cc cng ty ni trn b ra mt khon tin khng nh (87.229.547 USD), nhng do khng pht hin c du kh c gi tr thng mi, do sc p ca cc th lc chng Vit Nam, cng nh
276
chnh sch cm vn ca M gia tng, cc cng ty trn chm dt hot ng v rt khi Vit Nam. Cng c kin t pha cng ty, ngh thay i mt vi iu kin trong hp ng k h tip tc hot ng Vit Nam, song trong hon cnh i ni v i ngoi ca Vit Nam lc , i hi phi mau chng chm dt cc hp ng ny, tp trung vo hp tc vi Lin X trong lnh vc du kh, sau khi Vit Nam v Lin X k Hip nh v vic hp tc tin hnh thm d a cht v khai thc du, kh thm lc a pha Nam Vit Nam ngy 3-7-1980. Mc d hp tc vi cc Cng ty Agip, Deminex, Bow Valley khng thnh cng, nhng trong 5 nm tip xc (1975-1980), m phn hp ng, lm vic vi cc cng ty, c bit l cng tc trin khai 3 nm u hp ng, cn b Vit Nam c c hi lm quen, hc tp, nm bt c cng ngh mi, trng thnh rt nhiu v mt qun l v chuyn mn nghip v. Sau ny nhiu cn b tr thnh nng ct cho giai on hp tc a phng khi c Lut u t nc ngoi (thng 12-1987).
IV. HP TC VI LIN X V HOT NG CA X NGHIP LIN DOANH VIETSOVPETRO

Vo nhng nm cui thp k 70 ca th k XX, Lin X c nhng bc tin di v k thut v cng ngh thm d du kh bin. Lin X tin hnh thm d du kh su trn 100 m ngoi bin Ban Tch v vng bin Xakhalin. Trc nhng kh khn m Vit Nam ang phi ng u, Lin X sn sng gip Vit Nam v cc chuyn gia Lin X li st cnh cng cc ng nghip Vit Nam trong cng cuc tm kim, thm d khai thc du kh thm lc a Vit Nam. Sau khi Chnh ph Vit Nam v Lin X k Hip nh v vic hp tc tin hnh thm d a cht v khai thc du, kh thm lc a pha Nam Vit Nam (ngy 3-7-1980), Hip nh Lin Chnh ph gia Cng ha x hi ch ngha Vit Nam v Lin bang Cng ha X hi ch ngha Xvit thnh lp X nghip Lin doanh Vit - X (ngy 19-6-1981), ngy 19-11-1981, Ph Ch tch Hi ng B trng T Hu k Quyt nh s 136/HBT cho php X nghip Lin doanh Vit X chnh thc khai thc trn thm lc a v trong vng c quyn kinh t ca Vit Nam. Lc mi thnh lp, bin ch ca X nghip Lin doanh c 168 ngi, trong 58 ngi l cng dn Vit Nam v 110 ngi l chuyn gia v cng nhn Lin X. Ban Tng Gim c u tin (giai on 1981-1984) gm Tng Gim c .G. Mamedov, Ph Tng Gim c th nht Nguyn Ha, cc Ph Tng Gim c Ng Thng San (ph trch a cht), E.X. Xaturov (ph trch cung ng vt t), Nguyn nh V (ph trch xy dng c bn), V.M. Trerniak (ph trch kinh t), V.Ph. Laptev (ph trch thng mi), M.I. Zverev (ph trch cng tc cn
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b), Nguyn Ngc Sm (ph trch ni chnh). Lnh o Pha Vit Nam trong X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro do Ch tch Hi ng B trng Phm Vn ng k b nhim. Tnh n nm 2010, qu trnh pht trin ca X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro c chia ra hai giai on. Giai on I t nm 1981 n ht nm 1990 v giai on II t nm 1991 n nm 2010. S d chia nh vy l v t ngy 1-1-1991, X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro hot ng theo Hip nh Lin Chnh ph v vic tip tc hp tc trong lnh vc thm d a cht v khai thc du kh trong khun kh X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro n nm 2010 k ngy 16-7-1991, trong c ni dung sa i, thay th Hip nh ngy 19-6-1981. Hip nh ny ht hiu lc vo ngy 31-12-2010.
C mt s kin cng cn nhc n trong giai on s khai ny, l phng n u t khai thc sm m Bch Hc xy dng trn ti liu ca Mobil khoan ging BH-1X v kt qu kho st a chn do Tng cng ty Du kh Vit Nam thu Cng ty Geco (Nauy) thu n nm 1978. C qu ri ro v phiu lu vi cc c s thm d qu ngho nn ny khng?... C l nn bt u t bi cnh ca Hip nh v vic hp tc tin hnh thm d a cht v khai thc du, kh thm lc a pha Nam Vit Nam k ngy 3-7-1980. Nhiu ngi cho im xut pht ca Hip nh l t mnh lnh tri tim, hay ni cch khc t tnh hu ngh v hp tc ton din gia Vit Nam - Lin X, t nhim v chnh tr vi quyt tm sm xy dng cho Vit Nam mt ngnh cng nghip du kh hon chnh t khai thc n lc du, Vit Nam t gii quyt vn nng lng ca mnh. T tng ny c th hin trong s ch o ca B Cng nghip Kh (Lin X) v cng vi quan im Bo co kinh t - k thut v pht trin v khai thc th cng nghip m Bch H c hnh thnh trn c s nghin cu v nh gi li cc ti liu c c lc l ti liu a chn Geco mng 1km x 1km nm 1978 v ti liu ging khoan m Bch H-1X (BH-1X) ca cng ty Mobil khoan nm 1975, vi ni dung c bn l s tin hnh khai thc sm m Bch H bng hai gin khai thc c nh MSP-1, MSP-2 v 6 ging thm d thm lng BH-1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, trong c hai ging BH-1, 2 s c khoan t gin c nh MSP-1, 2, sau chuyn sang khai thc. Du s c chuyn bng ng ng n khu x l du th KPN huyn Tn Thnh, tnh B Ra -Vng Tu C th nhiu ngi s thc mc c qu phiu lu v duy ch n kh hiu nu ch da vo ti liu a chn v mt ging khoan thm d ca Mobil m u t xy dng khu cn c dch v tng hp trn b, khu nh 5 tng v quan trng hn l xc tin xy ngay 2 gin MSP, l qu ri ro chng? ng th, cu hi ny lun m nh lnh o ca Vietsovpetro nhiu nm v gay gt nht vo nm 1987-1988, cho n thng 9-1988 khi khai thc c tn du
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cng nghip u tin t tng mng m Bch H. Gi thit nu khng gp du trong mng th t cu hi trn s l u ca mt x cng an ln du kh, mt bi hc kinh nghim qu t trong lch s du kh Vit Nam, khi mt t nc ang d sn tng ht go phi dc ht sc hy vng i ly du nay tr thnh o vng! Ti sao khng thu khoan mt ging tm kim trc kim tra li s liu ca Mobil? Nhng cu hi nh th khng phi cc chuyn gia Lin X lc by gi khng bit n v khng cp. Lm vic vi cn b Vit Nam, ng O.O. Seremeta (Trng t chuyn vin k thut) thng thn hi v ng thi cng tr li: Th cc anh c mun Vit Nam sm c du khng? Cc anh th ch cho xem Vit Nam cn cu to no trin vng hn Bch H pha Lin X c th u t khai thc sm? Hai nc chng ta khng c ngoi t thu gin di ng n khoan, Lin X hin ang ng mt gin khoan di ng khoan cho c n Vit Nam v Xakhalin. Chng ta khng th ch n khi c gin, v theo k hoch gia nm 1983 mi ng xong v cng khng th ch khoan xong ging tm kim ri mi kim tra li ti liu Mobil n lc mi trin khai xy dng cc c s khai thc! Vit Nam sm phi c du vn l mc tiu thi thc on cng tc Lin X. nhng nu khng c du, th cng c khu nh 5 tng, mt khu cng cho c khu Vng Tu - Cn o v nu ri ro th ch 2 gin MSP. Pha Lin X thng nhc n lch s xy dng khu Neftian Kamni - l cng trnh xy dng sau Cch mng Thng Mi Nga, trong hon cnh rt kh khn v cn ri ro hn Bch H hin nay, khi cha c mt ti liu a chn tin tng no bin Caspien m cn mang ra ngoi bin xy dng Neftian Kamni. Nhng nay Neftian Kamni tr thnh thnh ph du la gia bin Adcbaigian. Bn rt t tin vo tr tu, vo s nhy cm a cht ca h. Vn thot tng khng lgc nhng trong bi cnh ny, l gii php ti u... Hai chuyn gia hng u v giu kinh nghim trong lnh vc a cht v cng ngh m ca B Cng nghip Kh Lin X - Ovanhetsov v Zavrev tham gia on lnh o Lin B ca pha Lin X rt tin trin vng m Bch H1.
Sau khi X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro i vo hot ng, trong giai on t nm 1981 n thng 3-1990, Hi ng X nghip Lin doanh tin hnh 11 ln hp trin khai vic b nhim cc nhn s lnh o v qun l ca X nghip; ph chun cc quy ch, iu l hot ng; kim im, nh gi kt qu vic thc hin nhim v k hoch nm trc; ph duyt nhim v k hoch nm sau
Thi k ny Tng Gim c l cc ng .G. Mamedov (1981-1984), Ph.G Arjanov (1984-1988), V.S. Vovk (1988-1991); Ph Tng Gim c th nht l cc ng Nguyn Ho (1981-1984), Nguyn Ngc C (1984-1989), Bi Hi Ninh (1989-1991).
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Theo Hip nh ngy 19-6-1981, trong giai on I (1981-1990), X nghip Lin doanh Vit - X hot ng vi nhim v c c th ha v th hin bng 2 chng trnh cng tc: 1981-1985 v 1986-1990 nh sau: - Tin hnh kho st t hp a vt l, a cht cng trnh v khoan tm kim, thm d, xc nh tr lng du v kh ca hai l 09 v 16. - Xy dng cn c dch v tng hp trn b. - T chc khai thc sm m Bch H. - o to i ng cn b cng nhn du kh Vit Nam. Nhng nhim v trn c tp th lao ng quc t ca X nghip Lin doanh Vit - X thc hin vi s n lc cao v t c kt qu ban u.
1. Tin hnh cc hot ng thm d, xc nh tr lng du kh ca hai l 09 v 16

Cng vic u tin m X nghip Lin doanh Vit - X phi bt tay ngay vo lm trong nhng ngy u thnh lp l trin khai vic tm kim, thm d nhm nh gi tim nng, xc nh tr lng v trin vng ca cc pht hin du kh. y l nhim v v cng quan trng, bi v kt qu ca vic thc hin nhim v ny nh th no s quyt nh tng lai, s phn v lch trnh ca cc giai on tip theo ca hot ng du kh.
ng L Vn Hng, nguyn Tng Gim c Cng ty Bo him Du kh nh li: Trong khi cn ang m phn Hip nh thnh lp X nghip Lin doanh Vit X th T m phn v hp ng thng mi trin khai ngay cc hp ng v a chn v khoan tm kim, thm d. Cc chuyn gia Lin X v Vit Nam trin khai xc nh cc im nh v cho hot ng ny. Thng 4-1981, mt on cn b lin hp, Pha Lin X do Tng cc trng Tng cc Du kh bin O.O. Seremeta, Pha Vit Nam do Ph Tng cc trng Tng cc Du kh Phm Vn Diu, Ph Gim c Cng ty Du kh II Ng Thng San, ng L Vn Hng - cn b Tng cc v ng Hunh B Oai - cn b Cc A17 (B Cng an) i kho st cc im nh v ven bin. Mt tnh tit o le xy ra khi on tu ri khi im nh v Khe G (hm trc va b st nh) th tu b hng my. Trong m ti, dn qun tnh Thun Hi ng chng ti l tu di tn nn bn rt nhiu. C on va b say sng va phi nm rp sang mn tu pha bin trnh n. n sng hm sau mi c tu c ca dn a vo ca bin Hm Tn. Chnh v s chun b tch cc nn cng tc a chn c trin khai trc khi Hip nh Lin Chnh ph thnh lp X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro c k kt. ng O.O. Seremeta nhiu ln nhc li k nim v ln cht ht ny.
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Ngay t khi hnh thnh X nghip Lin doanh Vietsopetro, cng tc kho st a vt l tng hp c tin hnh do Lin on a vt l bin Vin ng Lin X thc hin. T nm 1980, cc tu nghin cu khoa hc Poisk, Iskatel thc hin kho st t, trng lc, a chn vi mng li khu vc, ph ton thm lc a Vit Nam t vnh Thi Lan n vnh Bc B, nhm nghin cu cu trc v nh gi tim nng cc b trm tch Tam thm lc a Vit Nam. Hng nm, X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro tin hnh kho st a vt l mng li khu vc v chi tit. T nm 1980 n nm 1989, cc tu nghin cu khoa hc Poisk, Iskatel, vin s Gambursev, Malgin tp trung kho st 7 l (l 09, 15, 16, 04, 05, 10 v 11) c trin vng du kh nht thuc trng Cu Long v Nam Cn Sn (trn 50.000 km tuyn a vt l). Ti cc l 09,16 hon thnh 22 ging khoan tm kim, thm d, gia tng tr lng du cp B+C trn 100 triu tn. pht hin 3 m c tr lng cng nghip l Bch H, Rng v i Hng. M Bch H c xc nh c tr lng ln nht. Sau 3 nm chun b, ngy 25-12-1983, tu Mikhain Mirchin khoan ging thm d BH-5 u tin ti m Bch H v 5 thng sau, tc ngy 24-5-1984, pht hin ra dng du cng nghip u tin. Lin tc sau m Rng c pht hin vo ngy 21-6-1985 v m i Hng c pht hin vo ngy 18-7-1988, m ra giai on mi cho s pht trin ca ngnh cng nghip Du kh Vit Nam.
Vit Nam c du! t nc c du! Tin vui truyn i rt nhanh, to ra khng kh vui mng phn khi khng ch cho nhng ngi lm du kh, cho nhn dn c khu Vng Tu - Cn o, m cn i vi nhn dn c nc.
Ngy 3-6-1984, l mng tm thy du ti thm lc a c t chc long trng ti thnh ph Vng Tu, tng bng nh mt ngy hi ln vi s c mt ca i din Chnh ph Vit Nam, cc ban, ngnh trung ng v c khu Vng Tu Cn o, ng o chuyn gia, cng nhn du kh Vit Nam - Lin X ti Vng Tu. Ngn la t ln ti bui l, t dng du u tin l ngn la rc sng nim tin trin vng tng lai, bo hiu mt s m u cho nhng kt qu tip theo ca s nghip thm d, khai thc du kh ti thm lc a Nam Vit Nam. t c nhng thnh tu nh ngy hm nay, lch s X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro l mt chui nhng bc thng trm, c khi gn nh khng vt qua ni. S vic u tin c l phi nhc n t ging khoan BH-5. Ngy 25-121983, tu khoan Mikhain Mirchin khoan ging BH-5 gn v tr ging BH-1X ca
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Ph Ch tch Hi ng B trng Trn Qunh cng vi cn b lnh o tnh B Ra-Vng Tu v ngnh Du kh vui mng cho n dng du u tin trn tu khoan Mikhain Mirchin (nm 1984)
Cng ty Mobil trc y. Ging d kin s khoan ht lt ct trm tch Tam vi chiu su thit k 3.500 m da theo cu trc ging ca BH-1X. Hy vng ca c nc t vo kt qu ging khoan ny. K s ng Ca, V trng V Khoan v Khai thc i din Tng cc Du kh (Pha Vit Nam) trc tip gim st. Vo nhng ngy cui thng 4, Ph Ch tch Hi ng B trng V Vn Kit ra thm gin khoan Nhng sau khi khoan qua tng sn phm 23 chiu su khong 2.730 m (hin gi tng du Bch H) n khong chiu su 3.001 m th c lo ngi vi chiu su qu ln khng c chng ng v c th gp s c a cht phc tp do tng st trng n khong 2.600 m, tng t khi Mobil khoan ging BH-1X, iu ny c th gy s c cho ging, nn hai Pha chp nhn dng chiu su 3.001m, khng khoan n chiu su thit k bo m an ton cho ging v tng sn phm gp ging BH-1X. Ngy 24-5-1984, sau khi th va, pht hin du trong trm tch Miocen (tng 23), c nc vui mng v ln u tin Vit Nam tm thy du v du chc chn s c khai thc trong tng lai gn. L t uc mng dng du cng nghip c t
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Tu khoan Mikhain Mirchin ang th va ti ging BH-5 m Bch H (ngy 24-5-1984)
chc. Khng vui sao c khi t nc ang gp nhiu kh khn nay pht hin thy du.
Tin vui tht y nhng cng l ni lo cho nhng ngi lm a cht du kh Vietsovpetro v lu lng th khong 20 tn/ngy ch bng 1/15 lu lng m Mobil cng b. Ti sao? Trong khi bn va c g sai st chng ging BH-5? Hoc do bn thn nng lng va yu khng ng nh Mobil cng b?! Lm vic vi nhm k thut ca tu khoan Mikhain Mirchin th khng thy c g sai st trong quy trnh th va v chn v tr bn Vn ny cn tr nn quan trng v cui nm 1984, B Cng nghip Kh Lin X phi ph duyt tr lng v S cng ngh khai thc th m Bch H. Vi kt qu ging BH-5 nh th ny, vic ph duyt s l mt kh khn ln... cn phi nhanh c ging thm d th hai! Nm 1984-1985, cc khi chn gin MSP-1, 2 ln lt c a ra bin v bt u xy lp gin MSP-1 khoan cc ging khai thc ti v tr hin c gi l vm trung tm m Bch H, ni ging BH-1X (Mobil) pht hin du V v tr ging thm d tip sau l c mt s gay cn! a s cho rng phi khoan v tr khng xa ging BH-5, quanh khu vc nh ca m Bch H, c l vi mong mun c mt lu lng tt hn khng nh trin vng m Bch H.
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Mc d khng ni ra, nhng ai cng cm nhn ging BH-5 khng gii quyt c mc tiu ra. i vi Vietsovpetro, tng 23 c khng nh c du v mc tiu lc by gi ca Vietsovpetro l tr lng m Bch H c bao nhiu, v l yu t quyt nh n tng lai pht trin ca X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro. Cn phi nhanh chng m rng din tch thm d! Vietsovpetro cng quyt bo v lun im ca mnh, yu cu khoan ging BH-4 pha Bc m Bch H, cch ging BH-5 khong 10 km, mc d nhiu ngi phn i, cho rng vic chn v tr ging BH-4 thiu c s khoa hc. Quan im khoan ging BH-4 c B Cng nghip Kh Lin X ng h. Trong cuc hp ni b Pha Vit Nam ngy 7-6-1984, ng San v ng c - Phng a cht, c gng thuyt phc khoan ging BH-4 nhng khng thnh. Hi ngh quyt nh Vietsovpetro phi chn v tr BH-3. Kt lun hi ngh c thng bo cho Tng Gim c Ph.G. Arjanov v ng Nguyn Ngc C lc bt u m nhim chc v Ph Tng Gim c th nht. ng Ph.G. Arjanov bo co v Mtxcva, cn ng C cng Ph Tng cc trng Phan T Quang bo co cho Ph Ch tch Hi ng B trng Mi v quan im ca Pha Lin X v ca cc chuyn gia Vit Nam trong X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro. Ngy hm sau, ng C thng bo l nhn c in ca Ph Ch tch Hi ng B trng Mi cho khoan ging BH-4. Mc d c s ng ca lnh o cp trn, nhng ni lo vn canh cnh trong lng Nu ging BH-4 khng pht hin du th sao? Nu ging nm ngoi ranh gii khp kn a chn nh mt s chuyn gia khng nh th sao?, li thm mt nguyn nhn tr thnh x cng an na. Nhng vi tinh thn trch nhim, lnh o X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro vn quyt nh khoan BH-4 v giao trch nhim cho Phng a cht cng Phng Khoan chun b d liu khoa hc, xy dng phng n v thit k ging, t chc gim st thi cng an ton, t mc tiu ra i vi ging BH-4. Ngy 22-7-1984, gin Ekhabi bt u khoan ging BH-4. Thng 10-1984, on ca X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro sang Mtxcva tham gia duyt bo co tr lng v S cng ngh m Bch H do Vin Nghin cu thit k Xakhalin lp. Hi ngh d dng thng qua khi c tin vui t Vng Tu thng bo l khoan qua tng 23 c biu hin du tt, ng thi cng ang gp tng sn phm mi kh dy, biu hin du tt c th c tui Oligocen. Cc ng nghip Lin X ng h phng n khai thc sm m Bch H rt hn hoan v thnh cng ny. Ging BH-4 m ra mt trin vng mi i vi Vietsovpetro khi khng nh c s duy tr ca tng 23 vm Bc, nhng vn quan trng l ngy 15-2-1985 pht hin tng du mi c sn lng cao tng Oligocen, m trc cc cng ty ca cc nc t bn nh Agip, Deminex khng tha nhn c trin vng thm lc a Nam Vit Nam v cc ging u dng nc tng Barat (Oligocen). Tng lu lng cc va c th ln n 1.000 tn/ngy. Ngy 7-3-1985, mc d bin rt ng nhng Ch tch Hi ng B trng Phm Vn ng, cc Ph Ch tch Hi ng B trng T Hu, Mi v on ca Chnh ph, Tng cc Du
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kh i tu Gambursev ra thm gin Ekhabi chng kin kt qu th va. Nhng do bin ng rt mnh, tu phi quay v b v ngy hm sau Ph Ch tch Hi ng B trng T Hu lm bi th v chng hong t nh thc nng tin di thy cung Bin ng.
Ngn la Nghe ni t xa di thu cung C nng Cng cha p v cng i chng Hong t hm nay n Lng ly, nguy nga ngn la hng. Ngn la tnh yu ln Vit - X Bin ng rng r sng c Ta nhn ngn la, cay mi mt Li nh Lnin, nh Bc H.
Gin t nng Ekhabi pht hin du trong tng Oligocen (ngy 24-2-1986)
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Gia nm 1985, ging khoan BH-1 bt u c khoan t gin MSP-1. Ging c nhim v va khai thc va thm d. Mi ngi rt k vng v mong i kt qu ging BH-1. Mc d tng 23 c xc nh chiu su 2.730 m nhng v c nhim v thm d nn ging c thit k khoan ht lt ct trm tch n chiu su thit k 3.300 m, l do l theo tnh ton mt phn x tng mng c xc nh 3.150 m v theo quy nh ca ging thm d Lin X th chiu su thit k phi cng thm 5%. Khi khoan n chiu su khong 3.000 m, ging gp phi tng st en v sau su 3.030 m bt u c nhng thnh phn cc mnh v sc cnh ca thch anh v felspat b kaolinit ha mnh c xem nh lp sn kt y. Lc cha c khi nim v mng granit. V c biu hin du nn vn tip tc khoan nhng cng xung su n 3.118m cng b mt dung dch mnh. Khng c ha cht x l, lc c sng kin dng v tru trn vo dung dch khoan chng mt dung dch. V tru t B Ra c ch ra bin bng my bay ln thng v c gng khoan tip n su 3.178 m bo m an ton cho ging v tng 23, lnh o X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro quyt nh dng khoan v hon tt ging th va. Khi th va do dung dch ln tru bt b th va nn kt qu ghi cho hnh nh l va kh, cng vi ti liu karota khng y , nn trn b kt lun l va khng c dng du, yu cu kt thc th va, mc d c kin yu cu cho php th li. Ging khng lp v nn xi mng m ch cu xi mng, vi suy ngh n gin l ging sau khi khai thc tng trn xong s tm cch quay li th lp sn kt y ny,... Tip tc th tng 24 khng c dng! Trong t lin in cho ng Ng Thng San lc ang gin MSP-1 l phi nhanh chng kt thc th va chuyn sang khai thc tng 23, khng tu cha v x l du (UBN) Krm phi ch i. Sau khi t xong cu xi mng ngn cch, vic bn va v khai thc tng 23 c thc hin theo chng trnh v dng du u tin c chuyn v UBN-1 (tu Krm) ngy 26-6-1986 trong nim hn hoan chung ca t nc, ca tp th cn b cng nhn vin Vietsovpetro v ca nhng ngi tm du ni chung. Nhng i vi lnh o v cc cn b Phng a cht X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro nim vui y khng trn vn. Sn lng ch vn vn hn 100 tn/ ngy, p sut u ging thp, khong trn 20 at, th hin nng lng va yu, thp hn c kt qu th tng 23 ging BH-4 vm Bc. Ging th 2 (BH-28) khoan tip tc t gin MSP-1 v hng MSP-2 khng cho dng. Tng 23 gn nh b mt hn do t gy hay do b st ha? Nu l do st ha th l bi kch i vi X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro! Nhng ging tip
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tc t gin MSP-1 khng cho dng tt hn ging BH-1, khng nh tng 23 khng trin vng tt nh ngh v c bit b vt mng do st ha v hng MSP-2, ni t chn gin c nh v chun b xy lp cu trc bn trn... Ging BH-1, sau thi gian khai thc, khong 4 thng, t p sut u ging khong 23 at tt xung cn khong 10 at, cc ging sau cng khng b sung lu lng tt hn. Sn lng ton gin MSP-1 cha n 100 tn/ngy. Nhn ngn la chy leo lt faken (uc) gin MSP-1 m khng khi bi ngi... Chnh lc m mi ngi dn Vit Nam ang vui mng v t nc c du, th cng l lc X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro lm vo tnh trng rt kh khn b tc. l sn lng m Bch H va mi khai thc c nguy c st gim nhanh chng... X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro phi sng trong iu kin ht sc kh khn, tng chng khng th vt qua c. T tng hoang mang, bi quan chn nn ny sinh khng t ngi trong X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro, k c nhng ngi c nhit huyt, tn tm vi ngnh Du kh. Khng hoang mang, chn nn sao c khi m mi ngi dn Vit Nam tin tng rng t nc s c nhiu du, khi m t nc cht chiu dnh cho du kh nhng khon u t khng nh,... bng chc vp phi mt thc t khc nghit. Nim hy vng mong i va mi nhen ln b tiu tan. S hoang mang cc bt u lan dn t X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro ra H Ni, Tng cc Du kh, ln cp trn v c bit Mtxcva. Phn ng u tin l s chuyn giao i din Pha Lin X trong Vietsovpetro t B Cng nghip Kh sang B Cng nghip Du. Nhiu ngi trong on chuyn vin Lin X trc , k c trng on b chuyn cng tc.
Trong Tp ch Kinh t Du ( s 1995/4, tr.45), cc tc gi P.A. Arusanov (A .) v F.E. Sut ( .) a vit: Kt qu kim tra hi ht ca Hi ng B trng () v t kt lun khng c c s, 3 lnh o ca B Cng nghip Kh trong c Ph.G. Arjanov b bi min cng tc. ng Ph.G. Arjanov bo co B th Ban Chp hnh Trung ng ng Cng sn Lin X E.K. Likhachev, khi B th n d i hi VI ca ng Cng sn Vit Nam, thm X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro nh gi cao qu trnh chinh phc ti nguyn du kh min Nam Vit Nam v trao cho tp th X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro Hun chng C . Theo kin ca B th E.K. Likhachev, quyt nh khng ng n b loi b. ng Ph.G. Arjanov tr li tip tc lm vic X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro. Sau ny khi X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro khai thc tn du th 20 triu, c dp gp ng Bel - nguyn V trng V i ngoi, B Cng nghip Kh,
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dn on Vietsovpetro thm ging khoan su Bc Cc, c k li: by gi Vietsovpetro t nhng thnh tch, nhng thi gian qua chng ti hiu khng ng, u cng l cuc sng!. Trong X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro, sc p t nhiu chuyn gia Lin X mun tm hiu ai l ngi sng to ra ch trng xy dng hai gin MSP-1, 2, u t c s h tng v tp trung ph phn gay gt: bc i va qua l gy thit hi v khng li thotvt tin qua ca s! V Pha Vit Nam, c ngi ni: hnh nh hai chn gin MSP-2 nh T Hi cht ng gia bin!. Tng Gim c Ph.G. Arjanov, mt con ngi rt tt, tm huyt vi cng vic, khi m c Ph Ch tch Hi ng B trng Mi in hi thm, cng rt bn khon: c nn dng khai thc m Bch H v m rng tm kim sang cc l khc c mt chin lc hon chnh cho X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro, hay c tip tc ch cc ging MSP-1 ang tt dn? Quan im m rng din tch hot ng cho X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro c Ph Tng Gim c th nht Nguyn Ngc C ng h v bo co xin kin Ph Ch tch Hi ng B trng Mi. Kt qu, X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro c m rng din tch hot ng ra cc l 15, 17, v 05 (m i Hng).
Ngy 25-10-1985, Tng cc trng Tng cc Du kh Nguyn Ha c u quyn ca Chnh ph Vit Nam k Ngh nh th gia Chnh ph Vit Nam v Chnh ph Lin X v vic tip tc pht trin hp tc v m rng thm mt s l trong vic thm d a cht v khai thc du kh ti thm lc a pha Nam Cng ha x hi ch ngha Vit Nam trong cc nm 1986-1990. V Pha Vit Nam, t tng bi quan cng c tc ng n ch trng ca lnh o, lm chm vic u t xy dng cng du kh, khng tip tc xy dng khu nh 5 tng, iu ng mt s cn b ch cht ra H Ni. i tng V Nguyn Gip cng rt quan tm v trong chuyn cng tc ti X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro, i tng yu cu Ph Tng Gim c ph trch a cht X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro Ng Thng San bo co thc trng ca m Bch H. on chuyn vin cao cp ca B Cng nghip Du do Th trng L.I. Philimonov dn u, sang kim tra cng vic; tham gia on kim tra c V trng V a cht v Cng ngh m. Phng a cht X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro c giao nhim v chun b tt c cc ti liu on kim tra. Lc , X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro ch i s c mt s ph phn v kt lun khng c li i vi m Bch H, nhng ngc li, on kim tra li hng dn
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Ngh nh th gia Chnh ph Vit Nam v Chnh ph Lin X (ngy 25-10-1985)
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cch t chc kim tra khai thc sao cho tt hn v cn phi nhanh chng t chc bm p nc v chun b khai thc th cp bng bm ly tm. Trc khi kt thc vic kim tra, Th trng L.I. Philimonov lu : (1) Cn tp trung t chc, y nhanh tin xy lp v khai thc khu vc pha Bc m; (2) T chc li cng tc kim tra khai thc; (3) S c cc chuyn gia v cng ngh m sang X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro, xy dng trong X nghip Lin doanh mt vin nghin cu v thit k mnh c th thc hin chc nng thit k m v cc cng trnh bin ti Vit Nam; (4) c bit quan trng l ngay lp tc phi t chc bm p nc duy tr p sut va. Vic bm p nc duy tr p sut va khng kp thi s gy hu qu kh khn v sau, nh hng n h s thu hi... Vin Nghin cu Khoa hc v Thit k du kh bin (NIPI) ra i v tin hnh lm li thit k m Bch H, tp trung ch yu pha Bc m vi 5 gin t MSP-3 n MSP-7 theo mng 400 x 400 m cho tng 23 v 600 x 600 m cho tng Oligocen di. Loay hoay mi vi cc phng n khai thc nhng Vin NIPI, lc , Ph Vin trng Demuskin, cng khng sao a ra c phng n nng sn lng 1 triu tn du/nm vo 1990, c l l lng du m Lin X phi bo m hng nm cho Vit Nam. Nm 1983, khi Ch tch Hi ng B trng Phm Vn ng thm X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro c ln cng ni ln iu mong c ny ca t nc. Nhim v quan trng t ra i vi X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro l phi nh gi xong tr lng m Bch H, c bit khu vm Bc v hon tt phng n khai thc th m Bch H, iu chnh ln vm Bc. Pha Lin X khng cung cp kp chn v cc block kin trc bn trn. Tng Gim c X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro Ph.G. Arjanov ch o cho Chnh k s G.V. Puri lm vic vi Vin ca Ucraina t chc ca chn gin MSP-2 v chuyn ln pha Bc, tn dng cc block ca gin MSP-2... Cng tc ny phi c thc hin trong nm 1988... tip tc nhim v thm d, nh gi tr lng, ging Bch H-6 (BH-6) c khoan vi nhim v khoanh ranh gii pht trin tng Oligocen v pha Nam, ng thi cng xc nh ranh gii tng 23.
Ly mu li trong khong chiu su 2.800-3.700 m vi s lng 9 hip, mi hip 18 m (162 m). bit c tnh cc tng sn phm, tin hnh ly mu khi c du hiu du xut hin cho n khi khng cn thy du xut hin na. Nhm nghin
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cu c tnh tng mng v xc nh ranh gii tng trm tch - mng, khoan ly mt hip 18 m1. Chiu su thit k ging khoan 3.700 m, khoan thng ng. Khi cng khoan: 20 gi ngy 16-8-1986. Kt thc khoan: 16 gi ngy 5-5-1987, chiu su cui cng: 3.533 m2.
Ging khoan cho thy tng 23 b st ha, t trin vng, tip tc khoan qua tng st en gp tp ct st mng, sau l n tng mng phong ha. Lc ny cc nh a cht c th phn bit tng mng qua ti liu karota.
Ngy 11-5-1987 tu khoan Mikhain Mirchin tin hnh th va. i tng I, th t khong chiu su 3.508 - 3.515 m (thn trn 3.501 - 3.533 m). Th ln th nht, trong bin bn ghi tng th Mezozoi? (tng mng), lu lng du 505 m3/ngy m, kh 23.000 m3/ngy m qua Cn ng knh 15,08 mm. Khong chiu su 3.494 m, p lc va Pv=406,26 at, nhit va Tv=132,5o C. Th ln th hai, bin bn ngy 24-51988 ghi tng th l Oligocen, lu lng du 477,1 m3/ngy m, kh 31.700 m3/ngy m qua Cn ng knh 15,08 mm. Trong bin bn th cui cng ngy 3-6-1987, xc nh lu lng du 477,1 m3/ngy m qua Cn ng knh 15,08 mm.
Dng du cng nghip u tin c pht hin ti m Rng bi tu khoan Mikhain Mirchin (ngy 21-6-1985)
Tht l vui mng v ng ngng khi pht hin dng du c lu lng t ti 500 tn/ngy va y ca ging BH-6.
Nhng du t u? C hai kin: 1) a s cho rng du t Oligocen, vi l do l v nng lng va, lu lng kh ging s liu tng Oligocen c pht hin ti ging BH-4; 2) Lc cng cha ai ngh rng tng phong ha ca mng li c lu lng cao n th v trong cc ti liu a cht gio khoa cng t ni n cc m tng t. Nhng quan trng hn c l nu khng nh du t trong mng, c ngha l ph nh s c mt ca du trong Oligocen ti ging BH-6 ny, nh
1. Bin bn t v tr ging khoan BH-6 v nhim v ca ging khoan c Ph Tng Gim c Ng Thng San ph duyt ngy 24-4-1986. 2. Bin bn khoan ging BH-6 do K s trng a cht G.X. Ghinmanov (nh thu tu khoan Mikhain Mirchin) k.
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th nhim v thm d tng Oligocen khng hon thnh, nay pht sinh thm mt i tng mi s lm chm tin tnh tr lng v thi hn hon thnh S khai thc th cng nghip m Bch H. Mc d lc Phng a cht ca X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro thuyt phc rng l tng sn phm mi - mng phong ha! dung ha hai kin, phng n duy nht l xem v phong ha v tng Oligocen l mt i tng khai thc v c s lin thng gia lp phong ha ca mng v lp trm tch y ca Oligocen Tuy c nhiu tin vui do vic pht hin du m Rng v c bit m i Hng, nhng bi ton kinh t khai thc m Bch H vn lm lnh o X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro au u! Vic khai thc m Bch H ch c th c li nu gi mt tn du khong 120 rp chuyn nhng tr ln theo phng n ca ng Demuskin a ra, cao gp nhiu ln gi du th gii nu theo cc t gi chuyn i gia ng rp chuyn nhng v ng la M. Khng th chp nhn c...hn na ta cn xem xt vn ny trong bi cnh lch s lc , khi Lin X c Perestroyka (ci t) v Vit Nam l ng li i mi, lm n phi c hiu qu. V th cu hi c tip tc hay khng tip tc khai thc m Bch H... tr nn gay gt i vi X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro... Vm Bc c du nhng cha c khai thc, khi th vm Nam cc ging MSP-1 ang tt dn..., gin MSP-2 ang ngm mnh di sng bin. Vic di chuyn chn gin MSP-2 ln pha Bc tr thnh cng vic trng tm. Theo l n phi c thc hin trong thi gian bin tt vo thng 5, nhng v pha Bn cha chun b xong phng n, nn c hon vo thng 9-1988, ch cn thi tit tt trong 2-3 tun l c th di chuyn xong. Trong nm 1988, cng tc khoan khai thc kt hp thm d t cc gin c nh c y mnh vi ch trng t mi gin c mt ging khoan tn thm d c thit k khoan vo mng. Vo thng 8-1988, c cuc hp ca Ban Tng Gim c X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro, ng V.S.
Gin khoan Shelf - 6 pht hin dng du cng nghip u tin m i Hng (ngy 18-7-1988)
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Vovk lc thay ng Ph.G. Arjanov lm Tng Gim c, cc ng: Nguyn Ngc C, G.V. Puri v ng Ng Thng San tho lun v phng hng tip tc i vi gin MSP-1 v MSP-2. Cuc hp thng nht, trc khi ct chn gin MSP-2, cho php khoan thm mt ging v pha gin MSP-2 t gin MSP-1 kim tra li tng 23 v ln ny thit k su xung mng phong ha, v theo d kin nh mng Bch H cao nht khu vc MSP-2, kt hp kim tra tng mng. l ging khoan thm d BH-47R t gin c nh MSP-1 m Vin NIPI nhn c nhim v thit k ca lnh o X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro (ch R ch ging thm d - razvedotsnaia). Lnh o X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro cng ng nu trong thng 9 thi tit khng tt th vic ct chn phi chuyn sang nm sau, ch kt qu ging BH-47R1... Trong khi ging khoan BH-1 tin hnh sa cha ging theo quy trnh cng ngh (v ging khoan cho sn lng gim). T khi dng th i tng I m trc y khng c dng, do dng rt nhiu tru bm bt nht ch mt dung dch; thi gian quay li sa ging cch nhau 21 thng (1-1986 - 9-1988). i vi mt ging khai thc, khi ng chng khai thc b bn thng th vic th chong tr li khoan tip l vn ht sc ri ro, nn ng V.S. Vovk gi in cho ng Phuntov, lc l Cc trng Cc Khoan n bn thc hin v theo ng V.S. Vovk, cng l mt chuyn gia v khoan, th vic khoan xung tr li c ri ro, nhng khng phi khng thc hin c. Sau khi trao i, ng Phuntov khng nh l lm c v ng c vn bn ngh khoan quay li tng mng trong ging BH-1 v c giao nhim v thc hin vic trc khi khoan ging mi. Vic khoan tr li ging BH-1 nh th no s c quyt nh tip ty tnh trng ging. Ging BH-1 c khoan thng tr li thnh cng. Vo khong 10 gi sng ngy 6-9-1988, ng V.S. Vovk thng bo trong qu trnh ra ging on cui th dng du ln mnh, p sut u ging khong 110 at, hin ang ng i p ch kin trong b. Tin vui n qu bt ng. Khng th ng ging lu v lo thit b u ging vi p sut thit k khng chu ni... hoc dp ging bng dung dch nng v hon tt ging theo ng quy cch bng cn khai thc, hoc c vy v cho khai thc bng cn khoan, ch n khi p sut gim, lc mi sa cha ging v hon tt ging ng theo quy nh ca mt ging khai thc. Ban lnh o X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro chn phng n th hai v c l y l iu hn hu trong lch s du kh khi mt ging c khai thc bng b khoan c. Ging cho dng ln, lc khng o c chnh xc, nhng c tnh l khong 2.000 tn/ngy. Khng nhng cn b cng nhn vin X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro vui mng m c nc vui mng. C v lnh o khng km ni xc ng v hi khng hiu c phi nghe nhm khng?
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Nh vy, X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro khng cn phi khoan thm ging thm d BH-47R, m khng nh li tht s c mt tng du mi, sn lng cao trong tng mng m Bch H. Lc ch mi c khi nim du c hnh thnh trong lp v phong ha, do mt s ging khi gp mng ti l dng khoan. C ging khi khoan qua phc h trm tch Tam l gp mng ti, khng c lp v phong ha, nhng khi khoan tip th gp nhng i mt dung dch lin quan vi t gy v khi th va th dng ln rt mnh, t hnh thnh quan im v thn du trong mng nt n. ... Du tip tc c pht hin v khai Pht hin du trong mng nt n ti thc su dn trong mng. Ct du tng ging BH-1 m Bch H dn theo chiu su nhng ging pht hin v sau. Va du nm trong tng mng nt n c chiu cao trn 1.500 m, lu lng du t trn 1.000 tn/ngy m. Trong qu trnh tm kim, thm d, X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro pht hin cc tng cha du trong trm tch lc nguyn c tui Miocen, Oligocen trn cc cu to Rng, i Hng; v cc biu hin du kh cc cu to: Tam o, B en, Ba V, Si. Ring i vi m Bch H, X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro khng nh s tn ti tng du Miocen v pht hin cc tng du mi c tui a cht Oligocen v tng mng kt tinh nt n. X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro t c t l ging khoan gp du ti m Bch H l trn 70%. Ngy 26-6-1986, tn du th u tin c khai thc ln gin MSP-1 m Bch H. S kin ny nh du s ra i ca mt ngnh cng nghip mi - cng nghip khai thc du kh thm lc a Vit Nam v a nc ta tr thnh mt trong s cc quc gia khai thc v xut khu du trn th gii. Nm 1988, X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro khai thc tng du sn lng cao t mng granit nt n m Bch H vi lu lng mi ging trn 1.000 m3/ngy m v m ny c xp vo trong s cc m c tr lng du kh ln nht khu vc ng Nam .
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Vic pht hin tng du trong mng granit trc Tam ti m Bch H l mt thnh tu rt ni bt, mt ng gp to ln cho khoa hc du kh, nh du mt bc ngot trong vic nhn nh v nh gi mi v tim nng du kh thm lc a Nam Vit Nam, lm thay i cch nhn nhn v xc nh phng hng trong chin lc thm d du kh khu vc ny. Theo l thuyt a cht, trong tng mng l khng th c du, nn khi khoan ti tng mng ngi ta thng dng li, khng khoan tip na. Trc c nhiu cng ty t bn khoan thm d trn thm lc a Nam Vit Nam cng b cuc v ti tng mng nhng khng c du. C nhng cng ty nh Cng ty Mobil chng hn khoan thy du, nhng h ch thy tr lng tng Miocen di, h khng ngh l di tng mng c du. V vy, vic pht hin ra du tng mng l mt kt qu ngu nhin nhng cng l kt qu tt nhin ch nhng quyt nh mnh dn va c b dy khoa hc va mang tnh thc tin kinh nghim trong nhiu nm nghin cu, kho st, tm kim, thm d ca cc nh khoa hc du kh Vit - X. Ch c Vit Nam vi bn lnh v tnh kin tr ca mnh mi pht hin ra du tng mng. Khi gp i din Hng Mobil, c ln ng Ng Thng San, ngi Vit Nam u tin lm Tng Gim c X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro, ni vui v cng l ni tht vi h rng: Ch c Vit Nam kin nhn mi pht hin ra du tng mng.
K t nm 1987, khi va du trong tng mng c pht hin ti ging khoan BH-6 v c khng nh ti ging khoan BH-1 (nm 1988), tnh n cui nm 2009 khai thc c gn 160 triu tn du t tng mng, chim 90% sn lng khai thc du m Bch H v tng lai tng mng m Bch H s cn cho php khai thc tip trong mt s nm na. V vy, tng mng tr thnh i tng nghin cu c ch c bit. Trong nhiu nm qua, X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro p dng nhiu phng tin k thut tin tin, tp trung tr tu ca nhiu nh khoa hc trong v ngoi nc nghin cu, lm sng t cu trc a cht v quy lut phn b du kh trong tng mng nhm hoch nh chin lc tm kim, thm d v khai thc du kh mt cch c hiu qu.
Qua nghin cu cho thy, tng mng thm lc a pha Nam nc ta tri qua nhiu qu trnh bin i sau khi c hnh thnh. l cc qu trnh kin to, phong ho, thu nhit v co gin nhit ca macma. Chnh nhng qu trnh ny lm xut hin trong tng mng nhng khe nt, hang hc vi mc rt khc nhau v phn b v mt . Va du trong tng mng m Bch H l dng khi c s lin h thu ng lc bi nhiu h thng khe nt c phng v hng, gc chng cht rt khc nhau. S phn b du kh trong mng ph thuc vo c tnh phn b ca nt n. V vy, ranh gii du, nc trong tng mng c kh nng nhng su khc nhau. Trong phm vi tng mng m Bch H phn chia ra c cc vng c h s sn phm khc nhau. Cc i c h s sn phm
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cao thng phn b vng nng cao, ni b nh hng mnh ca hot ng kin to, c bit phn cnh trn ca t gy nghch dc pha Ty ca m Bch H. c tnh thm, cha ca tng mng bin i rt phc tp nhng c th thy quy lut cng xung su th tnh thm, cha ca chng cng gim dn. Nhng nghin cu bc u ny l nhng t liu rt qu ng gp cho khoa hc du kh khu vc v th gii, gip cho cng tc kho st, tm kim, thm d v khai thc du kh c thm kinh nghim thc tin. Tng mng tr thnh i tng s mt ca cng tc tm kim, thm d du kh thm lc a pha Nam nc ta, c ngha quan trng trong vic li cun cc cng ty du kh nc ngoi u t vo Vit Nam.
Sau m Bch H, nhiu m du mi tng mng nh Rng, Rng ng, Hng Ngc... ln lt c pht hin v a vo khai thc. Nh nhng pht hin tng du trong mng ca Vit Nam m nhiu nc khc cng tm thy du trong tng mng nh nhng m ang kho st thm d Nht Bn, Innxia... Cng tc kho st, tm kim, thm d nhng nm qua gip cho X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro hiu bit mt bc c im cu trc a cht cng nh c im kin to, phn chia a tng, c trng thch hc, trm tch ca mi phn v a tng, c tnh v s phn b cc yu t sinh - cha - chn ca cc m Bch H, Rng, i Hng v cho ta hiu c c tnh cha du kh thm lc a Nam Vit Nam cng nh vng hot ng ca X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro. X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro pht hin ra cc tng cha du chnh trong trm tch Miocen, Oligocen, trong vi v trong mng c tui trc Tam vi cc dng by cha a dng. Trong cc m du pht hin c nhiu va vi s bin i c tnh thm, cha ht sc phc tp v h s sn phm rt khc nhau. Bt u t con s 0, phi c cch i ring ca mnh. Bn thn s hin din ca mt x nghip lin doanh cng ni ln mt cch i trong iu kin hon cnh t nc c nhiu kh khn. iu ng ghi nhn trong thi k ny l tinh thn lm vic qun mnh v s nghip du kh ca tp th lao ng quc t Vit Nam Lin X, h lm nn nhiu k tch. Ch trong mt thi gian ngn, cng vi trang thit b v cng ngh khng cao, nhng h lp c chin cng rng r, mang dng du v cho t nc! Cn b cng nhn vin X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro, cng nh nhng ngi lm cng tc tm kim, thm d du kh vi tinh thn khim tn, thc s cu th, va lm va hc, tranh th tip thu nhng kin thc, kinh nghim ca cc chuyn gia Lin X truyn th trng thnh ln.
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2. Xy dng cn c dch v tng hp trn b

Vic xy dng cn c dch v tng hp trn b c Nh nc Vit Nam c bit quan tm, c cc ngnh, cc b v cc a phng nhit tnh ng h. Ngay t nhng nm 1978-1980, vi s ti tr ca Chnh ph Nauy, Tng cc Du kh xy dng c s dch v ti Vng Tu lm dch v cho cc cng ty du nc ngoi (Agip, Deminex, Bow Valley) thm d du kh mt s l trn thm lc a Nam Vit Nam. Nm 1979, Quc hi quyt nh tch th x Vng Tu ra khi tnh ng Nai, thnh lp c khu Vng Tu - Cn o to iu kin xy dng cc ngnh dch v du kh. Ban B th Trung ng ng giao nhim v c th cho lnh o v nhn dn c khu: V s nghip du kh mi thnh lp c khu Vng Tu - Cn o. ng b v nhn dn c khu phi hon thnh tt nhim v du kh, phi chn thnh hp tc vi Lin X, lm vic v tng lai du kh ca t nc. Ngy u xy dng cn c dch v tng hp trn b, kh khn, thiu thn th, n gin nht nh dch v i sng, n ung, phng tin i li, tr s lm vic ca X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro, ch cho chuyn gia Lin X, k c con ngi lm du kh, u thiu. Khi cc lnh o cao cp ca ng v Nh nc, ca Tng cc Du kh, ca cc b, ngnh thng xuyn v thm hi v lm vic vi X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro, vi lnh o c khu Vng Tu Cn o kp thi gii quyt nhng kh khn ch tc trong cng vic. Ph Ch tch Hi ng B trng Mi sau khi vo Vng Tu th st k quyt nh cp ton b khu Khch sn Lam Sn cho Cng ty Dch v Du lch Du kh (OSC) thuc Tng cc Du lch phc v chuyn gia Lin X. B trng inh c Thin ngh Ch tch Hi ng B trng thu hi ton b nhng khu nh v t m qun i ang qun l nh Khu Thng tin, Khu Ch Chin s Binh on 318 nh s vt, san lp mt bng Linh, Trng Thiu sinh xy dng Cng du kh Vng Tu
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qun, cp cho du kh. c lc lng xy dng, Hi ng B trng iu ng mt s n v xy dng sang gip du kh thit k, xy dng nh Cng ty 12 B Xy dng, Cng ty Xy dng phc v Du kh Thnh ph H Ch Minh, Cng ty X4 ca B Giao Lp rp ng nt chn gin khoan c nh thng vn ti chuyn thit k xy dng cng. Cc khu cng nghip ln nh Khu gang thp Thi Nguyn, Khu cng nghip Bin Ha, ng Nai, cc nh my: Trung quy m, C kh Trn Hng o, X nghip Xy lp in Vinh, trc nhng kh khn ca du kh chuyn hng trm k s, cng nhn k thut bc cao sang ngnh Du kh. C th ni cha bao gi ngnh Du kh li gp kh khn, thiu thn nh lc , nhng cng cha bao gi ngnh Du kh li nhn c s ng h, gip nhanh chng, kp thi v hiu qu nh lc . Thiu li xe, xin bn qun i. Thiu th bc cao chuyn ngnh Du kh, ngh Tng cc Du kh iu ng t Cng ty Du kh I Thi Bnh sang, tt nhin s lng khng c nhiu. c lc lng xy dng, B Quc phng iu ng Binh on 318 v Vng Tu. Hnh nh hng nghn s quan, chin s Binh on 318 ngm mnh di snh ly, nh tng cy s vt, san lp xy dng mt bng khu vc cng, s cn ng li mi trong tm tr mi ngi v mt tinh thn lao ng qun mnh v tng lai ngnh Du kh ca t nc. Sau nhng nm thng lao ng gian kh, vt v, bi s vt snh ly hoang ho ven ca sng Dinh c bn tay ca nhng ngi lnh Binh on 318 dn dp, ci to ri sau ny mc ln trn nhng cng trnh du kh hin i ngang tm th k. Tng bc khc phc nhng kh khn, Vng Tu dy ln phong tro thi ua si ni, lao ng ci to, xy dng li thnh ph, chun b n tip chuyn gia Lin X, n tip lc lng cn b, cng nhn du kh t min Bc vo Vng Tu xy dng X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro. C nc lc ny dn sc cho du kh, cho vic xy dng cn c dch v tng hp trn b. Trong thi k u, cc thanh dng, cc khp ni ca hai gin khoan
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Cng du kh Vietsovpetro xa v nay
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c nh u tin u c nhp t Bacu, nhng vi s trng thnh nhanh chng ca lc lng xy lp Vit Nam trong X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro, ca B Xy dng (Cng ty lp my 18/3) t gin MSP- 3, nhng thanh dng c ct ni ti Vit Nam v sau cc khp ni cng c ch to ti Vng Tu v t cc gin MSP-4, MSP-5 tr i cc phn ca chn gin khoan c nh c ch to v lp rp ti bi lp rp gin khoan ca X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro... Nh s quan tm ca ng v Nh nc, s ng h v tham gia ca cc ngnh, cc cp t Trung ng n a phng, trong c c khu Vng Tu - Cn o, sau ny l tnh B Ra - Vng Tu, s hp tc tch cc ca Pha Lin X, X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro xy dng gn nh hon chnh cn c dch v tng hp trn b - mt cn c dch v sn xut ln, bo m dch v cho cng tc khoan, lp rp cc cu kin kim loi, cung cp vt t, hu cn, bo m an ton v bo v mi trng vng m. Nhng cng trnh chnh trong cn c tng hp gm: Cng chuyn dng vi chiu di cu cng l 1.300 m, bo m cho tu c trng ti 1 vn tn cp bn an ton, bi lp rp cu kin kim loi (chn gin khoan, blc modul), bi sa cha thit b khoan, khai thc, cn c i tu, h thng kho bi cung ng vt t cho cc cng trnh bin v cc cng trnh sn xut khc cn thit (cng sut 150.000 tn/nm), trm pht in 4,2 MW, trm sa cha c in, trung tm phng chng chy v bo v mi trng, cn c vn ti t, y t, Nh c cn c dch v tng hp m trong giai on 1981-1990, X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro khoan c trn 300.000 m khoan cc loi, kt thc thi cng 81 ging khoan, trong c 22 ging khoan thm d, gia cng 75.000 tn kt cu kim loi, xy dng 7 gin c nh, lp t 1 trm rt du khng bn v trn 56 km ng ng ngm ni b m. Cn c dch v tng hp ny l nn tng quan trng bo m cho X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro hon thnh cc nhim v thm d, khai thc, khng nhng cho giai on 1986-1990, m cn cho c cc giai on tip theo. Nh c cn c dch v tng hp ny m chng ta c mt c s vt cht k thut hin i, mnh, ch ng p ng c nhu cu v dch v nhiu mt ca hot ng du kh trong iu kin t nc b bao vy cm vn.
3. Khai thc du kh trong giai on 1986-1990

chun b cng tc khai thc du kh, Phng Cng ngh khai thc du kh c thnh lp ti X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro gm 5 cn b: 2 cng dn
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Lin X, 3 cng dn Vit Nam do ng Mamelade Daid lm Trng phng, ng Phng nh Thc lm Ph Trng phng. ng thi, X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro tin hnh xy dng cc gin khoan c nh (MSP) m Bch H, khoan cc ging khai thc a khu vc u tin vo khai thc, p dng cng ngh tin tin nng cao h s thu hi du v sn lng khai thc. M Bch H l m du kh u tin thm lc a Vit Nam c a vo khai thc cng nghip. M Bch H nm l s 09, cch Vng Tu 130 km. V mt a cht, m ny thuc i nng trung tm ca b Cu Long v l mt cu to 3 vm b phn cch bi h thng t gy phc tp. Nm 1984, tu khoan Mikhain Mirchin khoan ging s 5 phn vm Bc v tm thy cc tng du cng nghip trong trm tch Miocen di. Tip , nm 1985 gin t nng Ekhabi khoan ging s 4 t phn cnh st ca cu to xc nh cc tng du cng nghip trong trm tch Oligocen. Xy dng cc gin khoan c nh m Bch H, khoan cc ging khoan khai thc v bm p, bt u khai thc th cng nghip l nhng cng vic mi m phc tp, li thi cng trong vng bin c thi tit thay i bt thng. Khng kh lm vic si ni nhng rt khn trng ca nhng ngi lm du kh X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro. Tt c nh mun gp sc mnh nhanh chng a du ln cho T quc.
Tng Gim c Tp on Du kh Vit Nam Phng nh Thc, khi l Ph Trng phng Cng ngh khai thc du kh thuc X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro nh li: Cng tc chun b khai thc c thc hin ht sc khn trng vi khi lng khng l, tp trung xy dng h thng cng ngh khai thc s lp trn gin MSP-1, h thng thit b lng ging, u ging, thit b x l tch kh, chng ng, h thng bm, cc ng vn chuyn ngm, tu cha du Ch Linh. Cc cng vic nhiu, mi. Cc cn b, k s ca Vin Thit k v Nghin cu ca Lin on Zarubezhneft t Lin X; v ca Phng Cng ngh khai thc, Cc Xy lp du kh thuc X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro lm vic ngy m. Cc cuc hp giao ban thng xuyn din ra ngay trn cng trng xy lp di s ch tr ca Chnh k s X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro Ph.G. Arjanov.
Ngy 31-3-1984, chn s 1 ca gin khoan s 1 c lp chun b cho mt giai on pht trin mi - giai on khai thc du kh nc ta. Ngy 6-111984, chn ny c h thu v sau gin khoan c nh MSP-1 c hon thnh xy lp trn m Bch H.
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nh chm v nh v chn gin khai thc MSP-1 ti m Bch H
Gin MSP-1 khai thc du ti m Bch H
Qu I nm 1986, Xng khai thc u tin ra i chun b vn hnh khai thc m. ng .G. Mamedov c phn cng lm Xng trng, ng Nguyn Hu Trung lm Xng ph. Ngy 20-6-1986, cng vic chun b khai thc c bn hon thnh. Vo ngy 26-6-1986, dng du cng nghip u tin c khai thc t m Bch H. C mt ch huy ti phng iu hnh khai thc du kh trn gin khai thc u tin ti m Bch H nhng ngy u y l nhng cn b Lin X, Vit Nam. Pha Vit Nam c cc k s: Phng nh Thc, Trn Vn Hi, Nguyn Hu Trung, Nguyn Thc Khng v nhiu cng nhn khc vn hnh cc blc khai thc. Ngy 26-6-1986 nh du mt mc son chi li trn con ng chinh phc thm lc a Vit Nam; nh du bc nhy vt u tin, bc nhy vt ln nht ca ngnh Du kh Vit Nam t ngy u thnh lp, a Vit Nam vo danh sch cc nc khai thc v xut khu du th trn th gii. u nm 1987, Cc Khai thc du thuc X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro c thnh lp, ng V.N. Macarov c b nhim lm Cc trng, ng Phng nh Thc c b nhim lm Cc ph.
Tng Gim c Tp on Du kh Vit Nam Phng nh Thc, khi l Cc ph Cc Khai thc du kh thuc X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro nh li: Nhng ngy u khai thc du m Bch H tht gian nan: - Cng vic xy dng, trin khai trn bin, sng gi, bo t;
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- Trong iu kin cm vn nhiu thit b cng ngh thiu, c thit b ngy nay tht n gin nhng thi im khng c, nh thit b o su phi dng ti tay; h thng uc (phaken) khng c thit b t ng, phi a ngi ln tn ni chm la, v.v.; - Nhit dng du cao, lm di chuyn thit b u ging; - Du hm lng paraphin ln, nhit ng c cao, vn chuyn phc tp, b ng c, tc ng trong qu trnh vn chuyn.
T thc tin phi khn trng gii quyt nhng kh khn v phc tp, ra i nhiu sng kin, sng ch c gi tr. Sng ch Phng php x l du nhiu paraphin vn chuyn bng ng ng ngm ca tc gi Ph.G. Arjanov, V.N. Macarov, Phng nh Thc, Lu Quc Tun, Dng Hin Lng, Nguyn Ch Ngha c nghin cu, hnh thnh v p dng t nhng ngy u, phc v khai thc nhng tn du u tin. Sn lng khai thc du th ngy cng tng qua cc nm. Trong 5 nm (1986 -1990), sn lng du th khai thc c nh sau: - Nm 1986: 0,04 triu tn; - Nm 1987: 0,28 triu tn; - Nm 1988: 0,68 triu tn; - Nm 1989: 1,50 triu tn; - Nm 1990: 2,70 triu tn. Tng sn lng khai thc c trong 5 nm l: 5,2 triu tn. Doanh thu t bn du t 731,8 triu USD. Theo Hip nh ngy 19-6-1981, th li nhun ca X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro sau khi tr i cc khon theo ngh quyt ca Hi ng X nghip Lin doanh c chia u cho cc Pha tham gia Lin doanh, tc 50% mi Pha. Trong thc t t nm 1989-1990, ton b s du thnh phm khai thc tr gi hn 700 triu USD, phn ln c s dng u t tr li b p chi ph khai thc v u t xy dng cc cng trnh pht trin m. Sn lng 5,2 triu tn du th khai thc c trong 5 nm (1986-1990), tr gi hn 700 triu USD, l mt con s cn qu khim tn so vi kh nng khai thc v nhu cu ca t nc v ngoi t, nhng n c mt ngha ht sc ln lao c v mt vt cht v tinh thn, c v kinh t, chnh tr, x hi i vi s pht trin ca t nc trong nhng nm cui
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thp k 90 ca th k XX. Nguyn Th tng Chnh ph Phan Vn Khi nhn mnh: nh c chnh sch khon 10 trong nng nghip, nc ta khc phc c nn thiu lng thc; nh c khai thc v xut khu du th m Bch H, ta c thm nhiu ngoi t, gp phn quan trng a nc ta thot khi khng hong kinh t - x hi. Lc ny chng ta mi thm tha cu chm ngn: Mt ming khi i bng mt gi khi no, mt git du lc ny c gi tr bng triu triu nhng git du sau ny, n khng nhng gp phn gii quyt nhng kh khn trc mt ca nn kinh t, m cn to ra nim vui mng phn khi trong ton ng, ton dn ta v trin vng pht trin kinh t ca t nc.
4. o to cn b v cng nhn du kh Vit Nam

Nh ch trng cng tc o to v c s gip tn tnh ca cc ng nghip Lin X, i ng cn b, cng nhn vin Vit Nam trong X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro trng thnh nhanh chng. Cc B th ng y ca X nghip Lin doanh nh: Nguyn Hng Thanh, Phan Khc Thiu, L Quang Trung; Tng cc trng kim Ph Tng Gim c th nht Nguyn Ha; Ph Tng Gim c th nht Nguyn Ngc C; Ph Tng Gim c Ng Thng San trong giai on ny l nhng ngi c nhiu cng lao trong vic o to cn b Vit Nam t nhng ngy u ca X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro. Nhn li 10 nm u (1981-1990) i vo hot ng, X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro thc hin c mt khi lng cng vic tng i ln v t c nhng thnh tu ht sc quan trng c ngha to ln i vi s pht trin ca nn kinh t Vit Nam: Pht hin ra du kh v cc tng cha du cc m: Bch H, Rng, i Hng, c bit l pht hin du tng mng; xy dng cn c dch v tng hp trn b vi nhng phng tin k thut tin tin, hin i; tin hnh xy dng cc gin khoan c nh, khoan cc ging khoan khai thc, t chc khai thc du kh ngoi bin; o to i ng cn b v cng nhn k thut ngnh Du kh ca Vit Nam... Tuy kt qu khai thc du bc u trong giai on ny cha nhiu, thm ch c th ni cn rt t (5,2 triu tn du th), nhng ngha ca n rt ln: y l giai on nh du s pht trin t khng n c ca X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro, l giai on t c s, nn tng cho s ra i ca mt ngnh cng nghip mi nc ta, ngnh cng nghip Du kh. Trn mt ngha no , nu khng c kt qu ca giai on 1981-1990, s khng c s pht trin mnh m cc giai on sau. C th coi kt qu tm kim, thm d du kh ca giai on ny
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nh l im xut pht cho nhng bc i v kt qu rc r tip theo ca cc giai on sau. t c nhng thnh tu trn l do ng v Nh nc ta c nhng ch trng nht qun trong vic xy dng ngnh Du kh. Lnh o ng v Nh nc ta lun dnh cho X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro s quan tm c bit v s ch o trc tip; cc b, ngnh, a phng, cc c quan khoa hc, k thut ht lng ng h v tp trung lc lng vt cht v tinh thn cho X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro. Bn thn X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro phi vt qua bit bao kh khn, th thch, k c nhng hy sinh, mt mt ca mt th h nhng ngi lao ng cn c, qu cm, sng to nhng i sng ht sc kh khn. T mt t nc ch bit n ht la, c khoai,vi nhng ngnh cng nghip mi c to dng ban u nh in, than, gang thp, xi mng,cha h bit n du kh, n nhng nm cui thp k 80 ca th k XX Vit Nam tr thnh mt trong nhng quc gia khai thc v xut khu du trn th gii, l s thay i ln lao, tc ng n i sng kinh t, chnh tr ca t nc v trong quan h quc t. Nhng thnh tu t c trong giai on 1981-1990 l c s vng chc X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro bc i nhng bc nhanh hn, mnh m hn trong giai on tip theo.
V. HP TC A PHNG
Sau khi thnh lp X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro (ngy 19-6-1981), hu ht lc lng ca Tng cc Du kh tp trung vo cng tc qun l v h tr cho X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro hot ng. Tuy nhin, thc hin Ch th s 30CT/TW ngy 29-12-1977 ca B Chnh tr v nhng vic cn lm y nhanh cng tc du m v kh t, lnh o Tng cc Du kh hiu rng s hot ng tt v thnh cng ca X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro l nn tng cng c cho v th Vit Nam tin hnh hp tc a phng. Chnh v vy, t nm 1985, mt lc lng nh ca Tng cc Du kh, nng ct l V Hp tc quc t, c php ca Hi ng B trng tin hnh m phn hp ng chia sn phm du kh (PSC) ti cc l 112, 114, 116 thuc thm lc a min Trung vi Cng ty Petro Fina (B). Nm 1986 c thm Tp on Shell (H Lan) tham gia thnh lp t hp nh thu. Vic m phn cc iu khon, iu kin ca hp ng chia sn phm n thi im chung cuc. Tuy nhin, v l do an ninh quc gia v do c bin ng gi
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du th gii xung thp vo cui nm 1986, B Chnh tr cha ng cho k hp ng. m phn buc phi ko di v gi cu vi t hp nh thu Shell - Fina. Bt u t nm 1987, sau i hi ln th VI ca ng Cng sn Vit Nam, l giai on i mi, m ca, hp tc a phng ca Vit Nam vi nc ngoi, c bit trn lnh vc kinh t. Ngnh Du kh Vit Nam cng trong bi cnh cng vi s i mi ca t nc. Nhiu cng ty du kh, khng k Shell - Fina, n Vit Nam tm c hi hp tc u t. Tuy nhin, vn c nhng cng ty cn e ngi v chnh sch cm vn ca M i vi Vit Nam, c bit l nhng cng ty M nh Amoco v mt vi cng ty khc lin h vi Tng cc Du kh thng qua trung gian tm hiu, xem ti liu, chun b cc iu kin khi M b cm vn vi Vit Nam th h vo trc. Khi h tip xc vi cn b m phn ca ta, ta khuyn khch h chc thng hng ro cm vn v h lm thng qua trung gian. Bn cnh , cng c nhng cng ty ca cc nc thn thin vi Vit Nam nh Thy in th h mun dng quan h Chnh ph pha Tng cc Du kh ni lng cc iu kin m phn hp ng, nhng pha ta vn kin quyt gi cc iu kin m Nh nc cho php. SECAB l mt trong nhng cng ty ca Thy in rt nhit tnh vo lm n vi Vit Nam. Ngoi ra, cn c t ph ngi Thy S gp Tng cc Du kh mun c tm kim c hi hp tc u t, tin hnh k kt ngay hp ng vi vic c giao nhiu l v s t chc trin khai ngay. Nm 1987, thc hin ch trng hp tc Nam - Nam, Hi ng B trng ch o Tng cc Du kh m phn hp ng chia sn phm l 06, 19 v 12E ti thm lc a pha Nam vi Cng ty Du kh Quc gia n - ONGC (Oil and Natural Gas Corporation). Thng 12-1987, Lut u t nc ngoi ti Vit Nam c ban hnh, Petrovietnam c php k hai hp ng chia sn phm du kh nu trn, nhng phi thay i lch k. Hp ng k vi ONGC (ngy 19-5-1988) trc khi k vi t hp Shell - Fina (ngy 16-6-1988). phn trn trnh by, trong giai on 1978-1980, Petrovietnam k ba hp ng du kh vi cc Cng ty Deminex, Agip v Bow Valley. Sau khi Lut u t nc ngoi ti Vit Nam c ban hnh, Petrovietnam p dng hnh thc hp ng chia sn phm n gin hn trc. Ni dung c bn l nh thu t chu ri ro trong qu trnh tm kim, thm d; khi c khai thc thng mi, nh thu c thu hi dn dn ton b chi ph b ra, khng tnh li trn c s trch ti 35% sn lng du khai thc trung bnh ngy (gi l du thu hi chi ph). Phn du cn li (gi l du li) c chia cho nh thu v Petrovietnam (nhn danh
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nc ch nh) vi t l thay i t 40/60 ti 20/80 ty theo tng mc thang sn lng khai thc trn ngy tng dn. Phn du chia cho Petrovietnam bao gm tt c cc loi thu m Hi ng B trng c th p dng i vi nh thu, v vy Petrovietnam cam kt s ng thay v gii thot cho nh thu khi ngha v thu ti Vit Nam. Nhm to s hp dn nh u t, i vi trng hp m nh hoc sn lng bt u khai thc thp, phn du thu hi chi ph c trch bt u t 40% i vi sn lng khai thc di 15.000 thng/ngy v gim tuyn tnh dn dn ti 35% cho sn lng trung bnh t trn 30.000 thng/ngy. iu tit v iu chnh quyn li ca nh thu, hp ng quy nh quyn la chn ca Petrovietnam - nhn danh nc ch nh, tham gia t 10% ti 20% quyn li, ngha v ca hp ng. Trong thi k 1988-1990, Tng cc Du kh k c 7 hp ng v thm d v khai thc du kh, l: (1) Cng ty ONGC-VIDESH Ltd. (n ) v Petrovietnam k hp ng chia sn phm du kh ngy 19-5-1988 trn 03 l 06, 12E v 19 thuc b trm tch Nam Cn Sn vi din tch 14.000 km2. y l khu vc c xem l rt c trin vng v c nhiu cng ty nh Shell Pecten (nm 1974) v Agip (nm 1978) trin khai cc hot ng thm d trc y. T thng 3 n thng 9-1989, ONGC-VL dng tu M.V. Sagar Sandhani thu n 6.400 km tuyn a chn 2D b sung vo mng li sn c. Sau tin hnh x l v minh gii ton b ti liu ny, kt qu pht hin 4 cu to 6A, 6B, 6C v 6D ti l 06; 2 cu to 19A v 19B ti l 19; tip tc khng nh s tn ti ca cc cu to ti l 12E. Hot ng ti cc l hp ng ca ONGC-VL mi dng phn kho st a chn, h mun tm thm i tc tham gia cng chia s ri ro. (2) Ngy 16-6-1988, t hp nh thu gm Cng ty Shell (Anh - H Lan) - Fina (B) k hp ng chia sn phm du kh trn cc l 112, 114, 116 thuc khu vc thm lc a min Trung (Hu). Shell b ra 66,7% vn u t v Fina b ra 33,3% vn u t. Cng tc thm d c chia lm ba giai on: giai on I ko di 3 nm vi cam kt thu n 10.000 km a chn v khoan 2 ging chc chn, 1 ging ph thuc; giai on II ko di 1 nm phi thu n 4.631 km a chn v khoan 1 ging chc chn v 1 ging ph thuc, giai on 3 phi khoan 3 ging. y l l hp ng kh hp dn v c cam kt cng vic kh ln.
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K hp ng chia sn phm du kh vi ONGC ti Nh khch Chnh ph (ph L Thch, H Ni)
Nh thu thc hin rt nghim tc cam kt hp ng. Sau khi hon thnh vic thu n, x l, minh gii hn 10.000 km tuyn a chn, xc nh c 4 v tr ging khoan v ln lt khoan cc ging: ging th nht (114-KT-1X), t su 4.100 m, i tng ca ging l ct kt Miocen di, cht lng cha km v ging khng c biu hin du kh; ging th hai (112-BT-1X), khi khoan n su 1.671 m do gp bo v s c van i p, ging phi tm dng v c khoan li n su 4.111 m, i tng ca ging l ct kt Oligocen v Miocen di, kt qu cho thy cht lng cha km (nh hn 10%), khi th va ch thu c 4 lt du (43o API), nhim 672 ppm H2S; ging th ba (112-HO-1X), t su 1.585 m, ging ch c biu hin kh yu nhim CO2 cao (62%) v du vt du nng; ging th t (112-AV-1X), t su 1.761 m, ging c biu hin kh yu. (3) Ngy 21-11-1988, k vi Cng ty Total (Php) hp ng chia sn phm du kh trn cc l 103, 106, 107 vnh Bc B. Din tch cc l hp ng l 12.950 km2.
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Trong hai nm 1989 v 1990, Total thc hin hai t thu n a chn, vt cam kt ti thiu ca giai on thm d th nht. Da vo kt qu minh gii a chn xc nh tn ti nhiu cu to trong la chn hai cu to nhm vo i tng cha trong Miocen v 1 cu to thuc i tng cha Paleocen khoan lin tc 3 ging khoan theo ng cam kt: 103T-H-1X (3.413 m), 103T-G1X (3.505 m) v 107T-PA-1X (3.530 m). Trong 3 ging khoan ch c ging 103T-H-1X pht hin thy sn phm du kh-condensat hai va th thuc trm tch Miocen, tr lng thu hi vo khong 7,5 t m3. Cng ty Total cho rng pht hin ni trn khng c gi tr cng nghip nn tuyn b khng vo giai on thm d tip theo v dng hp ng. (4) Ngy 16-2-1989, k vi BP hp ng chia sn phm du kh 3 l 117, 118 v 119 thuc thm lc a min Trung Vit Nam, vi din tch 21.750 km2, ni c su nc bin t vi chc n 1.200 m. Giai on I thm d ko di 3 nm vi cam kt thu n 6.000 km a chn v khoan 2 ging khoan. Thc t BP thu n hn 6.000 km tuyn a chn 2D v trn c s minh gii ti liu ny quyt nh la chn i tng carbonat ( vi) Miocen khoan hai ging theo ng cam kt. Ging th nht (119-CH-1X), bt u khoan vo ngy 22-9-1990, kt thc vo ngy 21-11-1990, t su 2.473 m, pht hin kh nhng khng th va c v ging b nhim H2S qu cao. Ging th hai (118-CVX-1X), bt u khoan vo ngy 22-11-1990 v kt thc vo ngy 14-3-1991, t su 2.927 m, ging c biu hin kh nhng khng c xem l thng mi v hm lng xm nhim CO2 qu cao (80%). Thc t tr lng kh c th rt ln, nhng kh CO2 qu nhiu t l hp ng ny vo mt tnh th i hi nh thu phi tm hng x l phng thc tch lc v s dng kh CO2 vo mc ch c li khc trong nhng nm ti. (5) K vi hai cng ty: Cng ty Enterprise Oil Exploration (Anh) v CEP (Php) ti hai l 17 v 21 vo ngy 16-4-1989 vi ni dung v kt qu nh sau: L 17: Thi k thm d quy nh trong hp ng ko di 5 nm, chia lm hai giai on: giai on I trong 3 nm vi cam kt gm x l li 2.100 km a chn, thu n mi 1.500 km, khoan 2 ging chc chn v 1 ging ph thuc; giai on II trong 2 nm vi cam kt bao gm thu n 1.000 km a chn, khoan 1 ging chc chn v 1 ging ph thuc. Nh thu thc hin trong nm 1989: x l li 2.100 km, thu n mi 2.319 km, khoan 2 ging: ging 17-DD-1X trong nm 1989, ging kh; ging 17-C-1X trong nm 1990 c du vi lu lng 300 thng/ngy m.
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L 21: Cam kt giai on I l x l li 2.000 km a chn, thu n mi 1.500 km, khoan 1 ging chc chn v 1 ging ph thuc; cam kt giai on II: thu n 1.000 km, khoan 2 ging khoan. Nh thu thc hin thu n 2.434 km a chn mng 2 x 2 km do CGG thc hin, Horizon x l; khoan 1 ging trn cu to Sng (21-S-1X), chiu su 4.401 m, bt u vo ngy 19-11-1990, kt thc ngy 27-1-1991. Ging khng cho kt qu tt, v vy nh thu khng quyt nh bc vo giai on thm d tip theo. (6) Ngy 27-2-1990, k hp ng l 22 ngoi khi thm lc a Nam Vit Nam v l 115 ca vnh Bc B vi t hp cc Cng ty SECAB (Swedish Exploration Consortium AB), IPL (International Petroleum Limited) v Clyde Explo PLC. Hot ng thm d ti cc hp ng chia sn phm du kh giai on 19881990 cho kt qu bc u tng i kh quan, c xem l bc t ph, dn ng cho hng lot cc cng ty du kh nc ngoi t u t vo Vit Nam trong nhng nm tip theo. Hot ng ca cc Cng ty Petrovietnam I v Petrovietnam II. qun l, gim st v phi hp vi nh thu nc ngoi trin khai cc hp ng chia sn phm du kh khu vc min Trung v min Nam, m trc tin l hp ng chia sn phm du kh l 06, 12E v 19 (k vi nh thu ONGC ngy 19-5-1988), ngy 20-5-1988 Tng cc Du kh thnh lp Cng ty Petrovietnam II1. Cng ty Petrovietnam II (PV II) t tr s ti s 7 Mc nh Chi (Ta nh c ca i s qun M), qun 1, Thnh ph H Ch Minh. ng ng Ca, V trng V Khoan khai thc c iu ng lm Gim c Cng ty PV II. phi hp kp thi vi cc nh thu ONGC, Shell... trin khai cc hot ng du kh ti cc l hp ng, Cng ty khn trng lm th tc v tip nhn cc cn b ch cht (c v kinh t v k thut), c kinh nghim qun l, gim st hp ng du kh v lm vic ti Cng ty Du kh II Vng Tu trc y. Tuy nhin, vic t chc cc hot ng ca Cng ty vo nhng ngy u tin gp rt nhiu kh khn do khng c kinh ph hot ng. L do n gin (khi ) l phi i n thng 9-1988, sau khi K hoch nm 1988 ca Tng cc Du kh c iu chnh th y ban K hoch Nh nc mi b sung vn ngn sch cp cho Cng ty Petrovietnam II.
1. Quyt nh s 615/DK-TC ngy 20-5-1988 ca Tng cc Du kh.
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ng Nguyn ng Liu, nguyn l Ph Gim c Cng ty Petrovietnam II, nh li: c kinh ph ti thiu cho cc hot ng, nh: lm th tc khc du, ng k hot ng, tr lng cho khong trn 20 ngi c Tng cc iu ng, do cha c Tng cc cp vn, Cng ty Petrovietnam II t vn vay vn ca Cng ty Dch v PSC (l Cng ty Dch v Du kh nn c vn lu ng), nhng c ng Phan Tin - Gim c Cng ty PSC tr li l ch c th cho mn vn Petrovietnam II kinh doanh trong mt vi ngy ri phi tr li tin gc cho Cng ty PSC. Mc d khng c ng k kinh doanh nhng trc tnh th kh khn v c s t vn ca ng Phan Tin, Cng ty Petrovietnam II thc hin chui mt chuyn bun vi KT ngon mc. S tin li thu c cng kh. Nhng c kinh ph tip tc hot ng n ht thng 9-1988, th Gim c Petrovietnam II cho rng khng th tip tc lm nh th c, nn quyt nh vay vng ca gia nh mt nhn vin vn phng ca Cng ty. ng thi Cng ty cng tn dng i ng k thut ca mnh tin hnh mt s t kho st thc a theo yu cu ca nh thu. Khi nim dch v nh l c l c sinh ra t y.
T nm 1988 n u nm 1990, Cng ty Petrovietnam II c giao qun l, gim st v phi hp trin khai cc hp ng chia sn phm du kh: (i) khu vc bin min Trung nh: hp ng chia sn phm du kh cc l 112, 114 v 116 vi nh thu Shell (H Lan); hp ng chia sn phm du kh cc l 117, 118 v 119 vi nh thu BP (Anh); v (ii) khu vc bin min Nam, nh: hp ng chia sn phm du kh cc l 06, 12E v 19 vi nh thu ONGC (n ); hp ng chia sn phm du kh cc l 17 v 21 vi nh thu Enterprise Oil (Anh); hp ng chia sn phm du kh l 22 v l 115 vi nh thu SECAB (Thy in). qun l, gim st v phi hp vi nh thu nc ngoi trin khai cc hp ng chia sn phm du kh khu vc pha Bc, m trc tin l hp ng chia sn phm du kh l 106 v mt phn cc l 103 v 107 (k vi nh thu Total ngy 22-11-1988), ngy 17-11-1988 Tng cc Du kh thnh lp Cng ty Petrovietnam I 1. Cng ty Petrovietnam I (PV I) t tr s ban u ti nh s 6 V Th Su, Ng Quyn, Hi Phng. ng Nguyn ng Liu, Ph Gim c Cng ty Petrovietnam II c iu ng l Gim c Cng ty Petrovietnam I. Ngun nhn lc c huy ng b sung cho Cng ty Petrovietnam I ch yu t Cng ty a vt l, Cng ty Du kh I Thi Bnh v Cng ty Vt t Vn ti ca Tng cc Du kh.
1. Quyt nh s 1195/TC-DK ngy 17-11-1988.
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T cui nm 1988 n u nm 1990, Cng ty Petrovietnam I c giao qun l gim st v phi hp trin khai hai hp ng vnh Bc B, l: hp ng chia sn phm du kh l 106 v mt phn cc l 103 v 107 vi nh thu Total (Php) v hp ng chia sn phm du kh l 111 vi nh thu Sceptre Reources (Canaa).
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chng
TO DNG V M RNG LNH VC HOT NG DU KH
I. CHUN B CHO CNG NGHIP LC HA DU

T cui nm 1975, khi mi thnh lp Tng cc Du kh, Tng cc va xy dng t chc, va trin khai ngay cng vic chun b pht trin ngnh ch bin du kh. Nhng ngi trc y tham gia quy hoch cc d n lc, ha du, tham gia m phn vi Trung Quc v nh my lc du quy m 1,5 triu tn/nm c giao nhim v nghin cu, son tho cc phng n xy dng nh my lc, ha du. Ngy 7-4-1976, Tng cc Du kh trnh Trung ng ng v Nh nc Bo co Phng n xy dng nh my lc du v ho du1, theo : Nh my lc du v ha du c vai tr quan trng trong cng nghip, v n va sn xut nhin liu, va sn xut nguyn liu cung cp cho cc ngnh kinh t. Thi gian xy dng nh my lc du v ha du tng i di (4 nm tr ln), nu ch khai thc du th mi xy dng th s mun, trong khi tiu th sn phm du trong nc ngy cng tng. Do , cn xy dng ngay nh my lc du v ha du song song vi vic thm d v tm kim du kh Vit Nam. Th trng sn phm du ca nc Vit Nam mi thng nht ph thuc vo ngun nhp khu t nc ngoi, nhng hon ton khc nhau gia hai min. Min Bc c than nn sn phm du ch yu l xng du lm nhin liu ng c, min Nam khng c than nn dng nhiu du trong lnh vc cng nghip, pht in v dn dng.
1. Vn bn s 654/DK-KTKT.
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Tng cc Du kh xut k hoch t nm 1976 n nm 1985 c nc s xy dng hai nh my lc du v ha du, mt nh my quy m 6 triu tn/nm hp tc vi Lin X, mt nh my quy m 5 triu tn/nm hp tc vi Php, Nht Bn, trong : - Nh my hp tc vi Lin X s dng du th Vit Nam (nu khai thc kp) hoc nhp loi du th tng ng, t lu hunh. Nh my hp tc vi Php, Nht Bn nhp du th t Trung ng, loi nhiu lu hunh. - Vn u t c tnh cho 3 kch bn: nh my hp tc vi Lin X khong 430-605 triu rp, vay ca Lin X; nh my hp tc vi Php, Nht Bn khong 600-700 triu USD, vay ca Php, Nht Bn v Trung ng (nu kh khn c th lm trc dy chuyn lc ha du 3 triu tn/nm sn xut nhin liu, phn m vi vn u t khong 409 triu USD). - Tin u t: nh my hp tc vi Lin X: 1976-1982 l phn nhin liu, n nm 1984 l phn ha du; nh my hp tc vi Php, Nht Bn 1976-1981.
1. D n Khu lin hp lc ha du Thnh Tuy H, ng Nai

Trong cuc hi m cp cao gia Pha Vit Nam v Pha Lin X, hai bn tha thun cho mt on 3 chuyn gia cao cp v Khu lin hp lc du quy m 6 triu tn/nm vo Vit Nam trong qu IV nm 1975 nghin cu lp Lun chng kinh t - k thut (TEO). Thng 10-1975, Tng cc Du kh thnh lp t nghin cu a im khu lin hp lc ha du, k tha cc cng tc chun b u t ca Tng cc Ha cht thc hin t trc nm 1975. Mt s cn b ca Ban Du m v Kh t ca Tng cc Ha cht tng tham gia quy hoch cc nh my lc ha du nay c tp hp ti Cc Xy dng c bn, Tng cc Du kh tip tc cng vic. Tng cc Du kh cng ngh Tng cc Ha cht hp tc, cung cp nhng ti liu kho st v nghin cu cc a im nh my, cng, ng ng, kho du tin hnh trc y cho cng trnh lc ha du v c hai cn b chuyn trch trc y cng tham gia1. Cui nm 1975, Tng cc Du kh c on cng tc gm cn b ca Tng cc Du kh, y ban K hoch Nh nc, B Xy dng, B Quc phng v Tng cc Ha cht vo kho st cc a im ti Bin Ha, Vng Tu, Cam Ranh, Ba Ngi,
1. Cng vn s 10/VP-DK ngy 11-10-1975 ca Vn phng Tng cc Du kh.
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Chng 4: TO DNG V M RNG LNH VC...
Nha Trang, Nng trong thi gian 45 ngy. ng thi, Tng cc Du kh cng ngh B Giao thng vn ti gip quy hoch cc cng trnh ng st, ng b, ng sng, ng ng v cng du ni vi mt s a im c kh nng xy dng nh my lc du Cam Ranh (Khnh Ha), Long Bnh (Bin Ha), Phc L (B Ra) v c cn b chuyn trch tham gia lm vic vi chuyn gia lc du1. Ngy 18-12-1975, ti Mtxcva i din Chnh ph Vit Nam v Chnh ph Lin X k kt Hip nh Hp tc kinh t v khoa hc - k thut gia hai nc giai on 1976-1980, trong c danh mc Lin X gip Vit Nam xy dng nh my lc - ha du quy m 6 triu tn/nm. Ngy 9-1-1976, i din B Ngoi thng hai nc k kt ti Mtxcva Hp ng lp Lun chng kinh t - k thut (TEO) xy dng Khu lin hp lc ha du ti Vit Nam. u nm 1976, Tng cc Du kh cng cc B Xy dng, Giao thng vn ti, in v Than, Thy li, Quc phng, U ban K hoch Nh nc t chc thu thp ti liu, nghin cu chun b cc ni dung lm vic vi on chuyn gia lc ha du Lin X. T ngy 30-3 n ngy 1-5-1976, on chuyn gia lc ha du Lin X gm 6 thnh vin do cng trnh s B.S. Rogov dn u sang Vit Nam, lm vic vi on Vit Nam do Cc trng Cc Xy dng c bn thuc Tng cc Du kh Dng Quang Thnh lm trng on i th st hai a im do Pha Vit Nam gii thiu l Ni nh (Ninh Bnh) v Phc L (ng Nai), xem xt cc s liu v nhu cu tiu th sn phm lc ha du Vit Nam v trao i mt s im c bn trin khai d n lc ha du do Lin X gip Vit Nam xy dng. Mu du th Da 1-X v Bch H s cng c phn tch Lin X v Vit Nam lm c s lp TEO. Tuy vy, nh my lc du s c tnh ton thit k trn nguyn liu linh hot; nhu cu v cht lng sn phm tham kho s liu do Pha Vit Nam cung cp. Cu hnh s b ca Khu lin hp lc ha du bao gm: nh my lc du quy m 6 triu tn/nm, sn xut nhin liu, du nhn, cc du, nh my phn m 1.000 tn amoniac/ngy s dng nguyn liu l naphta, si tng hp (nylon v polyester), cht do, cht ty ra tng hp. Pha Vit Nam gii thiu hai a im xy dng nh my, mt Ni nh (Ninh Bnh), ti Ninh Bnh Tng cc Ha cht quy hoch xy dng ngoi nh my lc du, cn mt nh my phn m 600 tn amoniac/ngy, mt nh my xt clo, mt nh my si viscose v mt nh my cacbid canxi, v mt Phc L (ng Nai). Pha Lin X trao cho Pha
1. Cng vn s 40/TCDK-VP ngy 6-12-1975 ca Tng cc Du kh.
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on chuyn gia Lin X v Vit Nam kho st a im Ni nh - Ninh Bnh (nm 1976)
Vit Nam bng yu cu thu thp s liu kho st cc a im lp TEO; thi hn lp bo co kinh t - k thut trong nm 1977 (Bin bn lm vic ca 2 on k ngy 30-4-1976). y l k hoch hp tc pht trin lc ha du y kht vng ca Vit Nam. chn c a im xy dng nh my lc, ha du min Nam, Tng cc Du kh tin hnh lp Lun chng kinh t - k thut chn a im v tin hnh kho st, nghin cu 9 a im gm Chu Lai, Quy Nhn, Ph Hip - Vng R, Xun T - Vn Phong, Tri Phc - Hn , ng Me - Hn Chng, Tn M - Hm Tn, Phc L - ng Nai, Thnh Tuy H - ng Nai. Qua nghin cu, so snh, a im Thnh Tuy H, tnh ng Nai c xut la chn.
C 7 l do chn a im Thnh Tuy H l: (1) Gn trung tm tiu th sn phm min Nam; (2) Gn ngun nguyn liu; (3) C kh nng tn dng kt cu h tng sn c Bin Ha - Si Gn phc v thi cng v sn xut ca nh my;
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(4) C sn cng thi cng, gn ni c th lp cng chuyn dng, gn ngun nng lng c th s dng ngay c; (5) Chi ph u t, chi ph sn xut, chi ph vn ti, chi ph phn phi sn phm trn mi tn du thp nht; (6) Thi gian thi cng nhanh, thi gian a nh my vo sn xut sm; (7) Hiu qu kinh t cao, gi thnh h, thu hi vn nhanh1.
Thng 6-1976, B Chnh tr c ch trng trong hai k k hoch 5 nm 19761985, Vit Nam s xy dng hai Khu lin hp lc, ha du quy m khong 5-6 triu tn/nm, mt min Bc v mt min Nam. thc hin ch trng ny, Tng cc Du kh ngh Ch tch Hi ng B trng cho php thnh lp Ban Chun b xy dng hai khu lin hp lc du v ha du2. Trong nm 1977, Tng cc Du kh phi hp vi cc b, ngnh lin quan tin hnh nghin cu tng hp 20 a im c kho st, thu thp s liu t nm 1972 (do Tng cc Ha cht t chc kho st giai on 1972-1975 v Tng cc Du kh kho st t cui nm 1975 - u nm 1977).
l Cu L, Biu Nghi, Dc , Cn Sn, Ni nh, Nghi Sn, Nng, Chu Lai, Quy Nhn, Ph Hip, Khnh Ninh, Nha Trang, Cam Ranh, Tri Phc, ng Me, Hm Tn, Long Bnh, Phc L, Thnh Tuy H cng vi cc a im cng du nh Hn Bum, Ca Lc, Bch ng, Ca Nam Triu, Ct B, Vn L, Hn M, Bin Sn, Vng R, Hn Chng, K G, Vng Tu, Th Vi, Nh B, Nhn Trch. Cc nh nghin cu chn ra c 4 a im tt l Nghi Sn - Thanh Ha, Ph Hip - Vng R, Tri Phc - Thun Hi v Thnh Tuy H - ng Nai.
Qua so snh v kinh t - k thut hai a im c ngh chn l Nghi Sn Thanh Ha cho Khu lin hp lc, ha du min Bc v Thnh Tuy H - ng Nai cho Khu lin hp lc, ha du min Nam. Tng cc Du kh ngh Th tng Chnh ph cho kin v: Khu lin hp lc, ha du s 1 cng sut 6 triu tn/nm, hp tc vi Lin X v cc nc trong khi SEV, t ti Thnh Tuy H - ng Nai, hon thnh vo nm 1984 - 1985; Khu lin hp lc, ha du s 2 cng sut 5 triu tn/nm, hp tc vi Php v cc nc khc t ti Nghi Sn - Thanh Ha, hon thnh vo nm 1982; ti nm 1990 Vit
1. Cng vn s 4032/DK-XDCB ngy 20-12-1976. 2. Cng vn s 889/DK-XDCB ngy 17-4-1977.
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Nam s cn c Khu lin hp lc, ha du s 3, nn t ti Nam Trung B (Ph Hip - Vng R, tnh Ph Khnh). ng thi ngh cho i kho st, tip xc vi cc nc, ku gi u t1. Qua kt qu kho st v lm vic s b ca on chuyn gia Lin X u nm 1976, ngy 12-10-1976, ti Mtxcva i din B Ngoi thng Vit Nam v Lin X k kt Ph lc 1 ca Hp ng lp Lun chng kinh t - k thut (TEO) nh my lc, ha du Vit Nam, v vic Lin X c on chuyn gia lc du sang Vit Nam thu thp s liu v thng nht nhim v lp TEO trong nm 1977. T ngy 5-1-1977 n ngy 19-3-1977, on chuyn gia lc du Lin X sang Vit Nam cng Tng cc Du kh th st a im Thnh Tuy H, thu thp s liu v thng nht nhim v lp TEO nh my lc du. on chuyn gia Lin X gm 15 ngi do B.S. Rogov lm Trng on; on chuyn gia Vit Nam bao gm 12 cn b ca Tng cc Du kh v 9 cn b cc ngnh: Tng cc Ha cht, B Xy dng, B Giao thng vn ti, B in v Than, B Ngoi thng, B Thy li, U ban K hoch Nh nc v Trng i hc Bch khoa H Ni do ng Dng Quang Thnh lm Trng on, ng V Bt lm Ph Trng on. Hai Bn thng nht nhim v lp TEO cho nh my lc du cng sut 6 triu tn/nm c cu hnh ch bin su, sn xut nhin liu, du nhn, nha ng, cc du v nguyn liu cho ha du (naphta sn xut cht do, benzen sn xut si capron v cht ty ra, toluen sn xut thuc n, xylen sn xut si polyester v cht ha do). Nguyn liu l du th quy c trn c s mu du th ti thm lc a pha Nam Vit Nam v c Pha Vit Nam gi sang Lin X phn tch c tnh n linh hot v nguyn liu ca nh my, a im xy dng khu lin hp ti Thnh Tuy H, Pha Vit Nam s gii thiu thm mt vi a im tham kho v so snh. t cng tc ny, hai Bn mi thng nht nhim v lp TEO ca phn lc du, nhng nht tr TEO s c lp chung cho c Khu lin hp lc, ha du2. Ngy 7-6-1977, Tng cc Du kh thnh lp Ban Chun b xy dng Khu lin hp lc, ha du pha Bc Vit Nam, gi tt l Ban Chun b Khu lin hp lc, ha du s 1, tr s ti Thanh Ha v Ban Chun b u t Khu lin hp lc, ha du pha Nam Vit Nam, gi tt l Ban Chun b xy dng Khu lin hp lc, ho du s 2, tr s ti Thnh ph H Ch Minh3. Ban Chun b Khu lin hp lc, ha du
1. Cng vn s 1150/DK-XDCB ngy 1-6-1977. 2. Cng vn s 715/DK-KTCB ngy 24-3-1977. 3. Quyt nh s 185 v 186/DK-Q-TC ngy 7-6-1977.
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B trng inh c Thin cng on cn b du kh Vit Nam thm Trung Quc (nm 1977)
s 1 c thnh lp v trin khai ngay trong nm 1977, tr s ti huyn Tnh Gia, tnh Thanh Ha. T ngy 3-10 n ngy 22-10-1977, B trng inh c Thin dn u on du kh sang thm Trung Quc. Ti Bc Kinh, B trng B Du m Trung Quc Khang Th n trao i vi B trng inh c Thin nhng kinh nghim pht trin ngnh Du kh Trung Quc. on ch thm hu ngh, khng c k kt vn bn hp tc g gia hai bn, khng cp n vn hp tc xy dng nh my lc du cng sut 1,5 triu tn/nm trc y. Sau khi on chuyn gia Lin X sang Vit Nam thng nht nhim v lp TEO phn lc du thc hin Ph lc 1 ca hp ng k gia B Ngoi thng hai nc, cng vic tip theo cho phn ha du v cng du cng cc cng trnh ph tr phi ch k ph lc mi. Thng 4-1978, Tng cc Du kh lm vic vi on, phn giao k hoch nm 1979, thng nht c vic Lin X tin hnh lp Lun chng kinh t - k thut Khu lin hp lc, ha du vi ngn sch l 345.000 rp, cha k chi ph cho chuyn gia kho st a cht cng trnh. T ngy 17-1-1979 n ngy 15-3-1979, on chuyn gia ha du Lin X gm 27 ngi do B.S. Rogov lm Trng on sang Vit Nam lm vic vi on Vit Nam do Dng Quang Thnh lm Trng on. Hai Bn thng nht cc
319
danh mc cng trnh v sn phm ha du thuc phm vi Lun chng kinh t - k thut Khu lin hp lc, ha du cng sut 6 triu tn/nm do Lin X thc hin bao gm: polyetylen cao p cng sut 60.000 tn/nm, polyetylen thp p cng sut 40.000 tn/nm, polypropylen cng sut 40.000 tn/nm, bt git cng sut 120.000 tn/nm, cht ha do DO cng sut 30.000-45.000 tn/nm, DBP cng sut 8.000-10.000 tn/nm. Cc sn phm ha du khc m Lin X cha c cng ngh s do nc th ba thc hin nh nh my phn m s dng nguyn liu l du cn; cc nh my si polyester, si polyamid s ch d phng din tch trong khu lin hp sau ny xy dng1. T ngy 24 n ngy 28-9-1979, B trng inh c Thin sang thm v lm vic vi B Du kh Lin X v vic hp tc thm d du kh bin nng v thm lc a pha Bc, bin nng v thm lc a pha Nam, nh my lc, ha du, v xy dng c s vt cht k thut ngnh Du kh, c chuyn gia v o to cn b. Ring nh my lc, ha du theo hng vay vn v thanh ton bng mt phn sn phm ca nh my v cc hng ha xut khu khc2. Ngy 1-12-1979, B Chnh tr quyt nh hng hp tc vi Lin X v du kh, trong v ch bin, yu cu bn cn gip ta sm xy dng Nh my lc du m bn lm xong Bo co kinh t - k thut cho kp tin khai thc du3. T cui nm 1979 n u nm 1980, Tng cc Du kh thu Tnh i ng Nai r ph bom mn trn din tch 3.600 ha khu vc mt bng Thnh Tuy H v thu B T lnh Vng 4 Hi qun r ph thy li trn sng Th Vi m bo an ton cho cng tc kho st4. Trong thng 7-1980, Pha Lin X gi bn Lun chng kinh t - k thut Khu lin hp lc, ha du cng sut 6 triu tn/nm (phn lc du) do Vin Thit k cng nghip lc, ha du Adcbaigian thc hin gm 27 quyn, trn 4.000 trang bng ting Nga v Tng cc Du kh t chc bin dch sang ting Vit, trong khong thi gian hn hai thng5. Sau bn Lun chng kinh t - k thut ca cc phn ha du v cc cng trnh ph tr ca ton b Khu lin hp lc, ho du cng sut 6 triu tn/nm gn 10.000 trang c hon tt v dch sang ting Vit.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Bo co ngy 24-4-1979 v kt qu lm vic vi on chuyn gia Lin X. Cng vn s 71/DK-KTN ngy 11-10-1979. Cng vn s 17/TB-TW ngy 8-12-1979. Cng vn s 283/DK-XDCB ngy 1-3-1980. Cng vn s 1447/DK-N ngy 31-7-1980.
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xt duyt bn lun chng ny, Ph Th tng Chnh ph T Hu quyt nh giao cho Hi ng xt duyt Bo co kinh t - k thut tm kim khai thc du kh cc l hp tc vi Lin X lm nhim v xt duyt Lun chng kinh t - k thut nh my lc, ha du ca Lin X gip xy dng ti Thnh Tuy H v b sung Tng cc trng Tng cc Ha cht vo Hi ng1. T ngy 29-12-1980 n ngy 20-1-1981, on chuyn gia lc du Lin X sang Vit Nam bo v TEO nh my lc du. Hai Bn xem xt cc ni dung do Pha Lin X xut: vi quy m 6 triu tn/nm c th thc hin theo hai phng n, hoc lm 1 dy chuyn 6 triu tn/nm, hoc lm 2 dy chuyn 3 triu tn/ nm. Pha Lin X gi nn chn phng n 2 dy chuyn s linh hot hn v nguyn liu, sn phm, c th lm nhanh mt dy chuyn 3 triu tn/nm trc v pht trin sm mt s sn phm ha du; d ton cng trnh s cp nht gi th gii v Vit Nam c d bo n nm 1985; tnh ton kinh t v cc cng trnh ph tr s tnh chung cho c Khu lin hp2. Tip , on chuyn gia hai Bn tho lun, thng nht cc ni dung ca Bn Lun chng ca c Khu lin hp v bo co Hi ng cp nh nc xt duyt. Ngy 23-3-1981, Ph Th tng Chnh ph Mi ph duyt Lun chng kinh t - k thut ca Khu lin hp lc, ha du vi cng sut ch bin 6 triu tn du th mi nm, t ti Thnh Tuy H, huyn Long Thnh, tnh ng Nai, trn c s bn kin ngh ca Hi ng cp Nh nc xt duyt Lun chng kinh t - k thut. Khu lin hp bao gm: nh my lc du cng sut 6 triu tn/nm sn xut nhin liu, du nhn, cc du, nh my ha du sn xut cc loi cht do polyetylen, polypropylen, cht ha do DOP, DBP, cht ty ra tng hp, mt nh my nhit in v cc cng trnh ph tr, cc cng trnh ngoi hng ro nh ng ng dn du th, tuyn ng ng dn sn phm sang kho du Nh B, cng Nhn Trch, ng st ni vi ga H Nai, ng b, ng ng cp nc t Thin Tn, v.v.. Tng cc trng Tng cc Du kh Nguyn Ha ngh Chnh ph cho trin khai cc cng vic chun b xy dng Khu lin hp lc, ha du, bao gm: (1) K Hip nh vi Chnh ph Lin X thit k trong k hoch 5 nm 1981-1985 v xy dng trong k hoch 5 nm tip theo; (2) Ra quyt nh ghi trong k hoch 5 nm 1981-1985 cho php Tng cc Du kh tin hnh cc cng vic kho st cng trnh v lp cc nhim v thit k
1. Cng vn s 3276 V7 ngy 4-8-1980. 2. Cng vn s 04/XDCB ngy 13-12-1982.
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trong 3 nm 1981-1983, sau nm 1983 cn c trn kt qu khai thc du s iu chnh k hoch chun b xy dng Khu lin hp lc, ha du; nghin cu phn Vit Nam t lm nh khu dn c, cng, giao thng vn ti ngoi hng ro, phn phi sn phm, t chc lc lng v c s thi cng; nghin cu chun b u t xy dng c bn; (3) Cho thnh lp trong Tng cc Du kh mt ban chun b lc, ho du trin khai cc cng vic chun b xy dng v l tin thn ca Ban Kin thit khu lc, ho du khi c iu kin; (4) Giao nhim v cho cc y ban Nh nc v cc b lin quan phi hp vi Tng cc Du kh trin khai cc cng tc quy hoch v cc cng tc chun b ng b1. Ngy 3-2-1982, Ban Chun b u t cng trnh Khu lin hp lc, ho du c thnh lp, Trng ban l Dng Quang Thnh, Ph ban l B Vn T, t tr s ti Thnh ph H Ch Minh. K hoch chun b u t 2 nm 1982-1983 cho cng trnh lc, ha du Thnh Tuy H vi chi ph cho kho st v quy hoch l 2.670.000 VN, ring nm 1982 l 1.000.000 VN, mt phn Tng cc Du kh t lm, mt phn thu cc ngnh khc thc hin.
D n xy dng T hp x l du th: trin khai D n, Tng cc Du kh thnh lp on chuyn gia Vit Nam tin hnh lp Lun chng kinh t - k thut a im T hp x l du th 3 triu tn/nm v Kho du th tm thi 1 triu tn/nm ti Vng Tu. Ch trng ca Tng cc Du kh l trong thng 12-1982 thng nht vi Tng thu thit k Lin X v chuyn gia cc ngnh ni dung Lun chng kinh t - k thut hai cng trnh bo co Chnh ph xt duyt trc khi a ra Hi ng X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro k hp th III (qu I-1983). Sau khi thng nht vi Pha Lin X v nhim v k thut Kho cha du th giai on 1 (1984-1985), Ban Qun l cng trnh du kh Vng Tu s k hp ng kho st thit k vi Vin Thit k, B Vt t v cng trnh ny2. Vic chun b u t T hp x l du th ca X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro thi gian ny c quan h cht ch vi nhim v ca Ban Chun b u t cng trnh lc, ha du Thnh Tuy H tin hnh cc cng tc quy hoch v kho st cc hng mc ph tr ngoi hng ro. on chuyn gia Vit Nam cng Ban Qun l cng trnh du kh Vng Tu, X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro tin hnh kho st, nghin cu so snh cc v tr, a im dc tuyn ng ng dn du th Long Hi - Thnh Tuy H v ra Long Sn - vnh Gnh Ri. Tng cc Du kh
1. Cng vn s 273/XDCB ngy 13-5-1981. 2. Ch th s 212/DK-XDCB ngy 21-12-1982.
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v X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro thng nht chn a im t hp x l du th ti Phc Ha, huyn Chu Thnh, tnh ng Nai v Lun chng kinh t - k thut c bo co Hi ng B trng ngy 18-5-1985.
Ngy 17-11-1984 ti Thnh ph H Ch Minh, Ph Ch tch Hi ng B trng Mi ch tr hi ngh y mnh cng tc chun b xy dng cng trnh lc, ha du kp ch bin du th t ngoi bin dn vo. Ngy 8-12-1984, Tng cc trng Nguyn Ha ngh Hi ng B trng v U ban K hoch Nh nc cho B Ngoi thng m phn k kt vi Lin X cc hp ng thc hin trong k hoch 1986-1990 vic thit k, cung cp thit b ton b, thi cng, o to, chuyn gia cng trnh lc, ha du; trong nm 1985 cn c chuyn gia Lin X sang kho st hon thin Lun chng kinh t - k thut chun b cc s liu ban u cho thit k, phn giao gia Vit Nam v Lin X thc hin cng tc kho st v thit k1. u thng 4-1985, Ph Ch tch Hi ng B trng Mi v Tng cc trng Tng cc Du kh Nguyn Ha tham quan nh my lc du gn th Mtxcva ca Lin X, nh my c quy m ch bin 6 triu tn/nm. Ngy 2-8-1985, Ph Ch tch Hi ng B trng Mi v lnh o cc ngnh, a phng nghe y ban Xy dng c bn Nh nc trnh by Quy hoch khu cng nghip lc, ha du Thnh Tuy H; bn trin khai tip cc quy hoch chi tit v cc cng trnh cng nghip, cng nghip xy dng v vt liu xy dng, khu dn c, trin khai thit k cc h tng c s, cc cng trnh cng cng v dn dng, lp k hoch u t v xy dng, bn trin khai cc cng vic chun b thi cng t nm 1986, qun l quy hoch, xy dng quy ch bo v mi trng chng nhim nc, t v kh quyn2. u nm 1985, nhng lo ngi v Khu lin hp lc, ha du Thnh Tuy H s nh hng n mi trng Thnh ph H Ch Minh bt u xut hin. Ngy 5-51985, Tng cc Du kh gi vn bn ngh Thnh ph H Ch Minh phi hp nghin cu bo v mi trng Khu lin hp lc, ho du Thnh Tuy H3. T ngy 15-11-1985 n ngy 27-11-1985, on cng tc ca Tng cc Du kh v Vn phng Hi ng B trng cng i din B Ngoi thng sang Lin X lm vic vi i din cc c quan c lin quan n cng trnh lc, ha du,
1. Cng vn s 1611/DK-XDCB ngy 8-12-1984. 2. Cng vn s 251 ngy 10-8-1985. 3. Cng vn s 71/DK-LHD ngy 27-11-1985.
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gm: y ban Kinh t i ngoi Lin X, Lin on Xut nhp khu cng nghip ch bin du, B Cng nghip du. Pha Lin X giao cho Vin Thit k ch bin du Mtxcva (Vnhipinhept) lm Tng thit k thay cho Phn vin Lvov; giao nhim v cho cc c quan c lin quan phi hp thc hin cng trnh; d kin tin thc hin cng trnh trong 7 nm (t nm 1986 n nm 1993), Pha Vit Nam ngh hon thnh vo nm 1990; trong thng 12-1985, c quan ngoi thng hai nc s k hp ng on chuyn gia Lin X sang Vit Nam thu thp ti liu ban u v phn giao thit k; thng nht mt s cng tc trin khai nh ta cng trnh kho st t 1, chun b h tng giao thng vn ti, cn c phc v thi cng1. Ngy 5-7-1986, Ph Tng cc trng Phan T Quang ch th Ban Qun l cng trnh lc, ha du Thnh Tuy H tm dng thi cng n ht thng 7-1986 ch ch trng ca Nh nc v a im T hp x l du th v Khu lin hp lc, ho du. Trong thi gian ny Ch tch Hi ng B trng thnh lp Hi ng Thm tra li a im lc, ha du Thnh Tuy H. u thng 8-1986, Tng cc trng Nguyn Ha dn u on cng tc sang lm vic vi B trng B Cng nghip Du kh Lin X, d kin trong k hoch 1986-1990, u t 300 triu rp cho 2 cng trnh l nh my lc du giai on 1 v nh my phn m2. Ngy 29-11-1986, Tng cc trng Nguyn Ha ch tr cuc hp ti Vng Tu vi on chuyn gia Lin X, Tng Gim c X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro, Vn phng Hi ng B trng, Ban Qun l cng trnh lc, ho du Thnh Tuy H, Ban Qun l cng trnh du kh Vng Tu v thng nht kt lun bo co ln Hi ng B trng: tr lng du th m Bch H bo m cho nh my lc du cng sut 3 triu tn/nm hot ng lu di v c s tin hnh thit k v xy dng nh my lc du, a im t hp x l du th ti M Xun, huyn Chu Thnh, tnh ng Nai, a im nh my lc, ha du ti Thnh Tuy H. Sau khi Hi ng Thm tra li a im xy dng Khu lin hp lc, ha du do Ch nhim y ban Xy dng c bn Nh nc Quc Sam lm Ch tch bo co kt qu thm tra v cc ngnh, a phng c lin quan c kin chnh thc, Ph Ch tch Hi ng B trng Mi quyt nh: Khu lin hp lc, ha du vn t ti Thnh Tuy H, huyn Long Thnh, tnh ng Nai, nh ghi trong Lun chng kinh t - k thut v c Chnh ph ph duyt nm 1981; a im
1. Cng vn s 71/DK-LHD ngy 27-11-1985. 2. Cng vn s 29/VP ngy 13-8-1986.
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t hp x l du th t ti M Xun, huyn Chu Thnh, tnh ng Nai; Giao cho U ban Xy dng c bn Nh nc lp Quy hoch tng th Khu cng nghip lc, ha du v Khu dn c trnh Ch tch Hi ng B trng vo gia nm 1987; Cc ngnh v a phng c trch nhim phi hp cht ch, sm trin khai cc cng tc chun b u t v chun b xy dng ti nm 1988 c th khi cng cng trnh rt quan trng ny ca nn kinh t quc dn1. Ngy 9-2-1987, Ph Ch tch Hi ng B trng ng S Nguyn k Quyt nh s 30/CT thnh lp Hi ng Thm tra Lun chng kinh t - k thut Khu lin hp lc, ha du Thnh Tuy H v ch th cho U ban nhn dn tnh ng Nai v U ban K hoch Nh nc, U ban Xy dng c bn Nh nc, B Xy dng v Tng cc Du kh, cp t t 1 xy dng nh cho cng nhn xy lp, kho bi tp kt vt liu, thit b v ng thi cng, huy ng khch sn phc v chuyn gia vo 6 thng cui nm 1987. Ngy 19-2-1987, Ph Ch tch Hi ng B trng ra Ch th s 46/CT yu cu cc ngnh v a phng y mnh cng tc chun b xy dng cng trnh lc, ha du Thnh Tuy H, bao gm: kho st v r ph bom mn, chun b vt liu xy dng v cc cng xng phc v thi cng xy lp, cp in nc, ng s, bn cng, ng ng, b du, mng li thng tin, nh , cng tc quy hoch, iu hnh qun l cng trnh. Ngy 11-2-1987, Ph Ch tch Hi ng B trng ng S Nguyn k Quyt nh s 34/CT thnh lp Ban Ch o xy dng cng trnh lc du Thnh Tuy H do Ph Tng cc trng Tng cc Du kh lm Trng ban v i din cc b, U ban nhn dn tnh ng Nai v Trng ban Qun l cng trnh lc du. Ngy 4-12-1987, Tng cc trng Tng cc Du kh Nguyn Ha bo co Ch tch Hi ng B trng Phm Hng vic r sot quy m u t t 1 nh my lc du cng sut 3 triu tn/nm nhm gim ti mc ti thiu vn u t: t hp 4 phn xng ch bin khng su, hn ch quy m cc cng trnh chung (cha xy dng ng st, tn dng cng Nh B v Nhn Trch, tn dng cc c s vt liu xy dng v thi cng c sn, ngun nc ti ch, ch xy dng 2 t my pht in 100 MW) vi vn u t khong 400 triu rp (10-12 t VN theo gi nm 1986) v tin u t giai on 1987-1990 kho st thit k, chun b thi cng vi chi ph khong 2 t VN, giai on 1991-1995 xy lp v a vo sn xut vi chi ph khong 10 t VN, nm cao nht khong 2,5-3 t VN v nu bt cc thun li, s cn thit xy dng sm nh my lc du Vit Nam2.
1. Quyt nh s 312/CT ngy 9-12-1986. 2. Cng vn s 1856/DK-XDCB ngy 4-12-1987.
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Ngy 13-1-1988, Tng cc trng Nguyn Ha bo co Tng B th Nguyn Vn Linh, Thng trc Ban B th Mi v tnh hnh hp tc vi Lin X trong cng nghip du kh: thm d khai thc 7 l thm lc a pha Nam, tm kim thm d pha Bc v xy dng nh my lc, ha du Thnh Tuy H, ngh Lin X gip a nh my lc du giai on 1 vo sn xut nm 1993. Ngy 13-2-1988, Ph Tng cc trng Trng Thin ngh Ch tch Hi ng B trng cp t cho X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro xy dng t hp x l du th v ng ng dn du trong nm 1988. Ngy 20-5-1988, Tng cc trng Trng Thin ph duyt gii php thit k chnh ca c s xy dng (stroibaza) ca Nh my Lc du Thnh Tuy H do Vin Thit k s 2 thuc U ban Xy dng c bn Nh nc Lin X lp. Tuy vy, trong nhng nm 1987-1988 vic trin khai cng tc chun b xy dng Nh my Lc du Thnh Tuy H khng c thun li: thiu vn, hp ng ngoi thng k vi Lin X chm, s phi hp gia cc ngnh khng tt, c nhng bn khon cho rng ch trng u t khng r, tm hon cng trnh. Ngy 2-1-1989, Tng cc trng Trng Thin bo co Thng v Hi ng B trng qu trnh trin khai v nhng tn ti ca cng trnh lc, ha du Thnh Tuy H, ngh cho tnh ton Lun chng kinh t - k thut ca cng trnh giai on 1 (3 triu tn/nm), cc gii php c cu sn phm t hiu qu kinh t, so snh vi phng n bn du th hoc thu ch bin nc ngoi, trong thi gian cho hon thnh nt cc cng vic kho st ang d dang phc v cho vic thit k sau ny1. Thng v Hi ng B trng c ch trng tip tc xy dng Nh my lc du Thnh Tuy H, trc mt y mnh tin cc cng tc chun b khi cng xy dng cng trnh vo u nm 1991, phi hp vi Pha Lin X tnh ton li phng n xy dng nh my lc du cng sut 3 triu tn/nm bo m c hiu qu kinh t, r sot li cc cng trnh ngoi hng ro v c ch u t hp l, nh my lc du giai on 1 da vo vn ca Lin X l chnh, giai on tip theo ch bin su v ha du tm kh nng u t ca cc nc khc. Cui thng 6-1989, Tng cc trng Trng Thin k vn bn trnh Thng v Hi ng B trng phng n xy dng nh my lc du cng sut 3 triu tn/nm sau khi thng nht vi Pha Lin X v cc b, ngnh, trong hng
1. Cng vn s 01/XDCB-M ngy 2-1-1989.
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hp tc vi Lin X giai on ch bin khng su, vay vn di hn trong khun kh hip nh gia hai nc trong giai on 1991-1995, khu ch bin su v ha du v m rng thnh 6 triu tn/nm hp tc vi cc nc phng Ty c cng ngh tin tin, hin i t nm 1996 tr i v vn khng nh a im l Thnh Tuy H. Ngy 15-12-1989, B trng B Xy dng Ng Xun Lc v Tng cc trng Tng cc Du kh Trng Thin cng k trnh Ch tch Hi ng B trng T trnh v trin khai xy dng nh my lc du 3 triu tn/nm: a cng trnh lc du vo danh mc cng trnh trng im ca Nh nc, mc tiu hon thnh trong giai on 1991-1995, nu thiu vn s dng mt phn tin bn du th lm ngun b sung, Tng cc Du kh v B Xy dng lm chc nng qun l nh nc, ch u t l Ban Qun l cng trnh lc, ha du v Lin hip cc x nghip lp my ca B Xy dng lm thu chnh (trc y l Cng ty Xy dng lc, ha du - mt n v mi thnh lp nm 1985 trn c s mt s n v ca B Xy dng t cng trnh Thy in Ha Bnh chuyn vo) k hp ng kinh t giao nhn thu, B Xy dng lm ch qun u t c s xy dng v ch tr quy hoch khu dn c1. Ngy 20-1-1990, Ch tch Hi ng B trng Mi thm cng trng Nh my Lc du Thnh Tuy H, hp vi Ban Qun l cng trnh v cc n v thi cng. Sau khi nghe bo co tnh hnh trin khai cng vic, Ch tch Hi ng B trng ch th: ch trng ca Nh nc dt khot u t nh my lc du v l cng trnh trng im, cho php Tng cc Du kh bn mt s du th b sung ngun vn, s dng thit k tin tin ca Lin X v cc nc khc, c gng xy dng nh my on chuyn gia lc du Lin X v on chuyn gia hon thnh trong 4 nm. Vit Nam k vn bn thit k nh my lc du cng sut 3 triu tn/nm Trong thi gian xy dng
1. Cng vn s 1923/DK-XDCB ngy 15-12-1989.
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nh my lc du, c th thu ch bin du th nc ngoi, ch u t theo c ch mi vay vn, t chc u thu, chu trch nhim v hiu qu u t v hon tr vn vay v li. Trong giai on 1989-1990, mc d c nhng kh khn v cn i vn v kin khc nhau v a im, nhng do quyt tm ca Ch tch Hi ng B Tr s Ban Qun l cng trnh lc, ha du trng v ng li i mi ca Thnh Tuy H, tnh ng Nai ng Cng sn Vit Nam, Tng cc Du kh v nhng ngi tham gia xy dng cng trnh lc du Thnh Tuy H lm c nhiu vic: hon thnh r ph bom mn, kho st thit k, tip nhn cc l hng thit b thi cng v vt liu ca Lin X, gii phng mt bng, xy dng cc h tng phc v thi cng. Lc lng thi cng trn cng trng ln ti trn 2.000 ngi. Mt s c ch qun l mi p dng c hiu qu, b dn tnh trng bao cp v hng ti phng thc qun l d n tin tin hn. Ban Qun l cng trnh s dng chi ph 2,8% ln tri tm ngay t u xy dng nh lm vic 3 tng khang trang s dng lu di cho chuyn gia v ch u t, trong khi cc cng trnh ln tri tm ca mt s n v khc sau vi nm tiu tan. u qu IV nm 1990, B Cng nghip nng (t thng 4-1990 Tng cc Du kh sp nhp vo B Cng nghip nng) ch th cho Ban Qun l cng trnh lc, ha du Thnh Tuy H tm ngng thi cng cng trnh lc du Thnh Tuy H hp tc vi Lin X. Ban Qun l cng trnh cng cc n v thi cng hon tt mt s cng vic d dang, thanh ton cc khi lng hon thnh v chun b chuyn sang giai on mi.
2. D n lc, ha du Tnh Gia, Thanh Ha

Thng 4-1976, Tng cc Du kh xut phng n tng th xy dng hai nh my lc, ha du trong nc n nm 1985, trong nh my d kin cho min Bc c cng sut 5 triu tn/nm v d kin s hp tc vi cc nc Php, Nht Bn lm nhanh, hon thnh trong khong nm 1982.
328
T u nm 1977, Tng cc Du kh xc tin cc cng vic thu thp s liu, iu tra, nghin cu a im nh my lc du ti Tnh Gia, Thanh Ha. thc hin cho vic xy dng nh my ny, Tng cc Kh tng thy vn cung cp s liu v kh tng, thy vn; Tng cc a cht cung cp ti liu v ti nguyn khong sn; B Giao thng vn ti quy hoch cc h thng ng b, ng st; B Thy li quy hoch cng trnh cp nc; B in v Than quy hoch h thng cp in; B Xy dng v U ban nhn dn tnh Thanh Ha quy hoch v t ai v dn c. Ngy 7-6-1977, Tng cc Du kh quyt nh thnh lp Ban chun b xy dng Khu lin hp lc, ha du pha Bc Vit Nam (gi tt l Ban Chun b Khu lin hp lc, ha du s 1)1. Tr s ca Ban t ti Tnh Gia, Thanh Ho. Bin ch ca Ban nm 1977 l 50 ngi. ng V Bt c c lm Trng Ban Chun b Khu lin hp lc, ha du s 1, ti Tnh Gia, Thanh Ha. Tng cc iu ng Vn ng Li - on ph on a vt l v Ban gip ng V Bt.
ng B Vn T k li: Huyn Tnh Gia, Thanh Ha, nhng nm cui thp k 1970 cn ht sc ngho nn. Tr s Ban Chun b lc, ha du Tnh Gia, Thanh Ha ng tm trong khun vin n th o Duy T. Ban xy dng mt s nh tranh tre lm vn phng lm vic v mt s nh . Mt ngy thng 5 nm 1978, Tng cc trng Nguyn Vn Bin n thm Ban Chun b lc, ha du Tnh Gia, Thanh Ha. Trong khng kh thn mt ca bui ti vn phng tm, ng cm hng lm bi th tng Gim c V Bt v anh ch em ang lm cng tc chun b cho mt d n ln ca t nc: Quyt ko nhau ra ng gia ng, Nh tranh my np th m ngng. Ngt bi khuya sm, khoai vi c, Nhn nhp ra vo bng my ng. Mi mt vi trng, tin vi giy, Chn chn, li khp ni cng sng. Nh my, ton dn mong sm c, Bo nhau c gng chng khai cng.
Trong giai on t nm 1977 n gia nm 1979, Ban Chun b lc, ha du Tnh Gia, Thanh Ha tin hnh cc cng tc o c a hnh, kho st a cht cng trnh trn mt bng d kin t nh my v cng, kho st hi vn khu vc
1. Quyt nh s 186/Q-DK-TC.
329
Hn M, Nghi Sn v t chc nghin cu quy hoch cc h thng h tng trong khu vc, nghin cu Bo co kh thi do Beicip lm cng nh cc cho hng nh my lc du ca Technip, JGC
Sau Hip nh Pari c k kt u nm 1973, quan h gia Chnh ph Vit Nam v Chnh ph Php rt tt. i s V Vn Sung nhiu ln bo co v nc xut kh nng hp tc ca cc cng ty du la Php vi Tng cc Du kh. Hi Vit kiu yu nc ti Php cng gi nhng phng n hp tc v du kh gia hai bn.
Thng 12-1976, Technip gi bn cho xy dng Lin hp lc, ha du c th hn v ch bin nguyn liu l du th Vit Nam nh v nng (tham kho du th Minas ca Innxia), tng vn 2.380 triu phrng (bao gm lc du 620 triu phrng, du nhn 420 triu phrng, m 880 triu phrng, si PES 460 triu phrng). Thi gian xy dng ton khu lin hp c c tnh l 62 thng, ring lc du l 38 thng. Pha Php cng a ra cc c tnh v tiu th in, nc, s nhn lc trn cng trng lc cao im. Pha Php cng xut mt s kiu hp ng xy dng: hp ng cha kho trao tay, hp ng FOB c bo hnh v h thin v vic hp tc vi Vit Nam theo hnh thc ny. Cc nc x hi ch ngha nh Lin X, Trung Quc, Nam T thng hp tc vi Technip theo hp ng ny; hp ng thanh ton thc chi; hp ng gi m bo ti a. Tng cc Du kh cho rng, Vit Nam cn nghin cu k chn mt kiu hp ng thch hp vi kh nng thi cng cng nh s vn ca mnh. Qua m phn c th thy, Technip v Ngn hng Lyonais rt quan tm ti vic tham gia xy Khu lin hp lc du, ho du ti Vit Nam. Trn c s Tng cc Du kh ngh: - Cn xc tin lm r ngun vn cho khu lin hp, u tin trc ht cho nh my lc du. Mt phn vn c ly theo Ngh nh th hng nm gia Vit Nam v Php, s cn li t vn t nhn v cc qu vay khc; - ngh Th tng Chnh ph sm ph duyt a im Khu lin hp lc, ha du ti Tnh Gia, Thanh Ha. - Tng cc Du kh v cc b, ngnh lin quan c trin khai gp cc vic lin quan nh: la chn cng ngh bn quyn, la chn s cng ngh, phng n sn phm
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u thng 3-1978, trn c s bo co ca Tng cc Du kh, B Ngoi thng, B Ngoi giao v cc c quan khc, Thng trc Hi ng B trng kt lun chn Nghi Sn lm nh my lc du s 2, thu Technip thit k, vay ca Php 500750 triu phrng (tng ng 100-150 triu USD) u t trong hng ro, ngoi hng ro huy ng ngun vn khc. B Ngoi thng thm d kh nng hp tc vi Tip Khc v Cng ha Dn ch c. Trong thng 7, 8-1978, vic thu xp ti chnh ca Technip v Ngn hng Lyonais khng thnh cng: Italia khng c tin, Anh kh khn, c mun lm ring, Thy in ch thu xp c khong 20-30 triu USD, Nauy khong 30 triu USD, Phn Lan khong 30 triu USD, o 20 triu USD; 85% ngun tn dng xut khu l chnh. Nhn chung ngun vn cho nh my lc du cha . Song song vi vic tip xc, m phn vi cc cng ty ca Php, Chnh ph Vit Nam v Tng cc Du kh tm s ti tr ca Lin hp quc. Chng trnh Pht trin ca Lin hp quc (UNDP) trin khai d n DK/VIE/76-006 dnh cho d n lc, ha du Vit Nam. Thng 9-1977, UNDP n H Ni thng nht cc danh mc gip Vit Nam. u thng 12-1977, Ph V trng Nguyn Quang Hp lm vic vi ng Philquantite Pre Pourcier, thnh vin trong on i din Tng th k Lin hp quc. i din Tng th k Lin hp quc cho rng, Lin hp quc c th gip Vit Nam v vic c sang Vit Nam cc chuyn gia v kinh doanh dch v du kh ti Vng Tu, nh gi tr lng du kh, m phn hp ng, nghin cu s b vic xy dng nh my lc, ho du; Vit Nam c th vay vn ca cc ngn hng v t chc ti chnh quc t u t nh my lc du. Ngy 22-12-1977, Tng cc trng Nguyn Vn Bin xin php Th tng Chnh ph nh UNDP, UNIDO, BEICIP v lp Lun chng kinh t - k thut xy dng nh my lc, ha du c c s php l v tin cy quc t trin khai d n v dn xp cc ngun ti chnh. Thng 1-1978, on UNDP/UNIDO vo Vit Nam nm tnh hnh v yu cu ca Vit Nam. Thng 5-1978, UNIDO chn v k hp ng vi BEICIP lm Lun chng kinh t - k thut, on UNIDO/BEICIP thng nht vi Tng cc Du kh lm hai bc: chun b u t v nghin cu kinh t k thut. Thng 12-1978, BEICIP np Bo co chun b u t. Thng 3-1979, UNIDO/BEICIP sang Vit Nam bo v Bo co chun b u t, cng Pha Vit Nam chn quy m Khu lin hp 5 triu tn/nm, gm nh my lc du, nh my phn bn, nh my si tng hp, cht do T thng 4-1979 n cui nm 1979, BEICIP trin khai nghin cu kh thi. Tng cc Du kh c cc ng B Vn T v Nguyn Hu Hiu sang Pari va thc tp o to qun l d n va gim st cng vic ti vn phng ca BEICIP. Hp ng thc hin vi ngun ti tr ca UNDP
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v UNIDO. n nm 1981, d n ti tr ca UNDP/UNIDO mi kt thc, mc d trong nm 1980 Tng cc Du kh t chc mi cc c quan n nghin cu Bo co nghin cu kh thi do BEICIP thc hin. V hon cnh kinh t trong nc cng nh iu kin cm vn ca M lc nn khng thc hin c d n lc du ny. Ngoi ra, Tng cc Du kh cn tip xc vi cc i tc khc, tm kh nng hp tc u t trin khai d n xy dng nh my lc, ha du Tnh Gia, Thanh Ha, nh cc i tc Nht Bn, Irc, Rumani, Tip Khc, Phn Lan, n ...
Vi i tc Nht Bn: t ngy 28-10 n ngy 8-11-1976 on cng tc ca Tng cc Du kh do Tng cc trng Nguyn Vn Bin dn u sang Nht Bn tham quan cc c s cng nghip v tip xc vi B Ngoi giao, B Cng thng, Hip hi doanh nghip, Cng ty Du kh quc gia Nht Bn v cc cng ty hot ng trong cng nghip du kh. Cng ty Du kh quc gia Nht Bn ngh c thm d du kh mt s l trn thm lc a Vit Nam, mt s cng ty cho hng d n xy dng nh my lc, ha du. Trong nm 1978, Tp on MEIWA v JGC trao i vi Pha Vit Nam mt chng trnh hp tc rng ln, bao gm t khu thm d khai thc ti nh my lc, ha du v c vic cho thu gin khoan, nhng cng ch dng mc rt s b, sau dng hn v c s cm vn ca M. Vi i tc Irc: i s Vit Nam ti Irc v Thng v tch cc dn xp phng n hp tc gia hai nc trong d n lc du. Nm 1978, theo kinh nghim ca mnh, pha Irc khuyn Vit Nam nn nhp cc dy chuyn lc du nh hnh cng sut 1 triu tn/nm, vi vn u t khong 10-15 triu USD v thi gian lp rp ch mt 3 thng. tng ny khng ph hp vi quan im ca cc nh lnh o Vit Nam v khng th trin khai c. Tuy vy, Irc cho Vit Nam vay mt s du th v xng du trong nhng lc kh khn. Vi i tc Rumani: u thng 11-1976, Chnh ph Vit Nam thnh lp on m phn hp tc kinh t Vit Nam - Rumani do Ph Th tng Mi lm Trng on, thnh vin on c Tng cc trng Nguyn Vn Bin v Ph V trng V K hoch Nguyn Quang Hp, chun b k hoch hp tc v du kh gia hai nc. T ngy 1 n ngy 6-11-1976, Ph V trng Nguyn Quang Hp dn u on cng tc ca Tng cc Du kh sang Rumani tham quan cc nh my lc du Ploiesti, Teleajen, trung tm x l s liu a vt l v lm vic vi cc c quan ca Rumani, chun b ni dung cho vic m phn gia chnh ph hai nc. Hai Bn trao i v phng n hp tc thm d du kh ti ng bng sng Cu Long, xy dng nh my sn xut du nhn 200.000 tn/nm Vit Nam. Cui thng 11-1976, Ch nhim Vn phng Ph Th tng Phan M thng bo k hoch cho Tng cc Du kh v cc ngnh lin quan chun b m phn vi Rumani v hp tc du kh cp B trng vo u nm 1977.
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T ngy 15-1 n ngy 28-1-1977, on chuyn gia du kh Rumani do Ph V trng V Hp tc quc t B Ngoi thng Grigorie Emil lm Trng on v on Vit Nam do Ph V trng Nguyn Quang Hp lm Trng on bn v hp tc gia hai Bn. on i kho st ng bng sng Cu Long, a im Tnh Gia, tnh Thanh Ha v k bin bn lm vic chun b ni dung cho hai Bn m phn tip v hp tc thm d du kh, xy dng nh my lc du cng sut 5-6 triu tn/nm, nh my du nhn cng sut 200.000 tn/nm. T ngy 1-8 n ngy 27-8-1977, Tng cc trng Nguyn Vn Bin cng Ph Gim c Cng ty Du kh II Trng Thin v 3 cn b sang Rumani tham quan cc c s khai thc du kh, ch bin du kh, ch to thit b v m phn v hp tc thm d du kh ng bng sng Cu Long, nh my lc du v du nhn. Quan im ca hai Bn cn khc nhau v ngun vn thanh ton cho phn ng b ha t nc th ba, iu kin ti chnh, yu cu tr vn v li bng du th v sn phm, cho nn tip tc phi chun b thm y ban Hp tc kinh t v khoa hc - k thut Vit Nam - Rumani hp trong thng 11-1977. Ngy 8-12-1977, Ngh nh th kha hp ln th 5 ca y ban Hp tc kinh t v khoa hc - k thut Vit Nam - Rumani c k kt ti Bucaret. Ti y hai Bn thng nht vic tin hnh khoan 3 ging thm d du kh ti ng bng sng Cu Long, cn nh my lc du v du nhn s tip tc m phn v cc iu kin kinh t - k thut, ti chnh. Sau , phng n hp tc vi Rumani v nh my lc du khng tin trin thm v Rumani ch c th tham gia mt phn v hai Bn khng thng nht c cc iu kin v gii php v ti chnh. Vi i tc Tip Khc: trong nm 1978, Tng cc Du kh v B Ngoi thng tip xc vi i s qun Tip Khc Vit Nam v trao i vi Chnh ph Tip Khc v kh nng hp tc hai bn trong d n lc du. Th tng Tip Khc cho bit rng, h rt quan tm n vic hp tc trong d n ny nhng ch b tr c trong k hoch nm 1990! Vi i tc Phn Lan: cng trong nm 1978, Tng cc Du kh cn tip xc vi i s Phn Lan v Cng ty Neste Oy bn v hp tc du kh trong c nh my lc du. Song do nng lc hai Bn u c hn nn khng trin khai c. Vi i tc n : cui nm 1978, B trng ph trch du kh inh c Thin thm n . Hai bn trao i cc kh nng n c vn tr gip k thut, mua mt s ph tng thit b l, tham gia xy dng mt phn nh my lc du, thm d vnh Bc B, thm lc a, x l s liu, o to cng nhn lnh ngh. Ring lnh vc lc du, hai Bn cha trin khai c g c th.
Trong hon cnh b bao vy cm vn, cc hng hp tc vi nc ngoi u t nh my lc du Tnh Gia, Thanh Ha u b tc. Ngy 23-8-1979, B trng
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ph trch cng tc du kh inh c Thin k Quyt nh s 1424/Q-TC gii th Ban Chun b Khu lin hp lc, ho du s 1 (Tnh Gia, Thanh Ho).
3. Xng chng ct th nghim du th Long Bnh Tn, ng Nai

Nm 1984, X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro khoan ging Bch H-05 v thu c dng du cng nghip ti m Bch H. Mt s thng du th khai thc th c a v t lin tin hnh phn tch, th nghim nh gi cht lng v ly s liu phc v thit k nh my lc du. Hon cnh Vit Nam lc rt kh khn. Ton b xng du phi nhp khu v phn phi theo k hoch cn i hng nm. Nhiu nh my khng c nhin liu phi hn ch sn xut hoc dng than, ci. Trong nc ch c mt s c s nghin cu, phng th nghim phn tch ngho nn, cha c c s ch bin du th. Xut pht t tnh hnh thc tin, Ban Chun b lc, ha du Thnh Tuy H xut vi Tng cc Du kh tng t xy dng mt xng chng ct du th quy m nh (dng Pilot), va sn xut th nghim v dng th mt s sn phm t du th Vit Nam, va lm ni tp hp lc lng cn b k thut o to chun b cho cng trnh lc, ha du Thnh Tuy H. Ban Chun b lc, ha du Thnh Tuy H t chc lp Lun chng kinh t - k thut, trnh Tng cc Du kh cui thng 12-1984. Thng 3-1985, Hi ng khoa hc - k thut v cc c quan chc nng ca Tng cc Du kh thng qua Lun chng kinh t - k thut ny. Ngy 11-3-1985, lnh o Tng cc ph duyt Lun chng kinh t - k thut, giao cho Ban Chun b lc, ha du lm ch u t v c php tin hnh thit k da trn c s vt t, thit b gom gp c. Xng c cng sut chng ct 20.000 tn/nm du th, phng n sn phm sn xut dung mi, nhin liu, cng ngh chng ct gin on trn 2 thp, vt t thit b tn dng cc loi thit b, vt t c sn trong nc v s dng cc c s c kh, xy lp trong nc t ch to thit b, thi cng. a im t l ti x Long Bnh Tn thuc thnh ph Bin Ha, trn b sng ng Nai. Ti y, c th khi phc tn dng bn cng xng du c ca Tng kho Long Bnh tip nhn du th ch t ngoi bin vo. Khi ton vn u t ca cng trnh l 22,5 triu VN v thi gian thi cng d tnh thc hin 2 nm, hon thnh vo nm 1987. Ban Chun b lc, ha du thnh lp Ban Qun l cng trnh Xng chng ct th nghim du th do tin s Nguyn S Kit l Ph Ban Chun b lc, ho du kim nhim ph trch t chc thc hin.
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Phn thit k cng ngh, kin trc xy dng do i ng k thut ca Ban t lm, thit k c kh v ch to thit b giao cho Nh my C kh ng Nai thuc S Cng nghip ng Nai, thit k ng ng b cha giao cho X nghip ng ng b cha ca X nghip lin hip Xy lp du kh, thit k hng mc x l nc thi giao cho Cng ty Cp thot nc B Xy dng, thit k iu khin giao cho B mn t ng ha Trng i hc Bch khoa Thnh ph H Ch Minh... Cng vic thit k d kin s hon thnh trong nm 1985 v nm 19861. Vic ch to thit b v thi cng xy lp thc hin trong nhng nm 1986- 1987. Vt t, ng ng, van cc loi ch yu gom gp t cc n v trong ngnh du kh nh Cng ty Du kh I Thi Bnh, X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro, Cng ty Vt t vn ti v mt s n v trong ngnh xng du. Nh my C kh ng Nai thc hin vic ch to cc thit b chnh l l v thp chng ct. X nghip Thi cng c gii 9 thuc B Xy dng thi cng san lp mt bng. X nghip ng ng b cha thi cng bn b v ng ng. i t lm ca Ban Chun b lc, ha du thi cng h thng cp nc, phc hi bn cng du trn sng ng Nai v cc hng mc xy dng. y nhanh tin thi cng, Ban Qun l cng trnh Xng chng ct th nghim du th p dng c ch khon cng vic v thanh ton khi lng vo th 7 hng tun. u thng 12-1987, Phm Anh Hng c c lm k s trng ca Xng chng ct, chun b cho vic chy th v a vo sn xut. Ban Qun l cng trnh Xng chng ct th nghim du th hp tc vi Trung tm nghin cu sn xut th ca U ban Khoa hc - k thut Thnh ph H Ch Minh ch to hng chc xitec loi dung tch 6 m3, nh X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro ch ra gin khai thc ly du th ri ch v Vng Tu bng tu dch v, sau ch t Vng Tu v Long Bnh Tn bng xe ti. cung cp du th lu di cho xng sn xut, Tng cc Du kh hp tc vi U ban nhn dn Thnh ph H Ch Minh, giao cho S Giao thng vn ti mua tu trng ti 2.000 tn. Song, vic hp tc khng thnh, Ban Chun b lc, ha du Thnh Tuy H xut phng n dng x lan chuyn dng. Tng cc iu ng x lan Batty, trng ti 2.000 tn v Ban Chun b lc, ha du Thnh Tuy H tin hnh thit k ci hon thnh x lan ch du th. X lan Batty l x lan bin, c 2 v c Vin Thit k thuc B Giao thng vn ti thit k ci hon cc khoang cha du c ng rut g hm nng du th bng hi nc khi bm du th t bn ln b cha du th.
1. Vn bn s 479/VP ngy 25-3-1985; Quyt nh s 256, 285/DK-XDCB ngy 25-5-1985; Quyt nh s 1787/DK-XDCB ngy 18-11-1986; Quyt nh s 2021/DK-XDCB ngy 21-8-1985.
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Trong qu trnh lp Lun chng kinh t - k thut xy dng Xng chng ct th nghim du th, tng ban u l thnh lp mt lin doanh ba bn gia Tng cc Du kh vi Thnh ph H Ch Minh v tnh ng Nai, chng ct du th, sn xut mt s sn phm du m cung cp cho nhu cu ca cng nghip a phng. Nhng khi a im Xng chng ct th nghim du th quyt nh t ti Long Bnh Tn thuc tnh ng Nai th lnh o Thnh ph H Ch Minh khng tham gia lin doanh. Thng 3-1988, Ph Tng cc trng Tng cc Du kh Bi Hi Ninh v Ph Ch tch U ban nhn dn tnh ng Nai L nh Nghip, thay mt hai bn k Tha thun gia Tng cc Du kh v U ban nhn dn tnh ng Nai v vic thnh lp X nghip Lin doanh Ch bin du th Petro ng Nai.
Hai bn y quyn cho U ban nhn dn tnh ng Nai ra quyt nh thnh lp Petro ng Nai, b nhim k s Nguyn Trng , Ph Gim c S Cng nghip kim Gim c X nghip lin doanh, k s Hong Chn lm Ph Gim c, ng Nguyn ng Doanh lm K ton trng.
Xng chng ct th nghim du th Long Bnh Tn tip nhn c 60 tn du th t X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro v tin hnh chng ct c mt s m, thu c mt s sn phm nh dung mi, du ha, du DO, du cn FO.
K s u Hng Lc v mt s cn b c giao nhim v mang sn phm i dng th v bn cho cc n v s dng. Mt s c s sn xut nh nh my knh, nh my giy, nh my gch, gm, s v cc c s c ni hi v l t dng FO Khu cng nghip Bin Ha. Ban u cc c s sn xut rt e ngi khi s dng du cn Bch H c im ng c cao. Anh em phi cho khng du v tin hnh t th t kt qu tt. Sau , cc nh my ng mua thay th du nhp cng. n khi cc ni t hng nhiu th xng li khng cn du bn. Du ha v du DO c bn cho Cng ty Vt t cht t ng Nai. Mt lng du DO bn cho tu thuyn nh c khu vc Long in, Long Hi, Vng Tu.
Song, mt s vn ni ln: yu cu mua du th theo gi th trng quc t v thanh ton bng USD, nn cn phi bn sn phm v mua ngoi t chuyn i; vic ht rt du th ngoi bin; vic vn chuyn du th vo b bng x lan trong iu kin thi tit xu; i hi hch ton kinh doanh c li v quan ngi v kh nng an ton khi vn hnh thit b t ch u l nhng vn kh gii quyt trong mt thi gian ngn i vi mt c s th nghim. Do , nm 1989, X nghip Lin doanh Ch bin du kh Petro ng Nai gii th.
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4. Xng lc du mini Ct Li v X nghip Lin doanh Ch bin du kh Si Gn Petro

Trong nm 1985, Thnh ph H Ch Minh gp nhiu kh khn, thiu thn v xut hin xu th bung ra pht trin mnh thot khi b tc. Trung tm nghin cu sn xut th ca y ban Khoa hc - k thut thnh ph c giao nhim v nghin cu gii quyt nhng vn v ch bin cc nguyn liu trong nc, phc v sn xut v i sng. Nm 1986, lnh o Thnh ph H Ch Minh c ch trng xy dng mt c s ch bin du th cung cp mt s sn phm cho a phng. Ngy 28-3-1986, Ph Ch tch U ban nhn dn Thnh ph H Ch Minh L Vn Trit v Ph Tng cc trng Tng cc Du kh Phan T Quang i din hai bn k kt Hp ng nguyn tc v vic lin kt xy dng Xng chng ct du th gia Thnh ph H Ch Minh v Tng cc Du kh.
Hp ng nguyn tc ny quy nh nhng ni dung chnh sau: (1) Thnh ph H Ch Minh s ng gp vo vic xy dng Xng chng ct du th 2 vn tn/nm bng cch h tr, chuyn nhng mt s vt t, thit b cn thit theo kh nng. (2) Giao cho S Giao thng vn ti mua mt tu ch du th trng ti 2.000 tn, m nhim vn chuyn du th trn c s k kt hp ng vn chuyn v s dng tu vi Ban lc ha du ca Tng cc Du kh. (3) Tng cc Du kh bo m vic thanh ton cc ph vn chuyn cho thnh ph bng sn phm ca Xng chng ct. (4) Hai bn giao cho Ban lc ha du ca Tng cc Du kh v y ban Khoa hc - k thut ca Thnh ph H Ch Minh cng hp tc nghin cu cng ngh lc du v s dng sn phm chnh v sn phm ph ca Xng vi hiu qu kinh t cao nht p ng nhu cu kinh t ca thnh ph. (5) Sn phm ca Xng u tin giao bn cho thnh ph theo gi bn bun cng nghip. (6) Trn c s kt qu t c, hai bn s lin kt xy dng xng ch bin du th vi cng sut ln hn. (7) Hiu lc ca hp ng n cui nm 1995 Ban Chun b Khu lin hp lc, ha du Thnh Tuy H c mt nhm cn b k thut n cc c s ca Trung tm nghin cu sn xut th thuc U ban Khoa hc - k thut Thnh ph H Ch Minh ng Trng nh v Bnh Triu phi hp trin khai. Anh ch em thit k v Trung tm t ch to mt b thit b chng ct du th dng pilot nh, lp t ti c s Bnh Triu.
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Mt s thng du th c a n Bnh Triu. Ti y anh ch em chng tch ra mt s sn phm, tin hnh phn tch cht lng v em i dng th mt s c s sn xut ca Trung tm v ca thnh ph. Cc k s cn thit k v ch to mt s vi t dng trc tip du th Bch H thay FO. Kh khn, thiu thn nhng tinh thn mi ngi tht hng hi v nhit tnh, hp tc cng nhau lm vic qun mnh.
Ngy 19-6-1986, U ban nhn dn Thnh ph H Ch Minh ban hnh Quyt nh s 82/Q-UB thnh lp X nghip Lin doanh Ch bin du kh Si Gn Petro. Thng 9-1986, y ban Khoa hc - k thut Thnh ph H Ch Minh thnh lp b phn nghin cu s dng du th, trin khai cc ti s dng du th thay FO nhp khu, sn xut dung mi nh t du th Vit Nam. Sau ny, U ban Khoa hc - k thut Thnh ph H Ch Minh xy dng Chng trnh du kh ca thnh ph. X nghip Lin doanh Ch bin du kh Si Gn Petro hp tc vi hng Serepco (ca Vit kiu Php), tin hnh lp Lun chng kinh t - k thut Xng lc du mini cng sut 40.000 tn/nm v c Hi ng nghim thu ca y ban Khoa hc - k thut Thnh ph H Ch Minh nghim thu u thng 9-1986. Ngy 15-4-1987, Ch tch Hi ng B trng ban hnh Quyt nh s 130CT cho php Thnh ph H Ch Minh xy dng Xng lc du mini cng sut 40.000 tn/nm.
Si Gn Petro hp ng thu hng Serepco thit k v cung cp thit b ton b v t chc thi cng lp rp ti a im Ct Li. Thng 11-1988, Xng lc du mini Ct Li hon thnh v a vo hot ng. Sau hn mt nm hot ng, Xng lc du mini sn xut c mt lng xng du nht nh, nhng vic ch bin du th Bch H c nhiu parafine, sn phm mazut c im ng c cao kh vn chuyn v s dng. Si Gn Petro quyt nh u t thm 8 triu USD ci to thit b mini cng vi vic xy dng, lp t h thng thit b mi phc v cho vic chng ct nguyn liu du th nh v condensat vi cng sut 350.000 tn/nm, k c trang b mt phng th nghim phn tch, th nghim cht lng sn phm.
Nm 1990, U ban nhn dn Thnh ph H Ch Minh giao cho Si Gn Petro nhim v Bng ngun vn ngoi t t huy ng, t hch ton l - li, nhp khu v kinh doanh xng du m bo nhu cu ca thnh ph.
338
y l bc ngot v l ngun to vn cho Si Gn Petro pht trin theo hng kinh doanh cc sn phm du kh. Si Gn Petro sau ny kinh doanh, phn phi sn phm du khng ch trong phm vi Thnh ph H Ch Minh m m rng ra cc tnh min Nam v c nc.
II. HNH THNH DCH V DU KH

1. S hnh thnh cc t chc dch v du kh chuyn ngnh
Trin khai Quyt nh s 458/TTg ngy 24-11-1976 ca Th tng Chnh ph ph duyt d n xy dng cn c dch v du kh Vng Tu, cng tc chun b i ng cn b ch cht cho dch v du kh c bt u ngay t nm 1977. Nhiu on cn b ca ngnh c c i tham quan hc tp cc nc c cng nghip dch v du kh pht trin, nh ti Cn c dch v du kh bin Stavanger - Nauy, Mhic, Xingapo, v.v.. Trong thi k 1978-1990 hng lot cc n v dch v du kh chuyn ngnh, vi trnh chuyn mn ha ngy mt cao, hot ng trn hu ht cc lnh vc, cc a bn c hot ng du kh c thnh lp v pht trin nhanh chng: Ban Qun l xy dng cu cng du kh Vng Tu (nm 1978); X nghip Dch v Du kh (nm 1978); Cng ty Dch v i sng (nm 1978); Cng ty Vt t Vn ti Du kh (nm 1978); Cng ty Dch v Trc thng Vit Nam (nm 1979); Cng ty a vt l (nm 1982); Ban Qun l cng trnh du kh Vng Tu (nm 1982); X nghip lin hip Xy lp Du kh (nm 1983); Cng ty Dch v Du kh - PSC (nm 1986); Cng ty a vt l v Dch v Du kh - GPTS (nm 1989). Cng ty Dung dch khoan v Ha phm Du kh DMC (nm 1990). Ngoi cc n v ni trn thuc Tng cc Du kh, Tng cc Du lch cng thnh lp Cng ty Dch v v Du lch Du kh (OSC), Gim c l ng L Kh, Ph Gim c l cc ng Phm Thip, Nguyn Khi. Cng ty ny qun l mt s khch sn, nh ngh v lm mt s dch v v sinh hot, i sng trong hot ng du kh. C th ni, v mt t chc, thi k 1978-1990 l thi k Tng cc Du m v Kh t Vit Nam hnh thnh tng i y m hnh ca mt ngnh cng nghip dch v du kh chuyn ngnh, t nn mng cho dch v du kh pht trin vt bc trong nhng nm sau, ng gp ng k vo s ln mnh khng ngng ca ngnh Du kh nc nh.
339
2. Cng dch v du kh Vng Tu

Nm 1976, phi hp trin khai cc hot ng du kh ngoi bin ca Cng ty Du kh II; ng thi tch cc chun b cho vic trin khai cc hp ng du kh k vi cc cng ty du kh nc ngoi, Cng du kh Vng Tu c Chnh ph cho php xy dng trn c s tn dng khu Tin Cng Vng Tu (c). Cng du kh c xy dng tip nhn thit b, vt t, hng ha, cung cp nhin liu, nc sch cho cc tu kho st a vt l v khoan trn bin, v.v.. Ngy 27-11-1976, Ban Kin thit cn c dch v du kh Vng Tu c thnh lp, trc thuc Cng ty Du kh Nam Vit Nam1.
Trng ban l ng Nguyn Ngc Sm, Ph Gim c Cng ty Du kh Nam Vit Nam. Ph Tng cc trng Phan T Quang trc tip ch o vic trin khai. Ch trng t lm cn c hu cn c cp trn ng h. ng Sm c c i Xingapo tm hiu v cn c dch v du kh, ng thi Tng cc Du kh c mt s cn b do ng Nguyn Sm ca Cc Xy dng c bn ph trch, bao gm k s xy dng Trn Xun Hu, k s thit b du kh Bi Th Mnh vo min Nam gip ng Sm lp bn d n thit k vi tn gi Nhim v thit k cn c dch v du kh Vng Tu trnh Chnh ph xt duyt.
Ban Qun l lin h vi Cng ty COMEX ca Php ngh xy dng cu cng. H a ra thi gian mun xy dng cu cng di 105 m, rng 25 m phi mt 1 nm, vi gi 25 triu USD. Khng th chp nhn thi gian ko di v vi s ngoi t ln nh vy, Ban Qun l ngh Tng cc Du kh bo co Chnh ph xin t lm. Sau khi tham kho cho hng ca COMEX v vn dng vo hon cnh Vit Nam, nhm cng tc sau 15 ngy hon thnh bn Nhim v thit k cn c dch v du kh Vng Tu trnh Chnh ph ph chun. Mt thng sau, Th tng Chnh ph ra quyt nh ph chun bn thit k vi s vn u t l 75 triu VN (tng ng 15 triu USD), km theo php lnh l tin hon thnh trong 100 ngy. Ph Th tng Chnh ph Mi trc tip ch o cng trnh, giao cho ng Nguyn Ngc Sm, Trng ban Kin thit trin khai. B trng B Giao thng vn ti Phan Trng Tu giao cho ng Lam Chi, Tng Gim c Lin hip Cng trnh giao thng 6 (CIENCO 6) thc hin. i t Nm Thi, tr l ca B trng inh c Thin chuyn trch vt t cho cng trnh. Bng mi ngun lc trong nc, cng trnh c thi cng dn dp 3 ca/ngy. ng 100 ngy m k t khi khi cng, ngy 30-9-1977 cu cng du kh di 105 m, rng 25 m c hon thnh, kp thi phc v cho tu a vt l GECO cp cng thay ca v tip nhn thc
1. Quyt nh s 3816/DK-Q-TC.
340
phm, du, nc; ng thi sn sng phc v cho cc cng ty du kh Deminex, Agip v Bow Valley thc hin cc hp ng du kh c Petrovietnam k kt nm 1978. Cu cng ny sau c chuyn giao L mng cng hon thnh Cng dch v du kh Vng Tu cho X nghip Lin (ngy 30-9-1977) doanh Vietsovpetro s dng trong thnh phn cn c dch v tng hp trn b. Ngy 29-4-1982, B Giao thng vn ti chnh thc cng b Cng dch v du kh Vng Tu c php cho tu bun nc ngoi ra vo. T Cng dch v du kh Vng Tu chnh thc tr thnh mt cng bin quc t.
3. X nghip Dch v Du kh
3.1. X nghip Dch v Du kh trc thuc Cng ty Du kh Nam Vit Nam
Ngy 12-4-1978, Tng cc Du kh ban hnh Quyt nh s 454/DK-Q-TC thnh lp X nghip Dch v Du kh trc thuc Cng ty Du kh Nam Vit Nam (sau l Cng ty Du kh II).
ng H Ngc Minh, Ph ban Qun l xy dng cu cng du kh Vng Tu lm Gim c. X nghip bao gm cc b phn: Vn phng, T nh v, T c kh, T qun l cng v i bc xp (42 cng nhn) v mt tu ko Cn o cng sut 1.000 CV dng lai dt tu vo cng. Ngy 1-1-1979, tu hng Shanghai - Maru cp cng, ch 4.500 tn cn khoan, ng chng cho Cng ty Agip v 6.000 tn hng ha cc loi cho Cng ty Deminex, h thng thp ln choTrng Cng nhn k thut du kh B Ra. Do cha c kinh nghim lai dt tu cp cng, X nghip Dch v Du kh phi mi thuyn trng tu lai dt cng Si Gn xung h tr.
Trong 3 nm 1978-1980, X nghip Dch v Du kh xp d, lu kho v vn chuyn hng cho cc tu dch v phc v khoan tm kim du kh ngoi bin hng
341
vn tn cn khoan, ng chng, vt t thit b, cung cp hng chc nghn khi nc v thc phm tu a vt l GECO thc hin kho st 19.000 km tuyn a chn. Phc v cc Cng ty Agip, Deminex, Bow Valley khoan 12 ging vi tng chiu su 35.000 m khoan, trong c ging khoan ca Deminex, Agip gp du v kh. Mc d giai on ny chng ta cn y kh khn, thiu i v b ng vi nhng loi hnh cng vic ln u tin trin khai Vit Nam, nhng nhng ngi lm dch v ngy m hng say lao ng p ng tt cc yu cu dch v du kh. T nm 1980, phc v cc tu Poisk v Iskatel ca Lin on a vt l Vin ng (Lin X) thc hin hng nghn kilmt tuyn theo hp ng vi X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro.
3.2. X nghip Dch v Du kh trc thuc Tng cng ty Du kh

Cui nm 1981, Cng ty Du kh II ngng hot ng. chun b lm dch v cho X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro v cc cng ty du kh khc, Tng cc Du kh chuyn X nghip Dch v Du kh trc thuc Tng cc1.
ng L Quang Trung, Ph Gim c Cng ty Du kh II c b nhim lm Gim c X nghip. Phng tin vn chuyn di nc c cu Dng S (Butzb), sc cu 1.200 tn v cu Supatdm 400 tn thu ca Lin X. Trn b c 2 cn cu Tadano 90 tn v 45 tn, 2 xe nng 1,5 tn, 3 xe t ti Kamaz.
Thng 12-1981, chuyn tu u tin ch hng t Lin X cp cng du kh Vng Tu. Hng ha bao gm t Volga, Lada, UAZ, t ti Kamaz, u ko, rmoc..., hng vn tn xi mng, st thp xy dng, cc thit b vn phng, iu ha nhit , t lnh cc loi t Lin X a sang phc v cho b my iu hnh Vietsovpetro, xy dng kho tng, bn cng, bi lp rp gin khoan
Mc d ngy 31-12-1983, tu khoan Mikhain Mirchin mi khoan ging u tin BH-05 ti m Bch H v ngy 25-5-1984 pht hin dng du cng nghip, nhng t u nm 1982, nhng cu kin chn gin khoan c nh c chuyn sang bi lp rp ca Cng du kh Vng Tu. Lc , chuyn tu ch cu kin kim loi khng cp bn Cng du kh Vng Tu, ng .G. Mamedov, Tng Gim c, ng E.X. Xaturov, Ph Tng Gim c X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro, cc ng L Quang Trung, Gim c, Nguyn Quang Th, Ph Gim c X nghip, cng i bc xp ca X nghip Dch v Du kh ra tn Gnh Ri, cch Cng du kh Vng Tu 10 km, tip nhn hng chuyn ti vo cng. y cng l ln u tin X nghip thc hin chuyn ti, bc xp nhng khi hng siu trng, siu
1. Quyt nh s 1407/Q-TC ngy 3-10-1981.
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trng ln nh vy. Kh khn l vy nhng anh em vn tm mi cch thc hin cho bng c. Thy cng nhn Vit Nam nh ngi nhng lm vic rt tch cc, bc hng c ngy, c m, n cm ton n bo bo, bt sn hp, Tng Gim c .G. Mamedov cn in cho b phn i sng ca Lin X a bnh m, sa hp, b, tht ngui ra ng vin anh em cng nhn Vit Nam. Nh vy, trong thi gian t thng10-1981 n thng 7-1982, X nghip Dch v Du kh vt qua mun vn gian kh trong bui u tip cn vi nhng phng tin thit b du kh bin khng l, lm tt mi cng tc dch v, phc v cho s khi u thnh cng ca X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro.
Ngy 1-7-1982, theo ngh ca Pha Lin X, hai pha tham gia X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro thng nht chuyn i bc xp hng ha, ban qun l cng, i kho bi gn 100 ngi cng ton b phng tin, thit b, h thng kho bi, cu cng, nh iu hnh cho X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro qun l. Ngy 13-9-1982, Hi ng X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro, k hp th II, quyt nh thnh lp Cc Dch v trc thuc X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro. ng L Quang Trung, Gim c X nghip Dch v Du kh c b nhim lm Chnh k s, quyn Cc trng Cc Dch v. Xng c kh c chuyn sang Trung tm sa cha c in thuc X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro. B phn cn li ca X nghip Dch v Du kh gm b my iu hnh, t dch v nh v v b phn dch v i sng trn b, c bn giao cho ng Trng Minh Chu, Quyn trng phng Ti v iu hnh1. Sau , Tng cc Du kh giao cho Ban Qun l cng trnh du kh Vng Tu trc tip qun l X nghip Dch v Du kh2, ng Phan Khc Thiu, Ph ban Qun l cng trnh du kh kim Gim c. Nhim v ch yu ca b phn cn li l dch v cc trm nh v, cung cp lng thc, thc phm, nc sch cho cc tu nghin cu kho st cc tuyn a vt l nh: tu Poisk, Iskatel, Gambursev, Malgin ca Lin on a vt l Vin ng (Lin X). Nhng nm sau, cng tc dch v ngy cng m rng, ngoi cc dch v nu trn, yu cu dch v cho X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro cng ngy mt tng, nht l s cn b cng nhn vin Vit Nam vo X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro tng nhanh, khi lng hng ha, thc phm yu cu ngy cng nhiu. Ngy 1411-1984, X nghip Dch v Du kh thuc Ban Qun l cng trnh c iu chuyn v trc thuc Tng cc Du kh3.
1. Quyt nh s 637/TCDK ngy 28-8-1982. 2. Quyt nh s 819/DK-TC ngy 27-10-1982. 3. Quyt nh s 1700/TC.
343

ng Phan Khc Thiu thi gi chc Ph ban Qun l cng trnh du kh lm Gim c X nghip Dch v Du kh. T thng 1-1986, ng Phan Khc Thiu chuyn sang lm B th ng y X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro, ng Trng Minh Chu c b nhim lm Quyn Gim c v sau l Gim c X nghip Dch v Du kh. n thng 7-1986, X nghip sp nhp vi Cng ty Dch v i sng thnh Cng ty Dch v Du kh (PSC).
Nh vy, t nm 1978 n nm 1986, d hot ng trong phm vi mt t chc trc thuc Cng ty Du kh Nam Vit Nam, trc thuc Ban Qun l cng trnh du kh Vng Tu hay trc thuc Tng cc Du kh, tp th cc th h lnh o v ngi lao ng X nghip Dch v Du kh vn bn b vt mi kh khn, va lm va hc, tng bc lm ch c mt lnh vc hot ng mi m ca ngnh Du kh, t nn mng cho ngnh cng nghip dch v du kh y tim nng, ng thi gp phn xng ng vo s nghip v vang ca ngnh kinh t mi nhn ca t nc. Tn du u tin c X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro khai thc ngy 26-6-1986 c phn ng gp cng sc ca nhng ngi lm dch v du kh.
4. Cng ty Phc v i sng

Nhng nm cui thp k 70, u thp k 80 ca th k XX, trong bi cnh nn kinh t t nc vn hnh theo c ch tp trung quan liu, bao cp, i sng ca cn b cng nhn vin chc lm vic trong cc c quan, doanh nghip nh nc v lc lng v trang da hon ton vo ch tem phiu. Lng thc, thc phm v mt s nhu yu phm, c nh lng theo lao ng, ngnh ngh v vng lnh th. Nhng ngi n theo th nh lng theo la tui. i sng cn b cng nhn vin chc hng lng t ngn sch nh nc rt thiu thn, kh khn. Trc hon cnh , ci thin phn no kh khn cho cn b cng nhn vin chc v ngi lao ng ang lm vic trong ngnh Du kh, ngy 2-121978, Tng cc Du kh thnh lp Cng ty Phc v i sng vi chc nng chnh l t chc cc c s trng trt, chn nui, nh c v cc c s ch bin lng thc, thc phm nhm ci thin i sng cho cn b cng nhn vin chc trong ngnh1.
1. Quyt nh s 1600/TC ngy 2-12-1978.
344

Gim c u tin ca Cng ty Phc v i sng l ng Nguyn Xun i1. n nm 1984, ng Bi Anh Tun c b nhim lm Gim c Cng ty thay ng Nguyn Xun i. Trc khi Cng ty Phc v i sng c thnh lp, di s ch o trc tip ca Ph Tng cc trng ng Quc Tuyn, cc hot ng ca Cng ty c tin hnh t u nm 1978, vi nng ct l mt s cn b t cc n v qun i thuc Tng cc Xy dng kinh t ca B Quc phng, tm bin ch v Vn phng Tng cc lm cc bc chun b cho s ra i ca Cng ty.
min Bc, Cng ty c c s sn xut 9 ha la ti vng ng trng ca huyn Thanh Lim, tnh H Nam, c s nui tru v nh bt hi sn ca sng Tr L thuc cc x ng Long, ng Hong, huyn Tin Hi, tnh Thi Bnh. min Nam, c cc c s trng la C Mau, Phng Ninh, Ha M v cc c s nui ong, b, ln. Tri la C Mau (thnh lp ngy 1-5-1978) trn t mn ca Nng trng Minh H vi 3 cn b qun l l s quan qun i - k s nng nghip, cn lc lng lao ng trc tip th thu ti ch. Nm u tin, Tri thu hoch c 47 tn thc, nhng nm tip theo, bnh qun t 75-80 tn. T nm 1978 n nm 1982, Tri la C Mau sn xut c gn 500 tn thc. n nm 1982, c s ny gii th tp trung v Tri la Phng Ninh. Tri la Phng Ninh, huyn Phng Hip, tnh Hu Giang (thnh lp ngy 1-6-1981), trn 500 ha t mn ca Nng trng Phng Ninh. Thc t tri hot ng t nm 1980, bnh qun hng nm Tri la Phng Ninh sn xut 350 n 400 tn thc, nm cao nht t 510 tn, tng sn lng thc thu c trong 10 nm t khong 4.000 tn. n cui nm 1989 u nm 1990 Tri gii th. Tri la Ha M, huyn Phng Hip (thnh lp nm 1982) c Cng ty Phc v i sng tip nhn t mt n v thuc Tng cc Hu cn ca qun i chuyn sang, c din tch khong hn 30 ha, hng nm lm ra khong 25 n 30 tn thc. n cui nm 1983 u nm 1984, Tri gii th v chuyn v Tri la Phng Ninh. Tri nui ong (thnh lp nm 1980) gm 1 cn b qun l v cc nhn vin, cng nhn k thut nui tuyn ti ch, c s gip v nghip v ca Chi
1. Quyt nh s 639/TC ngy 26-4-1979.
345
nhnh Cng ty ong Trung ng ti Thnh ph H Ch Minh. n nm 1982, s n ong ca Tri ln n hn 300 n, khai thc phn hoa v mt. Tri ong thng xuyn phi di chuyn n cc a phng khc nhau theo ngun v ma hoa, mi v hoa ch ko di t 2 n 2 thng ri. Vic lm sa ong cha ch c tin hnh trong thi k dng n trc ma chun b khai thc mt. Hng nm, sn lng thu c khong gn 200 kg phn hoa, 5 n 6 tn mt v 2 n 3 kg sa ong cha. Phn hoa v sa ong cha ch yu dng trao i vi Cng ty ong Trung ng ly ng trng Cuba, dng phn phi li cho cn b cng nhn vin trong ngnh. n nm 1985 Tri nui ong gii th. Tri chn nui ln (thnh lp nm 1981) trn c s mt tri chn nui ca ngi Hoa li qun Tn Bnh, Thnh ph H Ch Minh. Quy m nui hng nm t 15 n 20 con ln ni ging ngoi t tc ging v t 100 n 150 con ln tht. Sn lng tht hng nm t t 14 n 15 tn tht cung cp thng xuyn cho hai nh khch ca Tng cc Vng Tu v Thnh ph H Ch Minh, Trm iu dng ca Tng cc Bi Du, cc n v ca Tng cc pha Nam vo cc dp l, tt. n nm 1989, Tri chn nui ln gii th. Tri chn nui b (thnh lp thng 9-1986) ti ng ba th trn Tam Hip, thnh ph Bin Ha vi quy m gn 200 con, sn lng tht thu c gn 12 tn. n nm 1989 Tri gii th. Ngoi ra, Cng ty Phc v i sng cn trin khai mt s hot ng sn xut, kinh doanh ph tr khc nh mua bn trao i hng ha, nhu yu phm vi s lng khng ln. Cng ty cn tham gia dn sch lng h thu in Tr An tn dng ci, g v trng ma, nhng ma b voi rng ph sch, khng thu hoch c g. Cng ty Phc v i sng trc thuc Tng cc Du kh hot ng c gn 8 nm, n thng 7-1986 sp nhp vi X nghip Dch v Du kh thnh Cng ty Dch v Du kh (PSC), nhng nhim v sn xut lng thc, thc phm vn tip tc n nm 1989. Trong gn 12 nm xy dng v pht trin, Cng ty Phc v i sng hon thnh c cc nhim v do Tng cc Du kh giao, sn xut c mt khi lng sn phm bao gm: hn 5.000 tn la, gn 120 tn tht ln v b, hn 20 tn mt ong, 1 tn phn hoa. Tuy s lng sn phm Cng ty lm ra khng ln nhng gp phn quan trng ci thin i sng cho cn b cng nhn vin chc v ngi lao ng trong ton Tng cc, nht l i vi cn b t min Bc thng xuyn vo cng tc cc n v pha Nam, anh em cng nhn lm cc cng vic nng nhc, ngi lao ng ngh cc Trm iu dng v cn
346
b cng nhn vin chc cc n v pha Bc vo nhng thi im Nh nc gp kh khn v cung cp lng thc.
5. Cng ty Vt t Vn ti Du kh
Ngy 22-4-1978, Tng cc Du kh thnh lp Cng ty Vt t Vn ti Du kh vi chc nng l n v cung ng thit b vt t v dch v vn ti cho cc n v trong ton ngnh Du kh1.
ng Nguyn Lng Dn, c b nhim lm Ph Gim c ph trch Cng ty. Sau l i t Trn Thi Vnh (nm 1979) lm Gim c v thiu t Nguyn Xun ng t Ph Vn phng Tng cc Du kh chuyn v lm Ph Gim c ph trch Cng ty Vt t Vn ti Du kh (nm 1987). ng Trn Thi Vnh nh li: khi y Cng ty c mt tiu on xe gm 200 ngi, c 100 xe, ch yu l ca Lin X. Vi kho Thi Bnh khong 50 ngi. Chi nhnh Vng Tu c 10 ngi. B th ng u l ng i c Phng khng khng qun; Trng phng K ton l ngi H Ni. Bui u lm vic vn phng ti ph Nguyn Thi Hc v cng cht chi. Sau ny nh lp ghp 5 tng khu Thnh Cng d th hn2.
Ngay sau khi c thnh lp, Cng ty nhanh chng t chc tip qun, ci to, m rng v u t mi Tng kho vt t thit b ng Hng (Thi Bnh), kho cn khoan ng chng v ha cht Xun Thy (Nam nh), kho vt t v ha cht Vng Tu, kho cha cht n dng trong hot ng du kh. Cng ty sm kin ton m hnh t chc ca mnh bng vic thnh lp cc n v trc thuc ph trch cung ng vt t, vn ti theo a bn v chuyn ngnh nh: Ban Cung ng vt t thit b k thut du kh I pha Bc, Chi nhnh Vt t vn ti du kh II pha Nam, X nghip Vn ti Du kh Nam nh, v.v. bo m phc v kp thi cc hot ng du kh trn a bn. Trn c s k hoch hng nm ca Tng cc Du kh v phn b ch tiu ca cc b, c quan nh nc, Cng ty t chc m phn, k kt cc hp ng nhp khu vt t thit b cho ngnh Du kh. Mt trong s cc hp ng in hnh l Hp ng 73093, nhp khu ton b thit b vt t ph tng cho 2 ging khoan su 5.000 m v cc gin khoan trn t lin Uralmash 3D-67, BU-75. y l mt hp ng c bit ln, c Cng ty tip nhn khng xy ra thiu
1. Quyt nh s 1987/DK-QTC. 2. Nhiu tc gi, T Duy Anh ch bin: Nhng ngi i tm la, Nxb. Hi Nh vn, 2009, t.III, tr. 230.
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st no, bo m tnh ng b ca thit b. Hng nghn chng loi thit b vt t chuyn dng khc, ch yu nhp khu t Lin X, c Cng ty t chc bo qun, bo dng v cung ng phc v cho chng trnh tm kim, thm d ca ngnh Du kh trn ton quc t cc ging khoan 104 Ph C (Hng Yn), cc ging khoan Thi Thy, Tin Hi, ng C (Thi Bnh), ging 102 Giao Thy, ging 110 Cn en - ca Ba Lt (Nam nh) n ging khoan C Ci, Phng Hip (ng bng sng Cu Long). Ngoi ra, Cng ty cn t chc mng li khai thc cc ngun vt t, ha cht trong nc dng cho du kh nh barit, bentonite cung cp cho cc ging khoan ca Cng ty Du kh I v on Du kh ng bng Cu Long.
ng ng Trn Giao - nguyn Trng ban Thng mi ca Tp on Du kh Vit Nam k li: H Thnh Cng - nm pha sau tr s ca Tp on Du kh Quc gia Vit Nam hin nay, c hnh thnh do nhu cu st ti chu nhit ca ngnh Du kh vo nhng nm 1970-1980. Trc nhng nm 1970 ca th k XX, on a cht 39 ca Tng cc a cht tin hnh thm d st vng Thnh Cng ng a - H Ni. Din tch thm d 1,5 km2 v xc nh tr lng st trn 4 triu tn. St mu xm trng pha vi mu nu g, cht lng khng t lm st bt Bentonit, song dng st ti th lm dung dch rt tt cho khoan su nn thng gi l st ng a. Khi trin khai cc ging khoan 104 Ph C (Hng Yn), khoan 102, khoan 110 Xun Thu (Nam nh) su 4.000-5.000 m, phi dng hng chc xe KRAZ 15 tn ch hng nghn tn st ti phc v cho cc ging khoan ny. Tng cc trng Nguyn Vn Bin ch thn gp Ch tch U ban nhn dn thnh ph H Ni Trn V huy ng c mt i i thuc Qun khu Th chuyn gip st ln xe.
Trong lnh vc dch v vn ti, Cng ty trin khai trang b v khai thc hiu qu cc phng tin vn ti thy b gm 5 x lan pha sng bin, 2 u ko bin v khong 50 xe vn ti. Cng ty cng cung cp cc dch v vn ti ng b, ng sng v ng bin m bo phc v cho cc chng trnh khoan ti ng bng sng Hng v ng bng sng Cu Long. c bit, khi xy ra s c kt ng ca ging khoan C Ci, Cng ty t chc vn chuyn b dng c cu kt (cn tri) bng ng hng khng t sn bay Gia Lm kp thi x l s c ging khoan. T nm 1981, cng tc khoan tm kim, thm d du kh t lin thu hp ng k, ring on Du kh ng bng Cu Long kt thc nhim v khoan. Hip nh hp tc Vit - X v thm d a cht v khai thc du kh thm lc
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a pha Nam Vit Nam c k kt nm 1980, chun b thnh lp X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro vo thng 6-1981. Cng ty Vt t Vn ti Du kh c giao nhim v t chc thu gom s vt t thit b ca on Du kh ng bng Cu Long chuyn ra pha Bc, tp kt ti Tng kho ng Hng cng vi s thit b, vt t pha Bc tin hnh phn loi, bo dng, bo qun ch bn giao cho X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro. y l nhim v phc tp v khi lng thit b vt t rt ln, nhiu chng loi, c bit l s vt t thu hi t on Du kh ng bng Cu Long v. Vic phn loi, xc nh cht lng i hi u t ln c v k thut v thi gian. ng thi Cng ty cng c giao nhim v tip nhn ton b thit b vt t mi do Pha Lin X chuyn sang cho X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro. Vic tip nhn cc vt t mi cng rt a dng vi nhiu hp ng nhp khu quy m khc nhau. Tuy nhin, Cng ty Vt t Vn ti Du kh t chc tt vic thu hi, phn loi vt t thit b c v tip nhn vt t thit b mi, khng h hng tht thot, c Tng cc Du kh nh gi hon thnh tt nhim v. X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro tin hnh xy lp gin khoan c nh u tin MSP-1. Mt trong nhng yu cu cp bch l phi c cc phng tin thy (x lan, ponton) phc v cho cng tc h thy chn . Cng ty Vt t Vn ti Du kh c giao nhim v cung ng cc phng tin thy ny. thc hin nhim v c giao, Cng ty phi hp vi Vin Nghin cu tu thy v cc nh my ng tu Bch ng, Ba Son, la chn phng n thit k, ng mi pontong v sa cha, ci to x lan B66, x lan Bastile. Cng ty cn cung cp h thng ti neo phc v cho cng tc h thy chn . y l hp ng dch v k thut u tin Cng ty Vt t Vn ti Du kh k vi X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro. Cc phng tin thy, cc loi thit b, vt t v dch v c Cng ty Vt t Vn ti Du kh cung cp kp thi ng tin , ng yu cu k thut cho X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro, gp phn thng li vo vic h thy chn gin khoan s 1 ca m Bch H.
ng Trn Thi Vnh, nguyn Gim c Cng ty nh li: Ln y, ti chu trch nhim lm hai phao ni bng thp siu c ch chn gin khoan t Cng du kh ra ta ngoi khi, s l gin khoan Bch H sau ny... Ln li vo Nam ra Bc, ti tm n mi nh my, mi x nghip ng tu ca Vit Nam. ang thiu vic lm, n v no cng hm h nhng lc bt tng tm, nh th di co li. Cui cng, Nh my ng tu Bch ng m nhn... Ngy h thu siu phao long trng hn hoan nh ngy h thu con tu vt i dng. Hai phao ni t gi Bch ng, t gi Hi Phng theo tu ko bng bnh ra khi, nhm thng pha Nam m tin... Hai siu phao ni cp Cng du kh an ton ng tin hi
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trnh... Ngy hai phao ni ch chn u tin n ta Bch H, ai ny lng im theo di, lng im ch i. Su xung thm lc a, t vo ta ni y bin, chn mt phao ni dn dn chm xung... Chn gin khoan h thu ng nh tnh ton, ng nh mong i ca mi ngi1.
Cng trong thi gian ny Cng ty Vt t Vn ti Du kh tham gia cng tc ci to tu vn ti thnh tu Bnh Minh kho st a chn ven bin u tin ca Tng cc Du kh. Hn tm nm tn ti v hot ng trong iu kin nn kinh t t nc cn vn hnh theo c ch k hoch ha tp trung, Cng ty Vt t Vn ti Du kh n lc hon thnh tt mi nhim v c Tng cc Du kh giao. Cng ty lm trn trng trch hu cn k thut cho tt c cc n v trong ngnh, t Bc vo Nam. Trong nhng ngy u hot ng ca X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro y kh khn, Cng ty Vt t Vn ti Du kh c nhng ng gp quan trng to iu kin thun li cho X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro xy lp thnh cng gin khoan c nh s 1 m Bch H, tin ti khai thc tn du u tin ca Vit Nam, ngy 26-6-1986.
6. Cng ty Dch v Du kh (PSC)

Ngy 23-7-1986, X nghip Dch v Du kh v Cng ty Phc v i sng hp nht thnh Cng ty Dch v Du kh (PSC)2.
ng Trng Minh Chu, Gim X nghip Dch v Du kh c b nhim lm Quyn Gim c Cng ty. Nm 1987, ng Nguyn Khc Chnh, chuyn vin V Ti v, c b nhim lm Quyn Gim c Cng ty Dch v Du kh thay ng Trng Minh Chu. Nm 1988, ng Phan Tin, Ph Gim c Ban Qun l Khu lin hp lc, ha du Thnh Tuy H, c bt lm Gim c Cng ty PSC.
Thi gian u sau khi thnh lp, Cng ty Dch v Du kh hot ng ch yu trong lnh vc cung cp dch v sinh hot, i sng. T nm 1989, Cng ty bt u trin khai mt s loi hnh dch v du kh chuyn ngnh, ng thi t chc thc hin hai d n h tng k thut quan trng c Tng cc Du kh giao cho u t l Cng dch v du kh v Kho xng du Vng Tu.
1. Sd, tr. 232, 235, 236. 2. Quyt nh s 1265/Q-TC ca Tng cc Du kh.
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Giai on t nm 1986 n nm 1988, Cng ty Dch v Du kh ch yu tip tc thc hin cc dch v sinh hot v dch v i sng truyn thng m hai n v sp nhp vn lm t trc nh sn xut lng thc, thc phm, chn nui, mua bn, trao i cung ng hng ha, nhu yu phm, v.v. cho cn b cng nhn vin trong ngnh Du kh. Ngoi vic duy tr Tri sn xut la Phng Ninh (Phng Hip, Hu Giang), Tri nui ln qun Tn Bnh (Thnh ph H Ch Minh), Cng ty cn lp thm Tri chn nui b Tam Hip (thnh ph Bin Ha), t chc trng ma ven h Tr An (ng Nai), v.v.. Cng ty cn cung cp mt s vt t cho X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro, cung cp dch v sinh hot, dch v bo dng sa cha cng trnh, thit b my mc, dch v bo v cho khu nh ca chuyn gia Lin X v cn b nhn vin Vit Nam lm vic cho Vietsovpetro (khu nh 5 tng). Cng ty t chc trin khai dch v cho Lin on a vt l Vin ng, Lin on Khoan ca Lin X, ch yu l cung cp lao ng cho cc trm nh v, cc gin khoan, lm th tc v a n chuyn gia i ca, cung cp vt t, nhin liu, thc phm, v.v.. Cng vi vic cung cp nhng dch v truyn thng cho Vietsovpetro v cc nh thu Lin X, trong giai on 1989-1992, PSC tch cc tham gia cung cp dch v cho hot ng ca cc cng ty du kh khc nh ONGC, Enterprise Oil, PetroCanada, PetroFina v cc nh thu ph ca h. PSC tham gia cung cp lao ng cho cc cng ty khoan, cc trm nh v, nhn vin vn phng, dch v i l tu bin, cung ng tu bin, cung cp nhin liu, vt t, v.v., cung cp tu bo v, h tng cho tu a vt l, tu kho st a cht cng trnh hot ng ngoi khi. Thi gian ny PSC ch c mt con tu ng lnh (tu chuyn dng ch hng thc phm ng lnh) thc hin dch v tu bo v, ngoi ra u phi thu ngoi nh tu Bnh Minh ca Cng ty a vt l, cc tu ca Hi qun, X nghip Trc vt cu h (VISAL) hoc tu nh c. PSC cn lm i l, mi gii cho mt s hng tu nc ngoi, trong c SWIRE PACIFIC tham gia cung cp tu dch v cho cc cng ty du kh. Thc hin vic y thc ca Vietsovpetro, Cng ty k vi Lin on Khoan Vin ng ca Lin X khoan mt s ging khoan thm lng cho Vietsovpetro. c bit, t nm 1989, PSC n lc y mnh vic xy dng cc cng trnh Cng dch v du kh v Kho xng du Vng Tu m Tng cc Du kh giao cho u t. Cng thng lu Ngy 18-11-1989, Tng cc Du kh quyt nh chuyn giao Cng thng lu t Ban Qun l cng trnh du kh Vng Tu sang Cng ty Dch v Du kh. Bn
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cng thng lu gm 152,7 m bn, tng ng 2.466 m2 mt bn, gm c kha bn; 12.871 m2 bi, trong c 2.200 m2 bi , 10.671 m2 bi t v hng ro xy gch b tng di 331 m1.
Ngay sau khi nhn bn giao, Cng ty Dch v Du kh lp Ban Qun l xy dng cng dch v; ng Nguyn Vn Thnh, Ph Gim c kim Trng ban, ng ng Lng, Ph phng Kinh t - K hoch c phn cng ch o cng tc thi cng xy dng. Cng ty hon thin bi cha hng kt cu (theo thit k ca Lin X s dng cho cng ca X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro), nh kho bng khung kho Tip, din tch 720 m2, nh iu hnh tm cp 4, tin hnh mua sm cn cu, xe nng, t ti X nghip cng dch v du kh thuc PSC c thnh lp2 do ng Nguyn Ngc Lm lm Gim c.
Cng thng lu c a vo hot ng kp thi phc v cho cc cng ty: ONGC, Enterprise Oil, Petronas Carigali v mt s nh thu ph. Tuy nhin, do Cng thng lu rt nh, khng p ng c nhu cu dch v ngy mt tng ca cc nh thu du kh lc , nn Tng cc Du kh ch trng m rng cc c s vt cht, k thut cho hot ng dch v du kh trn b. Tng cc quyt nh giao cho PSC u t hai d n quan trng l Cng dch v du kh h lu v Kho xng du Vng Tu. Cng h lu Ngy 18-4-1990, Tng cc Du kh quyt nh chuyn giao tip t Ban Qun l cng trnh du kh Vng Tu sang Cng ty Dch v Du kh phn on 9 v 10 bn cng h lu v din tch bi tng ng3.
Lnh o PSC hp bn v u t xy dng cn c dch v du kh h lu
1. Quyt nh s 1735/Q-KH. 2. Quyt nh s 198/DK-TC ngy 2-3-1991. 3. Quyt nh s 477/KH.
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Sau khi Tng cc Du kh sp nhp vo B Cng nghip nng, Tng Cng ty Du kh Vit Nam ch o Cng ty Dch v Du kh tip tc trin khai xy dng cng h lu. Kho xng du Vng Tu T nm 1982, Kho xng du Vng Tu c giao cho Ban Qun l cng trnh du kh Vng Tu tip nhn, sa cha chuyn cho Vietsovpetro s dng v gp vo vn php nh. Mc ch ban u l va cha sn phm du va cha du th, do vy cc thit b cng ngh nhp t Lin X v c c h thng gia nhit cho du th. V sau phng n dng kho cha du th khng c trin khai. Thng 12-1990, PSC tip nhn Kho xng du Vng Tu vi tng dung tch 45.000 m3 c bn hon thnh phn xy lp cc b cha. PSC tip tc hon thin cc cng trnh cn d dang, xy dng h thng ng ng cng ngh, cu cng xut nhp xng du. Kh khn ln nht l v tr xy dng cng xut nhp xng du. Ban Qun l cng trnh du kh Vng Tu (sau chuyn thnh Cng ty Kh) khng tha thun c a im xy dng cng. Sau khi nhn chuyn giao, PSC lm th tc tha thun a im kho st v thit k tuyn ng vt sng v cng xut nhp sn phm nh v tr hin nay. B Cng nghip nng ph duyt Bo co kinh t - k thut1 v thit k k thut phn b sung, iu chnh Kho xng du Vng Tu2. n cui nm 1992, cng tc xy dng tuyn ng v cng xut nhp xng du c bn hon thnh. X nghip Cung ng xng du thuc PSC c thnh lp3. Kho xng du sau c Cng ty Dch v K thut Du kh (PTSC) tip nhn, tip tc xy dng, hon thin, vn hnh th v chnh thc a vo khai thc phc v Vietsovpetro v cc khch hng khc vo gia nm 1993. Ngoi hai x nghip trn, trong nhng nm t nm 1988 n cui nm 1992 PSC cn c cc n v trc thuc l X nghip Dch v hng ha tng hp, X nghip Dch v nh , cc chi nhnh ti Thnh ph H Ch Minh, Nng, i Khoan v nh v, Xng C in lnh.
1. Quyt nh s 210/CNNg-XDCB ngy 5-6-1991. 2. Quyt nh s 486/CNNg-XDCB ngy 8-11-1991. 3. Quyt nh s 744/TCNS-T ngy 7-9-1992.
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Cn c dch v du kh Vng Tu nm 1990 A - Cng thng lu PSC; B - Kho xng du PSC; C - Khu tr s PSC 1982-1988; D - Cng h lu PSC, mi xy dng xong phn on 9 v 10; E - Khu m rng cn c dch v du kh h lu PTSC, khu 46,7 ha.
PSC tham gia thnh lp Cng ty lin doanh PSA, hot ng dch v xut nhp khu du kh. y mt lin doanh gia PSC v Cng ty CanNam - Trimex (ca Vit kiu Canaa), c thnh lp v hot ng theo Lut u t nc ngoi ti Vit Nam. Cng ty PSA bt u hot ng t thng 8-1989, ch yu lm dch v nhp khu y thc cho Vietsovpetro m trc y ch do Petechim (thuc B Thng nghip) thc hin.
Cng ty PSA do ng Phan Tin lm Ch tch Hi ng Qun tr, ng c Nguyn lm Tng Gim c, ng Nguyn Ch Thnh, Ph Tng Gim c kim Trng phng Kinh t - K hoch.
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S tuyn ng vt sng Dinh v cu cng xut nhp xng du
Cng ty PSA cng c php hot ng xut nhp khu trc tip. Cc hp ng nhp khu k gia Vietsovpetro vi PSC u phi y thc li cho Cng ty PSA thc hin, v trong thi gian , PSC khng c cp php hot ng xut nhp khu trc tip. Cng ty PSA hot ng n khong gia nm 1993 th gii th. Trong thi gian hn 7 nm xy dng v pht trin, PSC hon thnh xut sc nhim v c giao, thc hin cung ng ngy mt tng nhiu loi hnh dch v cho X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro v cc nh thu du kh khc, nht l dch v sinh hot, dch v i sng, ng gp ng k vo thnh cng ca cc hot ng du kh trn thm lc a Nam Vit Nam, gp phn to iu kin thun li thc hin nhim v tm kim, thm d v khai thc du kh cho t nc. Cng du kh h lu, Kho xng du Vng Tu do PSC khi lp l nhng c s vt cht k thut quan trng gp phn lm nn Cn c dch v du kh PTSC Vng Tu sau ny, mt trong nhng cn c dch v hin i, ln nht khu vc ng Nam .
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7. Cng ty a vt l v Dch v Du kh (GPTS)

Ngy 22-3-1989, Tng cc Du kh quyt nh chuyn Cng ty a vt l thnh Cng ty a vt l v Dch v Du kh (GPTS)1. Cng ty c hai nhim v chnh l tip tc trin khai cng tc a vt l v lm dch v chuyn ngnh du kh.
ng Nguyn Xun Nhm, Ph V trng V Khoa hc - K thut Tng cc Du kh c iu v lm Gim c Cng ty a vt l v Dch v Du kh. Cng ty c cc n v thnh vin: X nghip a vt l do ng Nguyn Vn Kha, Ph Gim c Cng ty kim Gim c X nghip; X nghip Dch v Du kh Hi Phng do ng V Vn L lm Gim c; X nghip Dch v Du kh bin do ng Bi Th Mnh, Ph Gim c Cng ty kim Gim c X nghip; Trng i din ti Nng ln lt l cc ng Ng Sch Trng, Nguyn Quang Thng; Trng i din ti Vng Tu l ng Nguyn Quang Thng, Ph Gim c Cng ty; Cng ty Lin doanh Oilfield Drilling Vietnam (ODV), lin doanh vi Cng ty Oilfield Drilling Nauy, ng Vn Khnh lm Ph Tng Gim c, ng Nguyn Xun Nhm lm Ch tch Hi ng Qun tr. Tuy quyt nh thnh lp Cng ty ban hnh t cui thng 3-1989, nhng thi im chuyn giao thc t l ngy 3-5-1989 ti tr s Cng ty Cha V, Hi Phng. Ti thi im ny, Cng ty ang trong tnh trng rt kh khn. Vn ling c trong tay ch cn vi triu ng, c s vt cht l hn mi chic xe UAZ c, mt tu pha sng bin T50 v mt x lan B66 rch nt, ch thanh l. Cn con tu a chn Bnh Minh, vang bng mt thi, th khng cn nhim v sn xut na phi chuyn sang lm tu bo v. Cn b nhn vin vn phng c khong gn 200 ngi th Cng ty n lng 4 thng cha tr. Cn hng nghn ngi lao ng c vic hoc khng c vic lm th Cng ty n lng c nm. Tht nghip, tng thiu trm b. Hng trm cn b cng nhn vin ngh khng lng, ri rc khu vc Xun Thy (Nam nh), Hng Yn, Qun Toan (Hi Phng), v.v.. Cng ty cho v nh sn xut, np bo him bng 40 kg la/thng... Tinh thn i ng ngi lao ng s kh ng vng c trong bo tp ca thi k chuyn i sang c ch th trng v phi i theo con ng sp nhp hoc gii th nh mt vi n v khc trong Tng cc Du kh! Lng tin tuy cha mt nhng bt u chao o.
ng trc hon cnh c phn nan gii, ban lnh o mi th hin bn lnh v ch vt kh, cng nhau bn bc, hin k, tm cch a Cng ty vt qua kh khn v hai nhim v cp bch c vch ra l:
1. Quyt nh s 195/TC-DK ca Tng cc Du kh.
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Nhim v th nht: nhanh chng n nh tnh hnh, lm yn lng v c v lng tin ni i ng cn b cng nhn vin.
Thi k ngun sng duy nht ca cn b cng nhn vin v gia nh l trng vo lng thng v ch tem phiu. iu mong i gin n ca mi ngi lao ng l c lnh lng mi thng trang tri cuc sng vn rt cng thng trong thi bui kinh t t nc kh khn, trong khi , thc t Cng ty nhiu thng, thm ch, i vi nhiu b phn, c nm cha c nhn lng Ban lnh o mi ca Cng ty hiu rt r iu . Vn l kim u ra c dm chc triu ng, mt s tin trang tri n lng ca cn b cng nhn vin. Mt quyt nh tnh th c a ra l phi tm ngun vay, tm thi gii quyt ngay kh khn cho anh em. V th l ng V Bch, Ph Gim c Cng ty c c i s, v Thi Bnh vay tin Cng ty Du kh I, do ng Nguyn Trng Tng lm Gim c, c tin tr lng n ca anh em n ht thng 5-1989. Chuyn cng cn c bit y thnh cng ngoi mong i. Cng ty Du kh I cho vay 75 triu ng, thi y to lm! Mt ming khi i bng mt gi khi no. S kin ny l mt mc son trong lch s pht trin ca GPTS (Cng ty a vt l v Dch v Du kh), GPTS mi mi trn trng tnh ngha, s chia s qu gi ca Cng ty Du kh I. T Cng ty c th nhanh chng gii c bi ton yn dn, cng c lng tin ca ngi lao ng vo ban lnh o mi, ri kt cc, ai cng hiu rng cng nhau cho chng v vn mnh ca Cng ty, cng chnh l v cuc sng ca mi ngi.
Nhim v th hai: tn dng mi ngun lc, mi c hi, i ln t nhng dch v nh l, ly ngn nui di. Thi gian , Cng ty vn cn c giao nhim v tip tc thc hin cng tc a vt l, ch yu l khu tng hp ti liu thc a lm trc y, minh gii v lp cc bo co chuyn do Tng cc Du kh giao v cp pht vn. Do , Cng ty vn phi lo b tr i b phn cn b chuyn mn k thut vo nhim v chnh tr ny. Tuy nhin, nhn thc c rng li thot ca n v chnh l nhim v th hai: lm dch v du kh, nn Cng ty tp trung huy ng mi ngun lc vt cht t i hin c, ng vin ton b lc lng lao ng nhanh chng m mang pht trin mt s khu dch v c t nhiu li th so snh nh: tu bo v cho cc tu a chn v gin khoan; cung ng nhn lc, vt t, nhu yu phm cho cc trm nh v; cung ng cng nhn khoan cho cc gin khoan bin, v.v.. Cng ty bm st cc cng ty du ang trin khai hot ng nh Total, Shell, BP, Enterprise Oil khng b st mt c hi dch v no, d ln hay nh.
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Nhng ngy , Gim c Cng ty chp nhn i xe UAZ c nt dnh xe UAZ t c hn cho Ty thu. Anh em lm kinh doanh tnh ton chi li, cung ng tng k rau, hp sa, lt xngnng nht cht b. Mt thi k tht khn kh nhng cng tht ho hng. C ln phi cp gp mt khi lng ln hng cho nh thu khu vc Hi Phng, c Trng phng, c ng V Bch, Ph Gim c Cng ty cng tham gia vo cng vic bc d, vn chuyn vi anh em cng nhn cho kp tin yu cu.
Nhng thng cui nm 1989, Cng ty lin tip ginh c cc hp ng tu bo v c ba min Bc, Trung, Nam. Cng ty khai thc nhiu phng tin thy nhn ri ca cc n v bn nh cc tu HQ 702, HQ 706, HQ 707, HQ 710, HQ 686 ca lc lng Hi qun nhn dn, tu Visal ca X nghip Trc vt cu h min Nam, cc tu nh c ca X nghip Thy sn Ty Nam, v.v., cung cp cho cc nh thu du kh nc ngoi. Cc hp ng cung ng cng nhn khoan bin ngy mt nhiu, khng nhng gii quyt cng n vic lm cho nhiu ngi lao ng trong Cng ty (ch yu l lc lng li xe, th hn, cng nhn a vt l c o to cp tc thnh cng nhn khoan bin), m cn gip s dng c mt s lng ng k i ng cng nhn khoan ca Cng ty Du kh I ang khng c vic lm. Tuy c mt s cng nhn khoan chuyn t Cng ty Du kh I v lm nng ct, t nhiu c kinh nghim thc t khoan trn t lin, nhng i lm khoan bin th cn rt mi. p ng cc tiu ch la chn ca cc nh thu khoan, nht l v ngoi ng v an ton, Cng ty tp trung o to nhiu t cho anh em cng nhn ti c s Qun Toan (Hi Phng) v an ton trong khoan bin, kt hp b tc cp tc ngoi ng, trc khi c ra lm vic trn gin khoan. i khoan bin u tin ca GPTS lm vic trn gin khoan ti vnh Bc B do ng ng Th Hng, k s khoan, lm i trng. Nh c chun b k t cc lp o to trn b, nn s cng nhn khoan Vit Nam do GPTS cung cp nhn chung c kh nng rn luyn tay ngh kh nhanh, c nh thu khoan nh gi tt, dn dn h cho thay th nhiu v tr trc kia do ngi Philippin, Innxia m nhn. nh v cng l th mnh ca Cng ty v nhiu anh em c lm quen nhng cng vic tng t khi thc hin cng tc a vt l bng tu Bnh Minh trc y. Ch sau vi thng lm vic, c trng hp c Cng ty nh v Racal Survey cho lm tr l trm nh v. Nhn lc nh v do GPTS cung cp c mt tri di khp b bin Vit Nam, bt c ni u c hot ng du kh.
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Cn c Ph Rng c khn trng trin khai v hot ng lin tc ngy m phc v hot ng khoan ca Total ngoi khi vnh Bc B, em li ngun thu ng k. Kh th lao ng khn trng bao trm khp cc b phn ca Cng ty, nhiu ngi lao ng khng c vic lm cc khu vc Hng Yn, Xun Thy, Qun Toan c gi v lm dch v, c c mt s con em cn b cng nhn vin bt u c tuyn vo lm vic, ai ai cng phn khi trc s i thay nhanh chng. Thc t khng nh nhng bin php cp bch ny l rt ph hp v hon ton ng, n nhanh chng em li hiu qu tc thi ng mng. Ch sau hn by thng hot ng, Cng ty thay da i tht, khng cn cnh n lng. Tt u tin lm dch v c thng v iu quan trng hn l i ng ngi lao ng c c lng tin vo tng lai. Tht l mt kt qu k diu, ngoi mong i. T nm 1990, khng cn phi lo toan nhng vn mang tnh cp bch nh trc na v cng n, vic lm, lo lng thng Cng ty bt u c tch ly, c th tnh n u t c s vt cht cho pht trin lu di. Cng ty nhn thy rng: n lc khng th vn hnh Cng ty bng cc bin php git gu v vai nh thi gian qua, n lc phi nm bt kp thi c hi pht trin cc dch v du kh bin c th, cn c lu di, phi tng bc c trong tay mt c s vt cht hng hu, a Cng ty pht trin bn vng ln tm cao mi, gp phn xy dng thng hiu dch v du kh Vit Nam. Vi mt Ban lnh o dm ngh, dm lm, dm chu trch nhim, Cng ty a vt l v Dch v Du kh (GPTS) tri nghim qua thi k lch s mang tnh bc ngot trong qu trnh xy dng, pht trin ca mnh, bng vic a ra quyt sch chin lc: nh hng pht trin dch v k thut chuyn ngnh; xc lp a bn hot ng ton quc, trong pha Nam l trng im. nh hng pht trin dch v k thut du kh chuyn ngnh T nhn thc dch v k thut l lnh vc dch v c tim nng pht trin ln nht v c tm quan trng ct li trong hot ng du kh, v y cng l khu quyt nh kh nng t lc ca ngnh Du kh sau ny, lnh o Cng ty quyt nh chn dch v k thut l nh hng pht trin ca GPTS. Ngay t ngy y, cc mi nhn dch v k thut du kh chuyn ngnh nh dch v cn c, dch v tu chuyn dng, dch v khoan, dch v c kh sa cha, ch to v lp rp, dch v ng cu du trn, v.v. c nh hng theo cc mc tiu pht trin di, km theo mt k hoch trin khai ngn hn, ly ngn nui di.
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Dch v tu chuyn dng T cui nhng nm 1970 ca th k XX, cng vi vic ngnh Du kh thc hin cc d n vn ra bin u tin nh: khoan ging khoan Cn en, tin hnh thm d bng tu a chn Bnh Minh, v.v. xut hin nhng m hnh s khai ca dch v vn ti chuyn dng. Khi nc ta cha c nhng con tu dch v ng vi ngha ca n nh sau ny, nn s mng vn ti chuyn dng c giao cho cc phng tin thng dng nh x lan B66, tu pha sng bin T50,... lc u l ca Cng ty Vt t Vn ti Du kh, sau chuyn cho Cng ty a vt l (sau l Cng ty a vt l v Dch v K thut Du kh - GPTS) qun l v khai thc cng vi tu Bnh Minh. T nm 1988 tr i, hng lot d n du kh c cc cng ty du quc t trin khai cc khu vc ngoi khi nc ta t Bc vo Nam, m ra mt th trng tim nng dch v tu chuyn dng t nhng loi hnh n gin nht nh tu bo v, ym tr n cc phng tin hin i, phc tp nh tu dch v a chc nng, tu dch v ln, tu chuyn dng chng chy, v.v.. Trong khi cha kh nng u t ln ngay i tu dch v chuyn dng, tn dng nhng ng vn t i tch ly c trong nm u tin hot ng, Cng ty quyt nh u t ngay mt s tu bo v cn vn khng ln (200300 triu ng cho mt tu), ph hp vi kh nng qun l khai thc lc , li ang c th trng kh tt. Cng vic u tin l a tu Bnh Minh ln c sa cha ln, trang b b sung mt s thit b cn thit lm tu bo v, kp thi phc v tu a chn GEOKAPPA lm cho Shell v BP trn vng bin min Trung. Tip n l mua mt s tu nh c c trong nc v sa cha, hon ci thnh tu bo v. Mt lot cc tu bo v mang tn GPTS 102, GPTS 103, v.v. ln lt ra i. Nhng con tu ny, v sau, cn c trang b thm cc thit b hng hi, thng tin hin i, c nng cp ng k v cht lng. GPTS t ch phi da hon ton vo cc tu huy ng ca hi qun, trc vt, thy sn, bc u c i tu ring lm nng ct cung cp dch v bo v, bo m phc v tt hn yu cu ca cc nh thu, mang li hiu qu tc thi ng k v kinh t, ti chnh cho Cng ty. Tuy nhin, thnh cng ca vic u t ny ch c khng nh nh c i ng lao ng vi mt nim tin vo tng lai n v v s cho li ca ban lnh o Cng ty. Cho tu ra cc cng trnh du kh ngoi bin khi l hu nh giao ph mi kh khn, nguy him cho thuyn trng, s quan v thy th trn tu. Vic vn hnh nhng con tu nh, trang b hng hi v thng tin th s, nht l
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khi hot ng vng bin min Trung trong ma gi bo, lun l mt nhim v y kh khn v thch thc.
Thng 9-1989, tu Bnh Minh ang lm nhim v bo v tu a chn GEOKAPPA th gp bo. Thuyn trng tu a chn cho php tu Bnh Minh quay v trc trnh bo, cn tu GEOKAPPA thu dn thit b a chn v sau. Tuy nhin ch c tu GEOKAPPA v c cng an ton, cn tu Bnh Minh ca ta nh qu nn cha kp v n v tr tr n th bo p st. B phn trn b khng cn lin lc c vi tu. Gim c Cng ty t Hi Phng vo trc tip ch huy cu h t my ngy trc, i ma bo sang ngh lc lng hi qun bn bn o Sn Tr h tr Mt khng kh lo u trn ngp. Gn hai chc con ngi gp nguy cng vi con tu Bnh Minh, c ngi duy nht lc , chic cn cu cm ca c nghn con ngi trong Cng ty, ang b e da. Tt c cc n v hi qun vng c lnh h tr tu du kh, nhng vn cha c tn hiu kh quan no. Mi ti gn mt gi m, khi bo b vo t lin, cng l lc bt c lin lc vi tu. Thuyn trng tu Bnh Minh, ng Nguyn Vn Tng, bo co tu thot him v v tr trnh bo, tuy tu b h hng nng nhng rt may tnh mng ca anh em u c an ton. Khi xung tu vo bui sng ngy hm sau mi chng kin mt cnh tng tht kh tin, bnh li tu b gy, thit b, c trn tu nh m rau da, anh em gp nhau ci ra nc mt. Vng, chnh h l nhng ngi thm lng gp cng sc, m hi, nc mt v c gian nguy tnh mng vo thnh tu to ln ca GPTS trong nhng nm thng ho hng khi nghip. Lot tu bo v u tin hon thnh s mng lch s, gp phn a Cng ty thot him trong nhng ngy u y kh khn, ng thi to tin vt cht cho vic xy dng v pht trin i tu dch v chuyn dng sau ny. Nhng nm sau, khi pht trin ngy cng kh, Cng ty u t nhng con tu bo v hin i hn, kim chc nng ym tr v trc cu h thay th. Nhng con tu bo v th s ban u dn dn khng cn c tn trong bin ch i tu ca Cng ty, nhng nhng ci tn tu GPTS 102, GPTS 103, v.v. vn mi mi c v tr xng ng trong lch s pht trin dch v tu chuyn dng du kh Vit Nam.
Thnh cng ca i tu bo v to cho Ban lnh o GPTS t tin quyt nh u t mt s tu dch v chuyn dng n chc nng (cung cp dch v ym tr, trc gin khoan v cc cng trnh du kh bin), theo hnh thc mua li tu ang s dng tit kim vn ban u, khi tch ly kh hn s u t nhng con tu mi hn. D n u tin l mua li tu cu h VISAL gn 30 tui ca X nghip Trc vt, cu h min Nam theo sng kin xut ca ng Bi Th Mnh, Ph Gim c Cng ty.
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Tu c nt, li trong tnh trng t c s dng, thiu bo dng nhiu nm, xung cp nghim trng, nhiu trang thit b h hng v khng cn c c quan ng kim cp cc chng ch hot ng. Tuy nhin, khi quyt nh mua tu, Cng ty cho nhp trc mt s thit b, c bit l thit b hng hi, thng tin vo loi hin i nht lc . Tu c ln c sa cha, tn trang, gn nh ng mi li. C quan ng kim tin hnh kim tra v cho cp li cc chng ch cn thit.
Tu dch v du kh n chc nng u tin ra i mang tn DK-101. Tu DK101 c a vo khai thc vi hiu qu kinh t cao, ch cha y mt nm hot ng thu hi ht vn u t. T thnh cng ca tu DK-101, Cng ty nhn rng ra u t tip cc tu DK-104, DK-105, DK-106
Tuy cng vn l cc tu c, nhng cng v sau cng mua c nhng con tu mi hn, nhp khu trc tip t nc ngoi, trong tnh trng ang hot ng tt, c tu cha ti 10 tui (tu DK-105, tn c ANYELIR). y l cc tu dch v du kh loi nh (cng sut my chnh di 3.000 HP), n chc nng, cung cp dch v ym tr, trc gin khoan v cc cng trnh du kh bin.
Ch sau mt thi gian hn hai nm, n cui nm 1992, GPTS chim lnh gn nh 100% th phn tu dch v loi ny, thay th dn ton b cc tu thu ca nc ngoi. Tuy nhin i vi loi tu dch v loi ln, a chc nng th n thi im ny, th trng vn cn b ng cho cc cng ty tu quc t.
Tu dch v a chc nng c s dng cung cp cc dch v khng th thiu cho hot ng khoan v khai thc du kh ngoi khi nh: ko, th neo v vn ti thit b, vt t chuyn dng. y l cc tu dch v ln, thng c cng sut my chnh t 7.000-8.000 HP tr ln.
Vic u t nhng con tu dch v a chc nng ny khng nhng i hi vn ln m cng tc qun l khai thc cng rt phc tp. Nhng vi nh hng r rng v s iu hnh nng ng, thi im trin khai u t tu dch v a chc nng u tin ca GPTS n, m u cho vic khng nh thng hiu dch v tu chuyn dng ca ngnh Du kh Vit Nam t nhng nm 1990 ca th k XX, giai on pht trin mnh m c v lng v cht dch v tu chuyn dng du kh. Sau mt thi gian tip cn, tnh ton, cui nm 1991, Cng ty lp v trnh Tng cng ty Du kh Vit Nam Lun chng kinh t - k thut u t tu 8.000 HP.
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Tng cng ty Du kh Vit Nam cn nhc rt thn trng v y l mt d n khng nh khi trong lnh vc dch v, li l mt loi hnh rt mi. Tuy nhin, t lng tin c c s trng thnh nhanh chng ca GPTS trong nhng nm trc , cp trn quyt nh ph duyt ngay t ln trnh u tin. Tng cng ty ng cp 50% vn, cn li GPTS phi tm ngun vay. Lnh o Cng ty tp trung khai thc mi knh ti chnh c th, cui cng, gia nm 1992, Cng ty chnh thc ngh v c B Ti chnh chp thun cho vay khon vn cn thiu vi s bo lnh ca Tng cng ty Du kh Vit Nam.
Lo c vn ri, vic thc hin mua v a tu v Vit Nam cng cam go khng km. Con tu c la chn l tu LAILA VIKING ca mt cng ty ca Nauy. Nhn thc tnh cht quan trng ca vic m phn, Tng cng ty b tr on cng tc vi thnh phn mnh c th quyt nh c mi vn ti ch. on m phn mua tu dch v a chc nng u tin ny gm cc ng Nguyn Xun Nhm, Gim c GPTS; Bi Th Mnh, Ph Gim c; L Vn Hng, Trng phng Thng mi Tng cng ty; Nguyn Tin Dng, Trng phng Ti chnh Tng cng ty; inh Vn Ng, Trng phng Kinh t - K hoch Tng cng ty; Dng Vn Thc, chuyn gia tu thuyn v Nguyn Mnh Hng, cn b ca GPTS. ng nh d on, vic m phn ht sc cng thng, trong sut thi gian t khi on n Nauy n lc ra v. V hp ng khung mua bn tu LAILA VIKING c ng Nguyn Xun Nhm, i din bn mua v ng Odd Brevik, i din bn bn k ti sn bay ngay trc gi my bay ct cnh. Ln u tin k mua mt phng tin ln nh vy m cha c kin trc ca cp trn, nn k ri vn run khng bit khi v Tng cng ty c kin g khc khng. Tuy vy, cc thnh vin trong on cng tc hi v quyt nh k khng mt c hi, v n Vit Nam s cng nhau bo co c th lnh o Tng cng ty xem xt ph duyt. Thi y tt c thnh vin on cng tc cn kh tr, tui tr bao gi cng i cng hng hi, ch quyt lit, lun lun kht vng, lun lun hnh ng th mi dm lm nh vy. Sau ny ngh li vn cn thy gai gai, bi v lm lnh o cng ty nh nc, ai cng tm nim nguyn tc an ton l trn ht! Mua c tu ri, li lo lm sao phi kim c vic lm ngay cho tu. Ca mt ng nh vy m mang v ngi ch vic mt vi thng s chng khc g mt tai v. Sau khi k c hp ng mua tu, lnh o Cng ty phn cng mi ngi mt vic, tp trung cao cho thc hin d n. ng Bi Th Mnh nhn nhim v dn u on i nhn tu Stavanger - Nauy, sau t chc a v Xingapo kim tra v thc hin sa cha theo quy nh ca hp ng mua bn tu, trc khi nhp v Vit Nam. ng Nguyn Xun Nhm lo hon tt khon tin mua tu, lo cc th tc php l hng hi v nhp khu, lo nhn s thuyn b, c bit l lo sao cho c hp ng u tin cho tu, ngay sau khi a tu v Vit Nam. Mi kh nng th trng u c g ca nh Vietsovpetro, BP, Enterprise Oil, v.v. lm sao tu c s dng ngay khi v n Vit Nam. Gim c Cng ty trc
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tip ch o vic lp cho hng, trc tip m phn vi cc khch hng... Cng sc b ra cui cng cng c n p xng ng bng mt hp ng vi BP thi hn 2 nm. Nhn s ch cht thuyn b, c bit l hai chc danh thuyn trng v my trng l mt trong nhng cng vic hc ba. Thi gian chng ta cha c ngi m nhn c chc danh thuyn trng v my trng tu dch v a chc nng. Cng ty phi quyt nh thu thuyn trng ngi Nga v my trng ngi Mianma b tr ln tu. Lng, ph cp cc loi v cc chi ph khc cho hai ngi nc ngoi ny xp x bng tng qu lng ca mt x nghip trc thuc loi ln. Quyt nh phng n chi ph nh vy hon ton khng d dng i vi lnh o Cng ty lc . Nhng Cng ty quyt nh lm v ng, khng nhng gii quyt c vn nhn s trc mt qun l, khai thc tu Mimosa (tn c t cho con tu mua) t trnh quc t theo yu cu ca BP, m qua cn o to c i ng ng o s quan tu dch v trong nhiu nm sau. Mt lot cc thuyn trng, my trng tu dch v a chc nng c o to t thc tin i tu GPTS, sau ny l PTSC, p ng mc tiu o to v ni a ha ngun nhn lc qu bu ny. Cng vic chun b v mi mt hon tt. Vo mt ngy p tri, ma xun nm 1993, con tu dch v hin i u tin do mt doanh nghip Vit Nam t u t mang tn Mimosa cp cng du kh h lu Vng Tu, nhanh chng hon thnh th tc nhp khu, nhn hng ca BP v xut bn, ra khi phc v khoan l 06, thm lc a Vit Nam. Nhng ai tng tri qua nhng nm thng kinh t kh khn ca t nc cui thp k 80, u thp k 90 ca th k XX mi c th thy c tm vc ca thnh cng ln lao ny. Mt doanh nghip i ln t nguy c ph sn, huy ng c ngun vn u t hn 5 triu la M, mua c tu dch v a chc nng u tin.
T thnh cng ca tu Mimosa, nhng con tu tip theo nh tu Sapa, Phong Lan, Phong Nha, Bnh Minh (mi) ln lt c u t vo nhng nm tip theo trong thi k Cng ty Dch v K thut Du kh (PTSC). Thnh cng ny cng li nhiu bi hc qu gi v bc i trong u t i tu dch v du kh: i ln t n gin n phc tp, t tu bo v, ym tr n tu dch v a chc nng, t vic mua tu c n tu mi; cch thc huy ng vn bng sc mnh tng hp t nhiu ngun; phng php tip cn qun l v khai thc cc phng tin thy chuyn ngnh phc tp; gii php rt ngn vic o to v ni a ha i ng s quan ch cht, v.v.; v c bit l nh hng u t ng. Nh vy, ch trong khong thi gian ngn cha n bn nm (5-1989 2-1993), t vn ling l nhng con tu, x lan vn ti c nt, GPTS sm u t c nhng con tu dch v a chc nng hin i u tin, m ra kh nng
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chinh phc mt lnh vc dch v y tim nng: dch v tu chuyn dng - m s hnh thnh v pht trin gn lin vi tn tui Cng ty a vt l v Dch v Du kh (GPTS). Dch v cn c Cui nm 1989, Cng ty Du kh Total (Php), tin hnh nhng ging khoan tm kim du kh u tin vnh Bc B. Nhu cu c mt cn c dch v khu vc pha Bc c t ra nh mt thc t khch quan.
Ngy 3-5-1989, ng Nguyn Xun Nhm v nhn nhim v Gim c Cng ty GPTS, n cui thng 5, c Tng cc trng Trng Thin giao nhim v phi t chc trin khai ngay cn c dch v ti khu vc pha Bc, phc v cho chin dch khoan ca Cng ty Du kh Total. ng Nhm trc tip gp Tng Gim c Grinko v Gim c hu cn Sudreau ca Total, trao i cc bc c th m cn c. Ngoi cc iu kin c bn ca mt cng dch v nh kho bi, bn cng Total a ra cc yu cu c th ca cn c dch v du kh m h cho l cc iu kin ti thiu: kho bi cn ng phi c h thng gi bo v chuyn dng dng cho mi loi cn ng khc nhau, bn cng v lung vo phi c su trn 6,5 m di 0 thy triu, h thng cp nhin liu v nc ngt ti cu cng hot ng 24/24 gi, xe ch cn ng c rmoc di ti thiu 12 m, xe nng cn cu phi c chng ch quc t vi y ph kin bc d chuyn dng cho cn ng v hng siu trng, siu trng, v.v.. Vn an ton phng chng chy n cng c c bit lu . Chng y yu cu chun mc ti thiu thi im i vi ta qu l mt th thch gh gm. Cng vic u tin l tm a im lp cn c dch v. Mt on cn b ca GPTS do ng Nhm dn u i kho st tt c cc cng bin t Hi Phng n Qung Ninh. Cng Hi Phng c iu kin v kho bi, cu cng nhng su lung v bn khng p ng (m 6,5 m di mc 0 thy triu) tu dch v ra vo 24/24 gi an ton. Cng Hn Gai cng tng t. Duy ch c cng Ci Ln l p ng mc nc su, nhng vn cn ang trong giai on bt u trin khai xy dng, cha th phc v ngay c. Tht vng v b tc, nhng may sao, trn ng v Hi Phng qua Ph Rng, khi ng trn ph khng hiu tnh c hay hu m anh em trong on pht hin ra mt cng xng kh quy m, chnh l Nh my ng tu Ph Rng. ng Nhm quyt nh gh vo kho st v cn c Ph Rng ra i ngu nhin nh tri cho! Sau khi tin hnh mt s bc chun b nh m phn thu cu cng, bn bi, kho tng ca Nh my ng tu Ph Rng, lp h s d liu khai thc lung v bn cng, v.v, ng Nhm mi Gim c hu cn Cng ty Du kh Total xung kho st v nhn c s ng thun la chn a im Ph Rng lm cn c dch v. Tuy nhin, Cng ty Du kh Total yu cu GPTS phi hp tc vi
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mt cng ty dch v hu cn nc ngoi bo m hot ng ca cn c t c chun mc c th chp nhn. Hai bn cng thng nht tin phi hp trin khai cng vic kp tip nhn nhng l hng u tin vo khong thng 10-1989.
V i tc nc ngoi, thng qua gii thiu ca Cng ty Du kh Total, GPTS k c hp ng vi Cng ty Dch v Hu cn Quc t - ILS (International Logistics Services), hp tc to lp v vn hnh cn c Ph Rng. Theo hp ng, v thit b: ILS v GPTS mi bn cung cp mt cn cu 40-50 tn v mt xe nng 1,5-2 tn; ILS bo m cung ng ton b ph kin bc d chuyn dng cho cn ng v hng siu trng, siu trng, thit b thng tin lin lc; GPTS cung cp ton b kho tng, bn bi, 2 xe ch cn ng, palet nng hng v cc thit b vt t khc. V nhn lc: ILS c Trng cn c, chu trch nhim iu hnh cn c v hun luyn ti ch cng nhn Vit Nam; GPTS c Ph cn c v ton b lao ng cn li.
ng Nguyn Mnh Hin l ngi u tin c iu sang cn c Ph Rng phi hp vi ng Peter Short (do ILS c sang Vit Nam lm Trng cn c) chun b thnh lp cn c dch v Ph Rng. Thng 8-1989, ng Hin ang cng tc bit phi ti Cng ty Du kh II, lm i din trn tu a chn CGG (Php) hot ng ti Vit Nam, nhn quyt nh iu ng v lm c cng cn c dch v Ph Rng. Theo lnh, ng Hin quay v Cng ty chun b nhn nhim v, khi bn thn ng cha c khi nim cn c dch v l g, khng bit s trin khai ra sao. Gim c Cng ty Nguyn Xun Nhm trc tip giao nhim v cho ng Hin, tm tt cc ni dung, tin cng vic v yu cu phi va lm va hc, tranh th s h tr ca chuyn gia, ng Peter Short, nhanh chng lm ch c khu iu hnh cn c dch v du kh cho Cng ty Du kh Total.
Theo k hoch ca Cng ty Du kh Total, thng 10-1989 l thi im tp kt hng phc v ging khoan u tin ngoi khi vnh Bc B. V th cng vic to lp cn c Ph Rng rt gp gp.
Nhn s ca cn c c kin ton, ng inh Vn Ngn c c lm Ph cn c, ng Hin lm c cng sn xut v 22 cng nhn c chuyn sang lm vic v lun ti cn c Ph Rng. Sut thi gian anh em khng mt ngy ngh, thm ch nh ngay bn thnh ph Hi Phng, rt gn, cng khng v c. n nh t chc, hun luyn ti ch cho cng nhn Vit Nam (do ng Peter Short m nhn), sp xp kho bi, nh xng c khn trng trin khai Ph Rng. Trn Cng ty tp trung lo trang thit b cung cp cho cn c theo quy nh ca hp ng vi ILS, Trong thi gian mi th thiu thn trm b v khng tm
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u ra cn cu, xe chuyn dng ch cn ng nh by gi. C ngi i kho st khp pha Bc mi tm c chic xe cu Lin X 50 tn cn tng i mi. Xe ch cn ng th dng xe rmoc Kamaz, ci hon phn rmoc bng cch hn thm 2 m pha ui t di 12 m, p ng yu cu ch cn ng khoan. Th s l vy, nhng b li anh em ng tm nht tr, on kt mt lng, thay nhau lm vic 24/24 gi, kp thi a cn c vo hot ng theo ng tin yu cu ca Total. Cn c Ph Rng c khai trng mt thng trc khi Cng ty Du kh Total khoan m l. Cn c tip nhn thnh cng chuyn tu dch v s 1, ri s 2, nhng n chuyn s 3, ng vo ngy triu kit, tu dch v khng vo c do mt on lung vo c ngm su khong m 4,5 - 5,5 m. Lp tc nh thu gp lnh o cao nht ca Tng cc Du m v Kh t Vit Nam, i pht nng GPTS. ng Nhm b triu tp ln H Ni gp lnh o Cng ty Du kh Total. Cuc hp ti tr s Tng cc H Ni (nh s 69 ph Nguyn Du), c ng Trng Thin, Tng cc trng v ng Grinko, Tng Gim c Cng ty Du kh Total Vietnam tham d. ng Nhm bc vo phng hp, thy thnh phn tham d nh vy thy ngay tnh cht nghim trng ca vn th no. Trao i cng thng v kt lun rt n gin, r rng, nhng y thch thc: GPTS phi bng mi cch x l bng c, Cng ty Du kh Total ng chi thm, b p mt phn chi ph ph ngm ca GPTS. ng Nhm quay v Ph Rng ngay m hm . Tht l nan gii ci kh tng nh khng li thot. Nhng khi quyt lit khng chu u hng, c hi li n Ri vi s gip ca b i cng binh, mt chin dch ph ngm sut 10 ngy m c trin khai khn trng. C ban lnh o GPTS v anh em cn c Ph Rng thay nhau st cnh cng b i cng binh sut ngy m vt ln vi ci rt ma ng nm y, hon thnh mt khi lng cng vic c lc tng nh khng th no lm c. Vy l ngay t nhng ngy trng nc ca s nghip pht trin ngnh cng nghip dch v du kh ni ring v ngnh Du kh ni chung c c s gn b cht ch ca B i C H. Cui nm 1990, tnh hnh cn c Ph Rng c mt s bt n, pha i tc ILS t lo lng, cn Cng ty Du kh Total th phn nn v ngh GPTS xem xt b tr li vn nhn s. Thi ca chng ta l rt cu th. Vo thi im , GPTS sm c t duy i mi: khch hng l thng . Cng ty c nhng quyt nh iu chnh kp thi, ci thin tnh hnh tng i c bn, phc v tt hn nhng i hi chnh ng ca i tc ILS v Total. Thng 8-1990, ng ng Th Hng c iu t mt gin khoan bin ang lm cho Cng ty Du kh Total v lm Ph cn c dch v Ph Rng thay ng inh Vn Ngn. Gim c Cng ty Nguyn Xun Nhm trc tip a ng Hng sang Ph Rng giao nhim v, ch th phi tm ra nguyn nhn x l trong thi gian ngn nht nhng vn ni cm, nhm bo m n nh hot ng cn c.
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Mt s bin php v t chc, quy ch lm vic, v.v. do ng Hng xut v p dng to c nhng chuyn bin tch cc trong hot ng ca cn c, ly li s tin cy ca Cng ty Du kh Total v i tc ILS.
Hai nm 1989-1990, cn c Ph Rng hot ng n nh, p ng ton b dch v hu cn cho Cng ty Du kh Total khoan 3 ging ngoi khi. Mi thng cn c mang v cho Cng ty 20.000 - 30.000 USD, mt khon thu khng nh thi im , nht l trong hon cnh ca GPTS lc by gi. Cn c dch v Ph Rng hot ng thnh cng khng nhng hon thnh tt s mng khng nh nng lc ca Vit Nam hon ton c th tin ti t lc m ng lnh vc dch v cn c mi m ny, m cn gp phn o to ra ngun nhn lc qu bu, c kh nng p ng cc yu cu kht khe v k thut v iu hnh ca cc cng ty du kh quc t. T thc tin cn c Ph Rng hnh thnh mt i ng th tr, c tay ngh cao, iu khin nhng phng tin vn chuyn, nng h chuyn dng du kh (k c cc m hng siu trng, siu trng), vn hnh cc thit b c chng nh h thng sil bm xi mng, ha phm, v.v., mt cch thnh tho, tc phong lm vic cng nghip. Mt th h cn b nng ct c rn luyn v trng thnh t cn c Ph Rng, tr thnh nhng con chim u n v dch v cn c nh cc ng ng Th Hng, Nguyn Mnh Hin, Trn Ngc Dng, Dng Vn Dua, v.v, nhng ngi c nhiu ng gp xy dng v pht trin cc cn c dch v khc ca ngnh: cn c X50 ( Nng), cn c Vng Tu v cng chnh h l nhng ngi k tip nhau, ln lt m ng nhim v Gim c cn c dch v du kh ln nht v quan trng nht ca t nc - Cn c dch v du kh PTSC Vng Tu - cho n nay. Na cui nm 1990, cc Cng ty Shell, BP chun b khoan ngoi khi min Trung, m ra c hi ln cho dch v cn c ni y. T kinh nghim qu bu trin khai cn c Ph Rng, GPTS ch ng ngh Tng cc Du kh cho php t lc thit lp v khai thc cn c Nng phc v cc Cng ty BP, Shell ti khu vc min Trung. Lc Tng cc vn cn nhiu kin bn khon cho rng, chng ta cha kinh nghim t lm m nn theo hnh thc hp tc nh cn c Ph Rng. Lnh o GPTS t tin cam kt s pht huy cc im tch cc t kinh nghim cn c Ph Rng, ng thi khc phc nhng thiu st tri nghim , khng nh Cng ty c kh nng t iu hnh cn c Nng. ngh ca GPTS cui cng c Tng cc chp nhn v cn c Nng ca GPTS chnh thc c thnh lp.
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Cn c ti Nng c thit lp trn mt phn bn cng v kho bi thu ca Nh my Sa cha Tu bin Hi qun X50.
Thng 6-1990, ng Nguyn Mnh Hin c iu vo cn c Nng lm Ph trng cn c. Vi hnh trang l nhng kinh nghim tch ly c trong thi gian cn c Ph Rng, ng Hin trn tr hy vng s khng gp my kh khn a cn c Nng vo hot ng. Khi c ng Nhm dn vo Nng giao cho 3.000 m2 bi t trng v khong 700 m2 kho tn dng ca Nh my Sa cha Tu bin Hi qun X50, vi nhim v phi bt u sn sng tip nhn vt t thit b phc v cng tc khoan ngoi khi ngay t thng 11, thng 12-1990, ng Hin c phn do d. Nhng s nghip ca GPTS lun c gy dng t chng gai, khng ch mt trn ny m tt c lnh vc dch v GPTS ang trin khai ng lot nh tu thuyn, nh v, dch v cung ng nhn lc khoan bin, v.v., cng u gp mun vn gian kh, phi quyt lit v tn tm mi hy vng i ln t con s khng. ng Hin phi xoay s lo toan mi cng vic lin quan. Nhn lc ch yu l anh em qun i, hun luyn ti ch. Thit b thu ca cc n v a phng v may mn lm mi kim c mt s phng tin c k tui thit b cng ngang nga tui ng Hin lc (khong 30 tui). y cng cn phi ghi nhn cng lao ng gp ca i t hi qun Nguyn Vn Nhun (Gim c X50), ngi b nhiu cng sc gip to lp cn c dch v GPTS Nng trn chnh khun vin Nh my Sa cha Tu bin Hi qun X50 do ng ph trch; ng Ng Sch Trng v sau l ng Nguyn Quang Thng, Trng i din GPTS Nng, mc d phi tp trung n lc thc hin nhng nhim v nng n i din cho Cng ty iu hnh dch v c khu vc min Trung, vn b nhiu thi gian v cng sc cho thnh cng ca cn c.
Nm 1991, khi Cng ty Shell bt u khoan ging l 112 cng l lc khi lng cng vic tng t bin, a bn li xa cn c. Nhu cu v b sung thm thit b nng chuyn v trang b thng tin lin lc cho cn c tr nn rt cp thit. Vi tm nhn xa rng, Cng ty quyt nh u t, i ngay vo hin i ha c s vt cht ca mnh, nhm nhanh chng p ng tiu chun dch v du kh kht khe ngang tm quc t, theo i hi ca cc cng ty du hng u th gii nh Shell v BP Nh vy, ch sau ging khoan u tin ca Shell, cn c Nng gy c ting vang ln v dch v cn c ca GPTS bt u c thng hiu trong cng ng du kh Vit Nam. Cn c nhn c mt lot hp ng mi vi cc cng ty du nh IPL, IDEMITSU, BHP Petroleum Thnh cng ca cn c Nng ca GPTS gp phn chm dt tranh lun v vic Vit Nam c t mnh p ng c dch v cn c chun mc quc t hay khng!
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n nm 2010, cn c Nng vn ang tip tc lm dch v cho Vietgazprom hot ng ti vng bin min Trung. Nm 1991, BP chun b khoan l 06 Nam Cn Sn. S tn nhim ca BP vi dch v cn c ca GPTS Nng to tin thun li cho Cng ty a ra quyt nh ngh BP xem xt s dng GPTS cung cp dch v cn c Vng Tu.
Gim c Cng ty, ng Nguyn Xun Nhm, trc tip gp v xut vi Gim c hu cn BP, ng Andy Alekxander v vn trn. i din BP nh gi cao dch v ca GPTS Nng v cho bit sn sng ng h nu GPTS a ra c phng n kh thi xem xt. Mng v c c hi pht trin, nhng li lo v khng c mt tc t cm di ti Vng Tu, ch ng ni n bn cng, kho bi..., th lm sao thc hin c dch v cn c cho mt khch hng lun i hi cao nh BP. l cu hi hc ba m lnh o Cng ty phi tm li gii. Nhng cng nh Ph Rng v Nng, s nng ng, ch tin cng gip ny sinh ra sng kin. thc c thi c pht trin nhy vt n, lnh o Cng ty trc tip vo cuc. Nhn s ti Vng Tu cng c tng cng, ng ng Th Hng, c iu vo nhn nhim v Ph trng i din GPTS ti Vng Tu kim Trng cn c, trc tip t chc thc hin vic to lp cn c ngay t nhng ngy u. Cui nm 1991, sau nhiu ngy ch thn Gim c Cng ty cng vi mt s anh em nh ng Th Hng, on Vn Nhum (c cng) tin hnh kho st, tm kim v tip xc vi nhiu i tc ti a bn t cng thng mi Vng Tu, khu ng Xuyn, n cn c tng hp trn b Vietsovpetro. Cui cng mt gii php trn thc t xut hin. tng hp tc (ni ng hn l cy nh Vietsovpetro) l gii php kh thi c la chn. C s h tng duy nht c th m phn thu c ca Vietsovpetro l mt khu t, di khong 300 m, chiu rng c ch ch c 50 m, hp n ni trng ging ht hnh chic xe iu (thc cht y l bi thi ph liu st thp). Sau ny thnh cng ri anh em thng gi n vi ci tn tru mn: Cn c xe iu. C chng y thi, nhng ai cng hoan h bi c iu kin cn trin khai. Nhng th khc, iu kin , th GPTS vn c (con ngi, kinh nghim, uy tn...), cn thit b th s do con ngi tm ra. Tin tng chc chn kh nng xoay s ca anh em, tng cng nhau vt qua nhiu th thch min Bc, min Trung, ln ny nht nh s lm c. Nhng lm sao thuyt phc BP ng l c mt vn . Quyt nh c a ra l phi to lp mt s hin din n tng ca GPTS trn thc a ti khu bi d kin thu ca Vietsovpetro v mi i din c thm quyn ca BP xung kho st. Mt k hoch rt t m c chun b chu o, k cng n tng ng tc Gia thng 12-1991, GPTS chnh thc mi Gim c hu cn BP, ng Andy Alekxander xung kho st. Khi xe ch cc ng Nguyn Xun Nhm, Bi Th Mnh cng ng Andy Alekxander i vo cng Cng Vietsovpetro, barie t ng m m khng cn phi dng li xut trnh giy t cho bo v nh quy nh thng
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l ca Cng Vietsovpetro. Xe chy thng vo khu bi thu ca Vietsovpetro, c dn sch s, trn tng c ghi dng ch bng sn mu GPTS, c cn cu TADANO 45 tn, xe nng 2,5 tn, xe chuyn dng ch cn ng, tt c u mang dng ch GPTS mu trn thnh xe, thm mt kho kn cha thit b vt t nm gip cng thng lu, ngoi ca cng c bin mang tn GPTS mu , cng nhn mc qun o, m bo h lao ng mang ph hiu GPTS. y phi ghi nhn s tn ty ca cc ng ng Th Hng, on Vn Nhum v s anh em c giao nhim v chun b cho chuyn kho st ny... Hn nhng g quan st c thc s n tng, nn chuyn kho st t kt qu tt p. ng Alekxander b sung mt s im, trong c yu cu phi m rng bi cha hng ln 3.000-4.000 m2, xy kho kn gn cng v chp nhn cho GPTS lp cho hng. T nhng kt qu dch v cn c cho BP trc y v uy tn to c vi BP Nng, c th hiu nh vy thnh cng n 70-80%.
Cng ty tin hnh mt chin dch tip th rt mnh m. Vic qung b ca GPTS vi cc cng ty du kh v cng ty dch v du kh nc ngoi v cn c ca GPTS ti Vng Tu c lm rt tt. Do , mc d c s vt cht cha y nhng i din GPTS Vng Tu lin tc phi n cc cng ty n tm hiu cn c. Cng ty cho bt tay ngay vo cng vic chun b, khng cn i k c hp ng chnh thc vi BP. Gim c Cng ty ch o t m phng n tip cn, gii thiu cc u mi x l cng vic v giao cho ng ng Th Hng v ng on Vn Nhum tin hnh thng tho vi Vietsovpetro thu bn bi. Bn hp ng thu bn bi vi cc iu kin tng i thun li c lnh o Vietsovpetro ph duyt, th hin s chia s, tng tr, gip v cng qu bu ca X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro i vi GPTS, mt n v ang quyt tm vn ln v s pht trin ca dch v du kh Vit Nam.
Do cng vic pht trin mnh, Cng ty iu ng thm ng Nguyn Mnh Hin t cn c Nng vo lm Ph Trng cn c Vng Tu. ng Nguyn Quang Thng, Ph Gim c Cng ty, kim Trng i din Nng cng c iu vo kim Trng i din Vng Tu, ph trch iu phi ton b cc hot ng ca Cng ty ti Vng Tu, trong nhim v t chc to lp cn c cho BP l trng im. Nhng ngy sau v cng bn rn. c 3.000-4.000 m2 bi cha hng, phi c s ng ca X nghip Xy lp cng trnh bin ca X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro cho chuyn ht 15 Blocks modules gin khoan v gii phng 100 m cu cng, mt vic khng d g c chp nhn. ng ng Th Hng xin gp ng Nguyn Trng Nhng, Gim c X nghip Xy lp cng trnh bin ca X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro, trnh by, kin tr thuyt phc, cui cng c
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ng Nhng ng v ng Nhng cng l ngi ht mnh ng h GPTS gii phng mt bng cng, di chuyn ht cc m hng siu trng siu trng theo ng tin ra. c 1.500 m2 kho gn cng, bt buc phi xy dng mi kho ny gn bi hng thu ca Vietsovpetro. Cng ty giao cho ng V L, Gim c X nghip Dch v Hi Phng mua 2 khung kho Tip v chuyn bng ng st, ng b vo Vng Tu trong vng 7 ngy. Cc ng Nguyn Quang Thng, ng Th Hng tin hnh thu thit b xy dng, thu nhn cng, mua vt liu, t t chc thi cng cc hng mc nh kho khung Tip, mi tn; bi hng kt cu ; no vt vng nc trc cng; m cng ring vo cn c... Tt c cc hng mc cng trnh trn c thi cng hon tt ch trong vng 20 ngy khi cha c vn bn hoc th tc xy dng c bn. Nhng vic lm l biu hin s ng h to ln ca lnh o Vietsovpetro i vi GPTS, th hin r nt nht bn lnh GPTS ca tp th cn b lnh o v ngi lao ng X nghip Dch v GPTS Hi Phng, i din GPTS Vng Tu, nhng ngi tn ty, x thn v s pht trin ca Cng ty v tinh thn dm quyt, dm chu trch nhim rt cao ca Gim c Cng ty Nguyn Xun Nhm, v thi im , cc th tc v xy dng c bn rt phc tp i hi mt rt nhiu thi gian trin khai. Nu lm theo trnh t th chi ph s tng cao, thi gian thc hin s mt hng nm v chc chn s mt c hi lm dch v cho BP, s khng bao gi c cn c ca GPTS Vng Tu vi doanh thu hng triu la M mi nm.
Ln lt BP ri Shell, hai cng ty du kh quc t danh ting hng u k hp ng s dng cn c ca GPTS Vng Tu. Nm 1992, nh du mt bc tin k lc ca GPTS trong lnh vc dch v cn c. Vi hai bn tay trng, kho bi, bn cng, thit b, tt c u i thu, cn c ca GPTS Vng Tu vn ginh c dch v cho 8 trn tng s 10 ging khoan trong nm.
Nhng ngy u trin khai thc hin hp ng cng y cam go, th thch. Chun b n chuyn hng ca BP vo cn c ln u, h yu cu GPTS lm th vic bc d hng v xp t vo bi di s gim st trc tip ca i din BP. Kh khn ln nht l tt c thit b u thu ca Vietsovpetro. Vic thu thit b ca Vietsovpetro thng mt rt nhiu th tc v thi gian t 5-7 ngy, trong khi BP i hi 24/24 gi, bt k khi no h yu cu phi c thit b lm vic ngay. ng Hng tha thun vi lnh o X nghip Vn ti bin v Cng tc ln ca X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro l khi cn s cho phng tin ra lm ngay, ri s hon tt th tc sau. ng thi, ng Nhum i gp tng li xe, li cu ca X nghip Vn ti bin v Cng tc ln ca X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro, ghi li a ch, s in thoi khi cn c th n tng nh. Mt iu th v l i lm cho Vietsovpetro th theo gi gic, nhng cng chnh nhng anh em cng nhn ny khi lm vic cho cn c ca GPTS th h chp nhn bt k ngy m v chnh h m thm ng gp khng nh vo mi thnh cng ca GPTS ti cn c Vng Tu.
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Chuyn hng u tin vo cng l cn khoan, ng chng, c BP v GPTS u lo lng n tu v ch cn cu, xe cn ng ti. Tuy vy, do c s chun b tt nn mi vic u din ra ng theo k hoch. Trong t bc d ny, bo m cng vic khng gp trc trc ban u, ng Hng ti cng ch o cho n khi hon thnh xong trong sut 3 ngy 2 m. Cc ng Nguyn Mnh Hin, Trn Ngc Dng cng vi nh thu BP cng lin tc ch o cng vic.
Cn c Vng Tu trng thnh nhanh chng, p ng xut sc vic cung cp dch v cho hot ng khoan ca BP v Shell. Rt t ai ngh ti mt iu rng chnh t cn c xe iu ngy y khng nh vng chc thng hiu dch v cn c ca GPTS trong cng ng du kh Vit Nam. Thnh cng ny gp phn quan trng to chun b cho nhng bc nhy vt sau ny trong lnh vc dch v cn c, trong thi k Cng ty a vt l v Dch v Du kh, xy dng mt trong nhng cn c dch v hin i ln nht khu vc ng Nam . Cng t ai bit mt iu l khong thi gian i ln t cn c dch v Ph Rng trng nc, cn c dch v Nng X50 y th thch n cn c dch v Vng Tu hin i, GPTS ch mt mt khong thi gian ngn k lc l 3 nm. L nhng ngi trng thnh t thc tin hot ng ca ngnh Du kh Vit Nam, lnh o GPTS sm nhn thc c rng khu vc pha Nam vi tim nng du kh pht hin ln nht nc v bt u c khai thc du t nm 1986, chc chn s l th trng dch v du kh quan trng nht trong nhng nm ti. Do , Cng ty xc nh cn phi tp trung u tin u t vo khu vc trng im ny. Chnh v vy, ngay t nhng ngy u hot ng cn mun vn kh khn, Cng ty vn quyt tm dnh mt phn ngun lc him hoi cho vic trin khai ngay cng vic khu vc ny.
Thng 6-1989 (mt thng sau ngy thnh lp GPTS), trong s tin 75 triu ng vay c t Cng ty Du kh I, sau khi trang tri tr lng n cn b cng nhn vin, cn d 40 triu ng, Gim c Cng ty quyt nh dnh ton b cho cng cuc chinh phc pha Nam, giao cho ng Ng Sch Trng i Nng v ng Bi Th Mnh i Thnh ph H Ch Minh, mi ngi mang theo 20 triu ng lp nghip cho Cng ty ti min Trung v min Nam.
Thi gian ny hu ht cc cng ty du kh v nhiu cng ty dch v nc ngoi lp tr s hoc vn phng i din ti Thnh ph H Ch Minh, do iu kin kt cu h tng a bn du kh Vng Tu lc cn nhiu kh khn. Trong khi
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ng lot trin khai hot ng trn ton quc, GPTS ch trng tng cng bm st a bn Thnh ph H Ch Minh, coi l khu vc trng im quan trng nht. Ngay t thng 5-1989, thng u tin i vo hot ng, Cng ty quyt nh thnh lp ngay i din ti Thnh ph H Ch Minh. Ti thi im , vic ch o ca lnh o Cng ty t Hi Phng i vi i din Thnh ph H Ch Minh cn v cng kh khn v h thng thng tin lin lc ca nc ta cn rt lc hu, in thoi ng di phi qua ng k, c khi c ngy khng lin lc c. Phng tin thng dng nht l nhng chic my telex c k trang b vn phng hai u. Nhiu khi c vic cn xin kin Gim c Cng ty, anh em pha Nam phi tc trc hng gi cnh my telex. Trc tnh hnh , bo m nm bt kp thi cc nhu cu dch v v tng hiu lc iu hnh thc hin cng vic trn a bn quan trng ny, Cng ty tng cng thm quyn cho i din GPTS ti Thnh ph H Ch Minh.
Thng 4-1990, Cng ty ngh Tng cc Du kh bt ng Bi Th Mnh, Trng i din GPTS ti Thnh ph H Ch Minh, lm Ph Gim c Cng ty v giao nhim v ch o chung cc hot ng dch v ca GPTS khu vc pha Nam. Sang nm 1991 th chuyn thnh X nghip Dch v Du kh bin trc thuc GPTS. Nhiu cn b tr, c sc bt cng c iu vo tng cng. Tinh thn lm vic ca lp cn b y tht ng khm phc. H hng hi lm vic khng k ngy m, ngy ngh, ngy l, v.v., tt c v s nghip chung ca n v. Thi c bit bao tm gng sng tiu biu cho th h khi nghip GPTS. C ln nhn lnh i cung ng xng du cho nh thu, nhng khng c tin v Cng ty cha kp gi vo (c mt thi gian, tin chuyn t Cng ty vo i din ti Thnh ph H Ch Minh ch yu l mang theo ngi bng ng hng khng, kt hp mi khi i cng tc), ng on Vn Nhum v ng Nguyn Quc Tun khng chn ch tho c nhn ci, ng h eo tay t cc ly du cp cho cc trm nh v, ri sau , c tin n chuc li. Chnh lp cn b tr y c nhng ng gp thm lng xng ng vo thnh cng ca GPTS trong vic khng nh nhanh chng thng hiu cc loi hnh dch v k thut mi nhn nh dch v cn c, dch v tu chuyn dng, v.v..
Cng vi vic khn trng trin khai cng tc chun b pht trin cc m du kh, nh mt yu cu thc t khch quan, dn dn cc cng ty du trin khai thit lp cc vn phng iu hnh ngay ti Vng Tu. Cc cng ty dch v quc t cng nhanh chng chuyn xung Vng Tu trin khai hot ng. Nng ng v nhy bn, ngay t cui nm 1991, GPTS cng thit lp i din ti Vng Tu ca mnh.
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ng ng Th Hng c b nhim lm Ph trng i din Cng ty GPTS ti Vng Tu kim Trng cn c dch v, c nhim v phi hp vi X nghip Dch v Du kh bin ng ti Thnh ph H Ch Minh m rng hot ng dch v nh v, cho thu cng nhn khoan, iu hnh cc tu dch v v c bit l to lp cn c dch v Vng Tu.
Thi gian , Tng cc Du kh c hai n v lm dch v l GPTS, tr s Hi Phng v PSC, tr s Vng Tu. Lnh o GPTS tun th ch o ca Tng cc, khng cnh tranh ni b gia GPTS v PSC m cnh tranh vi cc cng ty dch v du kh ca nc ngoi, khng h mt mnh nh ot th trng dch v du kh Vit Nam. Mun vy phi vn ln, khng l thuc vo ranh gii a l, cng vi PSC nhanh chng chim lnh th phn dch v du kh a bn c hot ng du kh si ng nht - khu vc Vng Tu. Tuy nhin, khng gy ra nhng phin toi khng ng c, thi gian u GPTS ti Vng Tu c lnh hot ng khng cng khai, vn phng cng khng treo bin hiu. T nm 1992, khi lng cng vic ti khu vc Vng Tu tng ng k, c bit l nhng hot ng i hi phi ch o ti ch, Cng ty quyt nh c ng Nguyn Quang Thng, Ph Gim c Cng ty kim Trng i din ti Vng Tu. Nh vy, n cui nm 1992, v c bn GPTS hon thnh vic m rng hot ng trn ton quc, trong ti cc a bn trng im nh Thnh ph H Ch Minh v Vng Tu. Cng ty to dng c mt ch ng vng chc, chun b tt nht cho cc bc pht trin vt bc tip theo. Gn bn nm xy dng v pht trin, thi gian tuy ngn, nhng nhng g GPTS lm c rt ng t ho, khng ch vc dy mt cng ty bn b ph sn, m cn hoch nh v thc hin thnh cng con ng pht trin dch v k thut chuyn ngnh, c gi tr nh hng cho s pht trin c ngnh cng nghip dch v du kh Vit Nam nhiu nm sau. i ng cn b qun l ng o c rn luyn v trng thnh t thc tin hot ng a dng ca Cng ty l ti sn qu gi nht. Sau ny, nhiu ngi trong s h trng thnh, gi nhiu chc v quan trng, ch cht b my Tng cng ty Du kh Vit Nam, Tp on Du kh Quc gia Vit Nam v cc n v trc thuc. Trn cng v no, u, h vn lun pht huy c bn lnh GPTS: Kht khao chinh phc, quyt lit hnh ng, on kt ngha tnh.
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III. HNH THNH LNH VC XY LP DU KH

1. Ban Kin thit khu cng nghip du kh Vng Tu (sau l Ban Qun l cng trnh du kh Vng Tu)
Ngy 11-6-1980, Th tng Chnh ph ban hnh Quyt nh s 2437/VP thnh lp Ban Kin thit khu cng nghip du kh Vng Tu.
Ph Tng cc trng Phm Vn Diu (ph trch xy dng c bn) lm Trng ban. ng Bi Hi Ninh (tr l Gim c Cng ty Du kh II) lm Ph trng ban, ph trch ti chnh.
Tng cc trng dng mt s cn b ca Cc Xy dng c bn, Cng ty Thit k, Cng ty Xy lp du kh v c 3 cn b ca B Giao thng vn ti hnh thnh Ban Kin thit khu cng nghip du kh Vng Tu. Thng 8-1980, Ban tip nhn mt s c s ca mt s b ti Vng Tu chuyn giao cho Tng cc Du kh theo quyt nh ca Chnh ph (Trng K thut thng tin, Trng Bin phng, Khu cng hi qun), ri bn giao li mt s c s qun s cho Binh on 318 (c iu v phc v du kh), mt s c s dn s giao cho U ban nhn dn c khu Vng Tu - Cn o, ch gi li khu nh s 142 Trn Ph lm Trm iu dng ca Tng cc Du kh. Ni lm vic ca Ban chuyn t tr s ca Cng ty Du kh II v Trng K thut thng tin. Ban k hp ng vi X nghip Cng trnh 4 thuc Lin hip cc X nghip cng trnh 6 v vn chuyn ct san lp mt bng, vi Binh on 318 v Nh s vt, gii phng mt bng khu cng h lu. y l cng vic rt kh khn, vt v. Vi cng c th cng th s, ch sau mt thng cng vic hon thnh, to iu kin thun li cho cc n v ct, san lp mt bng. Nm 1981, Binh on 318 trin khai san lp mt bng, thi cng cng thng lu v lm 5 km ng 51B, ni ng 51 vi Bi Sau, Vng Tu (nay chnh l ng ph Bnh Gi - Vng Tu). Cui nm 1980, Ban chuyn tr s v khu nh 240 L Li. Nm 1981, Ban c tng cng thm cn b t cc n v trong ngnh v mt s k s mi tt nghip.
Ban lnh o c b sung thm cc ng Phm Vn Kho, Phan Khc Thiu lm Ph Trng ban.
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Ban k hp ng vi cc cng ty ca B Xy dng xy dng khu nh 5 tng (cho chuyn gia ca X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro) trn ng L Hng Phong. Ban cn tin hnh sa cha cc nh cp 4 khu Thng tin Bnh Gi v khu 240 L Li cho ngi Vit Nam lm vic trong X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro. Ngy 31-3-1982, Ban c i tn thnh Ban Qun l cng trnh du kh Vng Tu1. Lun chng kinh t - k thut (TEO) thnh lp X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro, do Pha Lin X lp, gm hai phn chnh: (1) Phn cc cng trnh thm d v khai thc ngoi bin do Lin X chu trch nhim. (2) Phn cc cng trnh trn b, gm khu cn c dch v du kh Vng Tu, khu nh , tr s, cc cng trnh dn dng v h tng do Pha Vit Nam m nhim vi s gip ca Lin X v thit k, mt s thit b v nguyn vt liu ch yu. Cc cng trnh trn b phi hon thnh sm c c s xy dng cc cng trnh trn bin. Kh khn u tin ca Ban l cc h s v Lun chng kinh t - k thut, v Thit k, Tng d ton v Thit k thi cng ca cc cng trnh cha c (thc hin cng vic ny l mt n v thit k du kh ti Lin X). Lc , Ban ch c 1 bn v thit k tng mt bng s b (!), mt s bn thit k s b cng, cc b tng, c tnh cht phc ha lm c s trin khai cng vic (!). Theo iu l Xy dng c bn, cc Ban Qun l cng trnh ch lm chc nng Bn A (Ch u t), cn thit k, thi cng, cung ng vt t... do cc nh thu (Bn B) thc hin. Nhng Ban Qun l cng trnh du kh Vng Tu lm c hai chc nng: chc nng Tng thu (Tng B) i vi Pha Lin X v X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro; ng thi lm chc nng Ch u t ngun vn t ngn sch cp, nhn v cung cp thit b, vt t ch yu t Pha Lin X v khai thc mi ngun trong nc lm chc nng Bn A, giao thu cho cc nh thu trong nc. Ngoi ra, do tin cp bch nn khng theo trnh t xy dng, m c thc hin c cch, l va thit k va thi cng. Hu ht cng trnh u khng c h s thit k v d ton ng b; Pha Lin X ch cung cp thit k tng phn t Lin X gi sang, thm ch tng bn v thi cng cho Tng cng
1. Quyt nh s 71/CT ngy 31-3-1982 ca Ch tch Hi ng B trng.
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trnh s Lin X Adamianz lm vic ti X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro, ch o thc hin ti ch thit k chi tit v gim st cng trnh. Thit k ca Lin X u khng c tin lng d ton, nn vic ny Ban Qun l cng trnh du kh Vng Tu phi trin khai ng thi trong qu trnh thi cng. Do , hu ht mi quan h gia Ban Qun l cng trnh du kh Vng Tu vi cc t chc nh thu xy lp u ch l Hp ng nguyn tc. Cc yu t ch yu nh d ton, vn cng trnh, tin cung cp nguyn vt liu, vt t u l nhng n s; ct yu l nhm t mc tiu k hoch hng nm do Hi ng X nghip Lin doanh ra, coi l mc tiu php lnh cao nht!. Cc trnh t v th tc thng thng v tin trnh u t xy dng c bn u khng thc hin c theo thng l. thc y cng vic trn cng trng, vic giao ban hng ngy, hip thng hoc tranh ci v tho thun gia Bn A v Bn B l yu t ch yu, thay cho cc rng buc theo thng l ca hp ng. Do tnh hnh trn, nn trong nhng nm u, ti cc cuc hp Hi ng X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro hng nm, cng tc xy dng c bn l ch bn ci ln nht, cng thng nht v ko di nht gia cc t chuyn vin hai Pha.
Cc cng trnh do Ban Qun l cng trnh du kh Vng Tu trin khai: - Gii phng mt bng, r ph bom mn v no vt lung lch; - Ci to cng 10.000 tn; - Xy dng cc phn on cng khu vc thng lu v h lu; - Xy dng ng trt v cc bi lp rp gin khoan s 1, 2, 3; - Cn c a vt l; - Cn c t; - Xng c kh trung tm; - Cn c dch v khoan; - Kho cha ho phm, bn khoan v vt t; - Trm xy v axtylen; - Phc hi kho du Vng Tu; - Trm cu ho v phng chy cha chy; - Phng th nghim trung tm;
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- Nh my in cng sut 4,2 MW; - M B Ra; - Mng thng tin vin thng; - Cc cng trnh dn dng v h tng (do Pha Vit Nam t thit k v thi cng); - Khu nh cao tng ca X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro ti ng L Hng Phong; - Tr s X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro; - ng s, cp thot nc, ng 51B (nay l ng ph Bnh Gi - Vng Tu); - Nh iu dng Lt Nm 1982, ng Nguyn Quang Nguyn, Cc ph Cc Xy dng c bn ca Tng cc Du kh c iu ng v lm Ph Trng ban cng vi nhiu cn b c kinh nghim t cc ni v tng cng lc lng.
Hng qu (hoc t xut) cc Ph Ch tch Hi ng B trng Mi hoc ng S Nguyn vo ch tr hp giao ban vi i din cc b, ngnh, Tng cc Du kh, U ban nhn dn c khu Vng Tu - Cn o, i din cc Bn A, B Nh vy cc vng mc lin quan n tin thi cng v i sng cho cn b cng nhn vin tham gia thi cng c gii quyt nhanh chng.
Thng 3-1983, Ph Tng cc trng kim Trng ban Qun l cng trnh du kh Vng Tu Phm Vn Diu ngh hu. ng Bi Hi Ninh, Ph Tng cc trng Tng cc Du kh kim Ph Trng ban Thng trc c giao nhim v Trng ban Qun l cng trnh du kh Vng Tu.
T sau nm 1984-1985, cng tc ca Ban Qun l cng trnh du kh Vng Tu cng c y mnh v i vo nn np. Nh c cc cn c dch v trn b, hot ng tm kim, thm d du kh ngoi bin c y mnh v pht hin ra du ti m Bch H, ng thi to iu kin cho X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro lp rp chn gin khoan c nh s 1 v h thu ti m Bch H ngy 6-11-1984. Tip sau, Ban li t chc giao thu cho cc n v Vit Nam (X nghip 18-3 thuc Lin hip Lp my B Xy dng - Lilama v X nghip Kt cu thp ca X nghip Lin hip Xy lp du kh - Tng cc Du kh) lp rp chn gin khoan c nh s 2.
Nm 1989, ng Bi Hi Ninh c iu ng lm Ph Tng Gim c th nht X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro; ng Phm Vn Kho, Ph Trng ban c bt Trng ban; cc ng Nguyn Vn Bo, c Trch lm Ph Trng ban.
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Tri qua 10 nm hnh thnh v pht trin, Ban Qun l cng trnh du kh Vng Tu hon thnh v c bn cn c dch v du kh Vng Tu, gp phn khng nh vo thm d v khai thc du kh thm lc a pha Nam Vit Nam. 62 cng trnh do Ban m nhim chim mt din tch ln ca thnh ph Vng Tu hin nay, tr gi 200 triu rp/la l phn gp vn ca Vit Nam vo X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro, l s tin khng nh vo thi . Ngoi vic hon thnh cn c dch v trn b, Ban Qun l cng trnh du kh Vng Tu cn nhn thu lp rp 12 b chn v cc modul cho cc gin khoan bin, ng thi cn tham gia xy dng ti Trng Sa 11 cm chn nh gin DK1 cho B Quc phng, gp phn bo v ch quyn bin, o ca Vit Nam. Ngy 20-9-1990, B trng B Cng nghip nng quyt nh thnh lp Cng ty Ch bin v Kinh doanh sn phm kh trn c s t chc b my v c s vt cht ca Ban Qun l cng trnh du kh Vng Tu vi i ng 135 cn b cng nhn vin. Cng t ngy , s mnh ca Ban Qun l cng trnh du kh Vng Tu kt thc m u v bc sang mt lnh vc quan trng mi y trin vng v tim nng, l thu gom, vn chuyn v ch bin kh t t thm lc a Vit Nam.
2. X nghip Lin hip Xy lp du kh

Nm 1978, Tng cc Du kh thnh lp 2 n v: - Cng ty Xy lp du kh, Gim c l ng L Phong H. - Cng ty Thit k du kh, Gim c l ng L T K. Thi k s khai, Cng ty Xy lp du kh c hnh thnh t tp hp cc i thi cng ca Lin on a cht 36 (sau l Cng ty Du kh I), m nhn thi cng cc cng trnh tm thi loi ln, phc v cho cc gin khoan trn t lin ca Cng ty Du kh I; cn Cng ty Thit k du kh tham gia thit k cng trnh x l kh Tin Hi - Thi Bnh cng vi cn b k thut ca Cng ty Du kh I. Tuy nhin, sau mt thi gian hot ng gp mt s kh khn v c ch v t chc nhn s hai cng ty ny phi gii th. Vo nm 1981-1982, sau khi X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro c thnh lp, nhu cu cng tc xy dng c bn ca ngnh Du kh l rt ln v cp bch m hu ht phi giao thu cho cc t chc ngoi ngnh.
Trc tnh hnh , Ph Tng cc trng Tng cc Du kh Chu (nguyn
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Th trng B Xy dng), vi bn lnh quyt on v dm lm, nhn trch nhim t chc b my X nghip Lin hip Xy lp du kh.
Thi hnh cc quyt nh ca Ch tch Hi ng B trng1 v vic chuyn Binh on 318 t B Quc phng sang Tng cc Du kh, ngy 14-9-1983 Tng cc Du kh ra quyt nh thnh lp X nghip Lin hip Xy lp du kh.
Ph Tng cc trng Tng cc Du kh Chu kim Tng Gim c X nghip. Lc lng lao ng c tp hp t nhiu ngun khc nhau (B C kh luyn kim, B Xy dng), m phn ng l cc chin s, s quan, cn b k thut ca Binh on 318 (1.300 ngi). C cu t chc sn xut ca X nghip Lin hip Xy lp du kh theo m hnh ca cc Tng cng ty Xy dng ca B Xy dng. B my iu hnh c Ban Tng Gim c (Tng Gim c v 5 Ph Tng Gim c), 11 phng, ban v 12 x nghip thnh vin (X nghip Xy lp s 1, 2, 3; X nghip Kt cu thp; X nghip Thi cng c gii; cc X nghip c kh, b tng, vt t, vn ti, kho st thit k; sn xut vt liu xy dng - m ; mc); v Trng o to cng nhn.
X nghip Lin hip Xy lp du kh c giao nhim v thi cng cc cng trnh: san lp mt bng, bn cng, bi cn khoan, ng chng, X nghip C kh trung tm, X nghip a vt l, Trm in 4,2 MW, X nghip sn xut kh xy, axtylen, kho ng lnh, h chn bn khoan. Trong thi k u mi thnh lp, X nghip Lin hip Xy lp du kh gp rt nhiu kh khn: yu v tay ngh, thiu v kinh nghim, thit b c v lc hu. Do tp hp t nhiu n v khc nhau nn nhiu ngi cn mang nng t tng cc b, bo th theo thi quen kinh nghim ca n v c.
Cui nm 1984, Ph Tng cc trng Tng cc Du kh Chu thi kim chc Tng Gim c X nghip Lin hip Xy lp du kh, ng Trn Th (nguyn Tng Gim c mt n v xy lp ca B C kh luyn kim) c b nhim lm Quyn Tng Gim c. Tnh trng mt on kt trong ni b X nghip tr nn nghim trng, nn tin thi cng cc cng trnh thng b chm, cht lng km, khin Bn A (Ban Qun l cng trnh du kh Vng Tu, X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro) thiu tin tng vo kh nng ca X nghip Lin hip. c kin nn chuyn giao i b phn X nghip Lin hip cho B Xy dng. Tng cc trng Tng cc Du kh Nguyn Ha khng tn thnh kin ny, ch th thc hin cc bin php, kin quyt cng c li X nghip Lin hip Xy lp du kh.
1. Ch th s 224/CT v 225/CT ngy 30-8-1983 ca Ch tch Hi ng B trng.
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Thng 8-1985, Tng cc trng Nguyn Ha iu ng ng Bi Hi Ninh, Tng cc ph ang kim chc Trng ban Qun l cng trnh du kh Vng Tu sang kim chc Tng Gim c X nghip Lin hip Xy lp du kh, bt ng Trn Hin, Trng phng K hoch gi chc Ph Tng Gim c. ng Nguyn L Trng (thi chc Ph Tng Gim c) c giao nhim v c vn k thut cho Tng Gim c.
Tin v cht lng cng vic ca X nghip Lin hip Xy lp du kh dn dn c ci thin. Tng Gim c X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro .G. Mamedov gi th cho B trng B Xy dng, khen ngi cc th hn Vit Nam lm tt cng vic, bo m k thut v tiu chun ca Lin X. Ton X nghip Lin hip Xy lp du kh vui mng khi hon thnh v c nghim thu chn s 2 nng gn 2.000 tn. Cui nm 1985, X nghip Lin hip Xy lp du kh c chn chnh, sp xp li t chc, t 12 x nghip gim cn 6 x nghip Nhng ngy u xy dng cng du kh chuyn mn ha (X nghip Xy dng cc cng trnh cng nghip v dn dng; X nghip Kt cu thp, ng ng b cha; X nghip Thi cng c gii; X nghip C kh; X nghip Vt t vn ti; X nghip Sn xut vt liu xy dng - m ), m rng quyn cho cc n v
Cui nm 1986, i hi ng b X nghip Lin hip c tin hnh. ng Bi Xun Chung c bu lm B th. Nhng mu thun, b phi, cc b dn c khc phc. Cui nm 1987, ng Bi Hi Ninh (Tng cc ph kim Tng Gim c) c iu ng v Tng cc Du kh nhn nhim v mi, ng Trn Hin, Ph Tng Gim c c bt lm Tng Gim c.
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Tri qua 10 nm k t ngy thnh lp, X nghip Lin hip Xy lp du kh hon thnh c cht lng 26 chn cc gin khoan c nh, gin nn kh v nh cng nh 11 chn cho cc nh gin DK1 qun o Trng Sa.
IV. XUT NHP KHU VT T THIT B V KINH DOANH DU KH

1. Xut nhp khu vt t thit b du kh
Sau khi X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro i vo hot ng (nm 1981) v bt u khai thc du kh (nm 1986), ngy 12-10-1981, B trng B Ngoi thng L Khc k quyt nh thnh lp Cng ty Nhp khu thit b v K thut du kh. Nm 1987, Cng ty ny c i tn thnh Cng ty Xut nhp khu du kh vi tn giao dch l Petechim, lm nhim v nhp khu my mc, vt t, thit b du kh v xut du th.
ng Trn Hu Lc lc by gi l Tham tn Thng mi ca i s qun Vit Nam ti Lin X c B Ngoi thng b nhim lm Tng Gim c Cng ty. Mt s cn b ph trch v chuyn vin c kinh nghim trong lnh vc xut nhp khu thuc Tng cng ty Nhp khu thit b ton b (Technoimport) cng c iu ng v Petechim.
Ngay sau khi thnh lp, lnh o Petechim va phi nhanh chng trin khai xy dng b my t chc, o to i ng cn b chuyn mn, va phi tin hnh song song m phn v k kt cc hp ng nhp khu vt t thit b v dch v chuyn giao cng ngh vi Lin on Technoexport - mt t chc xut, nhp khu ln ca Lin X nhm bo m phc v kp thi nhu cu v tm kim, thm d, pht trin m v khai thc du kh ca X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro. Trong nhng nm 1981-1985, Petechim m phn v k cc hp ng kho st a chn, khoan thm d (tu Mikhain Mirchin, gin Ekhabi), cung ng thit b vt t cho vic xy dng cn c dch v trn b v cc gin khoan c nh, gin cng ngh trung tm ngoi bin, cc phng tin ni nh tu cu Titan-600T, Ispolin-1.200T, tu ri ng NPK-547, tu cha du th (FSO) Krm (sau i tn l Ch Linh), cc tu dch v Nguyn tc nh gi lc by gi l gi quc t trung bnh 5 nm trt - mt nguyn tc p dng gia cc nc trong khi SEV. Tuy nhin, Lin X thng ch s dng c s gi theo gi hng ho cung cp cho mt s nc thuc khi SEV,
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cha th hin mt bng gi quc t, v vy m phn vi Technoexport lc by gi ht sc phc tp. Hi ng B trng v B Ngoi thng Vit Nam ch trng kin tr thuyt phc Pha Lin X, Petechim thu thp cc d liu v gi quc t, phn tch mt cch khoa hc v chng minh c yu cu iu chnh gi xung mt bng gi quc t, nn gim c gi cho cc hp ng hng trm triu rp chuyn nhng (1 rp chuyn nhng bng 1,6 USD). Trong nm 1985, Petechim c Hi ng X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro u thc nhp khu t nc th ba hng ho tr gi 1 triu rp chuyn nhng. Trong bi cnh Vit Nam vn cn b M cm vn, vic giao dch nhp khu vi cc i tc ngoi Lin X mang tnh ri ro rt cao. Tuy nhin vi s chun b k lng v kinh nghim ngoi thng, Petechim nhp khu vt t, thit b cn thit bo m cht lng, ng tin vi gi c cnh tranh, p ng kp thi nhu cu sn xut ca X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro. Trong nhng nm 1986-1990, khi X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro bt u khai thc du m Bch H, ngoi cng tc nhp khu trang thit b, vt t v cung ng dch v khai thc v xut khu du th, Petechim cn c Hi ng X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro giao nhim v mua phng tin ni - gin CJ50, hon ci tu cha du th Chi Lng, tu dch v ko y, cc cng trnh du kh bin, thit b vt t v sa cha tu Xingapo. Sau mt thi gian c nhng ng gp tch cc cho hot ng ca X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro, c ch c quyn ngoi thng ca Petechim bt u bc l nhiu bt cp: - Cng ty Petechim k hp ng mua vt t, thit b, nhng bn s dng vt t thit b l X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro li khng c tham gia tho lun nh gi c; c quan qun l nh nc (Tng cc Du kh) khng kim sot c tin mua sm vt t v gi thnh du th c khai thc. - Vic bn giao cc ti sn, cng trnh ca Pha Vit Nam vo vn php nh X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro cng phi do Petechim lm hp ng theo t gi, nhng Petechim khng th lm c, v khng c b phn xy dng c bn tnh ton thuyt phc c Pha Lin X (ti sn tr gi 200 triu rp chuyn nhng). - Vic chi tiu ngoi t, c th l 1 triu USD cho cc nh thu Vit Nam (ca B Giao thng, B Xy dng, B in v Than, Tng cc Du kh) lm cho X
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nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro, cng phi do Petechim gi cho hng nn khng thc hin c. Phi n thng 8-1989, sau khi c Lut u t nc ngoi ti Vit Nam, Cng ty Dch v Du kh (PSC) lin doanh vi Cng ty CanNam - Trimex ca Canaa thnh lp Cng ty PSA. Cng ty PSA c th lm dch v nhp khu y thc ca X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro cho Cng ty Dch v Du kh, v th c quyn nhp khu vt t thit b ca Petechim (B Ngoi thng) mi c d b.
2. Cng tc xut khu du th

T gia nm 1986, Petechim chun b t chc v cng c Phng xut du th, o to nhn lc, xy dng quy trnh v nghin cu th trng du th th gii, khu vc. Trong thi gian ny, Cng ty ch yu hc tp, nghin cu v chun b th trng. Cng tc chun b thng xuyn c bo co Tng cc Du kh, B Ngoi thng, Vn phng Chnh ph. Petechim cng mi chuyn gia t vn ca Lin on Xut nhp khu du th ca Lin X (Soiuz - Nhefteexport) tng cng o to chuyn mn cho cc cn b chuyn trch xut du t khu nghip v chi tit, tham vn v th trng khu vc v la chn du chun cng nh cng thc tnh gi v la chn ngun tin gi nim yt c bit th trng mua bn du th khu vc chu - Thi Bnh Dng, c tham kho th trng bin Bc v Bc M. Trng phng Sajenkov ca Lin on, mt chuyn gia xut khu du c kinh nghim ca Soiuz - Nhefteexport thng xuyn sang trao i vic chun b cho chuyn xut khu u tin v y cng l quyn li ca Pha Lin X tham gia trong X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro. Mt khc, Petechim thng qua cc cn b ca Tng cc Du kh c quan h tt vi cc ng nghip Trung ng nh Iran, Irc, Cot, Mhic, v.v., mi h sang Vit Nam gip Petrovietnam xy dng cc hp ng chia sn phm nhng nm 1976-1986, cung cp cc thng tin cng nh t vn nghip v xut khu du th. u nm 1987, c s ph chun ca Chnh ph, B Ngoi thng, ngy 26-3-1987, Petechim cng Nhefteexport m phn k vi hng Nisso - Iwai (Nht Bn) xut l du u tin l 200.000 thng. L du th hai l 366.000 thng k ngy 8-4-1987 vi hng Itochu (Nht Bn), nhng tu Nikko Maru ca Itochu li vo bc du trc 2 ngy l du k vi Nisso - Iwai. Cng thc tnh gi du giai on ny c xc nh nh sau: (1) Du chun, do du khai thc t m Bch H l loi du ngt c tnh nng
385
tng t nh du Minas ca Innxia bn khu vc ng Nam v tiu chun xc nh du ngt theo tiu chun ca API (American Petroleum Institute - Vin Du la M). (2) H s & l h s c hiu chnh theo yu t th trng. (3) Hp ng bn l loi theo th thc bn chuyn hay ngn hn (spot). (4) Vic hnh thnh cng thc gi da vo c s tham vn cc chuyn gia c nhiu kinh nghim ca Nhefteexport v cc chuyn gia t vn khc nh nu trn. i chiu vi cc kt qu thm d, nghin cu th trng v c xt n tnh tng ng v quy cch so vi du m Bch H thi im by gi th du Minas l chun. M du Minas ca Innxia khi cho sn lng ln n nh v cht lng cao, du Minas c th trng th gii chp nhn. Gi du th trn th gii c xc nh theo bin ng ca 3 th trng khu vc l: th trng giao dch du th ln nht l S Giao dch chng khon Niu Oc (NYMEX), S Giao dch chng khon Lun n (International Petroleum Exchange in London - IPF), S Giao dch tin t quc t Xingapo (Simex). Theo thng l, cc nc sn xut v xut khu du m u p dng mt trong ba hnh thc gi trn. Trong qu trnh m phn bn spot, nhiu khch hng quan tm n du Bch H dng gi cng b du Dubai, hoc du Taqing lm c s hoc p dng cng thc gi Netback price (tnh gi theo cch tnh ngc li t gi tr sn phm) nhm mua c du Bch H vi h s tham chiu & c tnh ti yu t th trng thp c li cho khch hng mua du. Thi k 1987-1997, gi du th m Bch H c tnh nh sau: Gi du th m Bch H = Trung bnh gi du th Minas + & Trong : - Gi du th Minas c tham chiu t ngun cng b gi APPI (Asian Petroleum Price Index ca Hng Kng ti tun trc tun giao hng v tun sau ). - H s iu chnh & c Chnh ph ph duyt 6 thng mt ln trn c s m phn ca Petechim vi khch hng. Cng thc trn c u im l da vo loi du chun Minas l loi du c mc tiu cao ti khu vc v c mc gi
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n nh. Tuy nhin, giai on ny ch tham chiu ngun cng b gi APPI (Asian Petroleum Price Index) ca Hng Kng l ngun cng b gi cc loi du chu . Cng ty Xut nhp khu Du kh (Petechim) xut khu chuyn du th u tin trong iu kin ang b M cm vn. Ngn hng nc ngoi c th s chn cc khon thu ngoi t bn du th, tr nhng mn Vit Nam n qu hn hoc n hn phi tr.
ng V Xun o, nguyn Trng phng Thanh ton quc t, nguyn Ph Gim c Vietcombank Vng Tu nh li: Cui nm 1986, trong khi c nc ang ho hc chun b n Tt inh Mo th Vietcombank Vng Tu ang cng vi Petechim l bn bn v hng Itochu l bn mua tho lun nhng dng cui cng ca hp ng tn dng mu. n u nm 1987, va qua Tt inh Mo, chng ti nhn c th tn dng mua du do ngn hng nc ngoi m thng bo qua chng ti. Ngy 26-2-1987, khon tin hn 4.000 USD k qu ngn hng chuyn vo Vietcombank Vng Tu. Ngy 14-3-1987, vn n c k pht, nhng tn du th ca Vit Nam c chuyn ch. Ngy 12-4-1987, hai ngy trc k hn,
Tn du th u tin ri bn
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chng ti gi in gic ngn hng nc ngoi. Ngy 14-4-1987, anh ch em chng ti quy qun bn my telex ch kt qu. 8 gi km 15 pht c in bo v vic thanh ton tin nhng chuyn du th xut khu u tin hon thnh tt p. Hn 6 triu USD tin bn du c thu v kp thi, khng sai st, khng chm tr, khng c ri ro1.
Cho n u nm 1990, Petechim xut khu c khong 5 triu tn du th.
3. Kinh doanh sn phm xng du

Cui nhng nm 70 ca th k XX, Tng cng ty Xng du c 8 cng ty min Bc v 2 cng ty min Nam, c 4 trung tm chnh tip nhn xng du bng ng thu (Hi Phng, Qung Ninh, Nng v Thnh ph H Ch Minh), cc kho c Giang, Cng trnh B12, kho A320, kho Vinh, kho Ph Ha (Quy Nhn), kho Thng L m rng Trong thi gian c chin tranh bin gii Ty Nam v xung t bin gii pha Bc, Tng cng ty cung cp y nhin liu cho cc chin trng. Vo nhng nm 1979-1980, Tng cng ty Xng du ( chuyn t B Cng Thng sang B Vt t) t chc cc cng ty xng du khu vc. Lng xng du nhp khu v cung ng cng ngy cng tng (nm 1976, nhp kho: 898.319 tn, xut kho: 1.251.426 tn; nm 1980, nhp kho: 1.617.392 tn, xut kho: 1.715.681 tn). T nm 1981, ngoi phng thc cung ng theo ch tiu k hoch, cc n v c bn xng du cho tu nc ngoi theo gi tho thun v c thu ngoi t. T nm 1981 n nm 1985, bn 166.000 tn, thu c 75 triu rp v 37 triu USD. Ngy 31-12-1987, Hi ng B trng ban hnh Quyt nh v vic chuyn ngnh vt t sang hch ton kinh doanh x hi ch ngha2, nn Tng cng ty Xng du c n Chuyn ngnh xng du sang hch ton kinh doanh x hi ch ngha. Ngy 29-10-1988, Hi ng B trng ban hnh Quyt nh v vic thng nht kinh doanh xng du vo Tng cng ty Xng du3,
1. V Xun o: Chng ti thanh ton chuyn du th xut khu u tin, Vietcombank Vng Tu, K nim 20 nm thnh lp (1982-2002), tr.26-27. 2. Quyt nh s 231/HBT ngy 31-12-1987. 3. Quyt nh s 279/HBT ngy 29-10-1988.
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Tng cng ty trc tip quan h ngoi thng, ch ng t chc, iu hnh ton b qu trnh kinh doanh xng du t nhp khu n bn ra cho ngi tiu dng, Tng cng ty c tn giao dch quc t l Tng cng ty Xut nhp khu Du kh Quc gia Vit Nam (Vietnam National Petroleum Import Export Corporation - Petrolimex). Ch trng dnh mt phn xng du nhp khu bn l cho nhu cu ca x hi hnh thnh t nm 1986, song thi im cha thc hin c. Phi n thng 3-1989, Cng ty Xng du khu vc III Hi Phng mi trin khai 5 quy bn l xng du u tin thnh ph Hi Phng. Hai thng sau, cc im bn hng ny c trang b ct bm. l nhng ct bm bn l xng du u tin khu vc pha Bc. Thng 5-1989, Petrolimex ban hnh ch i l bn l xng du v cc n v c quyn bn xng du thu ngoi t. Nm 1990, Tng Cng ty Xng du chuyn v B Thng nghip. Sau y l mt vi s liu v nhp (mua t nc ngoi) v xut (bn trong nc): n v: tn Nm 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 Nhp 2.137.183 2.492.822 2.778.000 2.741.811 2.773.124 Xut 1.778.000 1.960.000 2.100.000 2.200.000 2.517.495
Ngy 19-10-1990, Hi ng B trng ra Ch th s 369-CT cho php mt s n v ngoi Petrolimex c kinh doanh xng du. Th trng xng du bt u hnh thnh Vit Nam1.
1. 50 nm Tng cng ty Xng du Vit Nam (1956-2006), Nxb. Chnh tr quc gia, H Ni, 2006.
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V. Cng tc ti chnh
Hot ng kinh t, ti chnh ca Tng cc Du kh theo c ch k hoch tp trung, bao cp ca Nh nc v c th phn loi thnh hai khi nh sau:
1. Khi hot ng c cp kinh ph trc tip t ngn sch nh nc

- C quan Tng cc c ngn sch nh nc cp 100% kinh ph hot ng t ngun kinh ph qun l hnh chnh, c chia ra thnh cc mc chi theo mc lc ngn sch nh nc: lng, ph cp, on ra, on vo v cc khon chi khc - Chi cho cc hot ng tm kim, thm d c cp bng ngun kinh ph s nghip kinh t. - Chi u t xy dng c bn, mua sm bng ngun vn u t c cp qua Ngn hng Kin thit Vit Nam (nay l Ngn hng u t v Pht trin Vit Nam). - Chi cho cng tc nghin cu khoa hc, o to cng nhn k thut, y t, iu dng bng cc ngun vn ngn sch nh nc tng ng. c im ca cc hot ng ny l phi thc hin mt cch nghim ngt theo k hoch c duyt t u nm (do B Ti chnh v U ban K hoch Nh nc ch tr). Tin c cp hng qu bng cc Thng tri duyt y d ton, lnh chi cho Tng cc v Tng cc thc hin vic phn b v cp cho bn di thc hin (cc cng ty, trng, vin). Hng nm, cc khon ny phi c quyt ton, thiu c xem xt cp b vo nm sau. Ht nin chi ngn sch (thng l n ngy 25-12 hng nm), ton b s d kinh ph ti Tng cc c np tr v cho ngn sch nh nc.
2. Khi cc n v sn xut
Cc cng ty tin hnh sn xut c thc hin ch hch ton kinh t c lp tng i, ngha l c xc nh vn c nh, vn lu ng, c bng thng k ti sn ring, phi hch ton gi thnh, l li, c hng ch phn phi li nhun (trch lp cc qu theo quy nh) cn li np ht vo ngn sch nh nc. Tuy nhin y l thi k k hoch ha tp trung, bao cp nn hot ng ca cc n v ny khng c hon ton t ch, khng gn vi th trng, c th tng mt nh sau: - Lng c n nh ging nhau theo cp bc, chc v chung. Thit b c cung cp theo k hoch c duyt (giao k hoch sn xut, cung cp vt t, np ngn sch nh nc).
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- Vn lu ng c duyt nh mc hng nm ph hp vi k hoch sn xut. Thiu c xem xt ghi k hoch cp b sung t ngn sch nh nc, tha phi np li ngn sch nh nc. - Khu hao ti sn c nh phi trch theo t l quy nh, bao gm khu hao sa cha ln v khu hao c bn. Khu hao sa cha ln c li lp qu khu hao sa cha ln, khu hao c bn phi np ngn sch nh nc (giai on ci tin qun l v sau c li mt phn cho n v). - Hng nm quyt ton, c li n v np ngn sch nh nc sau khi c trch li qu khen thng v qu phc li, qu khuyn khch pht trin sn xut. Nu l c chp nhn th c xt ghi k hoch cp b l hng nm t ngn sch nh nc. Hot ng kinh t ti chnh thi k ny c din ra cht ch theo k hoch nh trc, c s kim tra, kim sot, nh gi nghim ngt ca cc b qun l chc nng nh B Ti chnh, Ngn hng Nh nc, U ban K hoch Nh nc, B Lao ng. Do tnh hnh kinh t, ti chnh t nc kh khn, nn tuy c u tin, nhng hot ng ny ca Tng cc Du kh cng rt kh khn, ngt ngho. Sau y l mt vi con s minh ha (Bo co kim im thc hin k hoch nm 1983 v nhim v k hoch nm 1984, Cng vn s 06/KH ngy 10-2-1984): - Cng ty Du kh I khai thc 22 triu m3 kh, np ngn sch 28 triu ng. - Tng s lao ng cui k l 5.512 ngi; lng bnh qun 365,2 ng/ngi. - Thc hin vn nm 1983 (n v: 1.000 ng), trong : A. Chi ngn sch: S nghip kinh t: 167.566. Nghin cu khoa hc: 4.460. o to: 3.920. . B. Thu np ngn sch: 53.420. C. Ngoi t: 2.000. (Xem thm Ph lc Phn II-04 v Phn II-05)
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ng ng nh Cn, nguyn V trng V Ti chnh - K ton nh li: Nhng thm d kho st Thi Bnh, Nam nh thuc vng chu th sng Hng v vng bin ph cn cha em li kt qu nh lng ngi mong i. Chng ta ngh nhiu ti ngun du kh trn cc vng bin pha Nam. Mi th m ra trc mt u rt mi m. Mt on cn b ti chnh gm 5 ngi c c sang Angiri bi dng nghip v lc ... on chng ti c a v Cng ty Sonatrach. Chng ti khng c nhiu thi gian tip cn vi qu trnh khai thc ca h m ch yu i su vo cc hot ng ti chnh, k ton t khu lp cc d n ti chnh, hch ton chi tiu tng hng mc, hch ton tng hp, khu kim tra gim st, c bit l khu lm cc hp ng ti chnh. Nhng ni dung ny i hi ngi cn b nghip v ti chnh, k ton ngoi vic kim sot tt ng tin chi ra cn phi hiu c qu trnh vn hnh mi cng on sn xut i cng vi ng tin ... Khi ri Cng ty Sonatrach, chng ti ti Orng hc tp v tip xc vi cc chuyn gia Php, M, Nht Bn ang lm kh ha lng y, nh m ti chnh k ton ca ngnh Du kh khng qu ng ngng v c bit l gip lnh o khng b tht th, s snh khi bt tay lm n vi cc cng ty thm d v khai thc nc ngoi1.
Nm 1978, sau khi k hp ng chia sn phm du kh (PSC) vi cc Cng ty Deminex, Agip, Bow Valley, ta bt u tip cn vi phng thc hot ng kinh t, ti chnh ca cc doanh nghip t bn trong lnh vc du kh. trin khai hp ng PSC, ta phi k nhiu loi hp ng khc nh hp ng lao ng, hp ng dch v; cch khon trn gi v chi tiu qun l, giao dch, hi hp; cch xc nh t gi hi oi gia cc ng tin VND, rp, USD; cng tc kim ton, thanh l hp ng; cng tc o to; tip nhn v qun l ngun vin tr khng hon li
ng H T, nguyn V trng V Ti chnh - K ton, Tng cc Du kh k: Khi 3 cng ty Deminex, Agip, Bow Valley kt thc hot ng Vit Nam, lc tin hnh thanh l hp ng du kh, ti sn ca cc cng ty nh cc loi xe t, cc thit b vn phng u li ht cho ta. Theo thng l quc t i vi hp ng PSC l nh vy.2
Vn t ra l phi c ngay cc cn b chuyn ngnh ti chnh, k ton, kim ton. Mt mt l cung cp cho cc cng ty du kh nc ngoi hot ng Vit Nam, mt khc l c cn b ca ta kim sot hot ng ca cc cng ty . V vy, B Ti chnh c nhng cn b c nng lc sang Tng cc Du kh, ng
1. Nhiu tc gi, T Duy Anh ch bin: Nhng ngi i tm la, Nxb. Hi Nh vn, H Ni, 2007, t.II, tr.246, 247, 250. 2. Phng vn ng H T ngy 31-3-2010.
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thi cng Tng cc Du kh t chc cc lp hc, mi cc chuyn gia nc ngoi ging dy (do cc t chc quc t ti tr), k c mi cc chuyn gia l Vit kiu v lm vic. Nm 1981, X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro c thnh lp v i vo hot ng. c trng ca m hnh lin doanh ny l hai Bn gp vn 50/50. Thc cht ta phi vay Lin X gp vn. Vn gp vn rt mi i vi Vit Nam l xc nh gi tr t, nh, cng trnh kin trc, tr s trn c s tiu ch no, nh gi ti sn ra sao cho tng i ng hai Bn u khng b thua thit.
y l s hp tc c hiu qu v s n lc khng mt mi ca ng ng nh Cn nguyn V trng V Ti chnh - K ton, ng Nguyn Quang Hp - nguyn V trng V K hoch Tng cc Du kh v cc chuyn vin, cng vi cc cn b ca B Ti chnh, y ban K hoch Nh nc, B Ngoi thng Chng ta tnh theo gi quc t ti thi im m phn v Pha Lin X chp nhn; kt qu Pha Vit Nam gp vn c 200 triu rp chuyn nhng, gp khong 50 ln gi bao cp v l con s khng nh lc by gi.
Sau khi hai Pha thng nht u quyn cho Petechim (ca B Ngoi thng Vit Nam) bn du th thu ngoi t; trong thi gian nh k chuyn tin cho Lin X, ta tranh th quay vng vn... Thi k ny t nc rt cn ngoi t, du kh l ngnh ch cht cung cp ngoi t cho ngn sch nh nc lc .
ng H T nh li: B trng ph trch cng tc du kh inh c Thin gp ti giao nhim v vo tng cng cho Ban lnh o Cng ty Du kh II, cn dn: Ti nguyn l ca t nc, ta l ch nn phi nm ly ti chnh. Cng vic k thut, cng ngh, gim c iu hnh c th thu ngi nc ngoi, nhng qun l vn, ti chnh ngi ch phi nm, kim sot, qun l ti chnh, ti nguyn; kim sot c chi ph cc hp ng thm d, khai thc du kh chnh l bi hc lun ghi nh ca nhng ngi lm du kh Vit Nam1.
VI. NGHIN CU KHOA HC - CNG NGH

1. ng li, chnh sch pht trin khoa hc - cng ngh ca Nh nc trong ngnh Du kh
Sau nm 1975, t nc c thng nht m ra nhiu iu kin tt p pht trin ngnh Du kh, tuy nhin trong thi k 1975-1990 tnh hnh trong
1. Phng vn ng H T ngy 31-3-2010.
393
nc v th gii cn nhiu vn cha thun li cho s pht trin . ng li nht qun ca ng v Nh nc i vi s nghip pht trin ngnh Du kh Vit Nam c th hin r trong Ngh quyt s 244-NQ/TW ngy 9-8-1975 l nhanh chng hnh thnh mt nn cng nghip du kh hon chnh bao gm c thm d, khai thc, vn chuyn, lc du, ha du c kh phc v ngnh du, nhanh chng tm ra v khai thc nhiu du kh va c dng trong nc, va c th xut khu v Nh nc nm ngun ti nguyn du la mt cch vng chc v an ton Do mt s kh khn khch quan v ch quan t nm 1975 n cui nm 1977, Vin Du kh Vit Nam c tn trong danh sch cc n v hp thnh Tng cc Du kh Vit Nam ti Ngh nh s 170/CP ngy 3-9-1975, nhng vn khng c trin khai thnh lp. Sau , trong Ch th s 30-CT/TW ngy 29-12-1977 a ra v nhng vic cn lm y nhanh cng tc du m v kh t, c vic xy dng ngay Vin Nghin cu v Vin Thit k du kh, xy dng mt s c s th nghim chuyn dng, pht trin dn nhng b phn nghin cu quan trng khc. n thng 5-1978, Vin Du kh Vit Nam mi chnh thc ra i v ni dung hot ng cng khng khc nhiu lm so vi on 36B trc .
ng Trn Xanh c b nhim l Quyn Vin trng. Sau ny, khi ng Trn Xanh chuyn v Tng cc Du kh, Tng cc quyt nh Ph Vin trng l cc ng Hong Lc (kim B th ng u), H c Hoi, Nguyn Hip. Nm 1983, ng H c Hoi l Vin trng, n nm 1988 l ng Nguyn Giao, Ph Vin trng l cc ng Trng Minh, Vn Lu, Phan Trung in.
ng li, chnh sch xy dng, pht trin khoa hc - k thut du kh dn dn r nt hn trong cc nm u thnh lp Tng cc Du kh Vit Nam. ng li y ni chung n nay nhiu im vn ng, ngoi tr mt s chi tit mang tnh duy ch, cha ch n tnh quc t cng nh tnh h thng rt
Vin Du kh Vit Nam ti Nh Thnh, th x Hng Yn (nm 1978)
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cht ch ca cc hot ng du kh nn qu nhn mnh v t lc cnh sinh, v yu cu pht trin ngnh ton din, ng b v nhy vt trong lc Pha Vit Nam mi giai on khi im, thiu vn, thiu nhn lc, thiu chuyn mn k thut.
2. Xy dng c s vt cht k thut cho Vin Du kh Vit Nam v Vin Nghin cu - Thit k bin ca Vietsovpetro
Xy dng Vin Du kh Vit Nam l mt ch trng ln ca ngnh v ca Nh nc. Tuy nhin sau khi thng nht t nc, tnh hnh kinh t cn rt kh khn, Vit Nam cha c ngun kinh ph u t xy dng c s vt cht - k thut cho mt vin nghin cu nh mong mun. Ngay c vic xy dng tr s lm vic rt khim tn cho Vin H Ni cng kh trin khai dn n vic mt b phn rt nh ca Vin c a v H Ni trc cng phi nhn quyt nh quay tr li Hng Yn v iu ny cng phn nh y tnh hnh thc t ca giai on ny. Ma h nm 1977, Th tng Chnh ph Phm Vn ng thm chnh thc Cng ha Php v t nn mng cho mt mi quan h mi gia hai nc. B trng ph trch cng tc du kh inh c Thin l thnh vin trong on ca Th tng. on n thm Vin Du kh Php (IFP)1. Trong chuyn i ny, Chnh ph Php ti tr cho Vit Nam 80.000 phrng Php mua mt s thit b c bn ca 3 phng th nghim: Phng nh gi du th, Phng Phn tch ha l v Phng C l di dng. Thit b c a v lp t v khai thc tt ti Vin Du kh Vit Nam nm 1978. Giai on tip theo l m phn mua 11 phng th nghim. Ring Phng Du th b sung phn phn tch tiu chun, Phng Ha l b sung phn c l PVT.
B trng inh c Thin vit th cho Tng Gim c Vin Du kh Php ng Jean Claude Balaceanu v c cc ng Trn Xanh, ph trch Vin Du kh Vit Nam; ng Quang Ton, c nhn ha ca Vin Du kh Vit Nam n Vin Du kh Php tho lun v d n tr gip k thut v o to cn b k thut cho Vin Du kh Vit Nam.
Trong khun kh Vin Du kh Vit Nam c chn lm i tc hp tc vi Vin Du kh Php (IFP). Vin Du kh Php giao cho Cng ty BEICIP l
1. Phim ti liu chuyn thm ny lu tr ti Tp on Du kh Quc gia Vit Nam.
395
Th ca B trng inh c Thin gi Tng Gim c Vin Du kh Php - IFP
thnh vin ca mnh lp d n 11 phng th nghim cho Vin Du kh Vit Nam bng vn ca Chnh ph Php1.
Theo Quyt nh s 572DK/TC4 ngy 1-12-1977, 7 cn b k thut ca Vin Du kh Vit Nam gm Phan Huy Quynh, Nguyn Vn Hi (c sinh), Trn Cng To, L Nh Tiu (a ha), Nguyn Vn Hun (du th), V Vn Th (PVT), Phm ng Ph (thch hc) c gi sang IFP thc tp chun b tip nhn cc phng th nghim .
Sau khi BEICIP t vn, lp danh sch chi tit v nu cc iu kin thc hin th pht sinh vn : gi trn gi cung cp thit b v o to, bo hnh (36 triu phrng Php) li vt qu mc tin vay c (12 triu phrng Php). B trng inh c Thin ch o thay i i tc. Cng ty du m chu u (CEP - mt cng ty ca ng Cng sn Php) c chn thay BEICIP. Cng ty ny thay ton b nh cung cp thit b theo danh sch m BEICIP v IFP t
1. Cng vn s 370/VP7 ngy 8-9-1978 ca Vn phng Ph Th tng gi cc b, ngnh, tng cc v vic s dng vn trong Ngh nh th m Chnh ph Vit Nam k vi Chnh ph Php th Tng cc Du m v Kh t Vit Nam c phn b 22 triu phrng Php, trong kinh ph cho 11 phng th nghim l 12 triu phrng Php.
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vn (kinh ph vn trong mc 12 triu phrng Php) Nm 1980, thit b ca 11 phng th nghim c tp kt v Vin Du kh ti Hng Yn. Trong qu trnh tip nhn bn giao, do c nhiu vn ny sinh, bn cung cp v Cng ty CEP khng gii quyt c trong khi thi hn vay tin ht. Vic nhn 11 phng th nghim ny khng c chuyn gia sang vn hnh v bn giao, k hoch a 10 k s i o to trin khai vn hnh cc phng th nghim ny cng b hu b. Cc cn b ca Vin Du kh phi t my m trin khai. Kt qu khai thc cng v th m c phn b hn ch. Tuy nhin, y l cc thit b th nghim hin i, t trnh quc t thi im , bao gm ha l, du th, a ha, thch hc, c sinh, c l, PVT, n mn, xc tc, dung dch khoan v mt xng c kh sa cha nh v n Vin Du kh (th x Hng Yn). Ln u tin trong lch s du kh Vit Nam chng ta c c knh hin vi in t qut, cc my phn tch sc k, my o phn x vitrinit, v.v., c cng th h vi thit b ca cc nc pht trin trong h thng t bn ch ngha v vi s thng minh, sng to ca cn b k thut Vit Nam, hu ht cc phng th nghim ny lm thay i hn cht lng nghin cu v gip nng cao uy tn khoa hc ca Vin.
Tiu biu cho nhng iu ni trn l rt nhiu thay i b mn a ha, phng phn tch du th v phn tch PVT. Trc y, b mn a ha cng c phn tch nh lng tng hm lng carbon hu c nhng tham s ny ch dng ring l nn khng nh gi c mu c vai tr l m ( ngun sinh du) hay khng. Vi h thng thit b mi, cc chui tham s a ha c phn tch ng b cho php nh gi c mu c tiu chun l m giu hay ngho, trng thnh hay cha trng thnh, c kh nng sinh du hay sinh kh cng nh cho php nh gi mi trng a cht m trong loi m hnh thnh. Phng th nghim PVT ln u tin tng i c kh nng phn tch s bin i cc tnh cht l ha ca cht lu trong cc tng cha sn phm trong iu kin p sut (P), th tch (V) v nhit (T) m. Phng Phn tch du th thc hin c vic chng ct du th, condensat, nhn c cc sn phm ch bin theo tng phn on chng ct, nh gi c tnh cht, thnh phn du th Vit Nam cc tng, cc m khc nhau, v.v.. Tt c nhng thnh cng ny gip cho ngnh tng bc nh gi c tim nng du kh ca nc ta cng nh bit c gi tr du th, kh t Vit Nam, to dng c s khoa hc cho Nh nc hoch nh chin lc pht trin ngnh Du kh trung hn v di hn.
Ngy 19-3-1983, Phn vin Du kh pha Nam c thnh lp. Mt s thit b, my mc c chuyn vo Thnh ph H Ch Minh v c mua thm tin hnh
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phn tch, th nghim, phc v kp thi yu cu nghin cu v sn xut ng bng sng Cu Long cng nh thm lc a pha Nam, nht l phi hp vi b phn nghin cu, th nghim ca X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro va mi ra i. Mt chuyn ngnh quan trng khc ca cc hot ng du kh l x l cc d liu a vt l o trn mt t, mt bin v trong lng ging khoan (karota) trong qu trnh tm kim, thm d, khai thc.
Phng Phn tch ha ti Phn vin Du kh pha Nam
Thng 4-1976, Tng cc Du kh c cc ng H c Hoi, H Quc Qun, Nguyn Vn Gip, Ha Vn Tn, Trn Quc Vinh sang Trung tm X l s liu a vt l CGG (Pari) hc v thc hnh x l s liu a chn trong khun kh hp ng kho st a vt l gia Tng cc Du kh v Cng ty a vt l CGG. Vic x l c tin hnh trn cc my tnh hin i nh IBM th h 4-5, Cyber, v.v., nhng Vit Nam khng th mua c cc loi my ny do b M cm vn. Thng 4-1977, Tng cc Du kh tip tc c cc ng H c Hoi v Nguyn ng Liu tham gia minh gii ti liu a chn x l ti Trung tm CGG (Pari).
Sau nhiu cuc bn tho, vi s ng h nhit thnh ca B Quc phng, phng n s dng cc gin my tnh IBM ca qun i M cn b li ti Tn Sn Nht c Nh nc ta cho php. Nm 1980, chuyn gia Lin X A.F. Reva c Vin Du kh Vit Nam mi tham quan, nh gi tnh trng cc my IBM th h 3, model 40, 50 ang cn hot ng Thnh ph H Ch Minh v sau mt n x l th nghim c xy dng. Ma h nm 1981, on chuyn gia Lin X ca Lin hip Thm d UKRGEOPHYZIKA thuc B a cht Ucraina, mang h thng phn mm x l a chn SOSM-1M sang Vit Nam tin hnh x l th nghim. Thng 7 nm , cuc th nghim i n kt lun my tnh IBM 360/50 hin
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c Thnh ph H Ch Minh c th x l c s liu a chn bng h x l SOSM-1M di h iu hnh OSIBM.

Vi kt qu ny, mt hp ng c m s 55-012/22400 c k kt vo nm 1983 vi UKRGEOPHYZIKA trin khai hot ng x l s liu a chn phc v sn xut. Cng ty cho thu h x l SOSM-1M v cung cp thit b ph tr khc, cng nh c chuyn gia sang Vit Nam lm vic. Vic tip nhn thit b hon tt vo thng 10-1984. on chuyn gia gm c cc ng A.F. Reva, Comarinski, Cononov, Nexin, Klitstein, Vasenko, Culicovski, Gorovnikov. Cn b Pha Vit Nam gm trung t V Hng Sn, cc i y Hng, Nh, Nhn cng nhiu nhn vin k thut khc thuc n v 31551 ca Qun i nhn dn Vit Nam cng cc chuyn vin a vt l, a cht, ton - my tnh nh H Quc Qun, Trn c Chnh, Nguyn Cao, Phm Thu Hi, Nguyn Vn Tin, Phm Kim Trung, Hong Th Dng, Hong Ngc ang, Phan Tin Vin, Trnh Vit Thng, L Xun V, Bi Minh Tun lm vic ht sc tch cc.
Ngy 24-10-1984, khnh thnh Trung tm X l s liu a chn u tin ti nc ta. l kt qu ca t tng dm ngh, dm lm y sng to trong iu kin v cng kh khn lc by gi, nu chng ta bit rng, my tnh IBM 360/50 ch c dung tch b nh trong 512 Kbytes v tc c s l 0,5 MHz (tng ng vi b nh ca in thoi di ng loi r tin hin nay). Trung tm ny x l trn 3.000 km tuyn a chn do tu Bnh Minh thu n trn khu vc Ty Bc vnh Bc B, cng nhiu tuyn khc trn t lin v thm lc a sut t Bc vo Nam, va phc v cho iu tra c bn, va phc v cho X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro. Cng tc nghin cu khoa hc - cng ngh trong X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro bt u t nm 1982 trong khun kh Xng Nghin cu khoa hc v thit k vi mt bin ch ht sc nh, ch yu l
Tng cc trng Tng cc Du kh Nguyn Ha thm Trung tm my tnh in t IBM 360/50 Tn Sn Nht (nm 1980)
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gm cn b a cht - a vt l. n ngy 26-10-1985, n v ny mi i tn thnh Vin Nghin cu v Thit k du kh bin (NIPI - ).

Hi k ca cc ng Phm Anh Tun, L nh Lng ghi li: Vic xy dng cc phng th nghim trong giai on u thc s t con s khng. Nhm cn b k thut gm cc anh Lng, Ngha, Hin, Hng, Th, v.v., sau khi i thc tp Vin Nghin cu Khoa hc v Thit k du kh bin thnh ph Okha, Sakhalin (Lin X) v, bt tay vo cng vic hu nh chng lin quan g n khoa hc nh c xi mng, lt gch lm bn t thit b, ng cc t ht, lp thit k cc bn v chn bn, dng c th nghim ri em xung xng c kh gia cng.
Mi v sau, mt s thit b ti thiu do Lin X sn xut mi c trang b v ch sau khi dng du u tin m Bch H c khai thc th vic xy dng c s vt cht cho n v nghin cu - thit k ny mi tht s bt u. Vin c t chc thnh 2 khi ring bit: khi khoa hc v khi thit k. M Bch H c a vo hot ng nm 1986, khai thc du t tng sn phm Miocen di. Tip theo du trong mng granit ca m Bch H c pht hin v l i tng a vo khai thc th cui nm 1988. Giai on ny Vin thc hin cc d n thit k khai thc v xy dng m u tin vi s tr gip hoc c vn ca cc Vin Nghin cu khoa hc c kinh nghim ca Lin X, c th l Vin Nghin cu khoa hc v Thit k du kh bin thnh ph Okha, Sakhalin, Vin Du Lin bang VNIINEFT.
Vin c chc nng v nhim v chnh nh sau: - Thit lp chnh sch k thut v cng ngh cho X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro nhm bo m nng cao lin tc hiu qu cng tc tm kim, thm d v khai thc du kh trn khu vc thm lc a pha Nam Vit Nam c giao cho X nghip Lin doanh. - Son tho v hon thin cng nh ng dng mt cch hiu qu cng ngh tin tin trong nghin cu khoa hc, kho st thit k v thit k th nghim trong mi lnh vc hot ng ca X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro. - Lp ton b h s thit k d ton v cng ngh, cc lun chng kinh t - k thut v nghin cu phng n kh thi cho vic t chc trin khai cc cng trnh ln v quan trng cho X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro bao gm t d n tm kim thm d, d n khai thc m, d n xy dng cc cng trnh bin, mua sm tu thuyn, xy dng, sa cha cc cng trnh trn b, trn bin. - T chc thc hin cc ti nghin cu khoa hc phc v cho vic nghin cu m, tnh ton tr lng, xut v p dng cng ngh mi trong khoan ging,
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khai thc, vn chuyn v x l va, x l ging, x l nc bm p cng nh sn phm khai thc c. - T chc nghin cu gim st ton b qu trnh tm kim, thm d v khai thc m, trn c s xy dng k hoch cho cc hot ng trn ca X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro hng thng, hng qu v hng nm, ng thi xut nh hng chin lc lnh o X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro xem xt v ph duyt. - T chc hot ng ca Trung tm phn tch th nghim phc v cho cng tc tm kim, thm d v khai thc du kh. Vin trng trong thi gian ny l cc ng A.M.O. zapharov, E.G. Aresev; Vin ph l cc ng Iu.I. Demuskin, Trn Ngc Cnh.
3. Trin khai cc cng trnh khoa hc - cng ngh

Ngnh Du kh l ngnh mi nhn, a li doanh thu cao, i hi vn u t ln v chu nhiu ri ro. sn xut, kinh doanh t hiu qu, cn phi tin hnh cc nghin cu khoa hc - cng ngh t cc khu tm kim, thm d, khai thc, vn chuyn, ch bin n phn phi tiu dng du kh, lm c s khoa hc cho quyt nh ca cc cp lnh o. Ch trng u t cho cng tc ny qua cc chng trnh nghin cu khoa hc - cng ngh trng im cp nh nc v cp ngnh vi khng gian p dng cho tng vng, cho c nc c quan tm t rt sm. Di y l tng quan kt qu cc chng trnh nghin cu khoa hc - cng ngh trong ngnh Du kh t nm 1976 n nm 1990 (cc chng trnh cp nh nc ch bt u hnh thnh t sau nm 1980). Chng trnh trng im cp nh nc 22-01 (1981-1985) c tn l t c s khoa hc cho phng hng cng tc tm kim v nh gi ti nguyn du kh trn lnh th Vit Nam. y l chng trnh nghin cu cp nh nc u tin do Tng cc Du kh ch tr, Vin Du kh thc hin v tin s L Vn C - Ph Tng cc trng Tng cc Du kh lm Ch nhim. Mc tiu nhim v ca chng trnh l t c s khoa hc cho vic a ra cc ngh thc tin cho cng tc tm kim, thm d v khai thc du kh cc b trm tch Vit Nam c trn t lin v ngoi thm lc a, xut phng hng cng tc nghin cu tm kim, thm d, khai thc v ch bin du kh cho k hoch 5 nm tip theo (1986-1990).
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Chng trnh 22-01 c 45 ti, trong Vin Du kh thc hin 37 ti, bao gm 6 vn chnh l: - Nghin cu cu trc v nh gi tim nng du kh b Sng Hng. - Nghin cu cu trc v nh gi tim nng du kh cc b Cu Long v Nam Cn Sn. - nh gi nh lng ti nguyn du kh Vit Nam n ngy 1-1-1985. - Nghin cu c s khoa hc pht trin cng tc du kh cho k hoch 5 nm 1986-1990. - Nghin cu cc phng php cng ngh nhm nng cao hiu qu ca cc cng tc a vt l, khoan, khai thc v ch bin du kh. - Nghin cu cc bin php bo v mi trng trong cc hot ng du kh.
Kt qu t c ln nht ca chng trnh l nh gi mt cch tng th v tim nng du kh Vit Nam, ch yu thm lc a v nh hng cho cng tc tm kim, thm d, khai thc du kh, cng nh chun b cho cng tc lc - ha du trong nhng nm 1986-1990.
Cc kt lun quan trng l: - i vi chu th sng Hng (min vng H Ni) khng nh v kh nng tn ti cc tch t kh v kh ngng t, cn tch t du th c hn ch. Bc u xc nh c kh nng cha du v kh ca b trm tch Sng Hng tt dn ln v pha vnh Bc B. - a ra c cc nhn xt v kt lun v kh nng cha du kh ca vng chu th sng Cu Long l hn ch do b dy trm tch Tam mng, tin cu kin to v a ha khng thun li cho vic hnh thnh v tch t du kh trong trm tch Tam. - thm lc a pha Nam Vit Nam, b Cu Long c trin vng v du l chnh, cn b Nam Cn Sn c trin vng v kh v kh ngng t l chnh. Cc trm tch Oligocen, Miocen y u c kh nng sinh du. - i vi cc ti nghin cu v phng php v cc gii php cng ngh trong cng tc du kh t c mt s kt qu ng khch l nh tng kt kinh nghim ng dng phng php thm d a chn im su chung u tin min vng H Ni, ch bin kh ngng t m Tin Hi, s dng nguyn liu a phng (st bentonit, barit) cho dung dch khoan.
Chng trnh 22-01 c ni dung rt phong ph, cp n hu ht cc vn trong cc khu ca hot ng du kh Vit Nam. Kt qu cng cho thy, vi s
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quan tm ca ng v Nh nc, ca ngnh, s gip tn tnh ca cc chuyn gia Lin X, cn b khoa hc k thut ca Vin Du kh bt u lm ch c cc phng php v cng ngh nghin cu, c th bc u t gii quyt cc vn khoa hc k thut v gp phn xng ng vo qu trnh t lc ca ngnh Du kh trong giai on ny. Chng trnh 22A - Chng trnh nghin cu khoa hc - k thut trng im du kh cp nh nc (1986-1990), c tn l Nghin cu nh gi v phn vng tim nng du kh, la chn v ng dng khoa hc k - thut vo cng tc tm kim, thm d, khai thc, vn chuyn v ch bin du kh Vit Nam, do Tng cc Du kh Vit Nam ch tr, tin s Nguyn Hip, Ph Tng cc trng lm ch nhim v Vin Du kh Vit Nam thc hin. y l chng trnh ni tip, k tha v tip thu cc kt qu t c ca Chng trnh 22-01.
Chng trnh c 17 ti nghin cu v 2 ti c lp, bao gm 5 vn chnh l: - Tm kim, thm d du kh thm lc a Vit Nam. - Cng ngh khai thc v c kh. - Xy dng cng trnh du kh bin. - Ha lc - ha du. - Kinh t du kh. Chng trnh 22A t c cc kt qu sau: - Chnh xc ha cc i tng tm kim, thm d, khai thc, nh gi tr lng du kh theo cc cp khc nhau thm lc a Vit Nam. - ng dng cc cng ngh tin tin cho cc cng on tm kim, thm d, khoan, khai thc, vn chuyn du kh trn bin, nng cao hiu qu ca cc cng tc ny. - Phn tch nh gi cht lng du th v kh thin nhin c pht hin thm lc a Vit Nam, xut hng ch bin v s dng chng. - To c s khoa hc hoch nh chnh sch du kh, xc nh c ch t chc qun l ca ngnh nhm p ng cc mc tiu kinh t - x hi trong k hoch 1991-1995. - Xy dng s cng ngh ch bin st bentonit v barit hp l, sn xut c hng chc nghn tn bentonit v barit t cht lng quc t, cung cp cho X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro v cc cng ty du kh nc ngoi ang hot ng Vit Nam v xut khu. Trn c s cho php thnh lp Cng
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ty Dung dch khoan v Ha phm du kh (DMC), m trch vic sn xut cc nguyn liu ph gia, ha phm pha ch dung dch khoan t nguyn vt liu trong nc.
V chin lc lu di, Chng trnh 22A nh gi tim nng, phn vng trin vng du kh, t xut phng hng trin khai cng tc du kh trong cc nm tip theo, gp phn xy dng phng hng pht trin ngnh Du kh n nm 2000 v nm 2010. Song song vi cc ti cp nh nc, Tng cc Du kh cn giao cho Vin v cc V, Cc qun l nghin cu cc ti cp ngnh (thi hn thng l 1 nm) v cc nhim v (thi hn thng t 3 thng n 9 thng). Cc ti, nhim v ny phc v cho cc nhim v k hoch nm hoc cc vn t xut do Chnh ph yu cu. Trong giai on 1981-1990 c khong 40 ti, nhim v thuc loi ny. Di s ch o ca y ban Khoa hc v K thut Nh nc, nm 1985, Tng cc Du kh trin khai thc hin chng trnh cp ngnh u tin mang k hiu DK85, vi s vn c cp 895.000 ng.
y l chng trnh mang tnh th nghim, ban u c 25 ti, bao gm 14 ti k thut v 11 ti qun l v kinh t. Do mt s kh khn nn 5 ti phi b d. Kt qu nghin cu cc ti ny gp phn gii quyt cc vn cn tn ti nhiu nm min vng H Ni, nh nh gi kh nng du kh ip Phong Chu, lp s cc tng su (Phong Chu v trc Phong Chu); tng hp cc tham s vt l ca mi trng trm tch; tng hp cc s c ging khoan v bin php khc phc; nghin cu k thut bo tn cc ging khai thc m Tin Hi, lp ngn hng d liu a vt l v cc ging khoan cng nh cung cp thm nhng thng tin phc v lp k hoch 1986-1990, lp c s a cht t ging khoan tm kim u tin vnh Bc B v trng Phng Ngi; tng hp a cht k T ng bng sng Cu Long, v.v..
Mt s gii php k thut cng thu c p dng cho sn xut nh k thut ha dng tn dng nhng va kh thp p, thit k my ghi mch n cho trm a chn, thit k ch to rle iu chnh in p v iu chnh dng cho cc thit b ghi s liu a vt l. Cc cng trnh ni bt trong giai on ny ca Vin Nghin cu khoa hc v Thit k du kh bin - X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro l Tnh ton nh gi kinh t, k thut xy dng vm Nam m Bch H (thng 7-1989) v
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Thit k th khai thc cng nghip va du mng vm Trung tm m Bch H (nm 1990). V qun l v kinh t, ln u tin c cc nghin cu ci tin cng tc vn phng; xy dng chc danh, tiu chun cn b; nh gi tim nng nhn lc v lp quy hoch o to; nghin cu phng php nh gi ti sn c nh; nh gi hiu qu vn u t trong n thm d - khai thc du kh; xc nh bc i tin ti t lc, v.v.. Tic rng, phn ln cc kt qu nghin cu ny sau khi nghim thu li khng c lu tr tp trung, nn hin nay khng th tham kho c.
4. Hi ng Khoa hc K thut du kh
Trong thi k 1975-1990, Tng cc Du kh t chc c 3 kha Hi ng Khoa hc - K thut cp ngnh, bt u t nm 1981, nhim k mi kha l 3 nm.
Hi ng Khoa hc - K thut kha 1 do ng L Vn C, Tng cc ph lm Ch tch, ng Trng Thin lm Ph Ch tch v ng Nguyn Giao l y vin Thng trc. Theo Quyt nh s 360/CSKH ngy 22-8-1980 ca y ban Khoa hc v K thut Nh nc, Hi ng Khoa hc - K thut du kh l mt t chc t vn ca Tng cc trng v cc cn c khoa hc - k thut quyt nh cc hot ng ca Tng cc Du kh Vit Nam. Hi ng c nhim v tho lun v gp kin: - V cc phng hng cng tc khoa hc - k thut v d tho k hoch ngn hn, trung hn, di hn, phng hng hp tc trong nc v quc t gii quyt nhng nhim v nghin cu v trin khai p dng cc gii php khoa hc - cng ngh trong ngnh. - nh gi, xt duyt cc n, cc cng trnh nghin cu, quy trnh, quy phm, sng kin sng ch, pht minh ca cc n v trong Tng cc. - V cng tc t chc, qun l kinh t - k thut ca ngnh. - V o to v s dng cn b cng nh cc ch , chnh sch c lin quan. - V khen thng, k lut trong cc hot ng khoa hc - cng ngh. Thnh phn Hi ng gm Ch tch Hi ng, Ph Ch tch Hi ng, y vin Thng trc v cc y vin bao gm cc nh khoa hc v qun l lm vic trong ni b Tng cc v mt s lm vic cc ngnh khc c lin quan. Chc danh ng nhin gm Ch tch l mt lnh o Tng cc ph trch khoa hc - k thut v y vin Thng trc l V trng V Khoa hc - K thut. Cc chc danh khc c chn qua gii thiu hoc bu c v c Tng cc trng quyt nh. Ty theo nhim v ca ngnh trong nhim k, Hi ng c
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th t chc cc tiu ban chuyn ngnh thch hp. Ch tch Hi ng c nhim v lnh o Hi ng hot ng theo ng quy ch ca Nh nc v thay mt Hi ng lm vic vi Tng cc trng. Ph Ch tch l ngi gip Ch tch hoc thay mt Ch tch khi c y quyn iu hnh hot ng ca Hi ng. y vin Thng trc c nhim v chun b ni dung, chng trnh v iu kin lm vic ca Hi ng, tng kt cc kin, vit bin bn cc cuc hp Ch tch bo co ln Tng cc trng.
V phng thc hot ng, Hi ng sinh hot nh k 3 thng mt ln (thi gian quy nh ny qu ngn, khng th thc hin c nn thc t Hi ng ch hp mi nm 2 ln hoc 1 ln). Trong k hp, Ch tch trnh by bo co nu vn , cc y vin tho lun, ng gp kin, biu quyt ly kin a s nhng tt c cc kin khc u phi ghi li y phn nh ln Tng cc trng tham kho. Tng cc trng c nhim v tr li cc kin ngh ca Hi ng trc thi gian phin hp tip theo.
c th hnh dung hot ng ca Hi ng mt cch c th, xin gii thiu tm tt Thng bo ngy 19-9-1981 v kt qu cuc hp ca thng trc Hi ng Khoa hc - K thut Tng cc Du kh m rng ngy 7-9-1981 tham kho. Hi ngh ny xem xt cc vn v o to, bi dng cn b khoa hc - k thut, chn nghin cu sinh, thc tp sinh, kin ngh phong cc chc danh khoa hc; t chc ca Vin Du kh Vit Nam v Phn vin pha Nam; thng bo v trin khai cng tc a vt l bin ca tu Bnh Minh v mt s vn v t chc ca Hi ng. Cc kin ngh ln Tng cc trng gm: - Cn c mt quy hoch o to cn c vo nhim v chnh tr giai on 19801990. V trong thi gian qua, Tng cc khng ch trng o to sau i hc nn kin ngh cn phc hi ch nghin cu sinh cng nh cn i s lng gia thc tp sinh v nghin cu sinh. Tng cc cn tm mi bin php gii quyt vn o to thng qua nhiu con ng (nghin cu sinh trong nc v ngoi nc, thc tp sinh khoa hc v sn xut, lm thu, hp tc nghin cu vi Lin X v vi cc nc x hi ch ngha, nu cn thit vi cc nc khc) nng cao trnh ca i ng cn b khoa hc - k thut trong ngnh. Kin ngh V T chc cn b iu tra li lc lng cn b khoa hc - k thut trong Tng cc, hon thin cc l lch khoa hc, tm ngun gi i o to di nhiu hnh thc c th. Cc c s sn xut, nghin cu trong Tng cc cn p ng mi yu cu v cng tc o to. - Kin ngh cc n v t chc hp tho lun v quyt nh v hng dn ca Hi ng B trng v vic phong cc chc danh khoa hc, sau tin hnh bu cc hc v gio s, ph gio s gi ln Hi ng Khoa hc - K thut Tng cc trc ngy 30-9-1981 trnh th trng Tng cc duyt v gi ln Ban xt duyt Trung ng.
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- Kin ngh Tng cc ngh Hi ng B trng cho quyt nh chuyn Vin Du kh t Hng Yn v H Ni v thnh lp Phn vin pha Nam Thnh ph H Ch Minh. - Cn lm tt cng tc bo v tu Bnh Minh v iu t my ca on a vt l Hng Yn v H Ni trong thng 9-1981 kp phc v cho cng tc a vt l bin.
Nh vy, hot ng ca Hi ng Khoa hc - K thut rt thit thc v hu ch cho ngnh. Tuy nhin trn thc t, cc kin ca Hi ng khng c coi trng ng mc, do hot ng v s tn ti ca Hi ng t nhiu mang tnh hnh thc v tc dng c phn b nhng hn ch nht nh.
Hi ng Khoa hc - K thut du kh nhim k 2 (giai on 1985-1987) c nng cp cht lng vi 31 thnh vin, 3 Tng Cc ph u tham d Hi ng, l cc ng L Vn C lm Ch tch, Trng Thin v Bi Hi Ninh lm Ph Ch tch, v Ph V trng ph trch V Khoa hc - K thut Trn Ngc Ton l y vin Thng trc. Hi ng c 5 Tiu ban: a cht - a vt l, Khoan Khai thc, Ha, Kinh t, K thut bin (Thit k, Xy dng cng trnh bin v Mi trng). Nhim k 3 (giai on 1988-1990) cng ging nh nhim k 2, ch thay i y vin Thng trc: tin s Nguyn Hip thay tin s Trn Ngc Ton.
Trong thi k 1975-1990, hot ng thm d, khai thc v nghin cu khoa hc trong Tng cc Du kh rt nhn nhp, cc n o to, t chc, sn xut, cc ti nghin cu ng dng thuc tt c cc chuyn ngnh trong cc chng trnh cp nh nc n cp ngnh rt nhiu nn vic xt duyt cng, nghim thu cc bo co trung gian cng nh bo co tng kt gn nh c t chc lin tc. V vy, khng kh hot ng ca cc tiu ban rt si ng v kt qu gn cht hn vi vic thc hin cc nhim v k hoch nm ca cc n v cng nh ca ton Tng cc.
5. Xy dng quy ch, tiu chun khoa hc - cng ngh

Cng tc tiu chun, o lng, kim tra cht lng sn phm cha thc hin c nhiu v cc hot ng sn xut, kinh doanh du kh mi ch bt u. Nm 1984-1985, Tng cc giao cho Vin Du kh bin son 4 tiu chun du kh Vit Nam v du th, kh t v 4 tiu chun ngnh v a vt l ging khoan v a vt l bin.
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Vi kinh ph c cp l 7.200.000 ng, trong cc nm 1988-1990 cc tiu chun Vit Nam v tiu chun ngnh sau y c xy dng: - K thut tm kim - thm d du kh: thut ng v k hiu. - Quy phm k thut an ton ln su. - Quy phm thnh lp v trnh duyt bo co tr lng m du kh. - Nc b mt, nc va, nc ngm. Phng php xc nh hm lng Br, I. - Quy trnh tm kim, thm d du kh - quy nh chung. - Quy phm cng tc kho st cng trnh du kh thm lc a. - Quy phm khai thc cc m du - quy nh chung. - Quy phm bo qun, bo dng v sa cha thit b khoan du kh. - Tiu chun bo v mi trng trn cc gin khoan tm kim - thm d khai thc du kh trn bin. - Tiu chun bo v mi trng trn cc bn nhn v xut du th ngoi bin. - Phng php chng ct im si thc du m v sn phm du m. - Tiu chun cht lng ete du m Vit Nam, loi 30-60oC. - Quy phm k thut an ton v phng v x l s c phun t do cc ging khoan du kh.
Theo con s thng k cn li trong cc bo co tng kt nm th cho n nm 1990, Tng cc Du kh mi xy dng c 24 tiu chun Vit Nam v tiu chun ngnh cc loi. Hu ht cc tiu chun ny u da vo tiu chun ca Lin X ban hnh trc bin son v thay i mt s chi tit cho ph hp vi iu kin ca Vit Nam, ch cha c u t nghin cu nghim tc nh mt nhim v khoa hc.
6. Cng tc sng kin, sng ch, pht minh

Cng tc ci tin k thut, sng kin, sng ch, pht minh trong hot ng du kh trc nm 1980, mang nng tnh cht hnh thc, cha c quan tm mt cch thc cht nn cha mang li hiu qu kinh t r rt. Sau khi thnh lp V Khoa hc - K thut (nm 1985), cng tc ny bt u c ch v dn i vo nn np. Cc n v nh Vin Du kh Vit Nam, Cng ty Du kh I, Cng ty a vt l, Ban Qun l cng trnh du kh Vng Tu l nhng ni c phong tro qun chng rng ri nht. Trong giai on ny, tng s sng kin ng k l 180,
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s c cng nhn l 140, tng s tin lm li do p dng sng kin mang li l 5.459.493 ng (gp trn 5 ln kinh ph cp cho chng trnh nghin cu khoa hc cp ngnh ni trn), v thng sng kin l 165.960 ng, s ngi c cng nhn c sng kin l 200 ngi. V Khoa hc - K thut t chc c mt lp o to cn b chuyn trch cng tc ny, to c s cho vic qun l v m rng phong tro sng kin, sng ch, pht minh trong ton ngnh v sau. Mt s cng vic di y va c th xem nh nghin cu ng dng, va c th xp vo loi hnh sng kin, sng ch tiu biu trong giai on ny: - Nghin cu thay th nguyn liu, vt liu v s dng hp l, tit kim nguyn vt liu: Vin Du kh cng vi Cng ty Du kh I phi hp cng Trng i hc Tng hp H Ni nghin cu, phn tch v s dng t st C nh (Thanh Ha) v sn xut kim than bn iu ch dung dch khoan su, thay t st bt bentonit v kim than nu nhp ca Lin X. Kt qu nghin cu c ng dng ging khoan s 73 vi chiu su 1.200 m trong giai on 1978-1980, sau c tip tc ci tin, ng dng cho su ln hn v c nhit cao trn 1500C. Vin Du kh cng Cng ty Du kh I nghin cu s dng barit ni a thay barit nhp khu v nghin cu sn xut xi mng nng chu nhit v p sut cao thay th sn phm nhp khu t Lin X, dng trong bm trm xi mng cc ging khoan min vng H Ni. - Cc cn b ca Vin Du kh t thit k thp chng ct condensat thu c t kh Tin Hi (Thi Bnh), Nh my C kh 1-5 ti th x Hng Yn thi cng. Kt qu thu c lng condensat ln sn xut dung mi pha sn, pha cao su thay th dung mi nhp t Xingapo v Hng Kng bng ngoi t mnh m trong giai on ny ta rt thiu.
ti cp nh nc, m s 22.01.05.19 Nghin cu s cng ngh ch bin kh ngng t m Tin Hi - Thi Bnh, Ch nhim Trng nh Hi, cc tc gi Trn c Hip, Nguyn Vn Chnh, Bi Vn Bnh, Nguyn Vn Hun, Dng Hin Lng, L Nh Tiu, Trn Ngc Cn, Nguyn nh nh, V Vn Trng, Nguyn Tn Hoa, Phm Vn Khang hon thnh xut sc, c U ban Khoa hc k thut Nh nc cp Bng khen s 919-Q/KT ngy 23-12-1986 v cp giy chng nhn Quyn tc gi s 82-22-012 ngy 6-8-1985.
- Cng ty Du kh I cng vi n v Z111 ca Tng cc K thut (B Quc phng) nghin cu gia cng, phc hi, ch to li chong khoan ba chp xoay ca
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Lin X qua s dng v b loi do b mn. Sn phm c dng trong ging khoan 104 Ph C t kt qu tt. - Cng ty Du kh I cng vi Vin Khoa hc Vit Nam v Trng i hc Tng hp H Ni nghin cu ci tin v ch to mt s linh kin cho my o karota chu nhit cao. - Vin Du kh nghin cu ci tin o dng kh mang trong my sc k kh, rt ngn thi gian phn tch 4-5 ln so vi trc . - Vin Nghin cu khoa hc v Thit k du kh bin ca X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro c nhng cng trnh v ti c cng nhn pht minh sng ch: (1) Phng php gim nht v nhit ng c ca du th c hm lng paraphin cao trn cc gin khoan bin c nh ca cc tc gi Ph.G. Arzanov, R.A. Macxutov, V.N. Makarov, Phng nh Thc, Lu Quc Tun, Dng Hin Lng, Nguyn Ch Ngha. S 066 ngy 15-9-1989; (2) Cu trc Paker h n p c ct cp ngn cch va trong cc ging khoan chng ng ca cc tc gi E.N. ergunov, K.A. Sisin, Nguyn Vn Tuyn, G.M. Phomin, N.M. Kiazinov, V.I. Resotnhikov, Phm Th Cu... S 043 ngy 2-7-1988; (3) Phng php nh chm cc chn gin khoan bin c nh ca cc tc gi Iu.P. Martsenko, V.N. Gavrilov, E.M. Kotrerbitov, E.M. Kopaigorodxki, V.V. Rbuskin, ng Hu Qu, Phm ng Hn, Hong L Ngc Vnh. S 044 ngy 30-8-1988; (4) Phng php ch to Ant ni t ca cc tc gi V.G. Talakin, Phan Lng Cm, ng Th Phng. S 053 ngy 28-2-1989; (5) Dng c gi mu li khoan nhiu thnh phn ca cc tc gi A.O. Kasumov, Phm Anh Tun, V.V. Tovma. S 074 ngy 9-11-1989.
7. Hp tc quc t trong lnh vc khoa hc - k thut

Trong giai on trc nm 1980, Tng cc Du kh cha c cc chng trnh hp tc quc t trong cng tc nghin cu, m ch gii hn trong vic mi chuyn gia theo cc hp ng sn xut v c mt s cn b k thut i thc tp, hoc d mt s hi ngh a cht - a vt l nc ngoi khi c ti tr kinh ph. Khi Vin Du kh c thnh lp, B a cht Lin X trang b mt s phng th nghim ti thiu vi thit b ca Nga v c chuyn gia sang gip o to
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cn b, phn tch mu, tng hp d liu a cht - a vt l, nn Vin c c nhng cng trnh khoa hc c gi tr phc v cho vic nghin cu cu trc a cht, nh gi tim nng v phn vng trin vng du kh min vng H Ni, vng trng An Chu, vng chu th sng Cu Long cng nh xc nh v tr cc ging khoan su trn cc a bn ni trn. Cng nh ni cc phn trc, tu thm d a chn bin u tin ca Vit Nam mang tn Bnh Minh, trang b bng trm a chn ghi s Progress-2, khng th ra i c nu khng c s t vn, thit k v trc tip o to cn b vn hnh ca cc chuyn gia Lin X. Cng tng t nh vy, Trung tm X l s liu a chn u tin Tn Sn Nht nu khng c s gip ca cc chuyn gia cng kh c th hnh thnh. Cc cng trnh ni trn va gip Tng cc Du kh gii quyt c cc yu cu tm kim, thm d du kh trong giai on va gip o to cn b k thut du kh Vit Nam cho tng lai, ng thi l mt minh chng cho kh nng ca Vit Nam c th vt qua c nhng kh khn t lc xy dng cho mnh mt ngnh cng nghip du kh hin i nu bit kt hp sng to ti nng tr tu Vit Nam vi s hp tc quc t. Ngoi vic hp tc vi Lin X, Vin Du kh cng bt u tip xc, tm kim s hp tc vi cc i tc khc trn c s ca quan h th trng. Trong cc nm 1987-1988, Vin m phn vi Geochem Group (Anh), v ngy 28-111989, tin s Trng Minh, Ph Vin trng, i din Vin Du kh Vit Nam cng tin s Firoze K. Din, Gim c thng mi ca Geochem Group k mt hp ng nghin cu a ha khng c quyn trn khu vc thm lc a Nam Vit Nam.
Mc ch ca hp ng ny l tp hp, phn tch v tng hp mt cch c h thng cc s liu a ha ca cc b trm tch Cu Long, Nam Cn Sn bng cng ngh hin i, ph bin trong cc cng ty du kh quc t ln ca phng Ty, phc v cho vic nh gi tim nng, xc nh k hoch tm kim - thm d du kh trn thm lc a nc ta, ng thi cung cp thng tin cho cc cng ty du kh nc ngoi c mong mun u t vo du kh Vit Nam. Nhim v c th ca hp ng l nghin cu cc c trng ca m (ngun sinh du kh), d bo thi im, thi gian v hng di c du kh t ngun sinh n cc tng cha, phn vng khu vc np by, xc nh s lng v chng loi du kh, mi lin kt gia chng vi tng m. Hp ng ny s dng trn 200 mu vn ca 18 ging khoan thuc 2 b Cu Long v Nam Cn Sn. Cng tc phn tch, th nghim v tng hp c tin hnh phng th nghim ca Geochem Group Chester, Vng quc Anh. Pha Vit Nam c mt nhm k s a ha do Trn Cng To ph trch tham gia nghin cu trc tip v qua o to nng cao nghip v.
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Gia nm 1991, hp ng c nghim thu. y l ln u tin cc ch tiu a ha b trm tch Cu Long v Nam Cn Sn c nghin cu v lin kt mt cch h thng, a n nhng kt lun quan trng nh hng tm kim - thm d 2 b ny.
Nam Cn Sn, trm tch Miocen gia v trn giu vt cht hu c song chng c xu th sinh kh nhiu hn sinh du, ngc li, tng m sinh du c bit tt li l trm tch Oligocen b Cu Long, phn b ph bin khu vc l 15, thi gian u cng gy ra mt s tranh ci v ngay c tin s Barry - Gim c Geochem Group cng do d, nhng v sau khi cng tc tm kim - thm d c m rng, c nhiu s liu b sung, gi tr khoa hc ca cc kt lun ny c khng nh.
C 15 cng ty du kh quc t mua kt qu nghin cu ni trn, Vin Du kh Vit Nam thu v 450.000 bng Anh, s ngoi t mnh u tin c c t nghin cu khoa hc. Pha i tc cng thu c mt khon li nhun tng xng vi phn ng gp ca h. V phng din qun l, hp ng ny m ra mt hng i mi nng cao tim nng khoa hc du kh ca Vit Nam, ng thi khng nh nguyn tc 2 bn cng c li trong quan h hp tc khoa hc k thut gia ngnh Du kh Vit Nam v cng ng du kh th gii. Hp tc vi T chc CCOP (The Committee for Co-ordination of joint prospecting for mineral resources in Asia offshore Areas - y ban iu phi cng tm kim ti nguyn khong sn vng bin chu ) cng l mt lnh vc quan trng m Tng cc Du kh rt quan tm. Mc d cui nhng nm 1970, kinh t Vit Nam rt kh khn, thiu ngoi t cha tham gia nhiu vo cc t chc quc t nhng trc thc t l t chc phi Chnh ph gip tm kim, thm d du kh, nn qua rt nhiu ln trnh gii trnh, nm 1981 Chnh ph ng cho Tng cc Du kh tham gia CCOP, lc vi nin lim u tin l 1.000 USD/nm.
i din thng trc ca Vit Nam trong t chc ny l ng L Vn C (19811988), sau l ng Nguyn Hip (1988-2001).
Thng qua CCOP, chng ta bt u tip cn vi cng ng khoa hc du kh th gii, to iu kin sau ny m rng hp tc quc t, tm ngun vn cho khoa hc cng nh ngun thng tin m ta v cng thiu.
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8. Cc hi ngh khoa hc
8.1. Hi ngh k thut du kh ln th nht (thng 9-1977)
Sau gn 2 nm n nh t chc v tip tc trin khai tm kim, thm d min vng H Ni v ng bng sng Cu Long, mt hi ngh k thut ln ton ngnh c t chc vo thng 9-1977. Hi ngh nghe v tho lun Bo co chnh do Ph Tng cc trng Tng cc Du kh L Vn C trnh by.
Ni dung chnh ca Bo co l: - Trong nhng nm qua, cng tc tm kim, thm d lm theo quy trnh cng ngh ca Lin X, tin trin khai cc n cn chm, cha t yu cu a cht, trnh k thut cn thp. Nguyn nhn ch yu l do cng ngh lc hu, trang thit b thiu, khng ng b, c s phn tch th nghim thiu, i ng cn b, cng nhn k thut tay ngh va thiu li va thp. Yu cu sp ti phi y nhanh khu tm kim, thm d a nhanh m vo khai thc, c phn t lin ln ngoi bin. - Phng hng sp ti l trn t lin v vng bin nng ta phi lm ch, t lc, nu cn c th nh thm s gip ca Lin X, Rumani... n nm 1979 hoc nm 1980 bt u khai thc. Phn ngoi bin ta t lc lm 1-2 l v cng sm a vo khai thc. - Phng hng cng tc k thut l sm u t ng b dy chuyn k thut, tp trung gii quyt mt s khu cn yu, b sung cng tc thit k m v khai thc. - Ci tin quy trnh cng ngh rt ngn thi gian cc bc cng tc. V a vt l, n nm 1980 s thay ht cc my a chn ghi tng t bng my ghi s. ng bng Bc B, do mt s kh khn truyn sng a chn xung phn su nn tip tc dng trng lc v t-telua vi cc my hin i thm d v cng tc a vt l phi i trc yu cu ca khoan. M rng p dng a ha nh gi trin vng cc vng. V khoan, phi nghin cu thay i cu trc ging khoan, nghin cu gii quyt vn nhit cao, dng thit b v cc loi cn khoan cht lng cao, o to i ng c cng, cng nhn khoan v c nhng bin php chng s c. V karota, phi a thit b ghi s v my tnh in t vo s dng trong o c v x l, phn tch nng cao hiu qu th va. V tnh ton tr lng v thit k khai thc, phi kt hp quan im k thut vi quan im kinh t. V nghin cu bin, giai on hin nay l o to cn b, nm k thut, xy dng b mn ln.
Hi ngh nghe kin pht biu ch o ca Ch nhim y ban Khoa hc v K thut Nh nc Trn Qunh: ngnh Du m hin nay l mi nhn v kinh t v khoa hc - k thut. Trc mt ta nh nc ngoi, song bn thn mnh phi c hng lm ch khoa hc - k thut t nghin cu, tm kim n thm d, khai thc, ch bin.
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Qua pht biu ca cc nh qun l, ta thy trong giai on ny ch trng t lc lun lun c t ln hng u, nhng ch l kht vng v rt tic l cc iu kin chnh tr - kinh t - x hi cha cho php thc hin. Ngoi ra, Hi ngh nghe v tho lun 14 bo co khoa hc v qun l v k thut trong cc hot ng thng ngun trin khai.
8.2. Hi ngh Khoa hc - k thut ngnh Du kh ln th nht (t ngy 1 n ngy 3-11-1985)

Hi ngh c t chc nhn dp k nim 10 nm Ngy thnh lp Tng cc Du kh. y l mt sinh hot khoa hc c tm vc ln ca ton ngnh v l khi u cho mt hot ng thng tin ton din mang tnh hc thut, va phc v cho yu cu ni b, va qung b nhng thnh tu khoa hc - k thut do cn b trong Tng cc Du kh thc hin ra ngoi ngnh, k c ra nc ngoi, gp phn nng cao uy tn v xy dng thng hiu cho ngnh Du kh Vit Nam.
Vic chun b cho Hi ngh ny rt cng phu v kh rm r v th tc hnh chnh. Ngy 30-3-1985, Tng cc trng ra Quyt nh s 548/Q thng bo Hi ngh s t chc vo u thng 11 cng nm. Ban lnh o Hi ngh ngnh gm ng L Vn C, Tng cc ph, Trng ban; hai ng Tng cc ph Bi Hi Ninh v Trng Thin, l Ph ban. Cc y vin gm cc ng: ng Ca, V trng V Khoan - Khai thc; H c Hoi, Vin trng Vin Du kh Vit Nam; Nguyn Vn Kha, Ph Gim c Cng ty a vt l; Nguyn nh Khung, V ph V a cht; Ng Thng San, Ph Tng Gim c X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro; Trn Ngc Ton, V ph ph trch V Khoa hc - k thut; L Trng, Ph Tng Gim c X nghip Lin hip Xy lp du kh; B Vn T, Ph Ban chun b lc ha du; Phm Quang D, Phn vin trng Phn vin Du kh pha Nam. xin php c t chc hi ngh, Tng cc gi t trnh ln Ch tch Hi ng B trng, Ban B th Trung ng ng, Ban Khoa gio Trung ng v y ban Khoa hc v K thut Nh nc; Ban Khoa gio Trung ng v y ban Khoa hc v K thut Nh nc xem xt ring ri lp t trnh tip ln Ban B th. Sau khi c kin ca Ban B th, Ch tch Hi ng B trng mi ra quyt nh v n ngy 25-5-1985, Ch nhim Vn phng Hi ng B trng gi Thng bo s 2697/V10 cho Tng cc trin khai thc hin. Tip nhn Thng bo ny, Tng cc ra Quyt nh s 883/Q ngy 28-5-1985 thnh lp Ban Th k hi ngh gm cc ng, b: Nguyn Xun n, Trn L ng, Nguyn ng Liu, T nh Vinh, Lu Hi Thng, Phan Thu Hng, Vn H, Nguyn Trng Hnh lm y vin v ch o Hi ng Khoa hc - K thut Tng cc hp ton th vo u thng 6 bn v ni dung v cch thc t chc Hi ngh. Nh vy phi mt gn 3 thng t khi lnh o Tng cc c ch trng, vic trin khai chun b thc s cho hi ngh mi bt u.
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Hi ngh Khoa hc - K thut ngnh nhn k nim 10 nm Ngy thnh lp Tng cc Du kh (thng 11-1985 ti H Ni)
Hi ngh c t chc ti H Ni trong 3 ngy, t ngy 1-11 n ngy 3-111985. Ngy th nht, Hi ngh ton th nghe trnh by 8 bo co c ni dung tng kt cng tc khoa hc - K thut tin hnh t nm 1975 n nm 1985; tng kt chng trnh tin b khoa hc - K thut cp nh nc 22-01 v du kh v phng hng cng tc khoa hc - K thut giai on 1986-1990. Hai ngy cn li dnh cho 60 bo co khoa hc c trnh by trong cc tiu ban1.
Tm bo co trnh by trong Hi ngh ton th gm: - Cu trc a cht v tim nng du kh thm lc a Cng ha x hi ch ngha Vit Nam (H c Hoi). - S b nh gi cht lng du th Vit Nam v cc vn t ra cho vic s dng v cng ngh ch bin (Trng nh Hi). - Cu trc a cht v nh gi tim nng du kh vng trng H Ni (H c Hoi). - Nghin cu s dng cc nguyn liu a phng pha ch dung dch khoan cho cc ging khoan du kh (T nh Vinh).
1. Trong lu tr ngnh ch cn tn 8 bo co trnh by trong Hi ngh ton th, cn tn cc bo co trnh by trong cc tiu ban cng nh ni dung y ca tt c cc bo co trnh by khng cn tm thy.
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- S b nh gi tim nng du kh thm lc a vnh Bc B v phng hng cng tc tm kim, thm d (Nguyn Vn c). - Cc bin php k thut khoan cc ging khoan su trong iu kin p sut v nhit cao vng trng H Ni (Trng Thin). - Nhng vn k thut v bi hc kinh nghim trong qu trnh khai thc m kh Tin Hi - Thi Bnh (Trng Thin). - Vi kin v cng tc nh gi cn b (Trn Ngc Ton)
Ch ca cc bo co trong Hi ngh ton th rt hp, l do l nhm ly kin phc v cho k hoch nm 1986, trng tm l tm kim du kh min vng H Ni. Vinh d ln ca Hi ngh Khoa hc - K thut ngnh Du kh ln th nht l c i tng V Nguyn Gip, Ph Ch tch Hi ng B trng ti d v c bi pht biu ch o cng tc du kh ni chung v cng tc khoa hc - K thut ni ring trong di hn. S c mt ca i tng khng nhng th hin s quan tm ln ca lnh o ng v Nh nc i vi ngnh cng nghip Du kh m
Hi ngh Khoa hc - K thut k nim 10 nm thnh lp ngnh Du kh Vit Nam
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cn l mt s c v, ng vin tinh thn v ch cch mng i vi ton th cn b ngnh Du kh, nhng ngi tip ni s nghip xy dng li t nc sau s nghip gii phng dn tc, thng nht T quc ca nhng th h i trc m i tng l ngi tiu biu nht. bo m tnh thng nht v ng n ca cng tc nghin cu a vt l ging khoan v nghin cu a tng, Tng cc Du kh t chc hi tho khoa hc hai chuyn v cng tc nghin cu a tng v a vt l ging khoan vo gia thng Ging nm 1987 ti H Ni. Bn cnh cc sinh hot hc thut c cht lng cao v gn cht vi yu cu sn xut trn y, cn b ngnh Du kh trong giai on ny cn tham gia cc hi ngh khoa hc ca cc trng i hc, vin nghin cu trong cc vn c lin quan nh a cht khu vc, c sinh - a tng, khong vt - thch hc, a ha, a cht bin, thy a cht, a cht cng trnh, a nhit, a mo, a vt l, a cht nh v tinh, a cht T (Q). Cc sinh hot ny gp phn nng cao kin thc chuyn mn cho cc cn b lm cng tc nghin cu khoa hc ng thi cng to iu kin h ng gp lm phong ph thm nhng kt qu khoa hc chuyn ngnh. Nhn chung cc sinh hot khoa hc, k c cc hi ngh khoa hc - k thut cp quc gia v du kh trong thi k 1975-1990 ch mi tp trung vo cc ch a cht - a vt l truyn thng, cn cc lnh vc khoa hc khc, nht l lnh vc qun l, kinh t v cc chuyn hin i trong khoa hc du kh cn rt s khai, m nht. l nhng hn ch lch s trong bc trng thnh ca mt ngnh kinh t k thut vi xut pht im gn nh t s khng.
9. Ni san, Tp san Du kh
Cng tc thng tin khoa hc - k thut l mt hot ng khoa hc quan trng nn c lnh o Tng cc Du kh rt quan tm. Lnh vc cng tc ny c giao cho Trung tm Thng tin - T liu du kh chu trch nhim.
Nm 1976-1977, Tng cc Du kh c tin s Phm Th Ngc Bch ph trch Trung tm sang thc tp/hc kinh nghim t chc Trung tm Thng tin t liu du kh ca Vin Du kh Php (IFP - Institut Francais des Petroles).
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Cc n phm kh a dng, nht l sau nm 1982 v c th chia thnh 4 nhm: - Tp ch, ng cc bi bo khoa hc - k thut v tin tc cc hot ng hc thut. - Bn tin du kh th gii, phc v cho ton ngnh. - Bn tin du kh phc v lnh o, ng nhng tin chn lc, mang tnh chin lc v thi s. - Thng bo th mc, ti liu c trong th vin, lu tr. Nh cp Chng trc, Ni san a cht du kh l mt n phm thng tin khoa hc v du kh u tin trong ngnh, do Lin on a cht 36 n hnh t nm 1972. Ni san tip tc c pht hnh cho n cui nm 1976 th t nh bn v lc lng nng ct ph trch Ni san hu ht chuyn cng tc v Tng cc Du kh hoc n cc n v du kh mi thnh lp. n nm 1982, Tng cc Du kh mi bt u ti lp Ni san v i tn thnh Ni san Du kh (nm 1984 i thnh Tp san Du kh).
ng L Vn C lm Ch nhim v ng Nguyn Giao lm Tng Bin tp. n nm 1984, Ban bin tp b sung b Phm Th Ngc Bch lm Ph Tng bin tp v cc ng: H c Hoi, Trng Thin, Trng Minh lm y vin Ban bin tp, ng Nguyn Vn Bo lm Th k ta son v i tn Ni san thnh Tp san. Tr s ta son t ti 80 Nguyn Du, H Ni. Kinh ph ca tt c cc hot ng thng tin khoa hc do ngn sch Tng cc cp mi nm 20.000 ng (gi tr tng ng 200 triu ng nm 2009). Mc d gp nhiu kh khn nhng b phn nghip v vn tch cc thu gom, bin tp tin, bi, nh my, in n. Tuy c cu t chc v ni dung khng khc g mt t tp ch chnh quy, nhng v cha c giy php xut bn ca B Vn ha - Thng tin, nn Tp san vn l mt ni san lu hnh ni b, phc v cho cng tc nghin cu khoa hc trong Tng cc Du kh.
Theo quy nh ca lnh o Tng cc, Ni san/Tp san Du kh dnh ng nhng kt qu nghin cu khoa hc, cc bi trao i kinh nghim, sng kin, ci tin k thut v p dng sng ch pht minh vo sn xut, cc bin php ci tin t chc, qun l kinh t v thng bo v nhng tin b khoa hc - k thut ca ngnh Du kh trong v ngoi nc. ng o cn b khoa hc du kh vit bi cho Ni san, cng b cc kt qu nghin cu trong hu ht cc lnh vc, nhng tp trung nhiu nht vn l a cht, a vt l min vng H Ni, v cc hot ng tm kim, thm d trn
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thm lc a mi ch bt u. Nhng kt qu quan trng nht ca Ni san/Tp san trong giai on ny chnh l tp dt, t hon thin Tp ch Du kh ra i trong cc nm sau.
10. Hot ng bo v mi trng

Trong thi k 1975-1990, vn bo v mi trng trong cc hot ng du kh cha c xem l mt nhim v chnh, tng ng vi cc nhim v khc v ch mi bt u t cui nm 1978. Sau mt nghin cu nh do k s Nguyn c Hunh (Vin Du kh) tin hnh, tng hp cc v trn du ln trn th gii, Tng cc ng bin ca B Giao thng phi hp vi Tng cc Du kh son tho mt th l mang tnh quy ch v tu du v chng nhim du trn bin, tm thi ban hnh v c hiu lc t ngy 1-11-1978, nhng n ngy 9-6-1979 mi c cng vn ph bin n cc n v thi hnh. Trong th l quy nh nhng vng cm v nhng vng m tu thuyn c th c x du trn bin, iu kin v mc du c php x thi, nhng ni chung cn rt s si. Sau t kim tra tnh hnh k thut v an ton cc ging khoan 74, 107, 64 vng trng H Ni do V Khoan - Khai thc v Cc Bo v - Phng chng chy tin hnh, ngy 1-12-1982, bng Ch th s 1627/K-KT Tng cc Du kh yu cu Cng ty Du kh I (Thi Bnh) thc hin cc cng vic chng s c kh phun. Nh vy, cng tc bo v mi trng v an ton ch mi cp n nhng vn x l tnh th trong cng tc khoan, cha c t ra mt cch ton din. Nm 1985, sau khi thnh lp V Khoa hc - K thut, k s Nguyn Th Phng Hi l ngi u tin trong ngnh c giao nhim v ph trch cng tc bo v mi trng. Trong X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro, mt vn bn dch quy ch ca Lin X v bo v mi trng trong hot ng du kh cng c ban hnh phc v cho qun l ni b v thnh lp Trung tm An ton v Bo v mi trng (thng 10-1988). Ngy 9-11-1988, Tng cc Du kh c Cng vn s 1803/KHKT ngh y ban Khoa hc v K thut Nh nc Tng cc xy dng v ban hnh quy ch cp ngnh v Ngn nga nhim mi trng trong hot ng du kh bin vi kinh ph l 1.500.000 ng, nm trong kinh ph cp cho nghin cu khoa hc nm 1989.
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Quy ch ny cp n cc ni dung ch yu sau y: - Cc quy nh chung. - Cc yu cu i vi cng tc a vt l bin, kho st a cht cng trnh. - Cc yu cu kt cu cc gin khoan bin c nh, t nng, tu khoan, v.v.. - Cc yu cu trong cng tc khoan. - Cc yu cu trong cng tc th va, phng nga s c phun du kh. - Cc yu cu trong cng tc khai thc. - Cc yu cu v cc bin php thi cng, vn hnh cc ng ng ngoi bin. - Quy tc v sinh bo v vng nc bin gn b, bo v mi trng hi sn, du lch... - Quy tc ngn nga nhim t cc tu dch v v tu ch du. - Thng bo vic chy du ra bin. - Quy tc x l cc s c trn du, chy du ra bin. - Quy nh v thng, pht, kim tra cc yu cu bo v mi trng. - Quy nh cc trm quan st v d bo nhim. - Cc quy nh v ly mu v phn tch mc nhim. - Cc quy nh i vi cc cn c dch v trn b.
Sau khi c y ban Khoa hc v K thut Nh nc chp nhn, quy ch ny c Tng cc Du kh t chc son tho vi s tham gia ca y ban Khoa hc v K thut Nh nc, Tng cc Kh tng thy vn, B Hi sn, Ban Bin gii ca Chnh ph, v mt s b, ngnh c lin quan nh Y t, Giao thng vn ti, Tng cc Du lch, Cng ty Bo him Vit Nam, v.v.. y l quy ch qun l nh nc u tin v bo v mi trng trong hot ng du kh bin, cha phi ton b cc hot ng du kh. Quy ch c B Cng nghip nng ban hnh vo nm 1990.
VII. CNG TC O TO
1. T chc v qun l cng tc o to du kh
Ngh quyt s 244-NQ/TW ngy 9-8-1975 ca B Chnh tr ch r mt trong nhng nhim v quan trng ca ngnh Du kh l: C k hoch tch cc chun b cn b, cng nhn a i o to nc ngoi, ch o to cn b qun l,
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lut php, thng mi quc t, cn b c trnh cao v cng nhn lnh ngh thuc nhng phn then cht trong k thut thm d khai thc v ch bin du, kh. M rng vic o to cn b du, kh cc trng i hc v trung cp trong nc. M trng o to cn b trung cp v cng nhn du, kh min Bc v min Nam1. Theo Ngh nh s 170-CP ngy 3-9-1975, Tng cc Du m v Kh t Vit Nam c thnh lp, trong Tng cc c V T chc cn b v o to l mt trong s nhng Cc, V c chc nng gip Tng cc trng qun l v thc hin cng tc t chc, cn b v o to ca Tng cc. y cng l mt s khc bit so vi cc tn thng thng l V T chc cn b nhiu b trong thi k .
ng Trn Ngn Hot, V trng V T chc cn b ca Tng cc Ha cht c Chnh ph iu ng sang gi chc V trng V T chc cn b v o to ca Tng cc Du kh2.
Nm 1978, V Lao ng tin lng c thnh lp trn c s tch b phn lao ng tin lng t V K hoch - Lao ng v Vt t. V Lao ng tin lng c nhim v t chc v trin khai cng tc tuyn dng, o to v qun l i ng cng nhn k thut cho ngnh. thc y cng tc quy hoch v o to ca Tng cc Du kh, ngy 23-41979, B trng ph trch du kh inh c Thin k Quyt nh s 683-TC v vic thnh lp Ban Quy hoch o to cn b, cng nhn trong ton ngnh, t di s ch o trc tip ca B trng v Ban Cn s ng ca Tng cc Du kh.
Nhim v ca Ban Quy hoch o to cn b, cng nhn nh sau: - Xy dng quy hoch cn b, cng nhn trong ton ngnh trn c s k hoch di hn duyt. Ni dung quy hoch bao gm s lng cn b, cng nhn, c cu cc loi ngnh, ngh trong nhng giai on tm kim, thm d, khai thc, ch bin vn chuyn cc khu sn xut, nghin cu qun l, o to v trnh chnh tr, k thut kinh t, qun l ca i ng cn b, cng nhn. - Xy dng k hoch o to, bi dng cn b cng nhn di cc hnh thc ti trng lp, ti chc, di hn, ngn hn trong v ngoi nc. - Xy dng tiu chun cn b, cng nhn trn cc mt chnh tr, th lc, sc khe, ngoi ng, chuyn mn, k thut, nghip v, qun l.
1. ng Cng sn Vit Nam: Vn kin ng Ton tp, Nxb. Chnh tr quc gia, H Ni, 2004, t.36, tr.290. 2. Theo Quyt nh s 10/CP ngy 16-1-1976.
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Thnh phn Ban Quy hoch o to cn b, cng nhn gm c: + ng Nng Tc Lm - V trng V K hoch. + ng Ngc Ngn - Ph V trng V Lao ng tin lng. + ng Ng Mnh Khi - Ph V trng V T chc cn b. + ng Trng Minh - Cn b V K thut. + ng Nguyn Hu Hip - Chuyn vin V T chc cn b, thng trc Ban.
Ch th s 30-CT/TW ngy 29-12-1997 ca B Chnh tr nhn mnh l do ta c kh khn v vn, kh nng k thut v qun l cn yu, c s vt cht cn yu cho nn ta phi ch ng tranh th hp tc vi nc ngoi thm d, khai thc du kh v hc tp ngay trong cng tc . Da vo hp tc vi nc ngoi ra sc o to cn b, cng nhn v tch cc to cc iu kin ngy cng m rng phn t lc. Va hp tc va hc tp, va xy dng lc lng. Ngnh Du kh phi vn ln nhanh chng, tin ti c mt i ng cn b, cng nhn k thut c kh nng lm ch ngnh cng nghip mi nhn quan trng ny ca t nc. V xy dng lc lng, Ch th yu cu cn iu ng mt s cn b ct cn v qun l, v k thut mt s ngnh v Tng cc Du kh. a nhng cn b k thut v kinh t ang cng tc cc ngnh v Tng cc Du kh cng tc. Ch th cng yu cu Tng cc Du kh cn c k hoch tch cc o to cn b sm c lc lng cn b ct cn v qun l v k thut m ng c nhim v, k c phn ta t lm v phn lm vi cc cng ty nc ngoi. Cn c k hoch v chnh sch thch hp s dng tt lc lng khoa hc k thut trong Vit kiu cc nc t bn. Tng cc Du kh cn cng vi B i hc v Trung hc chuyn nghip v B Lao ng xy dng mt quy hoch o to v bi dng cn b nhm p ng yu cu pht trin ca ngnh Du kh. Ch th ch r cn ch trng xy dng cc trng o to cn b v cng nhn du kh. Trong phin hp ngy 14-7-1978, Ban Cn s ng Tng cc Du kh quyt nh phn cng B trng inh c Thin ph trch chung v trc tip ph trch cng tc t chc, cn b, o to v cng tc i ngoi. Ngy 16-6-1979, ti Quyt nh s 947/TCQL-DK, B trng inh c Thin i tn V T chc cn b v o to thnh V Cn b o to.
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Ngy 26-5-1981, theo quy nh ti Quyt nh s 700/DK-TC, Tng cc Du kh sp nhp Phng T chc qun l vo V Cn b o to v i tn l V T chc cn b. n nm 1982, V T chc cn b li i tn thnh V T chc cn b v o to.
V nhn s ca V T chc cn b v o to, cc ng: Trn Hng Trang1, Trn Ngc Ton2 gi chc Ph V trng V T chc cn b v o to, ng Ton cn kim Trng phng o to; ngoi ra, V cn c tng cng mt s chuyn vin c nng lc v o to. y l mt trong nhng nhn t quan trng thc y cng tc o to ca Tng cc Du kh sau ny.
Ngy 1-12-1979, B Chnh tr khng nh hp tc vi Lin X v du kh c tm quan trng c bit. Lin quan n i ng cn b du kh, B Chnh tr ch th V o to cn b, cng nhn, ta yu cu bn c c vn v chuyn gia sang gip ta sau mt thi gian cn b Vit Nam c trnh qun l c mi cng vic, gip o to cn b v cng nhn k thut ph hp vi nhp pht trin ca ngnh cng nghip Du kh Vit Nam. Ngy 7-3-1982, Tng cc thnh lp Hi ng o to v Tuyn dng cng nhn ca Tng cc Du kh nhm bo m cht lng v tiu chun trong cng tc tuyn chn cng nhn k thut i o to bi dng nc ngoi v gii thiu vo lm vic X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro.
Hi ng c nhim v: - Lm t vn cho lnh o Tng cc trong vic xt duyt cng nhn c c i o to, bi dng, thc tp nc ngoi v tuyn dng cng nhn vo lm vic ti X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro. - Gip Tng cc xt duyt h s l lch, bo m tiu chun chnh tr, ngh nghip, sc khe p ng yu cu o to bi dng cng nhn v yu cu nhn lc ca Tng cc Du kh v X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro. Thnh phn ca Hi ng gm c: - Ch tch - Tng cc trng. - Ph Ch tch - Ph Tng cc trng. - y vin thng trc: ng Ngc Ngn, Ph V trng V Lao ng tin
1. Quyt nh s 851/Q-TC ngy 1-7-1981. 2. Quyt nh s 1601/TCCB ngy 3-11-1981.
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lng; v ng Nguyn Nh Th, Ph Trng Ban chun b cho X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro. - Cc y vin: cc ng Nguyn Hng Thanh, B th ng y X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro; Bi Quang Dim, Cc ph Cc Bo v; Trn i Khnh, Ph phng Lao ng, V Lao ng tin lng; v Nguyn Vn c, Ph phng ph trch Phng T chc lao ng ca Ban chun b cho X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro.
Ngy 5-1-1984, Tng cc ra Quyt nh s 730/T-L ban hnh Quy ch v b tc k thut v nng bc cho cng nhn k thut ngnh Du kh.
Ngy 26-12-1984, ng Trn Hng Trang, Ph V trng V T chc cn b v o to c bt V trng1, cc ng Nguyn c Tun2 v V Vn Knh3 lm Ph V trng. Ngy 1-10-1987, ng Trn Hng Trang thi gi chc V trng V T chc cn b v o to v ng Ng Mnh Khi c b nhim gi chc V trng4. Ngy 24-3-1988, theo quy nh ti Quyt nh s 272/TC-DK, V T chc cn b v o to v V Lao ng tin lng sp nhp thnh V T chc cn b Lao ng. ng Ng Mnh Khi, V trng V T chc cn b v o to gi chc V trng V T chc cn b - Lao ng v ng Nguyn c Tun, Ph V trng V T chc cn b v o to gi chc Ph V trng V T chc cn b - Lao ng5.
Nh vy, V c nhim v t chc v trin khai cng tc o to i vi tt c cn b, cng nhn ca ton ngnh Du kh. Ngy 19-11-1981, Ph Ch tch Hi ng B trng T Hu k Quyt nh s 136/HBT cho php X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro hot ng thm d a cht v khai thc du kh trn lnh th, thm lc a v trong vng c quyn kinh t ca Vit Nam. Do nhu cu nhn lc rt ln v s lng, a dng v ngnh ngh v i hi trnh cao, tay ngh gii nn hot ng ca X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro tr thnh nhn t quan trng thc y hot ng o to v pht trin nhn lc ca ton ngnh.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Quyt nh s 2200/Q-CB. Quyt nh s 1449/Q-TCCB ngy 22-9-1984. Quyt nh s 649/Q-CB ngy 12-6-1985. Quyt nh s 1460/Q-TC. Quyt nh s 273/CB-DK ngy 24-3-1988.
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Ngy 7-7-1988, B Chnh tr ra Ngh quyt s 15-NQ/TW v phng hng pht trin ngnh Du kh n nm 2000. Ngh quyt nhn mnh mc tiu xy dng v o to c mt i ng cng nhn cn b khoa hc - k thut, cn b qun l sc tng bc lm ch c ngnh cng nghip Du kh, tin ln t lc pht trin ngnh th k sau.
2. Cc c s o to du kh
2.1. Trng Cng nhn du kh Tn Cu
Trng c thnh lp t nm 1971 vi tn gi ban u l Trng Cng nhn khoan su Tn Cu, nhm o to cng nhn khoan su l ch yu cho Lin on 36. Thc ra y l cng nhn khoan du kh, khc vi cng nhn khoan nng, phc v a cht m hoc a cht cng trnh. T thng 9-1975 n thng 12-1979, Trng thuc Lin on 36 (sau l Cng ty Du kh I). Trng ng ti Tn Cu, huyn Kim ng, tnh Hng Yn.
Khi mi thnh lp, ng L Xun Thinh lm Hiu trng Trng Cng nhn khoan su Tn Cu v n thng 6-1978 ng Thinh v ngh hu. T nm 1978, ng Chu Thn c b nhim gi chc Hiu trng trng Cng nhn khoan su Tn Cu. ng Mai Vn Bch gi chc Ph Hiu trng ph trch ni chnh v ng Hong Ngc Lm gi chc Ph Hiu trng ph trch gio v.
Ngy 11-12-1979, theo Quyt nh s 2295/Q-TCQL, Trng Cng nhn khoan su Tn Cu c chuyn trc thuc Tng cc Du kh v i tn thnh Trng Cng nhn du kh Tn Cu. Trng c nhim v o to cng nhn k thut di hnh thc va hc, va lm. Trng m c mt s lp bi dng ting Nga, ting Anh cho cng nhn trc khi i thc tp nc ngoi v m lp nh my ting Nga cho cc nhn vin nh my ca Vn phng Tng cc Du kh. Ngy 6-7-1982, theo Quyt nh s 939/DK-TC, Trng Cng nhn du kh Tn Cu c chuyn giao cho Cng ty a vt l qun l. n thi im ny nhim v ca Trng l o to cng nhn khoan su ngng hn, thay vo Trng c giao nhim v chun b c s o to cng nhn a vt l v m cc lp b tc vn ha tp trung cho cng nhn trong ngnh. Trng cn c nhim v qun l tp trung v gii quyt cc th tc i vi s cn b, cng nhn c gi i o to, bi dng nc ngoi. Tuy nhin, do khng cc iu kin cn thit nn cc nhim v ny phn ln khng thc hin c. V vy, theo
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Ch th s 974/DK-TC ngy 12-7-1982, Trng Cng nhn du kh Tn Cu c gii th. i ng gio vin v cn b qun l ca trng c thuyn chuyn hoc iu ng sang cc n v khc trong ngnh. Ti sn ca trng c chuyn giao cho Cng ty a vt l.
2.2. Trng Cng nhn k thut du kh

Nhm p ng nhu cu v cng nhn k thut chuyn ngnh pht trin cng tc du kh trn thm lc a Vit Nam, ngy 7-11-1975, ch cha y 2 thng sau khi Tng cc Du kh ra i, Trng Cng nhn k thut du kh c thnh lp, vi c s vt cht ban u l Trng dy ngh ca Chnh quyn Vit Nam Cng ha trc nm 1975. Trng ng ti th x B Ra, tnh ng Nai.
V ng ti B Ra nn sau ny, k c trong nhiu vn bn, Trng c gi l Trng Cng nhn k thut du kh B Ra, i khi cn gi l Trng B Ra.
Nm 1978, vi s gip v ti chnh ca Chnh ph Nauy v do Cng ty ISOT (Nauy) thc hin, D n xy dng Trung tm o to cng nhn k thut du kh bin c trin khai t thng 7-1978 n thng 12-1980. Trng Cng nhn k thut du kh bin c nng cp thnh trng dy ngh o to cng nhn k thut chuyn ngnh Du kh. Vin tr ca Chnh ph Nauy tp trung ch yu vo vic trang b c s trng lp, thit b, phng tin ging dy cng vi gio vin v k thut vin ph hp v cc gio trnh ti liu, sch gio khoa cho cc b mn nh khoan, ln, c kh, in, hn, ting Anh
Trng Cng nhn k thut du kh l mt trng k thut chuyn nghip o to cng nhn du kh cc loi theo chng trnh nh nc. Hnh thc hc tp trung mi kha 3 nm, sau ny gim xung cn 2 nm. i tng l hc sinh tt nghip trung hc ph thng c tuyn chn v cng nhn ang lm vic trong ngnh Du kh. T khi mi thnh lp (nm 1975) n nm 1978, ng Trn Quang Vinh c b nhim gi chc Hiu trng u tin ca Trng Cng nhn k thut du kh. Ph Hiu trng l cc ng Nguyn Khi1, Chu Ngc Thun2. T nm 1978 n nm 1984, ng Trnh Liu gi chc Hiu trng.
1. Quyt nh s 38/TCDK-TC ngy 17-6-1976. 2. Quyt nh s 1548/TCDK-TC ngy 12-8-1976.
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Ti Quyt nh s 1192/Q-CB ngy 12-7-1980, ng Nguyn Cao Tn c b nhim gi chc Ph Hiu trng, sau l Hiu trng1. Ph Hiu trng l cc ng Nguyn Xun Miu2, ng Phm Vn H3.
n cui nm 1980, D n xy dng Trung tm o to cng nhn k thut du kh bin do Chnh ph Nauy vin tr kt thc. Tng s vn u t c duyt gm 2 ngun: Vn do Chnh ph Nauy vin tr l 50 triu curon Nauy v vn trong nc l 4.100.000 VN. Nhm tho g kh khn trong hot ng ca mnh, trong khi t nc ang trong tnh trng khng hong kinh t trm trng, nm 1981 Trng kt hp tt cng tc hng dn thc hnh vi vic sn xut ra cc sn phm hng ha. Hc sinh v gio vin ca Trng sn xut c nhiu dng c ngh n gin dng trong Trng v bn cho a phng. Trng k v thc hin hng chc hp ng vi cc c s sn xut, thu trn 50.000 ng. S tin ny Trng np mt phn vo ngn qu gim vn u t v mt phn dng khuyn khch sn xut tng thu nhp cho cn b cng nhn vin v hc sinh ca Trng. Trng Cng nhn k thut du kh tuyn sinh cc ngh: hn in, hn hi, in, c kh, ngui, sa cha khoan, bm, sa cha ng c, ln su, th ph khoan bin, kp trng khoan bin. Trong s cc ngh ny, ngh ln su l mt trong t ngh ln u tin c o to Vit Nam khi . K hoch tuyn sinh cc nm t 1982 tr v sau ca Trng Cng nhn k thut du kh ch yu da trn c s k hoch v nhu cu nhn lc ca X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro. Do nhu cu cn nng cp v trnh tnh trng xung cp ca Trng Cng nhn k thut du kh; ng thi p ng yu cu ca X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro, nm 1984 Tng cc Du kh ngh Chnh ph Nauy tip tc vin tr 2 triu USD trong 2 nm 1984-1985. Tuy nhin, do Vit Nam b cc nc phng Ty c lp nn Chnh ph Nauy khng vin tr trc tip vo n m h vin tr gin tip qua C quan Pht trin ca Lin hp quc (UNDP - United Nations Development Program). Pha Nauy dnh 50% ngn sch chi cho vic c chuyn gia sang o to v qun l v 50% ngn sch dnh cho mua sm thit b, ph tng thay th.
1. Quyt nh s 233/Q-CB ngy 26-2-1985. 2. Quyt nh s 119/Q-TC ngy 1-4-1983. 3. Quyt nh s 1456/Q-CB ngy 22-9-1984.
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Trng Cng nhn k thut du kh 1975-1989
Trng Cn b cng nhn du kh 1989-1991
Trong nm hc 1988-1989, Trng Cng nhn k thut du kh tuyn 250 hc sinh o to ti trng; ng thi k hp ng gi o to ti cc trng ngh thuc cc b, ngnh khc. n nm 1989, xut pht t nhu cu o to cn b cc loi ca Tng cc Du kh, nhim v ca trng c nhiu thay i. Ngoi nhim v o to cng nhn k thut truyn thng, Trng c b sung nhim v o to chuyn mn, nghip v, ngoi ng, v.v.. Ngy 14-7-1989, Tng cc Du kh ban hnh Quyt nh s 562/DK-TC v vic i tn Trng Cng nhn k thut du kh thnh Trng Cn b cng nhn du kh trc thuc Tng cc Du kh. Trng tip tc ng tr s ti B Ra nhng c mt phn hiu t Vng Tu.
Ban lnh o ca Trng Cn b cng nhn du kh gm c: ng Nguyn Cao Tn, Hiu trng; ng Phm Vn H, Ph Hiu trng v n nm 1990 c thm ng Hu Vit theo Quyt nh s 17/TCCB-L ngy 9-1-1990. Trng chuyn hng o to chun b nhn lc cho cc d n ln nh lc ha du khi ang c trin khai Thnh Tuy H, Long Thnh - ng Nai.
Hng nm trng tuyn sinh theo k hoch phn b ca Tng cc Du kh v c php k cc hp ng t hng o to v sn xut vi cc n v trong v ngoi ngnh nhm thc hin ch c thu b chi ph.
Trong nm hc 1989-1990, ch tiu tuyn sinh ca Trng Cn b cng nhn du kh l: - o to theo hp ng nh nc giao: 200 ngi;
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- o to theo hp ng vi cc t chc ngoi ngnh l: 100 ngi; y l ln u tin Trng o to hc sinh hc ngh h B v c thu hc ph.
Trong thi gian ny, do nhu cu hc ting Anh tng cao nn trng m nhiu lp ting Anh ti chc 10-12 thng v cc lp ting Anh tp trung 10-12 thng cho cn b c quan Tng cc v cc n v H Ni, Thnh ph H Ch Minh v Vng Tu. Sau khi nhn thy khon vin tr mang li hiu qu r rt, Chnh ph Nauy li tip tc d n nng cp Trng Cng nhn k thut du kh trong cc nm 1986-1988 vi tng gi tr 1,5 triu USD. Mc ch ch yu ca d n l nng cp cc hot ng ca Trng, tng cng kh nng o to, sa cha, nng cp cc trang thit b v gio trnh, cung cp gio vin v nhn vin k thut, nng cao trnh v phng php ging dy ca gio vin. Tnh n cui nm 1989, Trng Cn b cng nhn du kh l trng dy ngh duy nht ca Tng cc Du kh vi quy m o to 500 hc vin v s cn b cng nhn vin ca trng l 145 ngi. Trong hot ng o to giai on u, Trng Cn b cng nhn du kh ch c cc loi hnh o to chnh l o to ngh vi hu ht cc ngh cn thit trong cng tc du kh bin, o to thng xuyn ch yu l dy ting Anh vi cc trnh khc nhau. Ngh lp rp kt cu thp, k thut in lnh, k ton ti chnh v o to an ton mi trng ch thc hin giai on cui. Tng cng trong thi k t nm 1978 n nm 1990 c 2.341 lt cn b cng nhn vin c tham d cc chng trnh o to ti trng. S lng cn b cng nhn c o to tng nhanh trong giai on cui.
2.3. Trng B tc cn b
sm c i ng cn b c trnh chnh tr v qun l nghip v p ng nhu cu pht trin ca ngnh, ngy 28-2-1978, Tng cc Du kh ban hnh Quyt nh s 208/DK-TC thnh lp Trng B tc ti chc cn b cng nhn vin ngnh Du kh (gi tt l Trng B tc cn b). Trng c nhim v lp k hoch o to ti chc v t chc thc hin bi dng cn b cng nhn vin trong ton ngnh di hnh thc m cc lp tp trung ngn hn v cc lnh vc qun l kinh t, k thut, nghip v, chnh tr, ngoi ng v vn ha theo k hoch ca Tng cc Du kh giao nhm p ng nhu cu o to cn b ca ngnh.
429
Khi mi thnh lp, Trng c t ti nh E3 khu tp th Thnh Cng vi 3 cn h, t chc lp ting Anh bi dng cho cng nhn i hc ti Irc v lp s cp chnh tr cho cn b nghip v trong ngnh. Sau ny, do nhu cu o to cn b tng cao, trng chuyn a im xung ng ba C Nhu - Hong Quc Vit1, gn Hc vin Chnh tr - Hnh chnh quc gia H Ch Minh ngy nay.
ng on Ngc nh, Ph V trng V T chc cn b - o to, c giao nhim v ph trch Trng v kim ch ti khon (theo Quyt nh s 393/QTC ngy 7-3-1979), sau ng Nguyn Hu Hip c b nhim gi chc Ph Hiu trng ph trch Trng B tc cn b, thay ng on Ngc nh i nhn nhim v khc (theo Quyt nh s 752/Q-TC ngy 9-5-1979). Ngy 5-4-1980, ng Nguyn Phng Chm c b nhim chc Ph Hiu trng ph trch Trng B tc cn b (theo Quyt nh s 524/Q-TC), sau l Hiu trng (theo Quyt nh s 700/Q-CB ngy 1-8-1983). ng Tng Trn T, thiu t qun i chuyn ngnh gi chc Ph Hiu trng ph trch hnh chnh. Sau ny Tng cc Du kh tng cng thm mt s cn b t V T chc cn b o to nh cc ng Nguyn Vn Tho, on Min. Nm 1984, sau khi Trng Cng nhn du kh Tn Cu gii th, ng Chu Thn, nguyn Hiu trng Trng Cng nhn du kh Tn Cu c iu ng v lm Ph Hiu trng ph trch hnh chnh ca trng v nm 1985 ng L Vn Cm, Trng phng Cn b V T chc cn b c iu v lm Ph Hiu trng ph trch ni chnh.
Trng c mt s gio vin chuyn trch; phn ln gio vin ca Trng l nhng cn b gio vin kim chc trong Tng cc Du kh v cc c quan khc ca Nh nc. Trng B tc cn b thng xuyn mi cn b ging dy Trng ng ti chc Thnh y H Ni, Trng ng Nguyn i Quc v cc cn b ging dy cc trng i hc v cc b, ngnh Trung ng n ging dy theo cc chuyn . Trong nhng nm sau, Trng c b sung thm 2 gio vin ting Anh v 1 gio vin ting Nga dy cc lp ngoi ng. Trong nhng nm u sau khi thnh lp, Trng B tc cn b tin hnh bi dng chnh tr trung cp cho cn b, ng vin cp trng, ph phng; v bi dng ngoi ng, nghip v, k thut ngn ngy, b sung hoc thng tin nhng kin thc c tnh thi s. Hnh thc hc tp trung, mi lp ko di 2 tun n 10 thng tu theo ni dung hc. Trn thc t hot ng gn 10 nm, Trng B tc cn b thc hin tt mc tiu o to chnh tr v ngoi ng cho cn b ca cc n v trong ngnh.
1. Thc t, khi ng Hong Quc Vit cha c t tn.
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Trng B tc cn b c thnh lp v hot ng trong giai on t nc gp rt nhiu kh khn v kinh t li thm chin tranh bin gii Ty Nam v xung t bin gii pha Bc ca t nc. Nhiu hc vin i n lp bng nhng chic xe p vi sm lp v chng v p v nhng sut n tra m bc mang t nh n Trng hoc n ti nh n ca Trng. Tt c nhng kh khn khng ngn c ch vn ln quyt tm hc tp t thnh tch cao nht ca hc vin. Nhiu hc vin ni tr ti trng phi tranh th ngy ch nht i bt cua, bt c nhng tha rung quanh Trng mong ci thin ba n trong ngy ngh. Anh em hc vin khi n t cc n v trong Nam v cc n v ngoi Bc vn thng gi vui l sinh vin Trng Nguyn i Quc ngoi hng ro, v khi Trng B tc cn b nm khng xa Trng ng Nguyn i Quc (nay l Hc vin Chnh tr - Hnh chnh quc gia H Ch Minh).
Kha hc u tin triu tp 80 cn b n t tt c cc n v ca Tng cc Du kh, khai ging vo ngy 20-3-1980 v kt thc vo ngy 22-12-1980. Kha hc kt thc theo ng k hoch, 100% hc vin c cp bng tt nghip vo ng ngy b ging. Nh c s hp tc tt vi Trng ng ti chc Thnh y H Ni, s nhit tnh vi nhim v o to ca Ban Gim hiu m ng u l Hiu trng Nguyn Phng Chm nn c ti 73% hc vin tt nghip t kh, gii. B trng inh c Thin n d l b ging v hun th, cn dn hc vin phi bit vn dng l lun hc c vo thc tin cng tc. Nm 1987, Trng m lp l lun chnh tr h trung cp kha X vi s lng 46 hc vin. y l kha hc cui cng v l lun chnh tr h trung cp m ti Trng B tc cn b.
L b ging v cp bng tt nghip ca Trng B tc cn b
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Ngoi cc kha hc tp trung, Trng cn t chc cc lp ngn ngy bi dng l lun chnh tr, kin thc qun l kinh t cho cn b trong ngnh v mt s t cn b ngoi ngnh (40 s quan t i u n trung t ca Binh on Trng Sn, 10 cn b nghip v ca Trng ng Nguyn i Quc, lp ngn ngy cho 30 V trng, V ph B in v Than hc mt s mn l lun i hc qun l kinh t ti Lin X). Sau gn 10 nm hot ng, di mi trng ca Trng B tc cn b, hn 600 cn b tt nghip trung cp l lun chnh tr v hng trm cn b c bi dng ting Anh, Nga, Php. Nhiu hc vin tt nghip Trng B tc cn b sau ny tr thnh nhng cn b lnh o, qun l ch cht ca ngnh Du kh. Ngy 28-9-1989 ti Quyt nh s 816/DK-TC, Tng cc Du kh gii th Trng B tc cn b k t ngy 31-10-1989. Nhim v ca Trng B tc cn b c chuyn giao cho Trng Cn b cng nhn du kh m nhn.
2.4. Trng o to cn b, cng nhn cho X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro

Ngy 26-11-1981, Tng cc Du kh quyt nh thnh lp Ban chun b cho X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro. Ban c nhim v chun b lc lng lao ng l ngi Vit Nam c chuyn mn, nghip v v ngoi ng cung cp theo yu cu ca X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro, to iu kin cho X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro sm i vo hot ng.
Khi mi thnh lp Ban chun b cho X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro ch c mt Ph Trng ban l ng Nguyn Nh Th.
c c s php l v vt cht y cho mt t chc o to, ngy 5-5-1982, Tng cc Du kh ban hnh Vn bn s 15/KH thnh lp Trng o to cn b, cng nhn. Trng c nhim v thng xuyn cung cp cn b, cng nhn cho X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro trong k hoch 1981-1985 vi s lng khong 5.000 ngi. Trng c thnh lp nhm tip nhn: (i) s cn b, cng nhn Cng ty Du kh II v on Du kh ng bng sng Cu Long c gii th; (ii) cc cn b, cng nhn du kh c iu ng t cc n v ca ngnh pha Bc; (iii) cc cn b, cng nhn k thut cc ngnh kinh t khc m ngnh Du kh khng c; (iv) tip nhn nhng hc sinh c o to v tt nghip cc trng i hc trong v ngoi nc. Trng c trch nhim chun b cc iu kin cn
432
thit sau gi cc cn b, cng nhn c la chn, i o to nng cao tay ngh ( trong v ngoi nc) theo yu cu ca X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro. Quy m ca trng khong 600-700 ngi. c php ca Hi ng B trng1, ngy 31-5-1982, Tng cc Du kh ban hnh Quyt nh s 400/DK-TCCB chnh thc thnh lp Trng o to cn b, cng nhn cho X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro ti Vng Tu, trn c s Ban chun b cho X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro v c s Vnh Long ca on Du kh ng bng sng Cu Long ( gii th). C s Vnh Long ca Trng o to cn b, cng nhn cho X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro hot ng n ngy 31-3-1983 th c gii th, sau khi hon thnh nhim v c giao.
Trng o to cn b, cng nhn cho X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro c nhim v: - Dy ting Nga cho cn b, cng nhn trc khi a vo lm vic ti X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro; - B tc mt s ngnh ngh chuyn dng ca du kh khng nm trong chng trnh o to ca cc trng hin c ca Tng cc Dy ngh; - Hc tp chnh tr, ni quy, quy ch nhn vin chun b k hp ng lao ng vi X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro; - Chun b ngi i thc tp nc ngoi trc khi vo lm vic ti X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro; - Tip nhn cn b, cng nhn ht hp ng lao ng vi X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro iu ng i cc n v khc ca ngnh hoc lm th tc cho i khi ngnh.
B my qun l ca Trng c t 35 n 40 ngi. Trng khng c cn b ging dy chuyn trch trong bin ch. Gio vin c mi t cc c s o to v cc n v sn xut trong v ngoi ngnh Du kh. ng Vn Hn, c b nhim lm Hiu trng (ngy 1-4-1983), Ph Hiu trng l cc ng Nguyn Nh Th, Nguyn Mch. Trong cc nm hot ng ca mnh, Trng o to cn b, cng nhn cho X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro ch ng gi cn b cng nhn i o to mt s c s ngoi ngnh o to nhng ngh m cc c s o to ca Tng cc Du kh khng c nh cng nhn vn hnh my cu loi ln, k thut vin kim tra khuyt tt kim loi, k thut vin nu n, v.v.. Trng cng k hp
1. Thng bo s 1820-TB ngy 13-5-1982.
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ng o to vi Trng i hc Hng hi Nha Trang o to thuyn trng, my trng, o to th buc cp treo hng, o to sa cha in tu thy, cng nhn sa cha my o lng t ng ha, cng nhn vn hnh kho lnh, th sa cha in lnh. Trng m nhiu lp ting Nga cho cn b, cng nhn trc khi i thc tp Lin X. Trng c nhiu cn b, hc vin ca Trng i hc cc lp trung cp chnh tr ti Trng B tc cn b ca Tng cc Du kh C Nhu, H Ni. n cui nhng nm 80 ca th k XX, Trng o to cn b, cng nhn cho X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro v c bn hon thnh nhim v t ra v c gii th khi bn thn X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro c th ch ng chun b v tuyn chn nhn lc cho cc chc danh do Pha Vit Nam m nhn. Sau hn 7 nm hot ng, Tng cc Du kh quyt nh gii th Trng o to cn b, cng nhn cho X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro k t ngy 1-21989 theo Quyt nh s 27/Q-TC ngy 11-1-1989. Trong nhng nm xy dng v pht trin, Trng o to cn b, cng nhn cho X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro c nhng ng gp ng k trong vic chun b lc lng cn b v cng nhn Vit Nam c v s lng v cht lng gi vo lm vic trong X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro, gp phn hon thnh ngha v cung cp nhn lc l ngi Vit Nam cho X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro ca Tng cc Du kh Vit Nam. Cng tc o to v pht trin nhn lc ca X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro Ngun nhn lc lm vic ti X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro gm cng dn Vit Nam v cng dn cc nc thuc Lin X, m ch yu l cng dn Nga. Cng tc o to, xy dng i ng cn b ngi Vit Nam c trnh cao, i ng cng nhn c tay ngh gii l nhim v v cng quan trng. Ngay t nhng ngy u thnh lp, lnh o Tng cc Du kh c bit quan tm v ch trng n cng tc o to. Phn ln cn b khung ca X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro t cp trng, ph phng tr ln u c gi i hc tp, tham quan kho st nc ngoi.
c c s php l thc hin cng tc o to, trong Chng III ca Quy ch nhn vin X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro, ti iu 9 v iu 10 cp n nhng ni dung lin quan n cng tc o to. iu 9 nu r: cn b cng nhn vin c hc tp v nng cao tay ngh, thc tp trong v ngoi nc theo Quy ch nhn vin v bng kinh ph ca X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro.
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Ngoi ra cn b cng nhn vin ca X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro cn c o to v nng cao tay ngh theo ch tiu v quy nh chung ca ngnh. Ti iu 10 cng nu r: X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro c trch nhim o to ngn hn cc ngh cn gp theo yu cu sn xut v c quyn chn c cn b cng nhn vin trong X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro i hc, thc tp sn xut, chuyn mn ph hp vi yu cu sn xut v cng tc theo k hoch c Hi ng X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro ph duyt. Trong trng hp cn thit, X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro ngh Tng cc Du kh ly cn b cng nhn vin trong ngnh i hc tp, thc tp theo chc danh ca X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro v lm vic cho X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro.
Ngay t K hp th III Hi ng X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro, thng 3-1983 c Ngh quyt v cng tc nng bc v bi dng i ng cng nhn k thut. Ngy 25-10-1985, Trng K thut nghip v c thnh lp, theo Ngh quyt K hp th VI ca Hi ng X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro.
T khi thnh lp n nm 1996 ng T Tn Quyn c b nhim gi chc Hiu trng. Gio vin ca Trng bao gm gio vin trong bin ch v gio vin kim chc; gio vin hng dn thc hnh do cc chuyn vin, k s c kinh nghim ti cc n v sn xut ca X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro tham gia ging dy.
T nm 1984 n nm 1990 Trng : - o to nng bc cho 929 lt ngi, o to ngh th hai cho 74 ngi. - o to chc danh, bi dng nghip v: 2.096 lt ngi v o to ngoi ng: 406 lt ngi. Khi mi thnh lp, trong nhng nm 1981-1982 cn b cng nhn vin ngi Vit Nam trong X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro ch chim 20% trn tng s cn b cng nhn vin v ngi Nga chim 80%. Nhng t l ngi Nga trong X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro ngy cng gim mnh sau nhng s n lc, c gng trong cng tc o to cn b cng nhn vin ngi Vit Nam ca Tng cc Du kh ni chung v ca X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro ni ring. o to ti ch: trong giai on u, cng tc thm d v khai thc du kh trn bin cn rt mi v b ng i vi cn b cng nhn vin Vit Nam. Nhiu chc danh cn b qun l, cn b cp trng, ph phng ban n i trng t cc x nghip c s n b my iu hnh u do Pha Lin X m nhn. Trong thi
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k 1981-1991, lnh o X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro ch o cht ch v giao nhim v o to km cp ngi Vit Nam cho cc chuyn gia Lin X. Cc cn b Vit Nam trong X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro cng c giao nhim v nhanh chng hc hi v tip thu chuyn mn, trong mt thi gian ngn c th m ng cng vic ca cc chc danh cao hn, c bit cp ph phi nhanh chng tip cn c cng vic ca cp trng. Vi s gip , hng dn, km cp ca chuyn gia Lin X, i ng cn b cng nhn vin Vit Nam nhanh chng nm bt cng vic, nht l ngh lp rp gin khoan, khai thc du kh. Ch sau 2-3 nm, tay ngh ca cng nhn Vit Nam c khng nh, cc cn b qun l, k s c cc chuyn gia Lin X nh gi cao. in hnh cho cng tc o to ti ch l X nghip Khai thc du, X nghip Tu thuyn. Cc k s cng ngh, k s c kh, k s hng hi ban u vo lm vic vi chc danh l cng nhn, l th. Sau khi kt thc chng trnh o to km cp ti ch nhiu cn b c nng lc thay th cn b, thy th ngi Nga. Bc ngot u tin nh du s trng thnh ca cn b Vit Nam l vic bt k s H Ngc Khu lm Trng gin khai thc, tip sau l s thay th hng lot cc chc danh trng l ngi Vit Nam cc n v, x nghip k c Tng Gim c t ngy 1-1-1992.
2.5. o to ti cc trng v trung tm o to trong nc

to iu kin nng cao trnh chuyn mn v nghip v cho cn b, cng nhn, X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro hp tc vi cc trng v cc trung tm o to t chc cc kha hc ngn hn nh Trng Cng nhn k thut du kh, Trng Cn b cng nhn du kh, Trng i hc M a cht, Trng i hc Hng hi, Trng i hc Bch khoa (H Ni v Thnh ph H Ch Minh), Trng trung hc Hng hi t chc cc kha hc nng cao v o to sau i hc vi ni dung st vi thc t cng vic ca X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro. ng thi c c s hng dn b sung l thuyt v nng cao trnh cho cng nhn theo tiu chun ngh nghip, Trng K thut nghip v ca X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro c thnh lp vi cc nhim v t chc bi dng thi nng bc cho cng nhn, dy ngoi ng, t chc dy ngh th hai nh nu phn trn. Trong trng hp cn thit, X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro t chc o to mi nhng ngh m cc c s o to trong nc khng c.
436
2.6. o to nc ngoi
X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro c cn b cng nhn vin n cc trung tm o to, cc x nghip khai thc du kh ca Lin X thc tp phng php lm vic, thc tp ngh, thc tp qun l tng b khung ca cc x nghip khai thc du kh v p dng X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro. T nm 1989, X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro hng nm chi trn 1 triu USD gi cn b cng nhn vin i o to nc th ba (ngoi Lin X). ng thi s dng cc sut hc bng ca Tng cc Du kh c cn b i d cc kha o to c t chc trong v ngoi nc. Hnh thc o to ny gip cn b, cng nhn vin Vit Nam nhanh chng tip thu cng ngh tin tin, c iu kin tip xc vi nn cng nghip du kh hin i.
3. Hp tc o to trong nc v nc ngoi
Ngay t khi mi thnh lp, Tng cc Du kh c nhiu cn b i o to cc nc (Php, Nauy, Canaa, Lin X...). Thng 8-1976, Tng cc Du kh c on thc tp sinh 20 tin s, k s gm cc chuyn ngnh kinh t nng lng, a cht, a vt l, khoan, khai thc, ch bin, labo v thng tin t liu, sang IFP (Vin Du kh Php) vi mc ch nng cao tay ngh v tm hiu cch thc t chc trng Du kh theo m hnh IFP (o to k s du kh chuyn i t k s ngnh khc), b sung kp thi cho nhu cu tng nhanh nhn lc du kh. Nhng nm sau Tng cc Du kh cha thc hin tng ny v cha c nhu cu tng t bin v nhn lc.
Hc sau i hc gm c: Trn Ngc Ton, Phm Th Ngc Bch, Vn H, inh Hu Lc, Nguyn Cao Tn, Vng Hu Onh, L nh Thm, L Xun Ba, 2 Vit kiu l: Nguyn Bnh Khim, Nguyn Vn Thn. Thc tp ti cc phng th nghim gm c: Nguyn Trng Hnh, inh Vn Ng, H Vn Mo, Nguyn Xun Ng, Phm Xun Huy, Ng Sch Chc. Nng cao ting Php gm c: Phm Lim Chnh, Mai Vn Lin, Nguyn Mnh Kh, Thi Phi Quang (B Ni v gi).
Sau ny, khi Petrovietnam k cc hp ng chia sn phm (PSC) vi cc cng ty du kh nc ngoi (ONGC, Shell, BP,), qu o to t cc hp ng ny c s dng gi rt nhiu cn b i o to cc nc Ty u theo nhiu
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lnh vc trong ngnh Du kh. Ngoi ra, Tng cc cn gi nhiu cn b i o to cc trng ng, mt s cng nhn i hc cc trng i hc, trung cp trong nc. Cng tc o to v pht trin ngun nhn lc trong thi k Tng cc Du kh (1975-1990) t c nhng kt qu to ln nh: hnh thnh i ng cn b lnh o, qun l, iu hnh; cn b khoa hc - k thut, chuyn mn nghip v; cng nhn lnh ngh trong nhiu lnh vc du kh, mt trong nhng nhn t quyt nh s pht trin ca Tng cng ty Du kh Vit Nam sau ny.
438
Kt lun
ng cc Du kh Vit Nam ra i v hot ng trong mt thi gian khng di (gn 15 nm), nhng n gn lin vi nhng s kin lch s quan trng ca nc ta v lm c kh nhiu cng vic (Ph lc Phn II.03).
(1) i thng ma Xun nm 1975 gii phng hon ton min Nam thng nht T quc th ngnh Du kh Vit Nam cng chnh thc tr thnh mt ngnh kinh t - k thut, nh du bng Ngh quyt s 244-NQ/TW ngy 9-8-1975 ca B Chnh tr v Ngh nh s 170/CP ngy 3-9-1975 ca Chnh ph thnh lp Tng cc Du kh Vit Nam, c quan qun l nh nc v du kh u tin, ng thi cng ch o hot ng du kh trong c nc. Chnh ph cng sm quyt nh thnh lp Cng ty Du m v Kh t Vit Nam (ngy 9-9-1977). y l nhng quyt nh sng sut, ng thi c vi mt quyt tm v nhng quyt sch mnh, huy ng nhiu ngun lc trong c nc v hp tc quc t xy dng v pht trin ngnh Du kh Vit Nam. (2) c th ca ngnh Du kh (ri ro cao, vn ln, cng ngh tin tin, quan h cht ch vi a chnh tr, ch quyn) i hi phi gii bi ton quan h gia t lc v hp tc; hnh thc t lc v hp tc v nht l chn i tc. ng bng sng Hng, Vit Nam tip tc thm d v khai thc du kh vi s tr gip ca Lin X. S tin u t khng nh so vi tim lc kinh t ca Vit Nam (t nm 1961 n nm 1985, khong 60 triu rp, la; cha k tin Vit Nam). Do cu trc a cht min vng H Ni qu phc tp, tim nng du kh thp, khi lng khoan qu nhiu, k c khoan cu to, k thut v cng ngh ca Lin X vo thi c nhng hn ch nn kt qu ch tm c m kh -
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condensat Tin Hi - Thi Bnh c tr lng nh. dng hot ng tm kim, thm d y vo nm 1987.
Sau ny, khi Cng ty Anzoil (xtrylia) s dng cng ngh tin tin thm d li mt s vng ca min vng H Ni cng khng cho kt qu kh hn!.
Khi trin khai tm kim, thm d du kh ng bng sng Cu Long, c din tch gp 3 ln ng bng sng Hng, cng vi ti liu t hng khng ca M, c nhiu hy vng s pht hin c du kh y. Sau khi c kt qu kho st a vt l (nht l ti liu a chn do ta thu Cng ty CGG lm), 2 ging khoan Cu Long-1 v Hu Giang-1, khng nh trin vng du kh hn ch ca trm tch Tam ng bng sng Cu Long. Nm 1981, quyt nh dng thm d du kh ti y l ng. thm lc a pha Nam Vit Nam, ngay t u nhng nm 1975-1977, Tng cc c ch trng t lc l 04 (sau i tn thnh l 09) c cu to Bch H bng cch vay tin v thu cc cng ty ca Nauy lm a vt l v khoan. Vic ny cng khng thnh cng (mi kho st a vt l nm 1978, nhng trc trc v thu gin khoan). Thc cht l do khi ta cha trnh , kinh nghim v tim lc ti chnh. Tr li min Bc, n khoan thm d du kh ca sng Hng vo nm 1986-1987 vi y quyt tm t ch o ca Chnh ph cng nh n lc ca Tng cc v Cng ty Du kh I, cui cng n cng phi dng. Quan im t lc v tng th hon ton ng, nhng i vo tng lnh vc, tng vic c th, li i hi phi cn nhc mi iu kin c kh thi khng. Nu khng tnh n cc yu t ny, t ch trng chung n d n c th s l duy ch. Vic dng hot ng du kh bt k lnh vc no (khu u hay khu cui), u gy nhng xo trn v t chc (sp nhp, gii th), v cng tc v i sng ca cn b cng nhn vin! (3) Trong lnh vc du kh, hp tc quc t nh l mt quy lut tt yu, nht l i vi cc nc ang pht trin. Chn i tc truyn thng l Lin X cng nh mt s nc x hi ch ngha khc l d hiu v ng n. Vo nm 1976-1977, Lin X cng rt thng thn cho Vit Nam bit Lin X cn t kinh nghim thm d v khai thc du kh thm lc a. Trong nhng nm u hot ng ca Tng cc Du kh, vic tip xc, tho lun vi nhiu cng ty du kh trn th gii v k cc hp ng du kh dng PSC
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Kt lun
u tin vi cc cng ty Deminex, Agip, Bow Valley (1975-1980) a du kh Vit Nam tr thnh ngnh kinh t - k thut u tin ca Vit Nam tip cn vi cc dng hp ng du kh, cc cng ngh - k thut hin i, cc khi nim kinh t - ti chnh cng nh cung cch iu hnh v qun l v du kh ca phng Ty. Trong thi gian ngn (1978-1980), ba cng ty ny chi trn 87 triu USD, mt s tin kh ln, ri trng tay rt khi Vit Nam! Ri ro trong du kh l nh vy1. i vi Vit Nam, y l hc ph m cc cng ty tr cho ta hc nhng kinh nghim lm du kh bin, gip du kh Vit Nam sm trng thnh, hi nhp vi th gii; t nhng kinh nghim trong ngnh Du kh c m rng trong c nc (dch v, kim ton, bo v mi trng). Nhng nm cui 70 u 80 ca th k XX, trong nc th khng hong kinh t - x hi, ngoi nc th b bao vy, cm vn. Vic k Hip nh hp tc vi Lin X v thm d, khai thc du kh thm lc a pha Nam Vit Nam nm 1980 l ng n, ph hp vi thi th v sau ny mang li hiu qu to ln, a Vit Nam vo danh sch cc nc khai thc du, l iu khng ai c th ph nhn, k c khi phi chp nhn mt s iu khon khng c li cho Pha Vit Nam. Tuy nhin vic mnh t lm kh mnh khi m rng khu vc hot ng ra ton thm lc a, trong khi nng lc v kinh nghim ca X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro cn hn ch (cc thit b a vt l, tu khoan, gin khoan t nng ch yu mua ca phng Ty; trong nhng nm 1981-1982, cha c y cc nh gi, thm nh tr lng m Bch H t k hoch khai thc vo nm 1983! phi thay i nhiu ln s cng ngh khai thc sm m Bch H, ly du Bch H nui Bch H, v.v..), lm chm mc tiu thm d, pht hin cc m mi. Phi i n cui nhng nm 80 ca th k XX, khi Vit Nam ra ch trng ng li i mi, Lin X c Perestroyka, Vit Nam mi c c hi tin hnh m phn sa i Hip nh hp tc k trc y vi Lin X, ly li quyn li chnh ng ca nc ch nh, ng thi thu li din tch c th hp tc vi cc cng ty du kh khc. (4) Nhiu ngi nh gi rng th k XX mang m nt ca du kh (cnh tranh, chin tranh, khng hong)2. Du kh Vit Nam mc no cng gn cht vi nhng quan im, ng li, ch trng, chnh sch i ni cng nh i ngoi ca cp lnh o cao nht ca t nc. C l khng c ngnh kinh t - k thut no m lm n vi nc ngoi li ph thuc cht ch vo ng li
1. Chnh ti cu to 15C, thuc l 15 m Deminex khoan, sau ny Cng ty JVPC ch khoan su thm hn trm mt, tm c du trong mng, kt qu pht hin c m Rng ng. 2. Daniel Yergin: Du m, tin bc v quyn lc, Nxb. Chnh tr quc gia, H Ni, 2008.
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i ngoi ca Nh nc nh ngnh Du kh Vit Nam. Trn th gii ngi ta ni nhiu v loi ngoi giao bng bn, cha ai ni ngoi giao du kh, nhng ngay trong thu ban u ny, du kh Vit Nam t nhiu ng vai tr kh quan trng trong quan h quc t ca Vit Nam. V c l cng khng c ngnh kinh t - k thut no m s thay i v t chc v nhn s li th hin s ch o nhanh, mnh ca cp trn nh trong ngnh Du kh Vit Nam. Khi ch trng i ngoi thay i v i khi km theo c quan h c nhn, th nhn s cp cao ca ngnh Du kh cng thay i theo. Khi ch trng v chnh sch i ngoi ng, c tc dng thc y mnh hot ng du kh. Ngi ta d thy s hp tc quc t trong du kh un ln nh hnh sin trong ton hc. Giai on 1975-1979: tip tc hp tc truyn thng vi Lin X trn t lin v Ngh quyt s 244-NQ/TW m ng cho hp tc a phng thm lc a. Giai on 1980-1987: t nc b bao vy, cm vn, ch cn mt con ng hp tc ton din vi Lin X. Giai on t nm 1988 tr v sau vi Ngh quyt s 15-NQ/TW trong thi k i mi, khai thng li con ng hp tc a phng, k c vi Lin X. Ch trong 2 nm (1988-1990), k c 7 hp ng PSC vi cc cng ty du kh hng u trn th gii, to c hi cho nhiu hp ng c k trong thi k Tng cng ty Du kh Vit Nam. (5) M hnh Tng cc Du kh th hin c quan qun l nh nc t chc theo kiu B, cng c cc cc, v, vn phng Tuy nhin, khc vi cc ngnh hnh thnh sm v c sn phm (in, bu chnh vin thng), ngnh Du kh hon ton mi m v ang trong thi k tm kim, thm d, do t chc b my Tng cc cng thay i kh nhiu, thot u qun l lao ng thuc V K hoch - Lao ng - Vt t, sau chuyn sang V T chc - o to. c bit l V Kinh t - K thut v Hp tc quc t c thnh lp theo Ngh nh s 170/CP (ngy 3-9-1975), trong giai on 1978-1982, thc t Tng cc li tn ti V K thut1, trong cc vn bn ca Chnh ph khng thy cp n V K thut, thm ch trong Thng bo s 11-TB (ngy 2-3-1978) cn ni r: t chc Vin Du kh Vit Nam, m nhim c v nghin cu v qun l khoa hc - k thut, m khng t chc V K thut ring. Thc t n thng 5-1978, Vin Du kh mi chnh thc c thnh lp v khng lm nhim v qun l cng tc khoa hc - k thut ca ngnh, m nhim v ny do V K thut (tn ti trn thc t) m nhim. Mi n thng 8-1981, Hi ng B trng mi c quyt nh thnh lp V a cht
1. Quyt nh nng bc lng ca Tng cc cho ng Hong Vn Hanh ngy 13-11-1982 vn ghi ng Hanh V K thut (theo Vn bn gp ca ng Hanh ngy 12-1-2011).
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Kt lun
du kh v V Khoa hc - K thut1, nhng vic ny phn nh r s khng am hiu hot ng du kh. Tuy nhin, trn c s ngh ca Tng cc Du kh, Chnh ph sm quyt nh thnh lp Cng ty Du m v Kh t Vit Nam - Petrovietnam (cho d mi ch c danh, cha c thc nhiu), vi biu tng ca Cng ty (sau ny l Logo ca Petrovietnam) cng sm c xc lp danh chnh ngn thun k kt hp ng vi cc cng ty du kh nc ngoi, song n chnh l mm mng sau ny tr thnh Tng cng ty Du kh Vit Nam (Vietnam Oil and Gas Corporation), mau chng hi nhp vi cng ng du kh th gii. Ngoi ra, vic thnh lp X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro ti Vng Tu c th coi l im nt v cng quan trng trong tin trnh pht trin ngnh Du kh Vit Nam, nhng triu tn du th u tin khai thc t m Bch H, gp phn ng k trong vic khc phc kh khn thi khng hong kinh t - x hi, nhng nm cui 80 u 90 th k XX. (6) Trong qu trnh m phn vi cc cng ty du kh th gii, Tng cc Du kh gip Chnh ph nm bt c bn cht ca cc hnh thc hp tc v tm kim, thm d v khai thc du kh trn th gii, trong l cc dng hp ng du kh v quyt nh chn dng hp ng chia sn phm/dch v l ph hp vi Vit Nam. Qua trin khai cc hp ng du kh, Tng cc Du kh gip cc c quan qun l nh nc hiu v tch ly c nhiu kinh nghim thc tin v c ch u t nc ngoi vo Vit Nam. T Ngh nh u t nc ngoi nm 1977 ch yu p dng cho du kh gip cho vic pht trin ni dung ca Lut u t nc ngoi ti Vit Nam thng 12-1987 mang tnh thc tin. (7) C th nhiu ngi ngh rng ngnh Du kh Vit Nam lun lun thng tin! v ch c vic moi du kh t lng t, chng khc g nhiu mc nc t ging! Nhng ch trong on trng 15 nm y c bao nhiu bc thng trm! Nh trnh by trn, min vng H Ni, c du hiu du kh trong nhiu ging khoan, pht hin du ging khoan 63 nhng khng tm ra m! ch tm c m kh Tin Hi C, Thi Bnh c tr lng nh. ng bng sng Cu Long, khng pht hin du hiu du kh trm tch Tam. Nm 1978, sau khi k hp ng du kh vi cc cng ty Deminex, Agip, Bow Valley mt s l thm lc a Nam Vit Nam, c nhng hy vng Vit Nam s khai thc c 20-25 triu tn du th vo nm 1985, nhng ri li ri vo tht vng v c
1. Vn bn s 19/HBT ngy 6-8-1981.
443
nhiu pht hin du kh khng c gi tr thng mi, trong hon cnh t nc y kh khn. K c khi pht hin dng du cng nghip ti ging khoan BH-5 (ngy 25-51984) hay lc khai thc tn du th thng mi u tin t m Bch H (ngy 266-1986), nhng ngi trong cuc k c Pha Lin X, vn y lo lng v c lc bi quan! Bi hc thm d, khai thc du kh y ri ro nh chi mt canh bc khng t ln c minh chng. Ch khi pht hin v bt u khai thc du trong mng nt n m Bch H, th trin vng du kh Vit Nam mi bng sng! (8) Ngy 19-4-1981, m kh condensat Tin Hi C, Thi Bnh c khai thc th. Tuy sn lng kh v condensat cn khim tn, nhng l s kin quan trng, m u cho lnh vc khai thc v s dng kh sau ny. Nm nm sau, ngy 26-6-1986, m Bch H cho tn du th u tin t thm lc a Vit Nam. Vit Nam bc vo danh sch cc nc sn xut du kh trn th gii. T y dng tin Petrodollars bt u chy vo ngn qu quc gia. Thi k Tng cc Du kh, sn lng khai thc du kh cha ln, thu nhp t du kh cha cao, nhng li c gi tr to ln cho khc phc khng hong kinh t - x hi nhng nm cui 80 u 90 ca th k XX. V quan trng hn c l lnh vc thm d v khai thc du kh Vit Nam c hnh thnh. D n xy dng nh my lc ha du c ra t rt sm, do nhiu nguyn nhn khch quan (vn ln, cng ngh phc tp, b M cm vn, Lin X ci t v sp ...) v ch quan (chn a im nh my, quan ngi v nh hng mi trng, kin v cng sut lc du d tha khu vc, bn du th hiu qu nhanh,...), nn rng r nhiu nm mt bao cng sc, gian trun! nhng vn khng thnh! Nhng lnh vc mi nh dch v du kh, cn c dch v tng hp trn b, kho cng... ra i v nh hnh trong thi k Tng cc Du kh. Nht l khi mt n v hnh chnh - c khu Vng Tu - Cn o c Chnh ph thnh lp, t nn mng cho lnh vc dch v du kh pht trin mnh m v Vng Tu sau ny tr thnh thnh ph du kh ca Vit Nam, kiu nh Aberdeen ca Anh hay Stavanger ca Nauy. (9) Tng cc Du kh c nhiu n lc trong xy dng c s vt cht k thut cho cng tc nghin cu khoa hc - cng ngh v o to. y l thi k c hai chng trnh khoa hc - cng ngh cp nh nc v du kh, khng k cc ti nghin cu cp ngnh, ng thi m u cho hp tc quc t trong lnh vc
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Kt lun
nghin cu v o to. Chnh trong giai on lch s ny, tim nng nghin cu khoa hc - cng ngh v ngun nhn lc du kh c tng cng, c o to v ti o to trong v ngoi nc, tip cn cng ngh, k thut c phng ng v phng Ty sn sng p ng yu cu pht trin trong thi k hu Tng cc Du kh. Trong 15 nm tn ti, bn cnh cc kt qu t c, cho d i lc cn lng tng, cn u tr k c duy ch, c khi va vp, k c khng thnh cng (nh vic xy dng nh my lc, ha du)... Tng cc Du kh Vit Nam hon thnh s mnh lch s ca mnh, nh hnh nhng lnh vc ch cht ca ngnh cng nghip du kh, chun b nn tng cho mt t chc mi - Tng cng ty Du kh Vit Nam, bt u mt thi k mi trong lch s du kh Vit Nam.
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Mc lc
LI NH XUT BN........................................................................................ v LI GII THIU.............................................................................................vii LI TA............................................................................................................ ix M U............................................................................................................ xi PHN TH NHT: NHNG HOT NG V T CHC DU KH U TIN VIT NAM................................................. 1 Chng 1: HOT NG THM D A CHT V DU KH VIT NAM TRC NM 1945............................................................................. 3 I. Du m v sn phm du vi x hi Vit Nam.............................................. 3 II. Hot ng tm kim du m ca ngi Php ............................................ 10 Chng 2: HOT NG DU KH VIT NAM GIAI ON 1945-1975... 19 I. Hot ng du kh do Vit Nam Dn ch Cng ha tin hnh................... 19 1. Nhng bc khi u.............................................................................................. 19 2. Cc t chc du kh u tin.................................................................................. 33 3. Hot ng tm kim, thm d du kh min vng H Ni............................. 41 4. Tm kim du kh vng trng An Chu............................................................ 93 5. Nghin cu s dng kh nng v cc d n lc ha du.................................. 101 6. Cung ng xng du v ng ng xng du phc v chin u .................... 108 7. Nghin cu khoa hc v o to nhn lc......................................................... 119
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II. Hot ng du kh ca Php vng tm chim v ca Vit Nam Cng ha min Nam................................................... 129 1. o lut Du ha 011/70 v Tng cuc Du ha v Khong sn.................... 131 2. Hot ng thm d du kh.................................................................................. 133 3. Cc d n ch bin du kh................................................................................... 149 4. Nghin cu khoa hc v o to.......................................................................... 153 Kt lun........................................................................................................... 156 PHN TH HAI: TNG CC DU M V KH T VIT NAM(1975-1990).................................. 161 Chng 3: HNH THNH T CHC V XC NH PHNG THC TRIN KHAI HOT NG DU KH ......................................... 163 I. Trng thnh t hu chin v trong bao vy, cm vn ............................. 163 1. ng li, ch trng pht trin ngnh Du kh Vit Nam . ......................... 167 2. T chc b my iu hnh v trin khai hot ng du kh............................ 208 II. T u t thm d v khai thc du kh .................................................. 231 1. Khu vc ng bng sng Hng........................................................................... 231 2. Khu vc ng bng sng Cu Long v ven bin ng Nam B ................... 259 III. Hp tc vi phng Ty........................................................................... 274 IV. Hp tc vi Lin X v hot ng ca X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro . ....................................................... 277 1. Tin hnh cc hot ng thm d, xc nh tr lng du kh ca hai l 09 v 16. .................................................................. 280 2. Xy dng cn c dch v tng hp trn b ....................................................... 297 3. Khai thc du kh trong giai on 1986-1990.................................................... 300 4. o to cn b v cng nhn du kh Vit Nam .............................................. 304
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V. Hp tc a phng .................................................................................... 305 Chng 4: TO DNG V M RNG LNH VC HOT NG DU KH.................................................................... 313 I. Chun b cho cng nghip lc ho du ...................................................... 313 1. D n Khu lin hp lc ha du Thnh Tuy H, ng Nai............................. 314 2. D n lc, ha du Tnh Gia, Thanh Ha........................................................... 328 3. Xng chng ct th nghim du th Long Bnh Tn, ng Nai.................. 334 4. Xng lc du mini Ct Li v X nghip Lin doanh Ch bin du kh Si Gn Petro........................................................................... 337 II. Hnh thnh dch v du kh.................................................................... 339 1. S hnh thnh cc t chc dch v du kh chuyn ngnh............................... 339 2. Cng dch v du kh Vng Tu . ........................................................................ 340 3. X nghip Dch v Du kh .................................................................................. 341 4. Cng ty Phc v i sng..................................................................................... 344 5. Cng ty Vt t Vn ti Du kh ........................................................................... 347 6. Cng ty Dch v Du kh (PSC)........................................................................... 350 7. Cng ty a vt l v Dch v Du kh (GPTS) ................................................ 356 III. Hnh thnh lnh vc xy lp du kh. .................................................... 376 1. Ban Kin thit khu cng nghip du kh Vng Tu (sau l Ban Qun l cng trnh du kh Vng Tu)........................................... 376 2. X nghip Lin hip Xy lp du kh................................................................... 380 IV. Xut nhp khu vt t thit b v kinh doanh du kh........................... 383 1. Xut nhp khu vt t thit b du kh ............................................................... 383 2. Cng tc xut khu du th ................................................................................. 385 3. Kinh doanh sn phm xng du.......................................................................... 388
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V. Cng tc ti chnh...................................................................................... 390 1. Khi hot ng c cp kinh ph trc tip t ngn sch nh nc. ............. 390 2. Khi cc n v sn xut....................................................................................... 390 VI. Nghin cu khoa hc - cng ngh............................................................ 393 1. ng li, chnh sch pht trin khoa hc - cng ngh ca Nh nc trong ngnh Du kh.................................................................... 393 2. Xy dng c s vt cht k thut cho Vin Du kh Vit Nam v Vin Nghin cu - Thit k bin ca Vietsovpetro....................................... 395 3. Trin khai cc cng trnh khoa hc - cng ngh. ............................................... 401 4. Hi ng Khoa hc K thut du kh.................................................................. 405 5. Xy dng quy ch, tiu chun khoa hc - cng ngh . ..................................... 407 6. Cng tc sng kin, sng ch, pht minh . ......................................................... 408 7. Hp tc quc t trong lnh vc khoa hc - k thut.......................................... 410 8. Cc hi ngh khoa hc........................................................................................... 413 9. Ni san, Tp san Du kh . .................................................................................... 417 10. Hot ng bo v mi trng............................................................................ 419 VII. Cng tc o to..................................................................................... 420 1. T chc v qun l cng tc o to du kh...................................................... 420 2. Cc c s o to du kh..................................................................................... 425 3. Hp tc o to trong nc v nc ngoi........................................................ 437 Kt lun. ..................................................................................................... 439
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Chu trch nhim xut bn: TS. NGUYN DUY HNG Chu trch nhim ni dung: TS. L MINH NGHA Bin tp ni dung: TS. QUANG DNG ThS. PHM TH KIM HU V Vn hoa HONG TH THU HNG NGUYN MINH HU TRN TH THANH PHIT NGUYN TRNG TAM ThS. V VN NM Trnh by ba: phng minh trang Ch bn vi tnh: SONG HIU Sa bn in: BAN KINH T c sch mu: BAN KINH T
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Hi ng Bin son1

Trn Ngc Cnh L Minh Hng (thng trc), Phan Th Ha

Ban bin tp1

Lch s nganh Dau kh Viet Nam

Lch s nganh Dau kh Viet Nam

Lch s nganh Dau kh Viet Nam

Mi Nguyn Tng B th Ban Chp hnh Trung ng ng Cng sn Vit Nam

Lch s nganh Dau kh Viet Nam

Lch s nganh Dau kh Viet Nam

Lch s nganh Dau kh Viet Nam

Lch s nganh Dau kh Viet Nam

Lch s nganh Dau kh Viet Nam

Lch s nganh Dau kh Viet Nam

Lch s nganh Dau kh Viet Nam

Lch s nganh Dau kh Viet Nam

ng Phong, Ph L Sn, Nguyn Ch Thnh, Quang Ton, Trn Xanh

Lch s nganh Dau kh Viet Nam

HOT NG THM D A CHT V DU KH VIT NAM TRC NM 1945

I. Du m v sn phm du vi x hi Vit Nam

Lch s nganh Dau kh Viet Nam

Phn th nht: NHNG HOT NG V T CHC DU KH...

1. The Petroleum Handbook. Elsevier. 1983, tr.3, 4, 36.

Lch s nganh Dau kh Viet Nam

Chng 1: HOT NG THM D A CHT V DU KH...

Lch s nganh Dau kh Viet Nam

Phn th nht: NHNG HOT NG V T CHC DU KH...

Lch s nganh Dau kh Viet Nam

Chng 1: HOT NG THM D A CHT V DU KH...

Ton cnh S Du Thng L nm 1933

Lch s nganh Dau kh Viet Nam

Phn th nht: NHNG HOT NG V T CHC DU KH...

Ng Nh Du bn cnh Tng cng ty Xng du Vit Nam, nay l ng 1 Khm Thin

Hnh nh trch t cun sch K thut ca ngi An Nam

Lch s nganh Dau kh Viet Nam

Chng 1: HOT NG THM D A CHT V DU KH...

Lch s nganh Dau kh Viet Nam

Phn th nht: NHNG HOT NG V T CHC DU KH...

II. Hot ng tm kim du m ca ngi Php

Lch s nganh Dau kh Viet Nam

Chng 1: HOT NG THM D A CHT V DU KH...

Lch s nganh Dau kh Viet Nam

Phn th nht: NHNG HOT NG V T CHC DU KH...

Bo tng a cht ng Dng (nm 1914)

Lch s nganh Dau kh Viet Nam

Chng 1: HOT NG THM D A CHT V DU KH...

Lch s nganh Dau kh Viet Nam

Phn th nht: NHNG HOT NG V T CHC DU KH...

Vt l du trong vi thung lng Ni Lch, Yn Bi

Lch s nganh Dau kh Viet Nam

Chng 1: HOT NG THM D A CHT V DU KH...

Lch s nganh Dau kh Viet Nam

Phn th nht: NHNG HOT NG V T CHC DU KH...

Lch s nganh Dau kh Viet Nam

Chng 1: HOT NG THM D A CHT V DU KH...

Lch s nganh Dau kh Viet Nam

Phn th nht: NHNG HOT NG V T CHC DU KH...

Trang u v trang cui bo co ca J. Fromaget

Lch s nganh Dau kh Viet Nam

HOT NG DU KH VIT NAM giai on 1945-1975

I. Hot ng du kh do Vit Nam Dn ch cng ha tin hnh

Lch s nganh Dau kh Viet Nam

Phn th nht: NHNG HOT NG V T CHC DU KH...

Sc lnh s 9-SL do Ch tch H Ch Minh

Lch s nganh Dau kh Viet Nam

Chng 2: HOT NG DU KH VIT NAM...

Lch s nganh Dau kh Viet Nam