changes that also produces some visible or audible signs of what is happening.

Robert Levenson and I have studied some of the changes in the autonomic nervous system (ANS) that occur during emotion, such as sweating, which we can sometimes see or smell; respiration, which we can hear; and cardiac activity and skin temperature, which are invisible. Our finding of different patterns of ANS activity for each of the emotions we have examined also supports what I earlier described as the preset actions. In both anger and fear, for example, heart rate increases, preparing the person to move. In anger blood flow increases to the hands, making them warm and preparing them to strike or otherwise engage the object of anger. In fear blood flow increases to the legs, making the hands colder and preparing the leg muscles for fleeing.9 Perspiration increases with fear and anger, especially when they are intense. Respiration increases with fear, anger, and anguish, and there is a different kind of breathinga sighin relief. (Blushing is still another quite visible sign, but I will reserve discussion of it until the conclusion of the book.) Now let's turn from the external behaviorsthe signals, the actions, the signs of changes in the ANSto consider the internal changes that we cannot see or hear. Unfortunately, there is not much research on how thinking itself changes from one moment to the next during an emotional episode, but I have little doubt that there is a profound change in how we interpret the world around us. There is research showing that memories related to the emotion we are feeling are retrieved, even memories that may not be easily accessible when we are not feeling that particular emotion.10 Most important, we evaluate what is happening in a way that is consistent with the emotion we are feeling, thus justifying and maintaining the emotion. Expectations are formed, judgments made, that typically serve to maintain rather than diminish the felt emotion. Another set of internal changes that occurs when emotions begin is the attempt to regulate emotional behavior. Traditionally, we -think that emotional regulation occurs after an emotion has begun, rather than with the onset of the emotion. Certainly, deliberate attempts to control emotion do occur after an emotion has begun and is registered in consciousness, but my colleague and sometime