Giao Trinh So Lieu

thien731987@gmail.
com K thut truyn s liu

Lu hnh ni b -3-
Chng 1:
Tng quan
1.1. Khi qut chung
Thng tin d liu l phng php truyn thng dng m nh phn thay cho tn
hiu.
C th coi lch s thng tin d liu bt u vo nm 1837 vi s pht minh in
tn ca Samuel F. B. Morse. l h thng truyn cc xung in biu din cho cc
du chm, vch (tng ng vi cc s nh phn 1, 0) trn cc ng dy ng nh
cc my c in. Cc t hp khc nhau ca cc m ny thay cho cc ch, s, du....
c gi l m Morse. Bn in tn u tin c pht hin Anh do Charles
Wheatstone v William Cooke thc hin nhng h thng ca h phi dng 6 ng
dy.
Nm 1840, Morse ng k sng kin v in tn M v n nm 1844 th
ng dy in tn u tin c thit lp gia Baltimore v Washington D.C..
Nm 1849, bn tin u tin c in nhng vi vn tc rt chm, cho n nm 1860
vn tc in t c l 15 bps.
Cng ty in tn Min Ty (Western Union Telegraph Company) c thit
lp nm 1850 Rochester, New York cho php thc hin vic trao i thng tin gia
cc c nhn.
Nm 1874, Emile Baudot thit k c my pht dng phng php a hp, c
th truyn cng lc 6 bn tin trn cng mt ng dy.
Nm 1876, Alexander Graham Bell a in tn ln mt bc pht trin
mi: s ra i ca in thoi. Thay v chuyn bn tin thnh cc chui m Morse, Bell
cho thy rng ngi ta c th truyn thng tn hiu in c trng cho ting ni
trn cc ng dy. Nhng h thng in thoi u tin cn cc cp ng dy khc
nhau cho hai ngi mun trao i thng tin vi nhau, mt ngi phi ni in thoi
ca mnh vo ng ng dy ni vi in thoi ca ngi m mnh mun lin lc.
Dn dn s kt ni c thc hin bi cc tng i c kh ri tng i in t, s . . . .
Ngi ta khng cn bit h thng hot ng th no, ch cn quay (by gi th bm)
s v c kt ni.
Nm 1899, Marconi thnh cng trong vic pht tin bng v tuyn.
C th ni in tn l phng tin duy nht c dng pht tin i xa cho n nm
1920, lc i pht thanh thng mi u tin ra i.
Nm 1945, nh du mt s kin quan trng l vic pht minh ra chic my
tnh in t u tin: chic ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator And Calculator).
c thit k tnh n o phc v cho Th chin th II, ENIAC l thit b u
tin c th x l thng tin di dng in. Mc d ENIAC khng gi mt vai tr trc
tip trong vic thng tin d liu nhng n cho thy rng cc tnh ton v quyt nh
chnh xc c th thc hin c nh tn hiu in, mt kh nng quan trng trong h
thng thng tin hin nay.
Generated by Foxit PDF Creator Foxit Software
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thien731987@gmail.com K thut truyn s liu

Lu hnh ni b -4-
Sau i hc Harvard lin kt vi cng ty IBM (International Business
Machines Corporation) cho ra i nhng chic my tnh a dng, iu khin t
ng u tin.
n nm 1951 th s lng cc chng loi my tnh gia tng rt nhiu (ngi ta
nh gi s gia tng ny c tc t l vi hm m) v nhu cu trao i thng tin
trong mi ngi cng gia tng vi mc tng t.
Nhng cho n nm 1968 cng ty AT & T xem nh c quyn: ch cc thit b
do chnh cng ty sn xut mi c ni vo h thng thng tin quc gia. Vo thi
im ny, Hip hi thng tin lin bang (FCC : Federal Communication Commission)
ca M, thng qua Ta n ti cao k quyt nh Carterfone, cho php cc thit b
ca cc nh ch to khc c ni vo h thng, quyt nh ny tc ng tht s
n s ra i ca mt k ngh mi: k ngh thng tin d liu. Theo thi gian s pht
trin ca k ngh ny a n nhng h thng thng tin d liu s c thc hin
nhng khong cch ng k. V by gi, vi s pht trin v bo ca my tnh ,
cng ngh ch to IC a chc nng, kh nng to ln ca cp quang v h thng v
tinh a tnh, thng tin d liu s tr thnh ph bin v c mt sc mnh n k l,
n c th tha mn nhiu yu cu v thng tin lin lc ca mi ngi trn ton cu
trong mt khong thi gian rt ngn.
Chng ny cp n mt s khi nim chung v tm hiu mt cch s lc
cc h thng truyn tng t, h thng truyn s cng mt s tnh cht c bn ca
chng.
1.2. M hnh ca h thng truyn thng
1.2.1. Gii thiu v truyn thng my tnh
+ T trc nm 1980 chng kin s hp nht cc nghnh khoa hc my tnh
vi truyn s liu, n ko theo s hp nht cc ngnh k thut, sn xut, v cc cng
ty thnh nghnh cng nghip truyn thng my tnh. Nh vy khi ni n truyn s
liu ta phi xem xt n di nhng quan im mi sau y:
- Khng c s khc nhau c bn gia vic truyn s liu (cc thit b truyn v
chuyn mch) v x l cc s liu (my tnh).
- Khng c s khc bit gia truyn s liu v ting ni hay hnh nh.
- Trn ng truyn c rt nhiu vn nh hng n s liu nn phi c khi
x l s liu.
- Danh gii gia h thng my tnh PC, MainFrame, MiniComputer, Local
NetWork ... khng t thnh vn chnh.
Cuc cch mng truyn thng my tnh lm pht trin h thng truyn v x
l tt c cc loi s liu v thng tin, lm cho s liu v thng tin c th c truyn
khp th gii mt cch r dng v nhanh chng.


Lu hnh ni b -5-
1.2.2. M hnh h thng truyn thng
S sau ch ra 1 phng thc n gin ca truyn thng.

- Mc ch c bn ca truyn s liu l truyn thng tin gia 2 thc th s dng
s liu, trong hnh trn thng tin ngun c biu din di dng tin mang nhn m, tin
ny c lu tr di dng s liu g hay dng truyn biu din theo thi gian g(t).
- Trong s trn s dng hai thut ng thng tin (Information) v s liu
(Data), s liu biu din thng tin, ta ni truyn thng l thc hin x l, truyn tng
phn t ca s liu. Truyn thng tin cho 1 ngi chnh l truyn s liu cho ngi ,
khi nhn c s liu, s liu s sinh ra thng tin (information).
- Trong s trn thng tin m (information) c lu tr trong thit b vo
(Device Input), thit b vo ny cha ng cc thng tin cn thit cho qu trnh truyn
tin, sau bin i tp cc tin tc nguyn thu c ngun tin tr thnh tp cc tin tc
s liu g hay dng truyn biu din theo thi gian g(t).. Tp cc s liu g(t) c
truyn i nhng r dng cha ph hp vi ng truyn, truyn trn knh, tn hiu
c bin i thnh S(t) khi Tranmistter, khi Tranmister c th l khi iu ch s
liu ph hp vi knh truyn.
V d: S liu mun truyn trn knh in thoi th phi c Modem bin i
t tn hiu s (digital) sang tn hiu tng t (analog) v ngc li.
- Khi knh truyn (Tranmision Medium) n chnh l cc thnh phn hay cc
k t ca knh truyn, y chnh l mi trng truyn dn tn hiu v l vt mang tin
t ni pht n ni thu v c th l cp song hnh, cp ng trc, cp quang, vi ba mt
t, vi ba v tinh ...
- Khi nhn tin Recever: nhn tn hiu t knh truyn (S(t) n Recever tr
thnh R(t), ni chung R(t) # S(t) ) c nhim v bin i ngc tr li so vi khi iu
ch hay gi l gii iu ch, khi ny c gng khi phc tin tc v nguyn dng ban
u nh trc khi n c a vo thit b bin i truyn trn knh truyn, n
c lu tr dng g'(t) hoc dng s liu g', v chng c biu din thit b ra m'.
- Ta dng thut ng truyn s liu y l th hin t giai on 2 n 5 trong
s khi truyn tin trn .
- lm r cc khi nim trn, ta xt hai v d v th in t v ni truyn in
thoi.
1
Input
Information
m
2
Input data g
or signal
g(t)
3
Transmitted
signal
s(t)
4
Received
signal
5
Output data g'
or signal
g'(t)
6
Output
Information
m'

Source system Destination system

Input
Device

Tranmister

Tranmission
midium
Receiver
Output
device

Lu hnh ni b -6-
V d 1: Trong trng hp th in t, thit b u vo (u ra) v thit b
truyn l my tnh PC ca ngi mun gi thng bo cho ngi khc, v d dng
thng bo l "H ni hm nay tri ma " (m), xu k t trn chnh l thng tin c
ngi gi a vo my tnh = cch g vo bn phm (Input Device) .
Xu cc k t c lu tr vo b m hoc b nh ca my tnh, ta c th xem
l chui cc k t (g), hay chui cc bt (g). Chui cc bt hay cc k t gi l s
liu.
My tnh c ni vi cc mi trng truyn trung gian nh ng in thoi,
hay mng ni b bi thit b vo ra (Tranmister), v d Card mng ni b hay Modem.
S liu vo c truyn qua thit b truyn thnh chui cc bt G(t) hay chui cc mc
in p g(t) trn Bus hay trn cp truyn. Thit b truyn c ni trc tip vi mi
trng truyn trung gian v chuyn i chui cc bt g(t) thnh cc bt S(t) ph hp
vi ng truyn.
Tn hiu S(t) c truyn qua mt s mi trng trung gian n my thu, do vy
tn hiu r(t) c th khc S(t). My thu th khi phc li tn hiu nguyn dng ban u
S(t) t tn hiu nhn c r(t) v sinh ra chui cc bt g'(t) chui bt ny c gi n
my tnh ni nhn tin, n c lu tr trong b nh thnh chui cc bt hay cc k
t. Nu khng c li sy ra, s liu s c biu din thit b hin th nh my in
hay mn hnh, dng thng bo (m') c th c xem nh bn sao chnh xc ca thng
bo (m).
V d 2: Trong trng hp ni chuyn in thoi, ngi ni s sinh ra thng bo
(m) dng sng m thanh, sng m thanh ny s c chuyn thnh tn hiu in
bin i tn s my in thoi, tn hiu ny c truyn i trn ng truyn m
khng cn bin i, do vy tn hiu g(t) v tn hiu S(t) l nh nhau.
Tn hiu S(t) c th b suy hao v nhiu trn ng truyn nn tn hiu nhn
c R(t) s khc S(t). cui cng s bin i tn hiu R(t) thnh dng sng m thanh
m khng quan tm n s sai lch trn ng truyn, do vy m' khng thc s chnh
xc nh m.
1.1.3. Phn loi h thng truyn thng.
Cn c vo thi im truyn tn hiu v hng truyn ta c cc h thng truyn
tn hiu kiu n cng, bn song cng v song cng.
V d: My tnh ch truyn d liu n my in cn my in khng th truyn d
liu ti my tnh.
- H thng truyn kiu n cng : Tn hiu ch c truyn theo 1 hng nht
nh v khng c chiu ngc li.
V d: H thng truyn hnh, truyn thanh ch c th truyn theo 1 hng t ni
pht i m thi. Cc my thu hnh, thu thanh ch c th nhn cc tn hiu do cc i
truyn hnh, truyn thanh pht ra m khng th pht ngc tr li.
- H thng kiu bn song cng: H thng ny th tn hiu c th truyn theo
hng no cng c nhng tn hiu khng th truyn theo c hai hng trong cng
mt thi im.
V d:

Lu hnh ni b -7-
- Hai my tnh c ni vi nhau qua cng LTP1, 2 my tnh u c th va
thu, va pht nhng cng mt thi im th khng th cng thu v cng pht.
- My b m, c kh nng va pht, va thu nhng khi ang thu th khng th
pht v ngc li. chuyn i gia ch thu hay pht ngi ta dng mt b
chuyn mch.
- H thng kiu song cng: Tn hiu c th truyn ng thi theo 2 hng trong
cng mt thi im.
V d: H thng ni chuyn in thoi.
Cn c vo dng tn hiu ca ngun ta chia h thng truyn thnh 2 dng :
+ H thng truyn tin lin tc : cc tn hiu lin tc c a thng vo knh
truyn hoc qua mt s php bin i cho ph hp vi c im ca knh truyn
nhng tn hiu c truyn vn l tn hiu lin tc.
V d: Nh h thng pht thanh, tin tc truyn ti l m thanh c gi vo
sng mang v c bin i lin tc theo thi gian (tn hiu lin tc) c bc x vo
khng gian (mi trng truyn dn, knh truyn) n my thu. Nh vy tn hiu c
a ln knh truyn tn ti di dng lin tc.
+ H thng truyn tin ri rc: Cc tn hiu c a vo knh truyn l cc tn
hiu ri rc hay cc tn hiu lin tc c ri rc ho.
V d: H thng in thoi k thut s : m thanh (dng lin tc) c chuyn
i thnh cc tn hiu s ri mi a ln knh truyn (dy in thoi) n my thu, tn
hiu c chuyn i thnh tn hiu lin tc v c khi phc li dng ban u (m
thanh)
1.1.4. Cc dng truyn s liu
- Khi truyn s liu trong my tnh, c 2 thng s quan trng l dng truyn v
nhp truyn.
1.1.4.1. Dng truyn
Ngung tin c th c truyn theo dng song song, ni tip v song song- ni
tip, ni tip - song song.
+ Dng song song: Cc tn hiu (cc bt) c truyn ng thi trn nhiu
ng dy.
- u im ca dng truyn ny l nhanh (ng thi do nhiu bt) nhng tn
km nhiu ng dy ni nn ch dng chao i tin khong cch gn)
+ Dng ni tip: Cc tn hiu (cc bt ca 1 byte) c truyn ni tip nhau trn
1 ng dy duy nht. Tc truyn c tnh theo (n v Baud = s bt trn 1 giy
hay bps) Dng ny t tn dy dn xong tc chm c p dng khi truyn xa.
+ Dng song song.- ni tip: Mun trao i tin t dng song song.- ni tip ta
phi bin i tin t dng song song ra dng ni tip v ngc li, t ni tip sang song
song cho cc thit b c dng trao i song song..
1.1.4.2. Nhp truyn

Lu hnh ni b -8-
Ngun tin c th c truyn theo 1 nhp thi gian no c th truyn ng
b (Syschrone) v d b (khng ng b - Asynchrone)
+ ng b: Qu trnh truyn v nhn sy ra gn nh ng thi (c s tr do vn
tc truyn trn ng dy) theo tng bit hay theo nhm bits do mt my pht xung
nhp to ra, trong mt khung tin, c cc bt nh du u v cui on tin.
- Phng php ny c c im sau:
- Nhanh v pht v nhn hu nh ng thi.
- Khng tin cy, d mt tin
- Lun i hi ngun pht v ngun thu phi sn sng chao i tin.
+ Khng ng b: Vic pht v nhn sy ra khng ng thi, khng cng mt
nhp do hai my pht nhp thi gian khc nhau iu khin. Dng tin pht ra v thu
khng ging nhau v c xen cc bt Start, Stop, Parity ng du u v cui on
tin.
Qu trnh pht v nhn din ra theo trnh t sau:
- Ngun pht v ngun nhn a tn hiu yu cu trao i tin (hay sn sng trao
i tin)
- Ngun nhn hoc ngun pht a tn hiu xc nhn (chp nhn, yu cu)
- Ngun pht a tn hiu vo ng dy s liu ghi vo thanh ghi s liu
m ca TBN
- Ngun nhn nhn s liu t TBN
c im ca php truyn ny.
- Tin cy: (Theo phng thc hi - p bt tay Shake hand, or hi thoi)
- Chm, tn thit b (v c c ch hi p v b m s liu)
1.1.5. Mng truyn s liu
- Trng hp n gin nu ch c 2 my tnh ni vi nhau v c t ti 1
phng lm vic th phng tin truyn s liu ch cn 1 lin kt im ni im .
- Tuy nhin nu chng c t cc v tr khc nhau trong 1 thnh ph hay 1
quc gia th khng thc t nu u ni mi cp my mt i dy do phi cn n
cc phng tin truyn ti cng cng cho tt c cc lin kt (trng hp ny c
dng nhiu nht).
- Nu tt c cc my tnh u nm trong mt to nh, c th xy rng mt mng
ring, mng nh vy c xem nh mng cc b LAN (Local Area NetWork). Khi
nhiu my tnh c t nhiu ni cch xa nhau cn trao i thng tin vi nhau, phi
dng n cc phng tin truyn dn cng cng. Vic lin kt cc my tnh ny to
nn 1 mng rng ln, c gi l mng din rng WAN (Wide Area NetWork).
- Khi thc hin truyn mt s lng ln d liu quan trng gia cc im (my
tnh) th trong hu ht cc trng hp u cn n cc mng truyn dn cng cng.
Bn cnh vic cung cp cc dch v in thoi cng cng, ngy nay hu ht cc nh
cung cp dch v truyn dn u cung cp mt dch v chuyn mch s li cng
cng, tng t nh mng PSDN (Public Switched Data NetWork mng s liu chuyn
mch cng cng) c lin kt quc t hoc mng truyn (digital) khng cn dng
Modem ISDN (Integrated Services Digital NetWork mng s lin kt a dch v).

Lu hnh ni b -9-

- Tuy nhin c nhiu ng dng phi dng phng tin truyn gm nhiu mng
kt hp nh LAN WAN LAN. V d mt my tnh ni vo mt LAN cn lin
lc vi mt my tnh thuc v mt LAN khc v hai LAN c ni vo PSDN. Dng
chuyn s liu ny c gi l lin mng (Internetwork) hay Internet.

1.2. Thng tin v s trao i thng tin gia cc thit b u cui
1.2.1. Thng tin v s m ho thng tin

Lu hnh ni b -10-
- Cc thng tin c nhiu dng, tuy nhin my tnh hay cc thit b u cui ch
c th nhn bit dy cc tn hiu 0 hay 1. Trc khi truyn chng ta cn phi chuyn
cc thng tin v dng nh phn thc hin vn ph hp d liu cho my tnh,
ng thi cng cn phi c du hiu no cho php con ngi c th hiu c khi
nhn cc thng tin nh phn. V nhu cu l nguyn nhn cho vic ra i cc b m.
Cc b m l tp hp mt s gii hn cc t hp nh phn, mi t hp bt nh phn
mang ngha ca mt k t no tu theo s quy nh ca tng b m. S lng cc
bit nh phn trong 1 t hp bit ni nn quy m ca 1 b m hay lng k t cha trong
b m.
1.2.1.1. M v bng ch
- M l tp hp cc quy tc, k hiu dng biu din cc thng tin, 1 m gm
nhiu cc t m, mi t m biu din cho 1 thng tin, thng tin c th l nhng php
tnh, biu thc Boolean, thng bo, ...
Trong k thut s ngi ta hay dng m s nh phn n gm mt dy cc ch s
m mi s hng trong dy hoc ch c th mang s 0 hoc s 1 (tng trng cho 2
mc in p m v dng), mi s hng trong m s nh phn gi l bits.
- di ca t m ph thuc vo gi tr ca k hiu hay s ct nh phn ca k
t m ta mun biu din. Ta bit rng vi hai phn t nh phn ta c th nhn c 2
2

t hp (00, 01, 10, 11) ng vi m c 4 k hiu Vy nu c n ct nh phn ta c th
biu din c 2
n
k hiu.
- biu din cho m c n k hiu ta cn c n bits sao cho
2
n-1
< n < 2
n
Tp hp cc k hiu cn biu din to thnh bng ch (hay
cn gi l bng m )
VD:
- Bng m ASCII (Americal Standard Code infomation Interchange) bng m
ny dng 7 ct nh phn (7 bt biu din) v c s dng hu ht trong my tnh.
- EBCDIC(Extended Binary Code Decimal InterChange Code) c s dng
trong lp my IBM
1.2.1.2. Cc loi m
+ M Baudot: L loi m s dng 5 bit m ho 1 k hiu. S k hiu ti a
c th m ho c l 2
n
= 2
5
= 32, khng biu din 25 ch ci v 10 ch s
trong i thng, do vy ngi ta phi dng 2 k t chuyn i sang hai trng thi
bu din ch hoc s. M ny c dng trong cc mng Telex.
+ M BCD (Decimal Code Binary): y l m s dng 6 bits m ho 1 k
hiu v 1 bits kim tra. Bits kim tra dng kim tra chn l, cho bit s bt c gi
tr = 1 trong m l chn hay l. Quy c kim tra chn l bt kim tra s bng khng
nu c s bt =1 l chn, ngc li bt kim tra s bng 1. Tm li l gi tr ca bt
kim tra phi bo m tng s bt 1 trong m k c bt kim tra l chn.
+ M ASCII(Americal Standard Code infomation Interchange) y l phng
php m ho dng 7 bt nh phn v mt bit kim tra chn l do ngi M a ra v
c t chc tiu chun th gii chp nhn, cho php s dng rng ri. Vi m ny c

Lu hnh ni b -11-
th bu din c 128 k hiu khc nhau bao gm cc k hiu iu khin, cc ch ci
v 1 s k hiu c bit khc.
- 32 k t u tin ch yu dng trong truyn tin c lit k di y...
M K t M t
0 Null
1 SOH Start of heading
2 STX Start of Text
3 ETX End of Text
4 EOT End of Tranmision
5 ENQ Enquiry: c dng bt tay
6 ACK Acknowledges
7 BEL Rings the terminal bell
8 BS Backspace
9 HT Horizontal
10 LF Line feed
11 VT Vertical Tab
12 FF Form feed
13 CR Carriage return
14 SO Shift out
15 SI Shift int
16 DLE Data link escape
17
20
DC1-DC4
21 NAK Negative acknowledge
22 SYN Syschronous idle
23 ETB End of Tranmission block
24 CAN Cancel
24 EM End of midium
26 SUB Subtitute
27 ESC Escape
28 FS File separator
29 GS Ground separator
30 RS Record separator
31 US Unit separator

- Cc k t iu khin nh dng: BS,LF, CR,SP,DEL,ESC,FF.
- Cc k t phn tch: FS, RS.
- Cc k t iu khin truyn: SOH,STX,ETX,ACK, NAK v SYS
+ M EBCDIC (Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code): y l
loi m s dng 8 bt m ho 1 k hiu, khng s dng bt kim tra v c th m
ho c 256 k hiu khc nhau.

Lu hnh ni b -12-

1.2.1.3. Cc n v d liu
- Theo n v o lng dung lng thng tin th n v c bn byte, mt byte l
t hp gm 8 bit c gi tr ln nht bng 2
8
=256.
1Kb = 2
10
byte = 1024 byte
1Mb = 2
10
Kb = 1024 Kb
1Gb = 2
10
Mb = 1024 Mb
1Tb = 2
10
Gb = 1024 Gb
- Trong k thut truyn s liu i khi xem cc n v d liu truyn di dng
mt k t hay mt khi gm nhiu k t. Vic nhm cc k t li thnh mt khi
c gi l ng gi d liu v khi d liu c xem nh mt n v d liu truyen
trong mt giao thc no . Mt khi d liu nh vy c xem l mt gi (packet)
hay mt khg (frame).
- Dung lng b nh =(Khng gian a ch nh)*(kch thc 1 n v nh)
- Khng gian a ch nh=2
(s chn a ch ca CPU)
1.2.2. S trao i thng tin gia cc thit b u cui
- Thit b u cui (Terminal) l cc thit b pht hay thu cc thng tin qua
knh truyn, c th km theo hoc khng km theo chc nng x l thng tin.
1.2.2.1. Cch truyn 1 k t
- Mt k t c truyn i di dng 1 dy cc bt nh phn lin tip. Cc bt
nh phn ny chnh l t hp cc bt nh phn m ho cho k t .
Cc bt c truyn lin tip theo th t tng dn (t bt 0 n bt n-1) ri n
bt kim tra nu c bt kim tra. Tu theo phng php truyn l ng b hay khng
ng b m xen vo u v cui ca dy cc bt ca k t 1 s bt nhn dng khc.
V d: Minh ho 1 k t A c truyn trn knh nh th no vi 8 bits d liu, bits
Parrity, Start, Stop, v tc l 300 Baud
V k t A c m ASCII = 65 = (01000001) b bao gm 2 bits 1 bt kim tra
chn l s = 1 tng cc bt 1 s l l.

- Khi mun truyn 1 k t trc ht ta cn truyn n vo 1 thanh ghi gi l
thanh ghi i pht (Tranmission Holding Register). K t s cn c li y cho
n khi k t trc n c x l xong. Sau n c truyn ti thanh ghi dch ca
b pht (Tranmission Shift Register), t y n s c b thu pht d b vn nng
UART truyn tng bits 1 vo knh d liu. Tu theo vic nh ngha cc tham s
truyn, UART s chn thm cc bt chn l v Stop.

Lu hnh ni b -13-
- Khi thu, d liu trc tin c lp vo thanh ghi dch ca b thu (Receiver
Shift Register), t y n li c truyn ti thanh ghi d liu ca b thu (Receiver
Data Register), cc bt chn l, Start, Stop s c UART tch ra v kim tra bt chn
l xem c li trong qu trnh truyn khng ? Nu khng c li th thi, c li th yu
cu bn pht pht li k t.

Tt c cc cng vic ny u c b thu pht truyn nhn d b vn nng
UART thc hin.
1.2.2.2. Truyn file
- Vn truyn file t my tnh ny n my tnh khc l mt vic lm thng
xuyn v cn thit trong h thng truyn thng my tnh. V d: Chng ta c th son
tho 1 bc th gi ln my tnh sau truyn cho my tnh ca ngi nhn file cha
ni dung ca bc th, file ny c tch thnh tng gi, ln ca gi tin ph thuc
vo ln ca cc thanh ghi i pht, thanh ghi d liu v ph thuc vo cc giao
thc truyn file c la chn... bn thu s thu tng gi tin ny ri ghp li thnh
file. Nh vy thay v vic ta phi a a mm hoc in thng tin ra giy ri a cho
ngi nhn th ta thc hin thao tc truyn n my tnh ca ngi nhn file cha ni
dung , cng vic c thc hin n gin hn rt nhiu.
Qu trnh truyn file c s dng cho nhiu mc ch khc nhau, nhng chng
cng ny sinh nhiu vn phc tp nh:
- di ca k t truyn: (cc file vn bn, hnh nh, m thanh,...)
- Cc k t iu khin:(cc k t quy nh nhn dng khi d liu truyn)
- ln ca khi d liu truyn (c quy nh trong giao thc truyn)
- Vn bt tay
- Vn kim sot li (do ng truyn thng xuyn c nhiu,...)
1.2.2.3. Vn ng b trong khi truyn d liu
- Trong qu trnh truyn d liu gia 2 thit b u cui, xy ra vn l ni nhn
phi phn tch ng cc bit ca mi k hiu. Do k hiu (k t ) c truyn khng
phi cc bit cng mt lc, cho nn vn nhn bit bit no thuc k t no l rt kh
v khng m bo chnh xc nu khng c bin php ring gii quyt cho tng
trng hp ny. gii quyt vn nu, ngi ta x l ng b trong khi truyn

Lu hnh ni b -14-
d liu. Thc cht ca ng b l lm th no bn nhn nhn ng d liu
c truyn m khng ln cc bit t k hiu ny sang k hiu khc.
- C 2 phng php ng b trong qu trnh truyn, l:
- S dng mt xung bn ngoi ng b ho qu trnh truyn v nhn tn
hiu(tin).
- Gn vo nhm bit ca mt k hiu c truyn bi mt khung bao gm c bit
khi u(start), kt thc(stop). Da vo hai loi bit ny bn nhn s tch c nhm
bit thuc mi k t.
- Cch truyn d liu m s dng phng php th nht ng b trong khi
truyn c gi l truyn ng b, cn cch truyn m p dng phng php th hai
c gi l truyn khng ng b.
Chng 2:
Tn hiu v ng truyn
2.1 Khi qut chung
- truyn d liu nh phn qua 1 ng dy, cc ch s nh phn to nn
mi phn t truyn i phi c chuyn thnh cc tn hiu in. V d c th truyn
1 bit nh phn 1 bng cch t ln ng dy bin in th +V v truyn bit nh
phn 0 vi mc in th V. Khi nhn cc tn hiu in th ny, thit b thu s dch
+V thnh 1 v
-V thnh 0. Trong thc t, cc tn hiu in c truyn i b suy gim v bin dng
bi mi trng truyn, i khi b thu khng th phn tch u l tn hiu 1 v u l
tn hiu 0.
S ph thuc bao gm:
+ Loi mi trng truyn
+ Tc bit ang truyn
+ C ly gia hai thit b truyn
- Mi trng truyn c th truyn dn nh hng hoc khng nh hng.
Trong c hai trng hp, s lin lc u dng sng in t. Trong trng hp truyn
c nh hng(c dy dn), sng in t s theo mt con ng vt l nh : dy song
hnh, cp ng trc, si quang ,...
Trong trng hp truyn khng nh hng, c ngha l sng in t khng
theo vt dn no : v d nh sng in t lan truyn trong khng kh, chn khng
hoc qua nc bin.
2.2 Cc dng tn hiu v s biu din tn hiu.
- Tn hiu c pht t b phn pht v truyn qua mi trng truyn dn
n b phn thu .Tn hiu l mt hm ca thi gian, nhng n cng c th c biu
din l mt hm ca tn s (c ngha l tn hiu bao gm nhiu thnh phn tn s
khc nhau), ngi ta c th kho st tn hiu theo quan im thi gian v cng c
th theo quan im tn s.
+ Theo quan im thi gian :

Lu hnh ni b -15-

Tn hiu c th chia lm 2 loi l : Tn hiu lin tc v tn hiu ri rc.
- Mt tn hiu l lin tc nu : lim s(t) = s(a) vi mi gi tr a.

t
a

Nu iu kin trn khng m bo (C ngha l ch tha mn vi mt s hu
hn gi tr ca a) ta gi n l tn hiu ri rc.

- Mt tn hiu s(t) c gi l tun hon khi v ch khi :
s(t+T) = s(t) ; - < t < +
Trong : T-l chu k ca tn hiu.
t- l thi gian.

Ngha l sau khong thi gian t tn hiu li lp li nh c, nu khng tho mn
iu kin trn th tn hiu khng phi l tn hiu tun hon.
+ Mt tn hiu iu ho c 3 tham s c trng : Bin (A), tn s (f) v gc
pha ().
- Bin l gi tr tc thi ca tn hiu ti thi gian no v thng c tnh
l volt(v).
- Tn s l s chu k ca tn hiu xy ra trong 1giy. N l gi tr o ca chu
k T. (f = 1/ T ) n v (Hz).
- Pha l gi tr o v tr tng i theo thi gian trong ca chu k tn hiu Mt
chu k tn hiu c 2t radian = 360
0
.
Ta c th biu din tn hiu hnh sin trong dng:
s(t) =A sin (2tf - t+ ) . Trong : A: Bin cc i.

Lu hnh ni b -16-
f : Tn s .
: Gc pha
- Vi tn hiu c biu din tun hon c dng :
s(t) = A sin(2tft) hoc s(t)= A cos(2tft - t/2).
+ Quan im theo tn s : Tn hiu l mt hm ca tn s. Vi tn hiu bt k
u c th c biu din bi nhiu tn hiu hnh sin c tn s thay i .
2.3. Tn hiu truyn - nhn.
+ Trong cc h thng lin lc truyn s liu , ta thy cc tn hiu khi nhn c
c s khc bit vi cc tn hiu khi pht. i vi cc tn hiu lin tc (Analog) s
suy yu dn n gim cht lng ca tn hiu. Vi tn hiu s, dn n lm sai
s v bit (bit c gi tr 1 c th tr thnh 0 v ngc li).
+ Mt tn hiu trn ng truyn s chu cc nh hng sau:
- B suy gim v dn n mo dng.
- B lm chm.
- B nhiu.
- Bng thng b gii hn
2.3.1 S suy gim v bin dng
+ S suy gim: Khi mt tn hiu lan truyn dc dy dn v l do no bin
ca n gim xung hoc cng xut ca tn hiu b tn hao trn ng truyn gi l
s suy gim ca tn hiu. Thng thng mc suy gim cho php c quy nh
trn chiu di cp truyn. m bo h thng nhn c th pht hin v dch c
tn hiu my thu, cn c b khuch i tn hiu t khp ng truyn nhm tip
nhn v ti sinh tn hiu.
- S suy gim ca tn hiu gia tng theo mt hm ca tn s, trong khi tn
hiu li bao gm mt gii tn v vy tn hiu s b bin dng do cc thnh phn suy
gim khng bng nhau. khc phc vn ny, cc b khuch i c thit k
sao cho khuch i cc tn hiu c tn khc nhau vi h s khuch i khc nhau.
- S suy gim v s khuch i c nh gi v o lng bng n v decibel
(dB). Nu gi mc nng lng ca tn hiu c truyn l P1 v mc nng lng
nhn l P2 th:
S suy gim = 10 Log
10
P1/P2 (dB)
v S khuch i = 10 Log
10
P2/P1 (dB)
P1, P2 l o lng ln gia 2 mc nng lng o = Watts.
V d: Mt knh truyn gia 2 DTE c thit lp t 3 phn
+ Phn th nht c s suy gim 16 dB
+ Phn th hai khuch i 20 dB
+ Phn th ba suy gim 10 dB
Gi s nng lng c ngha c truyn l 400 mW. Hy xc nh mc nng
lng u ra ca knh.
Ta c: Phn 1: 16 = 10Log
10
(400/P1)
1,6=Log
10
(400/P1) = Log
10
(10)
1,6
= Log
10
(400/P1)

Lu hnh ni b -17-
10
1,6
= (400/P2) P2=400/10
1,6
= 10,0475 mW
Phn 2 20 = 10Log
10
(P2/P1) m P1=10,0475 mW
20=10Log
10
(P2/10,0475)
P2=1004,75 mW
Phn 3 10 = 10Log
10
(1004,75/P2)
P2 = 100,475 mW
hoc: Tng suy gim = (16 20) + 10 = 6 dB
Do 6 = 10 Log
10
(400/P2) P2=100,47 mW
+ Khi truyn thng tin nh phn qua knh c bng thng gii hn: V d nh
qua mng in thoi cng cng PSTN, chng ta c th dng nhiu hn hai trng
thi tn hiu. iu ny c ngha l mi trng thi tn hiu c th i din cho nhiu
k s nh phn. Tng qut nu s trng thi tn hiu l M th s bit trn mt phn
t tn hiu l m, v quan h gia chng c biu din thng qua biu thc: m =
Log
2
M
V d: Nu c 4 trng thi tn hiu c dng truyn th mi trng thi c
th c dng truyn 2 digital nh phn.
+ nh hng ca s suy gim
- nh hng ca s suy gim v bin dng ni chung c th lm thoi ho 1 tn
hiu dn n sai d liu my thu.
- Tn hiu thu c khng mnh khi phc li tn hiu ban u b phn
thu.
- Tn hiu thu c khng ln m bo t s S/N(Tn hiu/nhiu) theo
yu cu dn n sai s .
+ Khc phc hin tng ny bng cch tng cng sut tn hiu ni pht, gim
khong cch hoc lp t cc trm khuych i tn hiu trung gian( Repeater).
2.3.2. Bng thng b gii hn
+ Bt k mt knh hay ng truyn no: cp son, cp ng trc, radio, ...
u c mt bng thng xc nh lin h vi n, bng thng ch ra cc thnh phn tn
s no ca tn hiu s c truyn qua knh m khng b suy gim. Do khi truyn
d liu qua mt knh cn phi nh gi nh hng bng thng ca knh i vi tn
hiu s c truyn.
+ Thng thng phi dng phng php ton hc nh gi, cng c thng
c dng nht l phng php phn tch Fourier. Phn tch Fourier cho rng
bt k tn hiu tun hon no u c hnh thnh t mt dy xc nh cc
thnh phn tnf s ring bit. Chu k ca tn hiu xc nh thnh phn tn s c
bn. ...
2.3.3. S bin dng do tr pha
+ Tc lan truyn ca 1 tn hiu thun nht dc thao 1 ng truyn thay i
tu theo tn s. Do khi truyn 1 tn hiu s, cc thnh phn tn s khc nhau to
nn n s n my thu vi tr pha khc nhau. (tn s ln s n trc, nh n sau)

Lu hnh ni b -18-
n s n my thu vi tr pha khc nhau, dn n bin dng do tr ca tn hiu ti
my thu.
+ S bin dng s tng khi tc bit tng. Bin dng tr lm thay i cc thi
khc ca tn hiu gy kh khn trong vic ly mu tn hiu. Thi gian tr i vi tn
hiu s ln hn tn hiu lin tc .
2.3.4. Nhiu (Tp m)
+ Khi khng c tn hiu, 1 ng truyn dn hay knh truyn c xem l l
tng nu mc in th trn l Zero. Trong thc t c nhng tc ng ngu nhin
lm cho tn hiu in trn ng truyn vn khc Zero, cho d khng c tn hiu s
liu no c truyn trn . Mc tn hiu ny c gi l mc nhiu ng dy. Khi
mt tn hiu b suy gim th bin ca n gim n mc nhiu ng dy (line
noise). T s nng lng trung bnh ca mt tn hiu thu c S so vi nng lng ca
mc nhiu ng N c gi l t s tn hiu trn nhiu SNR (Signal to Noise Ratio),
thng thng SNR c biu din qua n v decibel (dB)
SNR = 10 Log
10
(S/N) S: nng lng tn hiu thu c
N: nng lng tn hiu mc nhiu
Vy r rng nu t s SNR cao th cht lng tn hiu thu c s cao. Ngc
li nu SNR thp c ngha l cht lng tn hiu thu c s thp m:
Tc truyn dn ti a theo l thuyt ca knh truyn lin h cht ch vi t
s SNR v c xc nh theo lut Shannon Harley
C = W Log
2
(1+S/N), (bps)
Trong : C- tc tnh bng bps
N v S- tnh bng watts
W- l bng thng ca ng dy hay knh truyn tnh bng Hz
V d: Gi s mt PSTN c bng thng 3000Hz v t s SNR l 20 dB. Xc
nh tc ti a ca thng tin truyn theo l thuyt.
Ta c: SNR = 10 Log
10
(S/N)
Do : 20 = 10 Log
10
(S/N) (chia 2 v cho 10 ta c)
2 = Log
10
(S/N)
2 Log
10
(10) = Log
10
(S/N)
Log
10
(10) = Log
10
(S/N)
1/2
(S/N)
1/2
= 10
(S/N) = 100
C = W Log
2
(1+(S/N))
C = 3000 Log
2
(1+100) = 19 963 (bps)
Cc nguyn nhn gy nhiu c th do 4 loi sau:
+ Nhiu nhit (nhiu trng): L nhiu c to ra do s vn chuyn in t
trong vt liu truyn v n tn ti trn mi thit b in t, trong mi trng truyn v

Lu hnh ni b -19-
l mt hm ca nhit m khng ph thuc vo tn s. y l loi nhiu khng th
trnh c.
+ Nhiu do phch tn s bn trong: y l nhiu do s kt hp ca cc tn
s khc nhau. Kt qu l s sinh ra tn s mi l tng( hiu) hoc tch ca 2 tn s
ban u no .

+ Nhiu xuyn m: L nhiu sinh ra do s ghp n t gia cc cp ng
dy song hnh hoc cp ng trc truyn ng thi nhiu knh.
V d: khi ta nghe in thoi c khi ta nghe thy ting ni ca ngi khc
trong cuc ni chuyn ca mnh.
+ Nhiu xung: l nhiu sinh ra do s t bin in t trng, nh sng tt bt
h thng.
nh hng ca nhiu trn tn hiu s:

2.4. ng truyn
+ Vic truyn mt tn hiu i xa cn n mi trng truyn dn, m thng thng s
dng mt ng truyn no . Dng ca mi trng l rt quan trng v chng quyt
nh tc bit (s bit ti a c th truyn trong 1 n v thi gian bits per second). T
c dim vt l ca ng truyn l cch thc lan truyn d liu trn ng truyn,
ngi ta chia ng truyn thnh 2 nhm khc nhau l: ng truyn c nh
hng v ng truyn khng nh hng:
ng truyn c nh hng chnh l ng truyn vt l ni lin gia 2 thit b
pht v thit b thu nh cp ng trc, cp song hnh, cp quang, ...
+ ng truyn khng nh hng: y l qa trnh truyn lan bng sng vi ba,
sng v tuyn, sng radio trong khng kh, nc bin, ...


Lu hnh ni b -20-

Cp n
Cc u ni cp
Nhm dy
2.4.1. Cp song hnh
- y l cp dy dn vt l gm
2 si c t song song vi nhau.
Thng thng nhiu cp dy nh
vy c t chung trong mt v
bc. c dng truyn tn hiu
lin tc (Analog) cng nh tn hiu
s (Digital) nh ng dy in
thoi.
- S suy gim tn hiu trn
ng dy song hnh rt ln nn thng thng n ch c dng ni gia cc trm
thu pht khng qu xa nhau. i vi tn hiu lin tc gii hn trong khong t 5 n
6 km, vi tn hiu s t 2 n 3km.
Nu mun truyn xa hn khong cch ny phi x dng Repeater b tn hiu b
suy gim trn ng truyn.
- Repeater: l mt b khuch i tn hiu m n nhn c sau gi mi tn hiu
i trn ng truyn m khng h sa i chng.
1.3.4.2. Cp ng trc
- y l loi cp s dng 2 ng
dn in trong c mt ng l li
bn trong, mt ng bao bn ngoi.
+ Khi tc bit truyn gia tng th
dng in chy trn ng dy c
khuynh hng ch chy trn b mt
ngoi ca dy dn, do s dng rt t
phn dy c sn. iu ny s lm tng tr khng ca ng dy i vi cc tn hiu c
tn s cao, dn n suy hao lni vi tn hiu (ngoi ra vi tn s cao th nng lng
ca tn hiu b tiu hao nhiu do nh hng ca bc x). Chnh v vy trong cc ng
dng yu cu tc bt cao hn 1M bps, chng ta dng cc mch thu, pht phc tp
hn hoc dng ng truyn khc.
- Cp ng trc c th dng vi mt s loi tn hiu khc nhau nh in thoi,
truyn sng tivi, cp mng cc b, cc h thng ... nhng thng dng nht l dng cho
cc ng dng c tc 10M bps trn c ly vi trm mt, nu iu ch tt th c th
t ti tc cao hn.
- Do kh nng chng nhiu ca cp ng trc ln hn cp song hnh nn n c
th c s dng truyn thng tin trong 1 khong cch ln hn cp song hng. Tuy
nhin gi thng ca n cao hn cp song hnh.

Lu hnh ni b -21-

1.3.4.3. Cp quang
- y l mt loi dy dn
c bit mang thng tin (khc vi
cc loi cp bng kim loi) di
dng cc trm dao ng ca sng
nh sng trong si thu tinh.
- Sng nh sng c bng
thng rng hn sng in t, iu
ny cho php cp quang t c
tc truyn rt cao ln n
hng trm M bps. Sng nh sng
cng min dch i vi cc
nhiu in t v nhiu xuyn m.
- Cp quang cng cc k
tin dng trong vic truyn cc
tn hiu c nhu cu bo mt cao, v rt kh cu trm v mt vt l.
+ Cu to: Mt si cp quang c trc nh bao gm 3 phn: li, lp bo v v
v o ngoi. Phn li gm mt si thu tinh c bc bi mt lp ph bo v ngn
nga bt k ngun sng no t bn ngoi. Tn hiu nh sng pht ra bi mt b pht
quang, thit b chuyn i t tn hiu thng thng thnh tn hiu quang. Mt b thu
quang c dng chuyn ngc li ( t quang sang in) ti my thu.
- Si quang gm 2 phn li v lp ph thu tinh. nh sng lan truyn dc theo
li thu tinh theo 1 trong 3 cch ph thuc vo loi v vt liu li cc dng.
- u im ca cp quang l rt ln v c c nh cc c im sau:
+ Bng thng rng vi tc truyn d liu rt ln ln n xp x 2Gbps trn
on ng di hng chc km
+ Kch thc nh, trng lng nh, thun tin cho s dng
+ suy gim t, l hng s i vi khong cch
+ Cch ly in t tt do vy n khng b nh hng bi trng in t cho nn
khng s b nhiu xuyn m hay nhiu xung.
- Cp quang thng c s dng trong cc h thng truyn thing s liu, i hi
chnh x v an ton d liu cao trong cc h thng truyn dn vi khong cch xa.
C th s dng truyn tn hiu s v tn hiu lin tc.
1.3.4.4. ng truyn v tinh.
- Tt c cc mi trng truyn c tho lun trn u dng mt ng dy
vt l mang thng tin truyn. S liu cng c th c truyn bng cch dng sng
in t qua khng gian t do nh trong cc h thng thng tin v tinh. Mt chm sng
viba trc x trn mang s liu c iu ch, c truyn n v tinh t trm
mt t. Chm sng ny c thu v c truyn li n cc ch xc nh trc nh 1
mch tch hp thng c gi l transponder

Lu hnh ni b -22-

- Cc v tinh dng cho mc ch lin lc thng thng thuc dng a tnh, c
ngha l v tinh bay ht qu o quanh tri t mi 24 gi nhm ng b vi s quay
quanh mnh ca tri t v do v tr ca v tinh l ng yn so vi mt t. Qu o
ca v tinh c chn sao cho ng truyn thng vi trm thu pht mt t
- H thng truyn thng s dng sng mang cc ngn, thng tin truyn thng
qua mt trm trung gian c t trn mt v tinh nhn to. V tinh ny s tip nhn
sng pht t mt trm trn mt t, sau s pht cc tn hiu thu c tr li mt t,
cc trm thu viba khc trn mt t c th thu c tn hiu y.

- c s dng phn phi truyn hnh, in thoi vi khong cch xa v s
dng rng ri trong mng thng tin lin lc, mng thng mi,...
- Thng qua v tinh, thng tin c th c ph khp ton cu vi cht lng rt cao.
- c tnh truyn: Phm vi tn s tt nht cho truyn v tinh trong khong 1
10GHz, di 1GHz s b nh hng nhiu t thin nhin, mt tri, tng kh quyn.
Trn 10GHz tn hiu v b suy gim trong tng kh quyn. Tn hiu truyn t v tinh
v trn v tinh xung c bng tn khc nhau.
1.3.4.5. ng truyn viba
- y l phng php truyn
thng tin trn mt loi sng
mang cc ngn, c thu bi
ngten Parabol (ngten Viba ) vi
kch thc khong 10 feet (1feet ~
0.3084 m) c t c nh.
ngten ny phi c t cao
thch hp sao cho gia 2 ngten
h k d . 14 . 7 =

Lu hnh ni b -23-
khng b che khut. Khi khng c vt cn, khong cch gia 2 ngten c tnh theo
cng thc: d: Khong cch gia 2 ngten, c tnh bng km.
h: cao ngten, c tnh bng m.
k: hng s thm vo tnh cho s phn x hoc hp th do b mt tri
t cong vi s truyn lan trn c im thy c. Gi tr ca k tt nht l:
k=4/3.
V d: Hai anten t cao 100m c th t cch nhau:
- Loi ngten ny c ng dng trong thng tin lin lc vi khong cch ln v
cht lng cao cng nh thay th cho h thng cp ng trc trong truyn hnh l
ting ni. Dng truyn d liu s trong vng nh (Bn knh <10k)
- c im h thng viba mt t l bng tn sng mang rt rng, do tc
truyn ln, c th truyn trn knh VHF hoc UHF s dng phng php iu tn
hoc iu bin.
- suy gim ca tn hiu t l vi bnh phng khong cch v c tnh theo
cng thc:
d: l khong cch .
: l bc sng.
Cc b Repeater khuych i c th t cch xa nhau t 10100km.
1.3.4.6. Sng Radio
- Khc vi Viba sng Radio lan truyn khng nh hng cn sng viba l tp
trung. Sng radio khng cn n ng ten thu, pht, khng cn t cao.
- Sng radio c s dng trong di bng tn t 30 MHz n 1GHz cho c h
VHF v UHF, s dng iu tn v iu bin.
Ni chung ng truyn khng nh hng u b nhiu do thi tit v tn hiu r
b nh cp (khng bo mt so vi ng truyn nh hng).

km 82 133 14 . 7 =
2
4
log 10
|
.
|
\
|
=
td
L
(db)

Lu hnh ni b -24-

Chng 3:
Bin i d liu thnh tn hiu
Trong s tng qut ca h thng truyn tin, d liu u vo d dng ri rc
hay lin tc song thng cha th truyn trc tip qua mi trng truyn. Trong
chng ny, chng ta s xem xt chc nng c bn ca thit b pht l bin i d liu
u vo mt dng bt k thnh tn hiu thch hp c th truyn trn mi trng
truyn.
Cn c vo tnh cht ca d liu u vo v tn hiu u ra, c th c 4 t hp:
D liu vo dng analog, tn hiu ra dng analog.
D liu vo dng s, tn hiu ra dng analog.
D liu vo dng analog, tn hiu ra dng s.
D liu vo dng s, tn hiu ra dng s.
Qu trnh bin i thit b pht khi tn hiu ra l tn hiu analog c gi l qu
trnh iu ch, cn khi tn hiu ra dng s c gi l qu trnh m ho.
Cc qu trnh bn thu s l gii iu ch hay gii m tng ng.
Ngoi trng hp u tin gn hon ton vi thng tin tng t, chng ta s
xem xt 3 trng hp cn li trong ni dung ca chng ny.
3.1 . Bin i d liu s thnh tn hiu dng s.
Tn hiu s l dy xung in p ri rc. Mi xung l mt tn hiu phn t. D liu
nh phn c pht bng cch m ho cc bt d liu thnh cc tn hiu phn t. Cch
n gin nht l bin i mt mt gia bt v tn hiu phn t. Nh v d trn hnh
3.1, bt 0 ng vi mc in p thp v bt 1 tng ng vi mc in p cao.
Tn hiu s c gi l n cc (unipolar) nu cc tn hiu phn t c cng mt
du i s, nh cng dng hay cng m. Ngc li, nu mt trng thi logic c
c trng bng mc in p dng, cn trng thi kia c c trng bng mc in
p m th tn hiu s c gi l lng cc (bipolar).

D liu
NRZ-L
NRZI
AMI
Pseudo-
ternay
Man-
chester
0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1
Hnh 3.1 : Mt s loi m thng dng

Lu hnh ni b -25-

Cc k thut m ha khc nhau c nh gi v so snh da trn 5 yu t chnh
sau:
Ph tn: Mt s c tnh cu ph tn ng vai tr rt quan trng. Ph tn khng
c thnh phn tn s cao cho php gim rng bng truyn. c bit, ta mong mun
khng c thnh phn mt chiu, v iu ny khng i hi c mt ng truyn vt l
trc tip m c th ghp gin tip v d nh qua bin p. Kh nng ny cho php cch
ly hai i tng lin lc v mt tnh in, gim ng k nhiu. Ngoi ra, mc mo
tn hiu v nhiu ph thuc vo c tnh ca ph tn tn hiu c pht i. Trong thc
t, hm truyn ca knh b xu nhiu nht ti gn hai u gii bng ca knh. V vy,
tn hiu tt l tn hiu c cng sut tp trung gia bng thng truyn. Trong trng
hp ny tn hiu t b mo.

Nh vy, m nhiu mc khc phc c kh nhiu nhc im ca m NRZ,
tuy nhin cng phI tr mt gi nht nh. Trong m ny mi tn hiu ng dy c
th mt trong 3 mc, tc c kh nng mang Log
2
3 = 1,58 bt, song ch ding biu
din mt bt thng tin. Bi vy, m nhiu mc khng hiu sut bng NRZ. Ta cng c
th they iu ny qua mt kha cnh khc, vim nhiu mc u thu cn phn bit 3
trng thi +A, -A v 0 so vi 2 trng thi ca cc m khc, iu ny i hi cng sut
tn hiu cn ln hn 3 db so vi cc m (xem hnh 3.3). Ni cch khc, vi cng
mt t s tn/tp, t s li bt ca NRZ nh hn ng k so vi m nhiu mc.
*/ M hai pha (Biphase).
Khc phc cc nhc im ca NRZ cn c mt cch thc tip cn khc. in
hnh cho cch thc ny l m Machester. Trong m ny. lun c chuyn i mc ti
chnh gia thi gian tn ti ca bt. Chuyn i ny s cho php khI phc xung ng
b ti u thu. Trong m Machester, chuyn i t thp ln cao i din cho logic 1
cn chuyn i t cao xung thp i din cho mc logic 0.
u im c bn ca m hai pha l m bo ng b vng chc. Ph tn cng
khng c thnh phn mt chiu do ta vn dng hai cc tnh khc nhau cho hai mc.
Do nhiu thng lm bin i mc tn hiu theo mt chiu nn ta c th pht hin
1,4
1,2
1,0
0,8
0,6
0,4
0,2
1 0,8 0,6 0,4 0,2 0 1,4 1,2 1,8 1,6 2
HDB3
NRZ-I; NRZ-L
Manchester
Tn s f/R
Hnh 3.2: Mt ph cc loi m khc
nhau
AMI
Ph

Lu hnh ni b -26-
mt s sai li khi khng thy chuyn i mc ti gia tn hiu phn t. Tuy nhin b
rng ph tn hiu b tng ln so vi m nhiu mc (hnh 1.2).

* K thut thay th
K thut hai pha c dng rng ri trong mng LAN vi khong cch hn ch,
song t c dng trong cc ng dng ng di v khi ny, bng thng ng truyn
l mt ti nguyn qu gi. K thut thay th tn dng cc u im ca m nhiu mc
nh AMI, song thay th dy s khng c chuyn i bng mt dy quy c khc
nhm khc phc nhc im d mt ng b ca cc loi m ny.
Dy m thay th cn tho mn cc iu kin:
Khng c thnh phn mt chiu.
Phi c chuyn i trong dy.
Khng lm gim tc d liu.
C kh nng pht hin mt s li.
Hnh 3.3: Xc sut li bit l thuyt vi cc loi m khc nhau
Xc sut li
10
-6
10
-5
10 8 6 4 2 0 14 12 16
NRZ
AMI seudotenary
E
n
/N
0
(dB)
10
-4
10
-3
10
-2
10
-1
10
0

Lu hnh ni b -27-

S 1 xung k t ln thay th trc Cc tnh ca xung
ng trc L Chn
- 000 - + 00 +
+ 000 + - 00 -

Bng 3.1 : Quy tc thay th dy 4 s 0 ca HDB3
Hai loi m in hnh s dng k thut ny v c ng dng rng ri trong thc t
l BnZS v HDBn, chng thc hin thay dy nhiu s 0 lin tip trong m AMI bng
dy thch hp. Vi B8ZS, dy 8 s 0 c thay th bng dy 000VB0VB, trong
k hiu V ch xung c cc tnh sai phm (Violation) vi quy tc i du lun phin
ca AMI, cn k hiu B ch xung tun th ng theo quy tc ny.
M HDB3 (n=3) l m ch cho php dy s 0 c di ti a l 3, v th mi dy
4 s 0 lin tip u cn phi thay th. Dy ny kh ngn v th kh m bo tt c cc
yu cu nu trn ngay trong mt on thay. Do quy tc thay th c phc tp hn
nhm trit b thnh phn mt chiu mc d xt tng on c th, dng nh yu cu
ny cha c thc hin.
Hnh 3.2 cng ch ra c tnh ph ca hai loi m trn. C th thy chng tho mn
kh tt cc yu cu i hi, v th cc loi m ny c s dng rng ri trong thc t.
3.2 . Bin i d liu s thnh tn hiu tng t.
Mi tn hiu s nh ta thy trn hnh 3.1, va c s bin i nhanh t mc ny
n mc khc, va dng rt lu khng bin i ti mt mc. Ph ca tn hiu s v vy
thng rng, bao gm c thnh phn tn s cao (bin i nhanh) v nhiu thnh phn
tn s thp (bin i chm). Ph tn ny ni chung l khng ph hp vi ng
truyn, thng c ph tn hu hn v c c tnh thng gii khng bt u t gc to
. in hnh, cc ng in thoi thng thng trong mng in thoi cng cng
PSTN c di thng t 0,3 n 3,4 kHz. Cc loi m ho khc nhau trnh by phn
Dy bit
Hnh 3.4: Quy tc thay th m B8ZS v HDB3
1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
0 0 0 V B 0 V B
0 0 0 V B 0 0 V B 0 0 V
AMI
B8ZS
DB3

Lu hnh ni b -28-
trn ch ci thin phn no c tnh ph tn ca tn hiu cho ph hp hn vi cc
ng truyn c th truyn d liu s trn chng vi mt khong cch hn ch. Khi
mun truyn i xa, cn phi c iu ch gii iu ch thc s. Qu trnh bin i
d liu s thnh tn hiu tng t nh cc phng php iu ch thch hp s c
xem xt trong mc ny.
iu ch c thc hin bng cch gn tin tc ln mt ti tin (sang mang) c tn
s ph hp vi mi trng truyn. Ti tin (sang mang) l sang hnh sin vi 3 tham s
c th thay i c theo quy lut ca tn hiu l bin , tn s v gc pha. Tng
ng ta c cc phng php iu ch khc nhau: iu ch dch bin (Amplitude Shift
Keying - ASK), iu ch dch tn (Frequency Shift Keying - FSK), iu ch dch pha
(Phase Shift Keying PSK) hay dng iu ch kt hp ca cc tham s .
3.2.1 Phng php iu ch ASK:
Trong phng php dch bin ASK, dy d liu trc tip i iu ch bin sng
mang. Trng hp n gin nht (v ph bin nht) minh ho trn hnh 1.5.

Khi ny c th bin din:
) cos( . ) (
0
e + = t A t f
ASK
Khi s(t) = 1
0 ) ( = t f
ASK
Khi s(t) = 0
Hay tng qut : ) cos( ). ( . ) (
0
e + = t t s A t f
ASK

iu ch phn pht c th thc hin mt cch n gin bng mch kho in t
cho php hay ngn hay khng cho php tn hiu ca b dao ng e
0
a ra ng
truyn. Mch gii iu ch u thu c th dng b tch sng ng bao, sau qua
mch quyt nh nhn li tn hiu s liu.
T cng thc:
}
+

= dt e t f F
t je
e ). ( ) (
Ta c ph tn hiu sau iu ch :
D liu s
Tn hiu ASK
Dy bit vo
0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0
Hnh 3.5 : Phng thc ASK

Lu hnh ni b -29-
dt e t s S
s s
dt e t s A dt e t s A dt e e e t s A
dt e t t s A dt e t f F
t j
t j
t j t j t j t j
t j t j
ASSK ASK
e
e e
e e e e e
e e
e
e e e e
e e
+

+

+
+

+

+

}
} } }
} }
=
+ + =
+ = + =
+ = =
). ( ) (
) (
2
1
) (
2
1
( ) ( .
2
1
( ) ( .
2
1
) ( ) ( .
2
1
) cos( ). ( . ). ( ) (
0 0
) (
) (
0
0 0 0 0

Nh vy, nu khng tnh n h s 1/2 th qu trnh iu ch dch bin lm dch
ph ca tn hiu gc ln xung quanh ti tin e
0
. Hnh 3.6 m t mt cch n gin
quan h ny, trong e
0
l tn s sng mang, cn e
m
l tn s cc i ca ph tn s
liu.

Nu e
0
- e
m
< -e
0
+e
m
s c hin tng chng ph gia hai hnh phn ca
F
ASK
(e) gy mo tn hiu. Trong thc t d lc b c thnh phn S(e) lt qua trc
tip b iu ch, ngi ta chn e
0
- e
m
e
m
Hay : f
m
< f
0
/2
Gi tr f
m
ny ng vi trng hp truyn lin tip lun phin cc bit 0 v 1. k
hiu l V
Xmax
l tc truyn s liu cc i, ta c :
V
Xmax
= 2f
m
f
0
R rng tc truyn s liu cc i b gii hn bi bng tn ng truyn. Vi
bng tn knh thoi, tn s sng mang f
0
nm trong dI t 300Hz n 3400Hz. V l
thuyt tc truyn vi phng thc dch bin ASK nh m t trn khng th vt
qu gii hn .
tng tc s liu, ta c th iu ch nhiu mc bin, nhng kh nng
chng nhiu s rt km do bin tn hiu rt b nh hng ca can nhiu v hin
tng iu bin k sinh cng d gy li. Chnh v th, phng php ny ch p dng
khi truyn s liu tc thp.

S(e)
-e
0
-e
m
Hnh 3.6: Ph ca tn hiu ASK
F
ASK
(e)
-e
m
e
m
e
0
-e
m
e
0
+e
m
e
0
-
e +e
-e
0
-e
m
e
m
e

e


Lu hnh ni b -30-
3.2.2 Phng php iu ch dch tn FSK:
Trong phng thc FSK, tham s ca sng mang b iu ch l tn s. Tng
ng vi cc logic khc nhau l cc tn s khc nhau. K hiu khong cch ga hai tn
s gc ny l 2 e A v tn s trung tm ca chng l e
0
, ta c th biu din:
F
FSK
(t) = A.Cos{[e
0
+s(t).e]t +} = A.Cos [(e
0
e)t + ]
Trong biu thc trn, thun tin ta hiu s(t) nh tn hiu nh phn lng cc nhn
gi tr -1 v +1

T s gia i lng c trng cho dch tn s f vi tn s ca d liu ti
iu ch F =1/T =1/2.t
x
c gi l t s iu ch m
m = f/ F = f.T = 2.f.t
x
= 2 f/V
x
Trong iu ch tn s, ch s iu ch m l hng s v thng nhn gi tr (1
2),
nh vy tc s liu V
x
b rng buc cht ch vi dch tn 2
A
f, nn khng th t
tc cao v kh thay i. Trong thc t, cc modem FSK thng c cc tc 300
bit/s, 600 bit/s v 1200 bit/s.

Thc hin iu ch dch tn c th thc hin tng t nh phng thc ASK, khi
dng kho in t chn tn hiu ca mt trong hai b giao ng tng ng. Song

B lc cho qua f
1

Tch sng ng bao
AS K

B lc cho qua f
2

Tch sng ng bao
AS K

Mch quyt nh
Xung nhp
+
+
_
Hnh 3.8: Mch gii iu ch FS K n gin
D liu s
Tn hiu FSK
Dy bit vo 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0
Hnh 3.7 : Phng thc FSK

Lu hnh ni b -31-
phng php tt hn l dng kho iu khin mc hay ngt mt nhm phn t
khng vo mch dao ng ca mt b dao ng, nh vy lm thay i tn s ca n.
Ti mch thu, vic kt hp hai nhnh gii iu ch ASK vi tn s thch hp s cho ta
ly ra dy s liu (hnh 3.8) .
Cc modem FSK coherent cng c s dng. Khi ny phn thu dng b phn
bit tn s tng t nh mt my thu FM. Cch thc ph bin nht l ding mch vng
kho pha lm mc ch ny.
Modem dch tn FSK c tt hn song khng nhiu so vi dch bin ASK (do nhiu
tc ng ln bin nhiu hn so vi ln tn s). Ngoi ra, ngi ta c th dng nhiu
cp tn s hn lin lc song cng theo hai hng. Trn hnh 3.9 l phn b tn s
cho modem Bell System series 108. Gii ph thoi c chia lm 2 phn ti tn s
trung tm 1700 Hz. Lin lc trn mt hng ding hai tn s: 1070 Hz v 1270 Hz, trn
hng kia l 2025 Hz v 2225 Hz. c tuyn lc cho hai hng b chem. Nhau mt
vng nh, t nhiu gy nhiu xuyn m ln nhau.

3.2.3 Phng php iu ch dch pha PSK:
Trong phng thc PSK, tham s ca sng mang b iu ch l pha. Tng ng
vi cc lgic l cc pha khc nhau.

Ph tn hiu pht theo
mt hng
Hnh 3.9:Truyn FSK song cng trn ng thoi
1070 1270 1700 1025 2225 3000
Tn s (Hz)
Cng tn
hiu
D liu s
Tn hiu PSK
Dy bit vo 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0
Hnh 3.10 : Phng thc PS K

Lu hnh ni b -32-
Vi iu ch hai pha, cc pha ny s khc nhau mt lng l 2t / 2 = t , nu
mt gc l 0 th gc kia s l t . Tn hiu nh vy c biu din mt cch thun li
hn qua gi tr bin v gc pha trong to cc nh hnh 311.
V biu thc tn hiu iu ch pha nh phan PSK c biu din :
F
PSK
(t) = A.Cos[e
0
t +s(t).] = A.Cos (e
0
t) ; s(t)nhn gi tr 1 hay o

Vic tch sng u thu tng chng n gin, tuy nhin tn hiu thu sau khi
nhn vi sng mang c phc hi
A.Cos (e
0
t).Cos (e
0
t) = A.(1/2 + 1/2. Cos 2e
0
t )
S i ra mch lc tn s thp loi b thnh phn tn s cao 2 e
0
t, v vy a ra tn
hiu s lng cc l thch hp.
Song kh khn y l i hi s ng b cht ch,u thu phi c sng mang
e
0
t ng nh bn pht. Nu c s sai lc so vi sng mang gc, v d nh l
A.Cos (e
0
t).Cos (e
0
+ e)t)= A.[1/2.Coset + 1/2. Cos (2e
0
t+et )]
Khi ny u thu s a ra tn hiu (A. Coset)/2 thay i trong di t -1 n +1 ,
them ch c lc trit tiu , khng theo quy lut ca tn hiu lng cc bn pht.
B tch sng bn thu i hi c sng mang ng b hon ton vi bn pht nh
vy gi l tch sng Coherent (tch sng hp nht). y l nhc im ch yu ca
iu ch dch pha PSK.
B li, PSK cho hiu qu cao, tnh chng nhiu tt v vy c th truyn s liu vi
tc cao. Nh quan st trn hnh3.11, phn tri ca mt phng ng vi logic 1, phn
phi ng vi logic 0. tp m v nhiu lon trn ng truyn d c xy ra, nhng
chng no cha ln di im thu t na mt phng ny sang na mt phng
khc, th cha gy c sai li cho h thng PSK 2 pha.

1 0
(1,0) (1,)
Hnh 3.11
11 00
(1,0) (1,)
10
01
(1,3/2)
(1, /2)

Lu hnh ni b -33-

Ngi ta c th dng nhiu gc pha hn tng tc truyn m phc tp ca
thit b khng tng ln nhiu. Khi ny, mt gc pha s tng ng vi mt cp 2 hay
nhiu bt. V d, vi PSK 4 pha, mi gc pha ng vi mt cp 2 bt gi l mt Dibit.
Tc truyn khi ny s tng ln 2 ln, nhng phi tr gi bng vic gim tnh chng
nhiu. Tn hiu PSK-4P c m t trn hnh 1.12.
Tn hiu iu ch pha tng qut cn hay c m t di dng tng ca hai tn hiu
iu ch bin vung gc.
Tn hiu iu ch pha tng qut cn hay c m t di dng tng qut ca hai
tn hiu iu bin vung gc:
F
PSK
(t) = A.Cos{[e
0
t +
0
+ [s(t)]}
= A.Cos [s(t)].Cos(e
0
t +
0
) A.Sin [s(t)].Sin(e
0
t +
0
)
= A
1
Cos(e
0
t +
0
) + A
2
Sin(e
0
t +
0
)
Trong : A
1
v A
2
l cc tn hiu iu bin tng ng:
A
1
= A. Cos[s(t)]
A
2
= A.Sin [s(t)]
3.2.4 iu ch pha tng i DPSK:
Nhm loi b s phc tp khi phi tch sng Coherent, ngi ta ding phng
thc iu ch pha tng i DPSK. S khi phn pht, phn thu v hot ng ca
chng c m t trn hnh 1.13, 1.14.

Lu hnh ni b -34-

K hiu trn hnh 3.13, 3.14 m t mch hoc tuyt i m (XOR Negative),
cho gi tr 1 nu hai u vo ging nhau v a ra gi tr 0 nu hai u vo khc nhau.
Trong thng tin s, n cn c hiu nh mch nhn hai u vo s lng cc.
Trong phn thu, mch ny thc hin bng b so pha.
D liu vo khng trc tip a i iu ch, m c bin i (m ho) bng cch
so snh vi bt va m ho trc nh mch hoc tuyt i m v khi tr vi thi
gian gi chm ng bng thi gian tn ti ca 1 bt. Dy sau m ho ny c a i
iu ch PSK v c m t nh dy pha pht tng ng. Ti u thu, ta ch cn dng
b so pha thng thng, do gc lch pha ca mi chu k tn hiu ca ti tin l gc pha
tng i so vi chu k ngay st trc, ch khng phi l lch pha tuyt i so vi
mt pha sng mang chun nh trng hp PSKa.
Gi chm
T
PSKa-2P
Hnh 1.13: iu ch DPSK
XOR Negative
D liu m 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1
D liu vo 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0
Pha T.H pht 0 0 0 0
S pha + - + - + + - -
D liu ra 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0
Pht
Thu
Gi chm
T

B ti to
Hnh 1.14: Gii iu ch DPSK
XOR Negative
Ti
mch
quyt
nh


Lu hnh ni b -35-
L thuyt kim chng rng, DPSK ch km hn PSK khng ng k chng 1
db, song li khng cn ng b nh PSK. V vy, modem DPSK l mt gii php tt,
hiu qu v kinh t cho vic truyn d liu trn ng in thoi analog vi tc
trung bnh. Trong thc t, tc ph bin cho modem DPSK l 2400 bit/s v 1200
bit/s.
3.2.5 iu ch nhiu mc:
Trong cc phng php iu ch hai mc k trn, mi mc ca tn hiu sau iu
ch ng vi mt bt d liu, nh vy rng ca chu k tn hiu truyn chnh bng
rng ca mt bt, ngha l tc truyn tn hiu (tnh bng baud) bng tc truyn
s liu (tnh bng bt). tng tc s liu, mt phng php c bn l thc hin
iu ch nhiu bt thng tin trong mt chu k tn hiu (1 baud = nhiu bit). Khi ny,
tng cp k bt thng tin c nhm thnh mt du hiu (Symbol) tng ng, v vy
phi dng nhiu mc tn hiu (2
k
) m t cc du hiu .
V nguyn tc ta c th dng iu ch nhiu mc bin , nhiu cp tn s, nhiu
gc phasong thc t ph bin nht l hai dng: iu ch pha nhiu mc PSK nP
v iu ch bin pha kt hp APK hay QAM
3.2.5.1. iu ch pha nhiu mc PSK nP pha:
Hnh 3.15 m t PSK 8P, mi gc pha tng ng vi mt cp 3 bt (Tribit), kt
qu c tc bt gp 3 ln tc baud. Vng gng trn hnh v biu th kh nng
chng nhiu, khi ny b thu hp li so vi PSK 2P v PSK 4P, i hi phI c
ng truyn cht lng tt.

3.2.5.2. iu ch APK hay QAM (Qud Amplitude Modulation):
Trc ht, ta xem xt mt trng hp n gin khi kt hp hai nhnh iu ch ASK
thng thng, song vi sng mang lch pha nhau mt gc
A

= t / 2 nh m t trn
hnh 1.16. Lung bt ni tip u vo c chia lm hai nhnh: mt na l X
i
, mt na
cn li l X
q
.
Hnh 1.15

Lu hnh ni b -36-

Nh vy, nu mt d liu ti mt nhnh i iu ch sng mang l hm Cose
c
t, th
nhnh kia s iu ch hm Sine
c
t. y l hai hm trc giao, php iu ch ny gi l
iu ch cu phng. Sau iu ch, nhnh trn s thu c X
q
Sine
c
t, cn ti nhnh
di l X
i
Cose
c
t v bi vy, ti u ra tng hp s l X
q
Sine
c
t + X
i
Cose
c
t.

Cu trc my thu c m t nh trn hnh 1.18. Tn hiu thu c ti u vo
c a ti c hai nhnh. Ti nhnh trn sau khi gii iu ch ta thu c:
[X
q
Sin(e
c
t) +X
i
Cos(e
c
t)]. Cos(e
c
t) =[ X
q
Sin(2e
c
t) +X
i
+X
i
Cos(e
c
t) ] /2
1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 Dy bit vo
I II1 III IV
X
i

X

00
01 11
10
I
II III
IV
Hnh 3.17
iu ch ASK
A =t/2
iu ch ASK
~
Cos(et)
+

Bin i ni tip/
song song
Hnh 3.16
iu ch ASK
A =t/2
iu ch ASK
~
Cos(et)

Bin i ni tip/
song song
Hnh 1.18
X
q

X
i


Lu hnh ni b -37-
Ti u ra b lc tn thp ca nhnh trn ta s ly ra c d liu X
i
, tng t ti
nhnh di ta thu c X
q
. Qua b bin i song song thnh ni tip, d liu s c
khi phc y nh dy d liu pht.
Khi iu ch nhiu mc, khng gian bin pha c chia thnh nhng vng
m mi vng i din cho mt cu hnh bt c th. Vic phn chia cn sao cho c li
nht. Trn hnh 1.19 m t cch phn b cho QAM 16 im. Mi im m t cho mt
cp 4 bt (quabit). B tr cc bt tun th theo m Gray, sao cho cc im k nhau ch
khc nhau duy nht ti mt bit.

Ta c th nhn c phn b ny khi iu ch cu phng hai tn hiu ASK 4 mc
nh m t trn hnh 3.20. Lc m t nguyn tc ca phn pht, phn thu ca
modem c m t trn cc hnh 3.21, 3.22.

1000 1100 0100 0000
1001 1101 0101 0001
1011 1111 0111 0011
1010 1110 0110 0010
Hnh 1.19
-3 3 1 -1 0
Hnh 3.20
iu ch ASK
4 mc
iu ch
ASK 4 mc
~
+

Bin i ni
tip/ song song
A =t/2
~

Lu hnh ni b -38-

nh gi s b cc phng thc iu ch gii iu ch trn c tm tt trn
bng 1.2. Vic so snh tin hnh trn cc kha cnh: phc tp, gi thnh thng qua
dng tch sng phn thu, tc truyn s liu qua s bit trong mt du hiu v i
hi v cht lng ng truyn thng qua t s S/N yu cu.

Bng 1.2:
Dng iu ch Dng tch sng S bit / mt
du hiu
T s S / N yu
cu (dB)
ASK v FSK Tch sng ng
bao
1 bit 12.3
DPSK (2 pha) So pha 1 bit 9.3
DPSK (4 pha) So pha 2 Dibit 10.7
PSK (2 pha) Tch sng hp nht 1 bit 8.4
PSK (4 pha) Tch sng hp nht 2 Dibit 8.4
DPSK (8 pha) So pha 3 Tribit 14.6
PSK (8 pha) Tch sng hp nht 3 Tribit 11.8
PSK (16 pha) Tch sng hp nht 4 Quabit 16.2
APK (16 im)
QAM (16 im)
Tch sng hp nht 4 - Quabit 12.2

Chng ta c mt s nhn xt:
Hnh 3.22

Ti to

Ti to
Bin i ni
tip/ song
song
A =t/2
~
}
dt

}
dt


Lu hnh ni b -39-
Phng thc ASK v FSK khng hp nht km iu ch so vi DPSK, trong khi
DPSK khng kh hn nhiu v mt k thut.
DPSK 4 pha l phng thc rt thch hp cho truyn s liu tc trung bnh
trn ng in thoi analog.
S khc bit gia PSK v DPSK khong 1 db vi 2 pha, hn 2 db vi 4 pha v
gn 3 db vi 8 pha. Kho cng iu ch nhiu mc, DPSK cng km hp dn so
vi PSK.
Vi modem tc cao, APK hay QAM vt tri so vi PSK.
Tc truyn cc i C(bit/s)trn knh c bng thng B(Hz) c xc nh bi
Shannon: C = B log
2
(1+ S/N)
Trong t s S/N l t s tn /tp ca knh tnh theo dB.

V d vi knh thoi 300 3400 Hz, vi S/N =30dB( 1000 ln ), tc cc i s
l : C = 3100 log
2
(1 +30) ~ 30984 bit/s.
3.3 . Bin i d liu tng t thnh tn hiu s.
Qu trnh bin i d liu dng tng t thnh tn hiu dng s cn c gi l
qu trnh s ho. Vi s pht trin khng ngng ca vin thng s, s ho tn hiu
tng t a trc tip vo mng s ngy cng ph cp. Thit b ding chuyn i
d liu tng t sang dng s truyn i, v hi phc tr li tn hiu tng t t d
liu s c gi l Codec (Coder - decoder). Hai nguyn l ph bin nht c ding
trong Codec l iu ch m xung PCM v iu ch Delta.
3.3.1 iu ch xung m PCM.
iu ch xung m da trn c s l thuyt ly mu, pht biu nh sau:
Nu mt tn hiu f(t) c ly mu ti cc khong thi gian tun hon vi tc
ly mu ln hn hai ln tn s cc i ca n, th cc ly mu ny cha ton b
cc thng tin v tn hiu gc f(t). Hm f(t) c th c khi phc li t cc mu ny
khi ding b lc thng thp
Nu tn hiu thoi c hn ch di tn s 4000 Hz th vi l thuyt trn, cc
mu c ly vi tn s 8000 mu trong mt giy s mang ton b thng tin ca
tn hiu thoi ny.
Qu trnh ly mu c m t trn hnh 1.23 a v b. Cc xung ly mu c rng
hp, vi bin t l vi bin tn hiu gc ti thi im ly mu. Qu trnh ny
cn gi l iu ch bin xung (PAM).
Tip theo, cc xung PAM c lng t ho. Bin xung ca PAM c ly
gn ng bng cc tr s nguyn m t c nh n bit. Trong hnh v trn, n = 3. Bi
vy 2
3
= 8 mc c th ding xp x gi tr ca xung PAM.
Qu trnh bin i dn t tn hiu tng t c thi gian lin tc v bin lin
tc - thnh tn hiu s c tm tt trn hnh 3.24. Tn hiu s l tng khi n bit, m
t gi tr bin xung ca PCM. Ti u thu s c qu trnh hi phc li tn hiu gc.
So vi l thuyt ly mu, qu trnh bin i PCM c thm bc lng t ho. V vy
tn hiu hi phc s sai khc vi tn hiu gc. Sai s ny c gi l sai s lng t.
n gin, trong s trn m t cc mc lng t khi ly gn ng v bin
l nh nhau (lng t u). Nh vy sai s tuyt i cho mi mu l nh nhau khng

Lu hnh ni b -40-
ph thuc vo gi tr tn hiu, do tn hiu nh s b mo nhiu hn so vi tn hiu
mnh. khc phc nhc im ny, ngi ta dng m ho phi tuyn, tc l lng t
khng u bc lng t nh khi tn hiu nh v bc lng t ln khi tn hiu ln.

Hiu qu hon ton tng t khi dng lng t u song kt hp vi nn gin.
Ti phn pht, tn hiu u vo qua b nn gin c khuych i mnh hn phn
tn hiu yu v khuych i t phn tn hiu mnh. Ti u thu, qu trnh hi phc
ngc li s c thc hin.

Trong h thng EI theo khuyn ngh G.711 ca CCITT, c tnh nn gin tun
theo quy lut A biu th qua cong thc:
Y = ( 1+ lnAx )/( 1+ lnA)
Trong : - A : hng s = 87,6
- x : Mc tn hiu vo b nn chun ho

Ly mu

Lng t

M ho

Xung PCM

Xung PAM
Tn hiu
vo

Tn hiu ra

Thi gian
lin tc
Bin
lin tc

Thi gian
ri rc
Bin
ri rc
Thi gian
ri rc
Bin
ri rc

Lung bit
s
Hnh 3.24
Hnh 3.23 Qu trnh iu ch xung m PCM

a. Tn hiu gc
b. Xung PAM
c. Xung PCM
d. u ra PCM
011 001 110 100 011 100 101 100
3
2,9
3
3
1
1,2
6,1
6
4
4
4
4
4,3 4,2
5,4
5

Lu hnh ni b -41-
- y : Mc tn hiu u ra b nn chun ho
c tnh ny c gn ng bng 13 on tuyn tnh, chia thnh 128 bc theo c
hai hng dng v m nh m t trn hnh 1.25. on u gm 2 x 16 = 32 bc
chiu dng v 32 bc chiu m i xng qua gc to . 12 on khc mi on gm
16 bc. Cc bc chia u trong mi on. Chng ta c th they, mt na di ng ca
tn hiu vo ch c biu th bng 16 bc lng t cui cng, trong khi 1/16 di ng
ca n on u gn gi tr 0 c biu th bng 32 bc.

Hnh 3.26 cng ch r hiu qu ca vic nn ny. Trn hnh v ta thy r trong
on u, t s tn/tp m lng t tng tuyn tnh v sau gi gn khng i
khong 37 38 dB trong ton di ng cn li.
biu th tng cng 256 mc lng t, h thng E1 cn phI ding 8 bt (2
8
=
256) cho mi mu. Vi tn hiu thoi, cc mu c ly vi tn s 8000 mu trong 1
giy. Mt mu c biu th bng 8 bt. V vy 8 . 8000 bit/s = 64000 bit/s l tc
ca mt knh PCM c bn.

3.3.2 iu ch Delta DM.
16
14
3
33..48
65..80
-1
49..64
-
1/2 1 1/4
Bin t/h
vo chun
ho
S mc
lng t
Hnh 3.25. c tnh nn 13 on theo khuyn ngh G.711 CCITT
20
25
30
35
40
50
8 bit
1
2 3
4 5 6
7
b a
Compression charactistic
segments
Dynamicrangelimid
-45 -39 -33 -27 -21 -15 -9
-3 dBm0
(3.14)
3
0
Hnh 1.26

Lu hnh ni b -42-

C nhiu k thut khc c dng nhm lm tng hiu sut qu trnh s ho hay
gim phc tp ca thit b so vi k thut iu ch xung m PCM, trong phI k
n mt phng php kh ph dng l iu ch Delta (DM).
Vi DM. d liu analog c xp x bng hm bc thang tng hay gim ch mt
nc ti mi thi im ly mu. c tnh quan trng ca hm ny l n c tnh nh
phn. Ti mi thi im ly mu, n ch c th c mt trong hai trng thI: tng hay
gim mt lng khng i. V th, u ra ca qu trnh DM l mt bit nh phn n
i din cho mi mu. Theo ngha ny, c th ni lung bt ra m t chiu hng tng
gim ca d liu analog hn l m t bn thn bin ca n. Ngi ta thng ding
bt 1 m t chiu hng tng, cn bit 0 m t chiu hng gim.
Mt v d v qu trnh DM c m t trn hnh 3.27. Cng nh vi PCM, vic
ly gn ng gy ln nhng sai s, nh sai s lng t v sai s do qu tI sn.
gim thiu cc sai s ny, cn la chn bc bc thang o v thi gian gia cc ln ly
mu T
s
mt cch hp l.
Cu trc phn pht v phn thu ca iu ch Delta c m t trn hnh 3.28:

T
s
Tp m do qu ti sn
Tp m do
lng t
Tn hiu vo
analog
c. Dng sng phc hi
Hnh 3.25
b. u ra DM
a. Tn hiu gc

Lu hnh ni b -43-

Nhn chung PCM cho t s S / N cao hn DM ti cng mt tc bit. u im c
bn ca iu ch Delta l n gin hn so vi iu ch xung m PCM.
C nhiu bin dng ca u ch Delta nhm lm gim tp m do qu trnh iu
ch ny gy ra, nng cao t s tn / tp. Trong phng php iu ch Delta thch nghi
(Adaptive Delta Modulation - ADM), ngi ta dng bc bc thang ln khi tn hiu
bin i nhanh v bc bc thang nh khi tn hiu bin i chm. Gi tr bc bc
thang cn c th ly mt tr s tu trong b iu ch CVDS (b iu ch vi dc
bin i lin tc Continuosly Variable Slope Delta Modulation).

Chng 4:
cc k thut c bn trong thng tin s liu
T chng ny, chng ta s tp chung hn vo lnh vc thng tin d liu s, m
ta gi tt l thng tin s liu, Bt u t mt s vn c bn: ng b, m kim sot
li v vn phi ghp Interfacing.
4.1 Truyn khng ng b v truyn ng b.
Mt yu cu c th ca thng tin s liu l yu cu ng b: cc tham s v
nh thi (tc , thi gian tn ti, khong ngh) ca cc bt phi nh nhau gia u
pht v u thu.
C hai phng thc c s dng t chc ng b: phng thc truyn
khng ng bv phng thc truyn ng b.
4.1.1 Phng thc truyn ng b:

B so snh
u ra nh phn
B gi chm
mt nhp
B gi chm
mt nhp

+
+
u vo analog
1 = +
0 = -
Dng sng ti to
Dng sng ti to li
u vo nh phn
a. Phn pht
b. Phn thu
Hnh 3.26: iu ch Delta

Lu hnh ni b -44-
Tn gi truyn khng ng b l tn gi t lu, mang tnh lch s li.
Hnh 1.1. m t phng thc ny. Trong phng thc truyn khng ng b, bn tin
c pht i theo tng k t mt. Cc k t (c th c t 5 n 8 bt) c ngn cch
bi cc bt khi (bt Star) v bit ngng (bit Stop), m nh chng ta c th m bo
c s ng b cn thit.

Start
K t
1
Stop Start
K t
2
Stop . Start
K t
1
Stop
Hnh 1.1.
Truyn khng ng b c s dng kh rng ri do vic phi ghp cc u cui d
liu theo phng thc truyn ny c gi tng i r. Phn ln cc my tnh c nhn
dng cc Interface khng ng b. Telex cng l mt minh ho cho tnh ph bin
ca phng thc ny. l do yu cu v ng b gia thit b thu c thc hin
trn c s tng k t. Sai lch do s khng chnh xc v nh thi ca u pht v u
thu b gii hn ch trong mi k t. Ni cch khc, mt chnh xc thp gia nh
thi thu v nh thi pht vn chp nhn c, nh vy gim gi thnh cc thnh
phn.
Dng mt k t c ch ra trn hnh 1.2. Khi khng truyn d liu, tuyn
trng thi ngt hay trng thi, thi treo, tng ng vi gi tr lgic 1 v thng biu
din cc tnh dng. Vic truyn mt k t c bt u vi bit Star, qui nh l bt
lgic 0 (ngc vi trng thi treo). Sn trc t 1 chuyn v 0 c dng ng b
u thu. Sau bt Star l cc bt d liu, tip c th dng hay khng dng 1 bt kim
tra chn l (Parity bit). Cui cng, k t c ng li bi bt Stop, c quy nh c
gi tr l logic 1 nh trng thi treo, v c di l 1; 1,5 hay 2 bit. Bt Star ca k t
tip sau c th bt u ngay tip sau khi kt thc bt Stop ca k t trc, hoc c th
chm sau mt khong thi gian tu .
Start Cc bt d liu (5 - 8) Parity Stop Start

Hnh 1.2
Yu cu nh thi cho phng thc ny l n gin nht. V d nh khi ta
truyn k t dng ASCII thng dng l 8 bt k c bt party. Nu tn s ng h bn
thu nhanh hay chm hn bn pht l 5%, th vic ly mu cho bt cui cng (bt 8) s
sai lch 45% v vn ly mu ng vo bt .
Start 1 2 3 5 6 7 8 Stop
nh thi pht
nh thi thu
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
4
700 800
0
93 186 279 372 456 558 651 744

Hnh 1.3

Lu hnh ni b -45-
Hnh 1.3 m t trng hp bn thu ly mu sai khi lch qu ln (7%). Trong hnh
ny ta gi thit tc d liu l 10 000 bt/giy (10kb/s) ngha l thi gian ca 1 bt
l 0,1ms = 100ns (nanogiy). ng h bn thu nhanh hn 7%, tc s ly mu sau
mi 93ns. Nh thy r trn hnh v, ln ly mu cui s b nhm. iu ny c th
gy nn mt s sai li: Th nht l bt cui b thu sai; th hai: khi bt 7 l 1 bt 8 l 0,
lc ny bt 8 s b hiu nhm l bt Start gy nn li gi l li khung.
Nhc im c bn ca phng thc truyn khng ng b l hiu sut thp. Gi s
chng ta dng phng thc ny vi 1 bt parity, di bt Stop c la chn l 1,5
v s bt d liu l 8, chng ta c ngay hiu sut cao nht khi ny l:
8/(1+8+1+1,5).100% ~ 70%
Ngha l c khong 30% thi gian khng c dng truyn d liu c ch.
Chnh tnh khng hiu qu ny dn ti mt phng thc truyn khc: Truyn ng
b.
1.1.2. Phng thc truyn ng b:
Trong phng thc truyn ng b, d liu c chia thnh cc khi di gi l
gi (packet) hay khung (Frame), Phng thc ny khng bao quanh mi k t bng
cc bt Start/Stop, m t cc mu bt khi u v kho ui quanh cc gi d liu.
Cc mu bt ny thng gi l k t ng b SYN v k t kt thc EOT (End of
Transmision), hay n gin hn thng gi l c. Chng c dng bo hiu mt
cch tng ng cho u thu bit rng, cc d liu sp c a ti hay d liu cui
cng ti. Trn hnh 4.4. m t mt khung d liu cho giao thc truyn ng b
hng bt nh mt v d minh ho cho cc loi truyn ng b. Ni dung trng tin
thng rt di, nh vy m bo hiu sut truyn cao hn, song cng i hi yu cu
nghim ngt hn v chnh xc ng b gia u pht v u thu.
C
Trng
a ch
Trng
iu
khin
D liu ngi dng CRC CRC C
Hnh 1.4
Cc giao thc ng b c chia thnh:
+ Cc giao thc hng k t
+ Cc giao thc hng theo cch m
+ Cc giao thc hng bt.
*) Cc giao thc hng k t.
Cc giao thc hng k t c pht trin t nhng nm 1960 v hin vn ang
c dng kh rng ri, tuy km phn hp dn so vi cc giao thc hng bt.
Bng 1.1. Cc k t iu khin c bn
SYN Synchronsus Idle Gi cho knh trng thi tch cc
PAD Frame pad Lp y gia cc k t
DLE Data link Escape Dng t chc trong sut theo m
ENQ Enquiry Dng vi kiu thm d / chn lc
SOH Start of Header Khi u ca tip u
STX Start of Text Khi u vn bn
ITB End of Intermediate Block Kt thc khi truyn

Lu hnh ni b -46-
ETB End of Transision Block Kt thc vn bn
ETX End of Tex Kt thc truyn
EOT End of Transmission Kt thc truyn
ACK Acknowledge Phc p tch cc (phc p dng)
NAK Negative Acknowledge Phc p ph nh (phc p m)
BCC Block Check Character K t kim tra khi

Chng ta s xem xt mt giao thc hng k t c tn gi l giao thc iu
khin ng b nh phn BSC (Binary Synchrous Control, bisynch). Giao thc ny gn
vi mt b m k t c th (EBCKIC hay ASCII) v trong b m ny, mt s k t vn
bn, mt s l k t iu khin. Cc k t iu khin chung nht c lit k trong
bng 1.1
Bng 1.2. Bng m ASCII
Quy tc:
MHaX ct 1 V d: Xc nh m ca k t SYN
Hng 6 Nh phn: b
7
b
6
b
5
b
4
b
3
b
2
b
1
0 0 1 0 1 1 0

0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1

0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1

0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1
b7 b6 b5 b4 b3 b2 b1
Ct
Hng
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0 0 0 0 0
NUL DLE(TC7) S
P
0 @ P . P
0 0 0 1 1 SOH(TC1) DC1 ! ! A Q a Q
0 0 1 0 2 STX(TC2) DC2 2 B R b R
0 0 1 1 3 ETX(TC3) DC3 # 3 C S c S
0 1 0 0 4 EOT(TC4) DC4 S 4 D T D t
0 1 0 1 5 ENQ(TC5) NAK(TC8) % 5 E U e u
0 1 1 0 6 ACK(TC6) SYN(TC9) & 6 F V f v
0 1 1 1 7 BEL ETB(TC10) 7 G W g w
1 0 0 0 8 FE0(BS) Can ( 8 H X h X
1 0 0 1 9 FE1 (HT) EM ) 9 I Y I y
1 0 1 0 A FE2(LF) SUB * : J Z j z
1 0 1 1 B FE3(VT) ESC + ; K / K {
1 1 0 0 C FE4(FF) IS4(FS) , < L \ l /
1 1 0 1 D FE5(CR) IS3(GS) - = M / , }
1 1 1 0 E SO IS2(RS) . > N . n -
1 1 1 1 F SI IS 1(US) / ? O - o DEL


Lu hnh ni b -47-
Hnh 1.5. Trnh by mt v d minh ho cch truyn mt vn bn khi dng
BSC. ng b v k t gia u pht v u thu, hai hay nhiu k t SYN c bt
u cho mi khi d liu. D liu ch dng vn bn, khng c php c cc k t
iu khin, hay ni mt cch hnh tng: d liu khng trong sut.
S
Y
N
S
Y
N
S
Y
X
D liu dng vn bn (khng trong sut)
E
T
X
B
C
C
Hnh 1.5
Song trn ng truyn c th c nhng sai lch bin k t vn bn thnh k t
iu khin, hay khi cn phi gi cc thng tin dng bt k khng ch l vn bn. Khi
ny c th ny sinh mt s vn . Trc ht ta hy v d khi do mt s thay i no
, d liu ngi dng c mt k t EXT. hnh 1.6
S
Y
N
S
Y
N
S
Y
X
D liu
E
T
X
D liu
E
T
X
Kim
tra li

Hnh 1.6
Bn tin s b ngng gia chng v phn sau s b mt. iu ny l khng th
chp nhn c. Nh dng thm k t DLE (Data link Escape), vn ny c khc
phc khi i hi trc cc k t EXT v STX u phi c k t DLE mi c tc dng.
tng ny c m t trn hnh 4.7. Nh vy, mc d c k t ETX xut hin trong d
liu ngi dng, bn tin vn c kt thc mt cch chnh xc.
S
Y
N
S
Y
N
D
L
E
S
T
X
D liu trong sut
D
L
E
E
T
X
Kim
tra li
Hnh 1.7
m bo tnh trong sut tht s, nu c k t DLE cn truyn trong d liu
ngi dng, k t ny c p 2 ln t bn pht v s c phn thu lc b t ng.
Khi ny d liu l bt k, v giao thc c th truyn cc loi thng tin bt k nh vn
bn, c s d liu, chng trnh my tnh...
Hnh 1.8 m t mt v d truyn bn tin phc tp hn vi tip u (header) v hai
trng d liu km theo khi kim tra m ca chng.
S
Y
N
S
O
H
Tip
u
D
L
E
S
T
X
D liu trong
sut
D
L
E
I
T
B
B
C
C
D
L
E
S
T
X
D liu trong
sut
D
L
E
E
T
B
B
C
C
Hnh 1.8
Vic ph thuc vo mt b phn m k t c th l nhc im ca giao thc
ng b hng k t. Bn cnh , cc giao thc hng k t cn c hn ch khi lm
vic trong ch bn song cng: Mi khi d liu sau pht u i hi phi c tr li
ACK t u thu trc khi c th pht tip khi khc. iu ny c th nh hng ti
hiu sut, nht l vi nhng ng truyn di nh thng tin v tinh.
H thng ngh rng
y l m kim tra li
H thng ngh rng y l
k t iu khin ETX

Lu hnh ni b -48-
Cc giao thc hng theo cch m:
Trong giao thc hng theo cch m, di (tnh theo byte) ca gi d liu
c xc nh. Hnh 1.9 m t t chc ny.
SOH S gi LEN D liu Kim tra
Hnh 1.9
Ngoi trng d liu, cc trng khc u c di l 1 Byte. di trng d
liu c xc nh bi gi tr ca s m t trong trng LEN (LENG = di). in
hnh cho giao thc ny l th tc KERMIT.
Mt dng t chc khc l dng gi vi di c nh, nh th tc X
MODEM. Trong th tc ny, di mi gi d liu c quy nh sn l 128 Byte.
Byte cui kim tra theo cch kim tra tng. tin cy trong sp xp gi, thng tin
v s gi c a lm 2 ln: Theo s gi v s b ca n theo modul 2. Vi cc
phng n ci tin sau ny l X MODEM CRC, di trng d liu c th ln ti
1 Kbyte = 1028 Byte kim tra theo m CRC.

SOH S gi
B ca
s gi
D liu (128 Byte)
CHECK
SUM
Hnh 1.10 T chc khung theo chun X MODEM
Cc giao thc hng theo cch m khng c ng dng rng ri. Chng gp
phi mt s vn . V d nh khi truyn trn cc n truyn s, phn ng truyn
c th thm vo mt s d liu iu khin, nh thi vo trong d liu truyn, c th
lm cho u thu b m nhm.
Giao thc hng bt.
Giao thc truyn ng b hng bt c pht trin t nhng nm 1970 v hin
nay chim u th rng ri.
Giao thc hng bt hon ton khng da trn mt b m alphabeta no nh
ASCII hay EBCDIC. Trong cc giao thc ny, cu trc khi (frame) c chun ho
cho vic trao i d liu thng tin, cc lch iu khin v cc phc p. Mt octet(8
bit ) theo mu c bit c to thnh (gi l c) nh du mt khung. C ng
ng ng thi l c m cho khung tip sau. u pht s dng k thut chn bt
trong khi d liu s khng xut hin mt t hp no ging nh c. u pht s dng
k thut chn bt trong khi d liu s khng xut hin mt t hp bt no ging
nh c. u thu s t ng pht hin v loi b cc bt chn.
Hai giao thc hng bt ph bin nht l:
- SDLC: iu khin lin kt s liu ng b (High Level Data Link Control)
- HDLC: iu khin lin kt s liu mc cao (High level Data Link Control)
cu trc khung ca HDLC ch ra trn hnh 1.11. C chim mt Octet. Trng
a ch v trng iu khin c th l 1 hay 2 Octet. di ca trng d liu thay
i, ti thiu l 0. Bn tin c bo v bng m iu khin li CRC cha 2 (hoc 4)
octet. Thi gian gia khung. Thi gian lp ny c thc hin bng cch truyn lin
tc cc c gia cc khung.

C Trng a ch Trng iu D liu CRC CRC C

Lu hnh ni b -49-
khin ngi
dng
Hnh 1.11 Cu trc khung HDLC
HDLC l giao thc trong sut vi cc m, ngha l n khng nhy cm vi cc
h thng m c p dng cho d liu ngi dng. Giao thc ny s c chng ta
nghin cu trong phn sau:
1.2. M kim sot li
Khi truyn tn hiu, nhiu tp thng xuyn c mt trn ng truyn s lm sai
lch tn hiu, lm dy bt thu c khng hon ton ging dy bt gi i bn u pht.
Pht hin v loi b cc sai li lun l vn c bn trong thng tin s liu.
C hai phng thc chnh khc phc sai li:
+ Pht hin li v yu cu pht li ( phng thc ARQ)
+ Sa li trc tip (phng thc FEC Forward Eror Correction)
C hai phng thc trn u da vo cc m pht hin li hay m sa li, m ta
gi l m kim sot li. K thut kim sot li ARQ s c ta nghin cu chng
sau. Mc ny ch dng li vic xem xt mt loi m kim sot li c bn c tnh n
c tnh sai li ca knh truyn.
1.2.1 c tnh ca li bt trn knh thng tin
Cc ngun nhiu gy sai li trn knh truyn gm tp m trng v cc ngun
nhiu tp khc. Tp m trng gy sai li mang tnh ngu nhin v c lp v mt
thng k. Tuy vy vi hu ht cc knh thng tin, ngun nhiu tp khng hon ton l
tp m trng, chng thng thng ging vi cc khong c mc nhiu tp rt nh
(chim phn ln khong thi gian) v nhng khong xung nhiu ngn.
Hnh 1.12 m t quan h gia t l li bt vo t s tn hiu/tp(S/N) ca knh.
Mc sai lch ph thuc rt mnh vo t s tn tp. Khi tng t s tn/tp ln 1 db, t
l li bt gim khong 10 ln. Nhiu xung lm gim mnh t s S/N xung gi tr kh
thp trong khong thi gian ngn, ko theo tng r rt t l li bt trong khong thi
gian ny. Li trn knh truyn v vy c xu hng hp thnh cc nhm. Cc nghin
cu l thuyt ch ra rng, cc nhm li nguy hi hn ng k so vi cc li n xut
hin c lp.
N = 2
N = 3
N =4
N = 5
N = 6
N = 7
P^Li [1.10
-N
]
~1dB
S/N[dB]


Lu hnh ni b -50-
Hnh 1.12. Quan h gia t l li bt v t s S/N
Hnh 1.13 ch ra mt m hnh ton hc m t knh truyn d liu s. Knh c
hai trng thi. Phn ln thi gian knh trng thi 1, l trng thi tt vi xc sut sai
li P
li 1
rt nh. Trng thi 2 vi xc sut li P
li2
ln c trng cho chm li gy nn
bi nhiu xung. Knh c xu hng lu li nhiu mi trng thi, khi cc xc sut
chuyn trng thi P
12
v P
22
tng ng.
P
11
P
12
P
21
P
22
Trng thi 1
P
li 1
<<
Trng thi 2
P
li 1
<<

Hnh 1.13 M hnh ton hc knh truyn s liu
H thng truyn tin cn c cc tin ch chng li cc loi sai li k trn, m
trc ht l phi s dng cc m kim sot li mt cch c hiu qu. C hai loi m
kim sot li chnh: M khi v m xon.
1.2.2. M khi:
Trong m khi, c k bit thng tin hp vi r bt kim tra to thnh mt m n bt
tun theo mt quy lut nht nh v c k hiu l m (n,k). Nh vy, trong s 2
n
t
m ch c 2
n
t m hp l. d c tng thm mt lng l (n - k).k.100%
Trng hp cc bt thng tin c gi nh nguyn gc, ngay tip theo l cc bt
kim tra, to thnh cu trc t m nh hnh v 1.14, c gi l m khi c tnh h
thng (systematic). Trong m khi khng h thng (nonsystematic), cc bt thng tin
khng xut hin dng nguyn bn.
k r=n-k
n
Cc bt thng tin
Cc bt kim tra

Hnh 1.14 Cu trc m khi h thng
Khong cch Haming d
min

Gi s C
i
v Cj l hai t m trong mt m khi no . Cc t m ny s khc
nhau mt vi v tr bt. Ta k hiu d
ij
l s cc v tr khc nhau. V d:
C
i
= 1 0 0 0 1 1 1
C
j
= 0 0 0 1 0 1 1
Hai t m ny khc nhau ti cc bt th 1, th 4 v th 5 t tri sang, bi vy d
ij

= 3. Gi tr nh nht trong ton b cc d
ij
gia hai t m hp l bt k ca b m c
gi l khong cch Haming ca b m v k hiu l d
min
. Khong cch Haming d
min

lin quan cht ch ti kh nng pht hin v sa li ca b m, c th.

Lu hnh ni b -51-
+ Nu trong t m thu c c D li v
D s dmin 1
th li s c pht hin, theo ngha t m thu c khng phi l mt t m
hp l.
Nu trong t m thu c c t li v 2 t +1 s d
min
s 2t+2 th khng nhng ta
pht hin c li, m cn c kh nng hiu chnh chng, ngha l c kh nng hi
phc chnh xc t m gc.
M chn l
M n gin nht c dng trong truyn s liu l m chn l. S bt kim tra
l 1 v quy lut to thnh n l tng s 1 trong t m to thnh s l chn hay l
theo ta chn. M kim tra chn thng c dng trong truyn thong ng b cn m
kim tra l thng dng trong truyn ng b. Trong m chn l, n = k +1. Nu ti
u thu quy lut trn b vi phm th t m cha sai li v cn phi pht li. Trong
trng hp ny, khng c kh nng sa li. Nu c mt s chn li trong t m th
u thu khng pht hin ra v gii m s b sai.
Kh nng pht hin li s tng ln khi ta dng mt b kim tra chn l th hai
nh minh ho trn hnh 1.15. y, mt khung c xem nh mt khi cc k t theo
c hai chiu. Theo chiu ngang, mi k t th i c thm mt bt chn l R
i
nh m
t trn. Ngoi ra, dc theo cng mt v tr th xuyn qua ton b cc k t ca khi
cng to thm mt bt chn l C
j
hp thnh k t kim tra khi BCC.
bit bit bit bit
1 2 n VRC
k t 1 b
11
b
21
b
n1
R
1

K t 2 b
12
b
22
b
n2
R
2

k t m b
1m
b
2m
b
nm
R
m

K t BCC C
1
C
2
C
n
C
n+1

(Cc bt LRC)
Hnh 1.15 Kim tra chn l theo chiu ngang (VRC) v theo chiu ng (LRC)
Nu ch c 1 sai li, cn c vo kt qu kim tra c theo chiu ngang v theo
chiu ng, ta c th xc nh chnh xac v tr li v qua hiu chnh n. Song khi c
mt vi li th vic hiu chnh chng l khng th.
M Haming:
M Haming l lp m khi (n,k) vi c tnh.
n = 2
r
1
k = n r = 2
r
1- r
M Haming c khong cch d
min
= 3 bi vy t = 1, do c kh nng hiu
chnh cli n. Sau y ta xt v d vi r = 3, khi ny n = 7, k = 4.
K hiu cc bt trong t m ln lt l X
1
, X
2
, X
3
, X
4
, X
6
, X
7
, trong X
1
X
4

l cc bt thng tin, X
6
X
7
l cc bt kim tra. M c xy dng theo quy lut sau:
I: X
1
X
3
X
5
X
7
= 0
II: X
2
X
3
X
6
X
7
= 0

Lu hnh ni b -52-
III: X
4
X
5
X
6
X
7
= 0
y k hiu m t php cng modul 2
T , ta c th rt ra cch xc nh cc bt kim tra t cc bt thng tin:
X
5
= X
2
X
3
X
4

X
6
= X
1
X
3
X
4

X
7
= X
1
X
2
X
4

Qu trnh m ho c thc hin d dng nh b ghi dch v cc mch hoc
tuyt i nh hnh 1.11.
Ti u thu s tin hnh so snh cc bt kim tra thu c v cc bt kim tra
xc nh t cc bt thng tin thu c. Nu hai kt qu l ng nht th t m khng
cha sai li. Nu ngc li, sai li l b pht hin v c th hiu chnh.
X
4
X
3
X
2
X
1
X
7
X
6
X
5
D liu ra
D liu vo
+ + +

Hnh 1.11
Tr li li vi v d trn, qu trnh so snh c th m t:
Cc bt kim tra thu c X
5
X
6
X
7

Cc bt kim tra tnh t cc bt thng tin thu X
5
X
6
X
7

T so snh (Syndrome) F

F
5
F
6
F
7

Sai li c pht hin v hiu chnh cn c vo Syndrome F nhn c nh m
t trn bng 1.3.
Bng 1.3
F F
STT
F
5
F
6
F
7

V tr bt
li
STT
F
5
F
6
F
7

V tr
bt li
0 0 0 0 khng li 4 1 0 0 X
5

1 0 0 1 X
7
5 1 0 1 X
2

2 0 1 0 X
6
6 1 1 0 X
2

3 0 1 1 X
1
7 1 1 1 X
4

M Cylic
M Cylic l mt h m c ng dng c bit rng ri trong thng tin. M c tn
gi Cyclic do c c tnh: Dch cyclic (dch vng) ca mt t m cng l mt t m.

Lu hnh ni b -53-
0 1
0
0
1
1
1
A
B

Hnh 1.16
Khi nim dch vng c minh ho trn hnh 1.16. Trn hnh ny, thay th
vic dc theo chiu ngang mt t 7 bt bng vic c quanh mt hnh trn. Khi bt
u t mt im bt k, v d im A, ta c t m tnh theo chiu quay c mt t m
khc 0111010. Khi khi u t mt im bt k khc, v d im B, ta c mt t m
0111010. Hai t m ny c th to trn c s t kia bng php dch vng ca t khc.
Th t ca cc t m to ra cn ph thuc theo hng dch, song tp hp cc t m to
thnh khng ph thuc vo hng dch vng.
M Cyclic l mt lp m c bit quan trng do n c c tnh l m i s, cho
php vic m ho v gii m n gin. Th tc to m c th tm tt nh sau:
k bt thng tin = A [A
k-1
...A
1
A
0
] c th c vit nh h s ca mt a thc
A(x) = A
k-1
X
k-1
... A
2
x
2
A
1
x A
0
Tng t, t m to thnh gm n bt cng tng ng vi mt a thc:
T(x) = T
n-1
x
n-1
.... T
2
x
2
T
1
x T
0
Qu trnh to v gii m cn lin quan ti mt a thc na, gi l a thc sinh
g(x) c bc r = n k
g(x) = g
r-1
x
r-1
... g
2
x
2
g
1
x 1
Cc h s ca g(x) c xc nh t iu kin g(x) phi l nhn t ca a thc
f(x) = x
n
+1. Khi g(x) xc nh, T(x) s bit t phng trnh.
T(x) = g(x) A(x)
Nh vy, tnh cht quan trng ca m Cyclic l: a thc ng vi mt t m
T(x) lun chia ht cho a thc sinh g(x).
V d, ta cn to mt m (7,4). Do n = 7 nn f(x) = x
7
+ 1. a thc f(x) c th
phn tch bng tch ca 3 nhn t:
f(x) = (x 1).(x
3
x 1). (x
3
x
2
1)
Do n = 7 v k = 4 nn T(x) c bc l n 1 = 6 v A(x) c bc l k 1 = 3. Do
a thc sinh g(x) phi c bc l 3. C 2 nhn t ca f(x) tho mn iu ny v u
c th chn lm a thc sinh. Gi s ta chn g(x) = x
3
x 1. By gi khi bit cc
bt thng tin, v d A = [1001], ta s c:
A(x) = 1.x
3
0.x
2
0.x 1 = x
3
1.
T(x) = g(x) A(x) = (x
3
x
2
1) (x
3
1) =(x
6
x
5
x
4
1)
Vy: T = [1 1 0 0 1 0 1]
Ti u thu, ngi ta xt phn d ca a thc tng ng vi t m thu c cho
a thc sinh. Nu phn d bng khng, t m thu l t m hp l. Trong trng hp
ngc li, t m thu c chc chn cha sai li, v ngi ta c th hiu chnh c
mt s sai li khi xem xt c th phn d ny.

Lu hnh ni b -54-
Lu rng, m Cyclic c xy dng theo cch trn l m khi khng h thng
(nonsystematic), khi cc bt thng tin khng c gi nguyn ti u t m pht i.
Cng c th xy dng m Xyclic h thng theo cch thc nh sau:
1. Nhn a thc tin A(x) vi X
n-k

2. Chia X
n-k
A(x) cho g(x) xc nh phn d R(x).
3. T(x) nhn c bng cch cng R(x) vo X
n-k
A(x)
Bc 1 c thc hin mt cch n gin nh thm n-k s 0 vo dy tin u
vo. Phn d R(x) thu c nh b ghi dch c n- k khu, kt hp vi cc mch cng
modul 2 ti cc v tr ng vi h s khc 0 ca a thc sinh g(x). Hnh 1.17 m t
mch thc hin v bng m t trng thi b ghi qua n nhp thu c R(x) cng vi
v d xt trn.
Th t Trng thi Xung
vo
A B C
Ban u
0 0 0
Bc 1
0 0 1 1
Bc 2
0 1 0 0
Bc 3
1 0 0 0
Bc 4
1 0 0 1
Bc 5
1 0 1 1
Bc 6 1 1 1 0
Bc 7 0 1 1 0
Cc
bt
thng
tin
Cc
bt 0
thm
vo
Cc bt phn d thu c
A A + C
+
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
Cc
bt
vo
X
2
X
3
a thc sinh:
g(x) = x
3
+ x
2
+1
Cc bt thng tin:
1 0 0 1
Cc bt kim tra - phn d R(x)
0 1 1
T m to thnh:
1 0 0 1 0 1 1

Hnh 1.17 M t qu trnh to m Cyclic
C 4 a thc sinh s dng rng ri:
CRC 12 = X
12
+ X
11
+ X
3
+ X
2
+1
CRC 16 = X
16
+ X
15
+ X
2
+1
CRC CCITT = X
16
+ X
12
+ X
5
+1
CRC 32 = X
32
+ X
26
+ X
23
+ X
22
+ X
10
+ X
8
+ X
5
+ X
4
+X
2
+X+1
a thc CRC 12 c dng truyn lung k t 6 bt v to ra 12 bt kim
tra d FCS. C CRC 16 v CRC CCITT u c dng ph bin M v
chu u tng ng cho k t 8 bt. CRC 32 ch kh nng sa li hiu qu hn v
c dng nh mt tu chn (Opiton) cho mt s chun truyn ng b im - im
v cc ng dng chuyn dng.
1.2.3.M xon.
M khi kh hiu qu khi cc sai li xut hin c lp song khng mnh
trong trng hp c chm li. M xon pht huy tt hn trong trng hp ny.

Lu hnh ni b -55-
Trc ht, ta xem xt mt loi m c t tng rt gn vi m xon, c xy
dng chng cc chm li khi thit lp cuc gi ca thng tin di ng.
M Hagelbarger
M ny c dng pht cc tin tc s cn thit khi thit lp mt cuc gi
trong in thoi di ng cellular. Khi i tng lin lc tin hnh gi trong lc di
chuyn vo vng kh ph sng, mt s tin tc c th mt. Do lc ny hai i tng
cha lin lc c vi nhau nn khng th c knh ngc thc hin sa li theo
phng thc ARQ, v vy FEC l cch thc duy nht.
B m ho Hagelbarger c s nh trn hnh 1.17.
h g f e d c d a
+
h
2 Cc bt thng tin
Cc bt kim tra
1

Hnh 1.17 B m ho Hagelbarger

Lung bt c a vo b ghi dch. Mi bc dch trong thanh ghi ny c chuyn
dch mt cch ng b vi chuyn mch ln xung ti u vo v u ra. Cc bt
mang tin v vy c xen ln vi cc bt kim tra. Cc bt thng tin c chuyn vn
qua thanh ghi dch trong khi cc bit kim tra c hnh thnh trong nhnh di ca
b m ho
Ta hy di theo mt bit thng tin trong b m ho. Mt bit (v d bit i) s 3 ln
tham gia vo to dy bit ra:
* Khi trong ngn nh 1, bit s kt hp (hoc tuyt i) vi bit ngn nh 2.
* Khi trong ngn nh 2, bit s kt hp (hoc tut i) vi bit ngn nh 1.
* Bit t dch chuyn ra khi thanh ghi.
Ti u thu, trc khi thu mt bit thng tin, ta nhn c 2 bit kim tra to
thnh t bit ny. V vy, nu ch mt bit li, cn ton b cc bit khc u thu ng, ta
s pht hin ra s khng ph hp gia cc bit kim tra v bit thng tin. Da trn tintc
chim a s, sai li s c hiu chnh. Xem xt k lng hn s thy rng, cc chm
li vi di ngnhn di thanh ghi dch u c th c sa theo cch thc nh
trn.
K hiu cc bit ln lt a vo thanh ghi l a, b, c, d, e dy bit ra s l:
A; i e ; j f ; c; k g ; d; l h ; e; m i ; f n j ; g; o k ; h; p l ; i;
R rng vi chm li c di ti 7 dighit, sai li vn c hiu chnh ( di
thanh ghi v d ny l 8). Nhc im ca m ny l i hi trc pha c t nht
15 bit khng li. Tng qut, mun hiu chnh c chm li c di N, cn 2 x N +
1 bit khng b sai trc . Ni cch khc, gia hai chm li phi c mt khong thi
gian di khng li. Nu iu ny khng tho mn, vic hi phc c th b sai.

Lu hnh ni b -56-
Qu trnh hiu chnh li ti my thu c m t trnhnh 1.18. Tng t nh
phn pht, lung bit thu c chia thnh 2 nhnh. Nhnh phi l cc bit kim tra, cn
nhnh tri l cc bit thng tin. Vic so snh ti mt thi im c th c ch ra trn
hnh v. Cc bit thng tin thu ( y l 3 bit e i m) s tng hp to thnh cc bit
e i v m i so snh vi cc bit kim tra tong ng. Trong trng hp c 2 kt
qu so snh u sai, bit i s c hiu chnh trc khi a ra u ra. Qu trnh hiu
chnh da trn nguyn tc sa theo a s.

Lu hnh ni b -57-
m
i+m
e+i
i
e
cc
bit
thng
tin

Hnh1.18. B gii m Hagelbarger


Lu hnh ni b -58-
V d v m xon
L thuyt v m xon kh phc tp, song tng xy dng cc b m - gii m
xon rt ng ch . Chng ta xem xt tng ny thng qua mt v d c th.
B m ho m t trn hnh 1.19. Tng t nh vi m ho Hagelbarger, b m
ny lm tng tc bit ln gp i bi a thm vo nhiu bit d. im khc l cc
bit thng tin khng c trc tip a ra ng truyn m ch c cc t hp ca
chng. Cng nh b m ho Hagelbarger, h thng m - gii m ny c kh nng sa
cc chm li. ( d hiu, trong v d ny ch xt b m ho vi b nh rt hn ch: 2
bit, nn kh nng ca b m ho trong trng hp c th nykhng phi tht mnh).
a b c

Hnh 1.19
Mt bit c a vo b m ho s xut hin trong 5 bit u ra. Gi s ta ang
quan st bit c, u ra ca b m ho s l:
;... e c ; e d c ; d c b ; c a ; c b a
Nu lung bit ny nm trong mt chm li, thng khng phi ton b cc bit
trong chm li u b sai, m ch mt vi bit trong s . Khc vi m Hagelbarger,
m xon khng i hi thi gian hi phc v khng phi hn ch di chm li, m
ch cn c cc bit khng b sai nm trong chm li ny. Trong v d ny, bit c (cng
nh ton b cc bit thng tin khc) tham gia vo to 5 bit u ra. Nu ch c 2 trong
5 bit b sai trong khi truyn, th ta vn c th khi phc li chnh xc bit c, t ra l
v mt l thuyt.

CC
C/CC
1/11 1/C1
C1
1C
C/11 C/C1
Trng thi
b m ho
Bit ra tng ng
t b m ho
Bit vo
b m ho
1/1C
11
1/CC
C/1C

Hnh 1.20

Lu hnh ni b -59-
Gi trng thi ca b m ho l ni dung ca hai ngn nh trong a v b. B m
ho c 4 trng thi CC, C1, 1C, 11. Khi trng thi l CC, nu bt c ti (bt c) l C
th u ra s xut hin CC, cn nu bt ti l 1 th 2 bt 11 s c a ra. Grap trn
hnh 4.20 m t qu trnh chuyn t trng thi ny sang trng thi khc ca b m
ho.
Mt cch m t khc l dng lc nh hnh 1.21, trong ng lin nt m
t tc ng ca bt C, cn ng t nt m t tc ng ca bt 1 ti u vo.
CC CC
C/CC
C1 C1
1C 1C
11 11
1/C
C/C1
1/C1
C/1C
1/CC
C/11
1/11

Hnh 1.21
hiu hot ng ca b gii m, ta gi thit rng ang trng thi CC v ta
thu c dy bit 1CC1C11. Cn phi xc nh trng thi tip sau l g qua xc
nh bit thng tin no c pht i t u pht.
Do bit trng thi hin l CC, nn trng thi tip sau ch c th l CC hay
C1, v tng ng vi n l 2 bit ra CC hay 11. so chng vi 2 bit thu c thc t (l
2 bit u tin 1C trong dy thu c) chng ta thy u c sai li, vi sai li tnh
theo khong cch Hamming u l 1. iu ny c m t trn hnh 1.22. Do vy,
chng ta cha c c s xc nh trng thi tip.
CC
CC
1
C1
1
Khong cch Hamming so
vi dy thu c
1C
11
11

Hnh 1.22

Lu hnh ni b -60-
CC
2
2
3
1
CC
11
11
1C
C1

Hnh 1.23
Ta tip tc phn tch ti bc th hai (hnh 1.23) c th c tt c 4 ng. Ti
y, ta c th nhn thy mt ng 11 - C1 c kh nng hn c.
Tip tc i ti nhnh th 3, c tt c 8 ng, 4 ng c kh nng c ch ra
trn hnh 1.24. ng 11C1C1 c khong cch Hamming so vi dy thu c l 1 .
Mt ng c trin vng th hai l CC11C1 c khong cch Hamming l 2. Nu
cha bng lng vi kt qu ny, ta c th tip tc vi cch thc nh trn phn tch ti
nhnh th 4 tm ra nhnh ng thch hp nht.
CC CC
3
CC
11 11 11
(4)
3
1
2
(4)
(4)
(3)
C1 C1 C1
1C

Hnh 1.24
Vi kt qu phn tch nh trn, t trng thi ban u CC ta rt ra con ng c
kh nng nht l i qua trng thi C1. Vy trng thi tip theo l trng thi C1 v
tng ng vi n l bit thng tin 1 c pht i t u pht.
Cn c vo trng thi mi ca h thng v dy bit thu c, ta li bt u vic
phn tch nh trn xc nh trng thi tip sau.
1.3. Phi ghp Interfacing
1.3.1. Khi nim:
Phn ln cc thit b x l d liu ch c sn trong mnh mt kh nng truyn
d liu hn ch. Chng thng to ra cc d liu s dng n gin, hay gp nht l
NRZ-L hoc bin dng ca n. Cc d liu ny ch c th truyn i vi mt khong
cch gn, bi vy rt t khi chng c ni trc tip vi mi trng truyn. Trng
hp thng gp hn c minh ho trn hnh 1.25. Cc thit b x l d liu nh ta ni
trn, v d nh cc thit b u cui d liu hay my tnh c gi chung l thit b
u cui d liu (Data Terminal Equipment), vit tt l DTE. DTE tham gia vo h

Lu hnh ni b -61-
thng truyn qua thit b trung gian gi l thit b kt cui mch s liu (Data Circuit
terminating Equipment), vit tt l DCE.

Lu hnh ni b -62-
B
thu/pht
d liu s
.
.
.
.
.
B phi
ghp ng
truyn
B phi
ghp ng
truyn
.
.
.
.
.
B
thu/pht
d liu s
Mi trng
truyn dy bit
Cc ng tn hiu
v iu khin

Hnh 1.25

Trn mt hng, DEC m nhim pht hay thu cc bit trn mi trng truyn.
Trn hng kia, DCE bt buc phi phi hp vi DTE. Thng thng iu nyi hi
phi trao i c d liu v thng tin iu khin. Nhim v ny c thc hin bng
mt b ng ni, gi chung l ccmchj trao i. hot ng c, cc thit b phi
hp tc vi nhau mc rt cao. Hai DCE ti hai u phi hiu nhau, v d nh u
thu phi dng chung loi m (AMI, Manchster) nh bn pht. Ngoi ra, mi cp
DTE-DCE phi ghp ni vi nhau nh th no c th tng tc mt cch ng
v hiu qu.
d dng cho cc nh sn xut v ngi s dng, cc chun c thit lp,
quy nh mt cch chnh xc bn cht phi ghp gia DTE v DCE. Cc chun ny
chnh l cc giao thc lp vt l trong m hnh OSI m ta nhc ti trong chng 1.
Cc Interface c 4 c tnh quan trng:
* C kh
* in kh
* Chc nng
* Th tc
Cc c tnh c kh gn vi vic ni ghp vt l c th gia DTE v DCE.
Thng thng, cc dy tn hiu v iu khin c tp trung vo mt cp vi u ni
c hay u ni ci cui. DTE v DCE bt buc phi c kiu u (c hay ci)
ngc vi nhau ti u cui c th ni trc tip vi nhau.
c tnh in lin quan ti mc in p v nh thi im thay i in p. C
DTE v DCE phi dng chung mt loi m (v d NRZ-L), dng cc mc in p nh
nhau m t cng mt th, v phi c cng thi gian tn ti ca tn hiu phn t.
Cc c tnh ny quyt nh tc d liu v khong cch ln nht c th truyn.
c tnh chc nng ni ti cc chc nng cn thc hin bng cch gn ni dung
cho cc mch trao i. Cc chc nng c th chia thnh cc nhm: D liu, iu
khin, nh thi v u t.
c tnh th tc quy nh trnh t cc s kin khi truyn d liu, da trn cc
c tnh chc nng ca giao din. Cc v d tip sau s minh ho iu ny.
C nhiu chun cho giao din. Chng ta s xem xt mt vi chun sau:
* EIA 232
* ISDN Physical Interface
1.3.2. Chun EIA 232D

Lu hnh ni b -63-
RS 232 l chun c dng ph bin rng ri, thng dng ni thit b DTE
vi modem thoi dng trong mng in thoi cng cng analog PSTN. Chun RS 232
c hip hi cng nghip in t M cng b ln u nm 1962, v phng n th 3
can l RS 232 C cng b vo nm 1969. EIA 232 D ra i nm 1987 b sung
thm 3 mch kim tra v ch dng u ni 25 chn so vi RS 232C (Cho php dng
u 9 chn, 15 chn v 25 chn).
c tnh c kh ca EIA 232D quy nh kiu u ni. l u ni 25 chn,
kiu DB-25, trang b ph bin cho cc my PC hin nay. V l thuyt cp 25 dy dng
ni DTE vi DCE, song trong thc t c th c mt vi thay i.
c tnh in quy nh tn hiu s c dng cho tt c cc mch trao i. Tu
thuc vo chc snng mch trao i m mc in p c coi l d liu nh phnhay
tn hiu iu khin. Khi so vi t chung, mc in p nh hn 3V biu din d liu
1 v mc ln hn +3V biu din d liu 0. Tng t, in p nh hn 3V coi l tn
hiu iu khin ng vi trng thi tt (OFF), cn ln hn +3V ng vi trng thi m
(ON).
Bng 1.11 tp hp cc chc nng theo EIA 232. Cc mch trao i c gp
thnh 4 nhm: D liu, iu khin, nh thi v t.
Mi hng u c mch d liu, v th c th t chc hot ng song cng.
Ngoi ra, hai mch d liu th hai c ch cho hot ng bn song cng. Khi bn song
cng, d liu trao i gia hai DTE (thng qua DCE v ng thng tin) ch c th
theo mt hng ti mt thi im. Tuy nhin c th yu cu trao i cc thng ip
iu khin lung ti thit b pht. iu ny c th c thc hin nu dng thng
tin c knh ngc, thng vi tc thp hn nhiu so vi knh chnh. Ti giao din
DTE-DCE, knh ngc vn c thc hin trn cc mch d liu tch bit.
C 14 mch iu khin. Tm mch u trn bng 1.1 lin quan ti truyn d
liu trn knh chnh. Vi truyn khng ng b, ch dng 6 mch (CA, CB, CC, CD,
CE, CF). Vic dng chng c m t phn sau. Hai mch tip theo dng b sung
khi truyn ng b. Mch pht hin cht lng tn hiu s c DCE bt v ON ch
rng cht lng tn hiu ti trn ng thoi l di mt ngng nh trc. Phn ln
cc modem tc cao u c th truyn vi nhiu tc v th khi ny n s chuyn
v tc thp hn. Mch chn tc d liu dng thay i tc . DTE hay DCE
u c kh nng ny. Ba ng iu khin tip sau l tng ng vi knh ngc.
Bng 1.11
Chn/K
hiu
Tn
Hng
ti
Chc nng
Nhm D liu
2/BA TxD: D liu pht DCE D liu to ra bi DTE
3/BB RxD: D liu thu DTE D liu thu bi DTE
14/SBA STxD: D liu pht knh 2 DCE D liu pht bi DTE trn knh
ngc
16/SBB SRxD: D liu thu knh 2 DTE D liu thu bi DTE trn knh
ngc

Lu hnh ni b -64-
Nhm iu khin
4/CA RTS: Yu cu gi DCE DTE mun pht
5/CB CTS: Xo gi DTE DCE sn sng thu, tr li RTS
6/CC DSR: DCE sn sng DTE DCE sn sng lm vic
20/CD DTR: DTE sn sng DCE DTE sn sng lmvic
22/CE RI: Ch th chung DTE Bo: DCE thu c tn hiu
chung trn knh thng tin
8/CF CD: Pht hin tn hiu
ng dy thu c
DTE Ch th rng DCE thu c tn
hiu sng mang
21/CG Pht hin cht lng
ng dy
DTE Bo khi c triu chg c li trong
tn hiu thu
23/CH Chn tc d liu DCE Chn tc cao trong hai tc c
th
23/CI Chn tc d liu DTE Chn tc cao trong hai tc c
th
19/SCA SRTS: Yu cu gi knh 2 DCE DTE mun pht trn knh ngc
13/SCB SCTS: Xo gi knh 2 DTE DCE sn sng thu trn knh ngc
12/SCF SCR: Pht hin tn hiu
ng dy trn knh 2
DTE Ch th rng DCE thu c tn
hiu sng mang trn knh ngc
21/RL Kim tra mch vng t xa DCE Ra lnh cho DCE t xa phn hi tn
hiu mch vng
18/LL Kim tra mch vng ti
ch
DCE Ra lnh cho DCE ti ch phn hi
tn hiu mch vng t DTE
25/TM Ch kim tra th DTE Ch th rng DCE ti ch ang
trong trng thi th
Nhm nh thi
24/DA nh thi tn hiu pht DCE Nhp cho tn hiu: Chuyn t ON
sang OFF ti gia mi tn hiu phn
t
15/DB nh thi tn hiu pht DTE Nhp cho tn hiu: Chuyn t ON
sang OFF ti gia mi tn hiu phn
t
17/DD nh thi tn hiu thu DTE Nhp cho tn hiu: Nh trn cho
mch BB
Nhm t/ v my
7/AB t tn hiu/ Dy chung N/A Chun t chung cho mi mch trao
i
1 V my N/A Dng ni dy v trn hng DTE


Lu hnh ni b -65-
Phn
pht
Phn
thu
DTE DCE
Phn
pht
Phn
thu
DTE DCE ti ch
Phn
pht
Phn
thu
DCE u xa

Hnh 1.26. Cc ch kim tra mch vng
Nhm cui cng ca cc ng iu khin lin quan ti cc php th mch
vng, chng cho php DTE lm cho DCE thc hin th vng.
Trong php th vng ti ch, u ra pht ca modem ni vi u vo thu, ngt
modem khi ng dy. Lung d liu t thit b ngi dng gi ti modem v c
phn hi vng li thit b ngi dng. Vi th mch vng t xa, DCE ti ch c ni
vi ng dy nh bnh thng, vic phn hi c thc hin bng cch ni u ra
pht ca modem t xa vi u vo thu ca n. Trong c hai ch th mch vng,
DCE s bt ON trn mch ch th ch th TEST. iu khin th vng ngc l cng
c tt c lp hng hc.
Ba mch nh thi dng vi truyn tin ng b cung cp cc xung ng
h. Khi DCE gi d liu trn mch BB, n cng gi cc chuyn i 1-0 v 0-1 trn
mch DD, vi thi im chuyn i ng vo trung im ca cc tn hiu phn t trn
BB. Khi DTE gi d liu, c DTE hoc DTE u c th cung cp xung nhp.
Nhm cui cng dng u t v u v my. Mch tn hiu c xem nh
ng tr v ca cc ng tn hiu. Do vic truyn l khng cn bng nn ch c mt
dy l dy tch cc, dy cn li l dy t chung. ng v my dng ni vi v
cp ti hng DTE bo v khi nhiu in t.
c tnh th tc xc nh trnh t dng cc mch trao i tu theo ng dng c
th. Ta xt vi v d minh ho.
Cho ng dnh ring khng ng b, thng c gi l modem khong cch
hn ch, dng ni hai thit b bng lin kt im - im. Modem (DCE) ch cn cc
mch sau:
* t tn hiu (AB)
* D liu pht (BA)
* D liu thu (BB)
* Yu cu gi (CA)
* Xo gi (CB)

Lu hnh ni b -66-
* DCE sn sng (CC)
* Pht hin tn hiu ng dy (CF)
Khi DTE mun gi d liu, n pht RTS. Modem nu sn sng s bo CTS
ch rng d liu c th c pht trn mch BA. Nu trong ch bn song cng th
n cn c tc dng kho mch thu. ng DCE sn sng c bo khi DCE sn sng
lm vic, thng phi c trc khi DTE gi RTS. Cui cng, ng pht tn hiu
ng dy thu ch rng modem t xa ang pht. y khng cn cc mch nh thi
do truyn khng ng b.
Khi dng qua mng in thoi, cn thm hai mch
* DTE sn sng
* Ch th chung
Khi ny modem hot ng theo cch tng t nh dng thoi thng dng. Hnh
1.27 m t cc bc trong ch bn song cng c quay s. Trong v d ny, cuc gi
c tin hnh t mt u cui ti mt my tnh. My tnh khi ny phi c kh nng
thu nhn bng cch t u DTE sn sng (DTR) v ON.

Lu hnh ni b -67-
2
1
3
DTE
Terminal
DCE
modem
Quay s
n phm
Data on
CD on
DTR on
DCR on
RxD
CD off
RTS on
Gi
chm
CTS on
TxD
CTS on
RTS on
CD on
DCR off
t my
DTE
Terminal
DCE
modem
CTS off
RTS off
CD off
DTR on
DTR off
RxD
CTS off
RTS off
TxD
CTS on
RTS on
RI on
DTR on
Digit quay
Tone on
Data tones
Tone off
Data
Tone
Tone off
Ghi ch: : n sng
CD : Carier Detec
CTS : Clear To Send
DCR : DCE Ready
DTR : DTE Ready
: n tt
RI : Ring Indicator
RTS : Request To Send
DxR : Received Data
TxD : Transmitted Data

1: Pha thit lp cuc gi 2: Pha trao i d liu 3: Pha kt thc cuc gi
Hnh 1.27 Hot ng ca EIA-232D
Khi cuc gi ti, bo hiu cho modem bng cc m ON trn ng dy, modem
s bo cho DTE bit bng cch bt ON trn ng RI. Thng thng, computer mun
p ng yu cu ni n bng mt vi thng bo gi no ti u cui. V vy

Lu hnh ni b -68-
trc ht computer t RTS v ON bo cho DCE rng n mun pht. Modem bt
u pht sng mang trn ng thoi v t CTS v ON d bo cho Computer bit
rng c th bt u pht. m sng mang bo cho modem bn kia bit rng d liu
ti. Tu loai modem m modem c th t ng thu hay cn ngi dng n nt thu
mt cch nhn cng. Trong mi trng hp, thit b u cui tip nhn d liu qua
modem cho n khi mt m sng mang. Thit b u cui by gi pht in ca mnh,
bt u bng th tc bt tay RTS, CTS vi modem ca n. Cui cng sau khi mt bn
t my, qu trnh trao i s kt thc.
t tn hiu AB
Ch th chung RI CE
AB
D liu pht BA BA
D liu pht BA BA
RTS CA CA
CTS CB CB
CD CF CF
DSR CC CC
DTR CD CD
CE
nh thi pht DA DA
nh thi thu DD DD

Hnh 1.28. Cch u Null Modem
Mt trng hp c bit song rt hay gp l khi khong cch rt ngn, hai DTE
c th ni trc tip vi nhau. Khi ny vn c th dng RS 232 nhng khong cn
modem. Trng hp ny v vy c tn gi l Null modem, trong ta phi thc hin
u cho, DTE bt k vn tng rng ang c ni vi mt modem. S u ni
c minh ho trn hnh 1.28. Ngowif ta bn sn trn th trng cc cp u cho
dng cho trng hp kh ph bin ny.
1.3.3. u ni vt l cho ISDN
Chun EIA 232 cung cp nhiu chc snng bng cch dng kh nhiu mch
u ni. Mt cch thc tip cn khc l ch cn c mt vi mch song dng nhiu mc
logic hn m t cc chc nng ti giao din DTE v DCE. Cch ny s r hn cng
vi s h gi ngy cng nhiu ca cc phn t logic. Mt v d in hnh l u ni vt
l c quy nh cho ISDN.
Trong phn ny ta cha xem xt v mng ISDN m ch tm dng u ni vt
l gia DTE v DCE trong mng ny. Theo thut ng ISDN gi l u ni gia thit
b u cui TE vi thit b kt cui mng NT.
Bng 1.4

Lu hnh ni b -69-
Chn Thit b u cui TE Thit b kt cui mng NT
1. Gc ngun 3 Nhn ngun 3
2. Gc ngun 3 Nhn ngun 3
3. Pht Thu
4. Thu Pht
5. Thu Pht
6. Pht Thu
7. Nhn nhun 2 Gc ngun 2
8. Nhn ngun 2 Gc ngun 2
Bng 1.4 m t chc nng cc chn ca u cm v gic cm cho u ni vt l
ISDN (ISO 8877). Tng cp c hai chn m bo truyn cn bng theo mi hng.
C kh nng cp ngun qua interface. Hng vic cp ngun ph thuc vo tng ng
dng. Trong cc ng dng ph bin, ngun thng c ly t mng c th, v d
duy tr dch v thoi ngay c khi ngun ti ch ca u cui b hng. C hai kh nng
chuyn ngun t NT ti TE.
* Dng chnh cc chn dng truyn tn hiu s theo 2 hng (Gc ngun 1
v nhn ngun 1).
* Dng cc dy ph thm ti cc chn 1-2 v 7-8.
Hai chn cn li hin khng dng trong cu hnh ISDN song c th c ch trong
cc cu hnh khc. Bi vy, interface ISDN gm 6 chn
Gc
ngun
3
1 1
2 2
Nhn
ngun
1
3
4
3
4
6
5
6
5
Gc
ngun
1
Nhn
ngun
2
7
8
Nhn
ngun
2
7
8
Thu
TE
NT

Hnh 1.29. Cu hnh chun truyn tn hiu v cp ngun trong ch lm vic bnh
thng ca u ni ISDN
Do khng c cc mch chc nng chuyn bit, cc mch thu pht phi mang c
tn hiu d liu v tn hiu iu khin. Thng tin iu khin cng c pht di dng
cc thng ip (Messages) v ghp knh vo cng Interface vi tn hiu bng k thut

Lu hnh ni b -70-
TDM ng b. Loi m c dng l Pseudotenary. Nh phn 0 c biu din bng
xung in p dng hay m mc 750mV 10%, cn nh phn 1 c biu din bng
khng c in p. Tc d liu l 192 kbit/s.

Chng 5:
iu khin lin kt d liu
Chc nng ch yu ca lp lin kt d liu (Data link layer) l iu khin lin
kt d liu (Data link control DLC) qua mt phn h thng thng tin hay mt
ng kt ni. DLC ch tng ng vi vic trao i thng tin gia 2 nt/trm k cnh
trn mt tuyn di. Mt khi d liu t mt nt c pht ti nt k bn v tn hiu
phn hi tch cc ACK tr v nt , th DLC cho vic truyn hon thnh.
DLC m bo cc chc nng ch yu sau:
* ng b (v mt logic, ch khng phi v mt vt l) gia u pht v u
thu thng qua vic dng c hay k t ng b).
* iu khin lung d liu, phng nga vic u gi pht d liu qu nhanh.
* Pht hin v sa cc bit li gia 2 im trn tuyn.
* Duy tr vic theo di trng thi ca tuyn nh phn bit d liu v tn hiu
iu khin, quyt nh vic nhn dng cc trm truyn tin.
Lp lin kt d liu nm ngay trn lp vt l trong m hnh OSI, nhng c lp
vi lp vt l. Bi vy, cc giao thc ca lp lin kt d liu c th c dng trn bt
k mt mi trng vt l thch hp no nh ng v tinh, ng v tuyn, cp ng
trc, cp quang .v.v
Trc khi i vo cc chc nng iu khin, chng ta xem xt cc cu hnh
ng lin kt d liu c dng trong thc t.
2.1. Cu hnh ng lin kt d liu
Cu hnh ng gm 3 c tnh ch yu:
* Topo ng ( hnh ng)
* Tnh n cng song cng
* Quy tc, ni quy ng
Topo ng:
Topo ca mt lin kt d liu cp ti cch thc vt l m cc trm tham gia
vo lin kt. Nu ch c hai trm tham gia vo lin kt, l lin kt im - im. Nu
c nhiu hn hai trm tham gia vo lin kt, ta s c topo a im. Thng thng, mt
lin kt a im ph bin l mt my tnh (trm s cp_ v nhiu thit b u cui
(cc trm th cp). Mt dng phc tp hn ca topo a im l mng ni ht.

Lu hnh ni b -71-
Computer
Cng
Cng
Cng
Modem
Modem
Modem
Modem
Modem
Terminal
Terminal
Modem Terminal Terminal

a. Topo im - im
Computer
Cng Modem
Modem
Terminal
Modem
Terminal
Modem
Terminal
Modem
Terminal

b. Topo im - a im
Hnh 2.1. Cu hnh im - im v im - a im

Trong lin kt a im, ch duy nht mt trm c th c pht ti mt thi
im. Hnh 2.1 ch r u im ca cu hnh a im. Nu mi u cui u c mt
lin kt im - im vi my tnh, my tnh phi c by nhiu cng I/O tng ng, v
cng cn tng ng nh vy s ng truyn tch bit. Ngc li, vi cu hnh a
im, my tnh s r hn v cu trc phn cng do ch cn mt cng I/O, v ng k
hn l ch cn mt ng truyn chung. Hai iu ny lm gim ng k gi thnh.
Tnh n cng song cng
Tnh n cng song cng cp ti c tnh hng v thi gian trao i cc
lung d liu gia hai i tng. Vi vic truyn n cng, lung d liu ch i theo
mt hng. Mt trm ch thu v mt trm ch pht. dng n cng khng c dng
rng ri do trm nhn khng th gi tn hiu iu khin hay bo li ngc li theo
ng kt ni ti ngun d liu. n cng c th v nh cu ch i theo mt chiu.
Lin kt bn song cng c th thu, pht song khng ng thi. Trong lin kt
song cng, c hai trm u c th pht d liu i ng thi thu d liu t trm khc.
Quy tc ng truyn
Cn thit phi c mt s cc quy tc s dng mt lin kt. Trn mt ng
bn song cng, ti mt thi im ch mt trm c th c pht. Vi c ng bn
song cng v hon ton song cng, mt trm ch c th pht khi bit rng trm cn thu
chun b thu n.
Vi lin kt im - im
Vi lin kt im - im, quy tc l kh n gin. Ta gi thit c mt kt ni
bn song cng trong mt trm bt k u c th khi u vic trao di thng tin
nh v d trn hnh 2.2. Nu mt trm mun gi d liu ti trm khc, trc tin n
hi thm (Enquire vit tt l Enq) trm kia xem trm chun b thu cha.
Trm ny tr li (Response - p ng) vi mt phc p tch cc (ACK) ch th
rng n sn sng. Trm u tin by gi s gi d liu di dng cc khung (Frame).

Lu hnh ni b -72-
Trong thng tin khng ng b, d liu c gi nh mt lung khng ng b cc
k t. Trong mi trng hp, sau khi mt vi n v d liu c gi i, trm th
nht s tm ngh ch kt qu. Trm th hai s phn hi vic thu tt d liu (ACK).
Trm th nht s gi thng bo kt thc truyn (End of Transmission EOT). Thng
bo ny s kt thc vic trao i v lm h thng quay tr v v tr ban u.
Mt vi chc nng b sung c cng thm vo hnh 2.2 m bo vic thu
nhn tin khng b sai li. Mt phc p ph nh (NAK) dng bo rng trm khng
sn sng thu hay trong d liu thu c c sai li. Mt trm cng c th b hng
khng p ng c hay trong thng bo p ng b sai li. Cc trng hp trn c
m t bng ng nht trn hnh v, trong cc ng m m t cc hot ng
bnh thng ca h thng thng tin.
Trm 1 sang trm 2
EQR
Thit lp
Trm 2 sang trm 1
khng cho php hay
cha sn sng
NAK
ACK
Frame
ERP
Trao i d liu
NAK
khng cho php hay
cha sn sng
ACK
ERP
EOT
Kt thc

Hnh 2.2
C 3 giai on trong th tc iu khin thng tin trn:
* Thit lp: Giai on ny xc nh trm no pht, trm no thu, v trm thu
chun b thu.
* Trao i d liu: D liu c trao i dng mt hay nhiu khi c phc
p.
* Kt thc: Giai on ny kt thc cuc ni logic (quan h thu- pht).
Ba giai on ny, c th trong mt vi dng khc nhau, hp thnh cc quy tc
ng dy cho c cc lin kt im - im v lin kt a im.
Mt vi ci tin c th c b sung. Quan h nh trao i trn l quan h
ng ng, tc l mt trm bt k u c th khi to vic truyn. Mt trng hp
cng kh ph bin l c trm c coi l trm s cp (Primary) trong khi trm khc

Lu hnh ni b -73-
c coi l trm th cp (Secondary). Trm s cp c trch nhim bt u mi cuc
truyn. Trng hp ny thng gp khi my tnh (trm s cp) ni vi cc u cui
(trm th cp). Hnh 2.2 trn m t trnh t khi trm s cp c d liu mun gi cho
trm th cp. Nu trm th cp c d liu mun gi, n phi ch cho trm s cp yu
cu (Repuest) d liu v ch by gi mi vo giai on trao i d liu.
Nu kt ni l ton song cng, d liu v thng bo iu khin c th pht theo
c hai hng ng thi.
Vi lin kt a im:
Vic chn quy tc cho lin kt a im ph thuc trc ht vo iu c trm s
cp hay khong. Khi c trm s cp, vic trao i thng tin ch xy ra gia trm s cp
v mt trm th cp, ch khng c trao i thng tin gia hai trm th cp. Cc quy
tc chung nht c s dng trong trng hp ny l cc phng n khc nhau ca s
c bit n di tn gi thm d v la chn (Poll and Select).
* Thm d (Poll): Trm s cp yu cu d liu t trm th cp
* La chn (Select): Trm s cp c d liu cn gi v thng tin cho mt trm
th cp rng d liu ang n.
Trong hnh 2.3a. trm s cp yu cu trm th cp gi thng ip, nhng trm
th cp khng c g gi nn gi mt p ng l NAK. Thi gian tng cng l:
T
N
= t
prop
+ t
poll
+ t
proc
+ t
NAK
+ t
prop

Trong :
T
N
: Thi gian tng cng thm d mt u cui song khng c tin g gi.
t
prop
: Thi gian truyn sng
t
poll
: Thi gian pht thng ip thm d poll
t
proc
: Thi gian x l thng ip thm d trc khi gi phc p
t
NAK
: Thi gian pht phc p NAK
Hnh 2.3b m t mt trng hp trm th cp c tin truyn. Khi ny thi
gian ca mt thm d c hiu qu T
p
c tnh:
T
P
= 3 . t
prop
+ t
poll
+ t
ACK
+ t
DATA
+ 2 . t
proc

= T
N
+ t
prop
+ t
DATA
+ t
proc

y, n gin chng ta coi thi gian x l p ng mi thng ip l
nh nhau.
Dng thm d ph bin nht l thm d gi vng, trong trm s cp thm d
mt chc chn lc mi trm th cp theo mt trnh t nh trng. Trong trng hp
n gin nht. Trm s cp thm d mi trm th cp theo th t vng quanh S
1
, S
2
,
, S
n
cho tt c n trm th cp. Thi gian s c tnh:
T
c
= n . T
N
+ k . T
D

y:
T
c
: Thi gian hon thnh mt chu trnh thm d.
T
N
: Thi gian thm d trung bnh mt trm khng k thi gian trao i d liu.
T
D
: Thi gian trao i d liu = t
prop
+ t
DATA
+ t
poc

n: S trm th cp
k: S trm th cp c d liu gi

Lu hnh ni b -74-
C nhiu phng n khc nhau ca thm d vng t chc cc mc u tin
khc nhau, v d thm d mt s trm nhiu hn cc trm khc trong mt chu trnh.
Chc nng la chn (Select) c ch ra trn hnh 2.3c, khi trm s cp c d
liu mun gi cho trm th cp. Cn nhn r rng, phi cn n 4 ln truyn tch bit
truyn d liu t trm s cp cho trm th cp.
Mt k thut khc c gi l la chn nhanh (Fast Select). Trong trng hp
ny (2.3d) mt thng ip la chn s cha lun c d liu cn gi. Phc p u tin
t trm th cp l mt thong ip ACK ch ra rng trm th cp ny sn sng
thu v thu ng d liu ti. K thut la chn nhanh c bit c hiu qu trong cc
ng dng thng pht cc thng ip ngn v thi gian trao i thng ip nh hn
ng k thi gian phc p.
P S
POLL
NAK
P S
POLL
DATA
ACK
P S
SEL
ACK
DATA
ACK
P S
SEL
+
DATA
ACK
a) b) c) d)

Hnh 2.3. Qu trnh POLL v SELECT
(Ghi ch: P trm s cp; S- trm th cp)
T cc biu thc trn, ta c th thy rng tip u trong thm d mi trm c
th lm tng ng k thi gian p ng nu n ln v ng truyn di. Hiu sut khi
ny c ci thin nu dng Hub Polling (hnh 2.4). K thut ny i hi cc trm th
cp cng tham gia tch cc vo qu trnh thm d v yu cu hai ng d liu ng
thi, cc trm th cp u c th thu trn c hai ng ny. H thng hot ng nh
sau: Trm s cp gi mt Poll ti trm th cp xa nht. Trm ny pht d liu cn gi
(nu c) v trm s cp v sau pht Poll ti trm th cp k cnh trn ng dy.
Trm th cp cui cng trn ng dy s gi Poll v trm s cp bo cho trm ny
bit bt u mt chu trnh mi.

Lu hnh ni b -75-
Trm
th cp
Trm
th cp
Trm
th cp
------------
Trm
th cp
ng vo
ng ra

Hnh 2.4 Hup Polling
2.2. iu khin lung
iu khin lung l k thut nhm m bo cho trm thu khng b trn d liu
do trm gi pht d liu nhanh hn tc m trm thu c th tip nhn. Thng
thng, trm thu c b m tm lu gi d liu x l trong mt thi gian nht nh
trc khi xo b n chun b cho thu nhn d liu tip sau. Nu khng c iu khin
lung, d liu mi n qu nhnh s gy trn b m, lm mt d liu.
Nh ta bit trong khi truyn ng b, d liu c truyn bng nhng Frame
lin tip, mi Frame gm d liu v mt s thng tin kim tra, iu khin. n
gin ta gi thit xt iu khin lung trong trng hp khng c li trong khi truyn.
Hn na cc Frame u n ng th t sp xp nh khi gi i.
Phng thc dng v i:
Dng iu khin lung n gin nht l kiu dng v i (Stop and Wait Flow
Control) hot ng nh sau: Trm ngun gi mt Frame. Sau khi thu, trm nhn s
bo v ngun rng n sn sng chp nhn thu Frame tip sau bng cch gi mt phc
p tch cc ACK cho Frame m n thu nhn. Trm ngun phi ch cho n khi
nhn c ACK mi truyn c Frame mi. Trm nhn v th c th ngng lung d
liu, n gin bng cch khng gi phc p v th c th ngng lung d liu, n
gin bng cch khng gi phc p ACK.
Qu trnh ny c th lm vic c ngay c khi gi mt Frame kh di. Song
thng thng, cc thng ip di thng c chia thnh nhiu Frame nh vi nhng
l do sau:
* di Frame cng ln s d gy ra li trong khi truyn, i hi phi truyn
li c khi di . Khi di Frame nh hn, kh nng li s gim i, v nu c sai
li ta cng ch phi truyn li mt khi nh.
* Dung lng ca b nh b hn ch.
* Trn ng a im, khng cho php mt trm chim ng truyn qu lu v
s gy tr ln cho cc trm khc.
Tuy vy, khi chia thng ip thnh nhiu Frame nh , nu thi gian truyn ln
th phng thc dng v i s c hiu sut rt thp.
K hiu a = t
prop
/ t
DATA
l t s gia thi gian truyn sng vi di Frame d
liu, trong :
t
prop
: Thi gian truyn sng
t
DATA
: di Frame d liu

Lu hnh ni b -76-
Hnh 2.5 ch r hiu sut truyn s rt thp khi a ln (t
prop
>>). Trn hnh ny
di mt bn tin s liu t
DATA
c chun ho l 1, t
0
l thi im bt u truyn v
di bn tin phc p ACK coi khng ng k.
t
0
t
0
+1
t
0
+a
t
0
+1+a
t
0
+1+2a
t
0
t
0
+a
t
0
+1
t
0
+a+1
t
0
+1+2a
a. Khi a > 1 b. Khi a < 1

Hnh 2.5 Phng thc dng v i
Phng thc ca s trt (Sliding Window):
Bn cht ca nhc im trn l do ch cho php truyn tng Frame mt. Gii
php l phi cho php truyn nhiu Frame mt lc.
Ta hy xt hai trm A v B lin lc vi nhau qua mt lin kt song cng hon
ton. Ti trm B c b m c th lu gi c n Frame ch khng phi l 1 Frame
nh trng hp trc. Bi vy, B c kh nng nhn lin n Frame v A c quyn pht
n Frame lin tip khng cn phc p ACK. bit c Frame no c phc
p, cc phc p c gn vi mt nhn l s hiu ca Frame tip sau m n mun
nhn. V d, trm A gi cc Frame s 1, 2, 3, 4. Trm B nhn c cc Frame ny
song cha phc p ngay, cho mi ti khi thu xong Frame 4, n mi gi mt phc
p chung l ACK5 vi ngha Ti nhn cc Frame cho ti Frame s 4, ti sn
sng thu tip n Frame tip theo bt u t Frame s 5. Trm A v th c mt danh
sch cc Frame m n c th gi, cn trm B c mt danh sch cc Frame m n c
th thu nhn. Danh sch ny c th hnh dung nh mt ca s c php. Kch thc
ca n c th c thay i iu khin tc truyn trong qu trnh lin lc.
C mt im c bit cn lu , kch thc ca s c biu din bng cc bt
nh phn. Vi k bt, s biu din c cc s t 0 ti 2
k
1, hay ni cch khc, biu
din cc s theo modulo k, ngha l sau s 2
k
1 s quay v s 0. Trong trng hp
ny, biu din cc s trn mt vng trn nh trn hnh 2.6 s tin li hn so vi trn
trc s.

Lu hnh ni b -77-
0
4
3
2
1
7
6
5

Hnh 2.6
Trn hnh 5.6 m t vi k = 3 v trm thu c b m thu c ti a 7
Frame, bt u t Frame th 6 ng vi ng mi tn t nt trn hnh. Vng mu
trng ny tng ng vi ca s cho php ca cc trm.

Lu hnh ni b -78-
0
4
2
1
7
6
5
0
4
2
1
7
6
5
0
4
2
1
7
6
5
0
4
2
1
7
6
5
0
4
2
1
7
6
5
0
4
2
1
7
6
5
0
4
2
1
7
6
5
3
F
0
F
1
F
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
F
3
F
4
F
5
F
6
ACK3
ACK4

Hnh 2.7. iu khin lung theo c ch ca s trt
Hnh 2.7 ch r nguyn tc iu khin lung theo nghi thc ca s trt, vi A
l trm gi, B l trm nhn. Kch thc c s ti a l 7, v ta dng k = 3 bt m t
ca s.
Ban u, A v B u c ca s bt u t 0 ti 6, vi kch thc l 7. A gi 3
Frame ln lt l F0, F1, F2. Ti thi im cha nhn c phc p sau khi gi

Lu hnh ni b -79-
F2, A ch cn quyn gi ti a l 4 Frame tip k t F3. Ca s ca bn B (sau khi
pht ACK3) v ca bn A (sau khi nhn dc ACK3) c quya trt i tng ng.
Trong trng hp sau khi A pht tip F3, F4, F5, F6 m ch nhn c tr li
t B l ACK4, cho php A c pht 7 Frame k t F4. Do khi ny A pht xong
F6, Trm A ch c quyn m ca s pht tip 4 Frame F7 n F2. C ch c
m t y l mt dng iu khin lung. h tr thm, nhiu giao thc cn cho
php B c quyn ngt hn vic pht t A sang B bng cch gi thng ip RNR
(Receive Not Ready), v d RNR5 mang ngha Ti thu cc Frame cho ti Frame
s 4 song ti khng mun thu tip bt k Frame no na.
Hiu sut ca phng php ca s trt ngoi ph thuc vo tham s a (l t s
gia di Frame d liu vi thi gian truyn sng), cn ph thuc r rt vo kch
thc ca s.
2.3. Kim sot li
Kim sot li l c ch pht hin v sa li xy ra trong khi truyn cc Frame,
c mt s trng hp xy ra:
* Mt Frame: Frame do trm A gi song khng ti c trm B. do nhiu tp
hay nhiu nguyn nhn, trm B khng h bit c Frame gi cho mnh.
* Hng Frame: Frame ti c bn B song c sai li.
C ch kim sot li da trn mt s hot ng sau:
* Pht hin li: dng m pht hin li nh m t trong chng 4, ph bin nht
l m CRC.
* Phc p dng ACK: Trm nhn gi tr mt phc p ACK bo rng
thu tt Frame khng b li.
* T pht li sau mt thi gian nh: Trm ngun s t pht li Frame gi
nu khng nhn c phc p sau mt thi gian nh.
* Phc p m NAK (phc p ph nh) v pht li: Trm nhn gi tr li mt
phc p m bo rng pht hin li trong Frame m n nhn c, qua yu
cu trm ngun pht li Frame ny.
C ch ny c gi chung l T ng yu cu pht li ARQ. C 3 phng n
c bn:
* ARQ dng v i
* ARQ ngc li N
* ARQ pht li chn lc
Nguyn tc hot ng ca chng m t trn hnh 5.8, 5.9 v 5.10 trong m t
hng trn trm ngun pht, hng di m t trm nhn.
ARQ dng v i:
ARQ dng v i da trn phng thc iu khin lung dng v i trnh
by phn trc. Trm ngun pht mt khung n sau bt buc phi ch phc p
ACK. Khng c khung d liu no c pht i trc khi trm ngun thu c bn
phc p phn hi t trm nhn.
Khi Frame d liu truyn qua ng truyn b li, my thu s pht hin sai li,
xo khng nhn Frame ny v pht phc p NAK bo cho trm ngn pht li. Do
, trm ngun phi lu mt bn sao ca Frame pht cho ti khi nhn c ACK

Lu hnh ni b -80-
tr li. Nhm phng trng hp u thu khng h nhn c Frame d liu nn khng
pht phc p, hay phc p b li trn ng phn hi, cn phi t mt thi gian
ngng (Timeout) khi qu thi gian ny m cha nhn c tr li, trm ngun s
t pht li Frame gi.
Nu do phc p tr li b sai hng, c th xy ra trng hp u thu nhn p
2 ln cng mt Frame tin. trnh nhm ln, cc Frame c gn nhn lun phin 0
v 1. Cc phc p cng c nhn tng ng: ACK0 (ACK1) bo rng thu tt Frame
nhn 1 (nhn 0) v sn sng thu Frame nhn 0 (nhn 1) tip sau.

0
1
0
ACK1
0
1
ACK0
0
E
NAK
0 0
0 1
ACK1
ACK1
Timeout
Xo Frame trng

Hnh 2.8 ARQ dng v i
u im ca ARQ dng v i l n gin song hiu sut thp nh ta phn
tch trong cc phn trc.
ARQ ngc li n (ARQ Go back n)
Trong k thut ARQ ngc li n, trm ngun pht i chui cc Frame xc nh
bi kch thc ca s trong phng thc iu khin lung theo ca s trt. Khi
khong c sai li, trm nhn s pht tr li cc phc p ACK nh thng l.
0 1 3 4 5 2 3 4 5 2 6 7 0
1 0 E
ACK ACK
NAK
2 3 4 5 6
Li Cc khung b b qua
ACK ACK ACK ACK

Hnh 2.9 ARQ ngc li n
Gi thit trm A l trm gi v trm B l trm nhn. Vi ARQ ngc li N,
khng i hi phi pht ACK cho tng Frame ring l. V d A pht 4 Frame 0, 1, 2,
3. B pht tr li ACK 1 sau khi thu Frame 0, song c th khng cn tr li cho Frame
1 v 2 m sau khi thu Frame 3, n mi pht ACK4 bo thu tt Frame 3 v cc
Frame trc .
Nhng h hng sau c th xy ra:
* Frame truyn b li hay tht lc:

Lu hnh ni b -81-
+ A pht Frame i, B pht hin sai li v thu tt cc Frame ti Frame (i-1). B
pht NAK i bo loi b Frame i. Khi thu c NAK ny, A phi pht li Frame i
v tt c cc Frame pht k t Frame i .
+ Frame i b mt trong khi truyn, B khng thu c Frame i song thu c
Frame (i+1) khng ng th t. B cng pht phc p NAK i.
+ Frame i b mt trong khi truyn v A khng gi tip cc Frame sau. B khng
thu c Frame v khng p tr. Qu thi gian ngng Timeout, A pht li Frame i.
* Sai lc ACK: B thu c Frame i v gi ACK (i+1) song b mt. Do ACK c
tnh tch lu, nn nu cha vt qu thi gian ngng Timeout m A nhn c
ACK cho mt Frame sau th ng nhin Frame i c xc nh l thu tt. Nu
qu thi gian ngng, A pht li Frame i v cc Frame sau .
* Hng NAK: Nu NAK mt, A s i ht thi gian ngng Timeout v pht li
k t Frame tng ng.
ARQ pht li chn lc:
Vi ARQ pht li chn lc, ch c cc Frame sai mi phi pht li nh minh
ho trn hnh 2.10. iu ny lm tng hiu sut do ti thiu vic pht li.
Song ARQ pht li chn lc phc tp hn ng k so vi 2 phng thc trnh
by trc . u thu phi ghi m li cc Frame sau Frame b li cho ti khi Frame
ny c pht li, iu khin chn n vo ng trnh t ca dy. Pha pht cng phc
tp hn ng k, do phi c kh nng pht cc Frame khng theo trnh t nh sn. V
nhng l do trn, ARQ pht li chn lc hin cha thc s c ph bin rng ri.
B li
c my thu ghi
Sp xp li cc
0 1 3 4 5 2 7 0 2
1 0 2 6 E 3 4 5
6

Hnh 2.10 ARQ pht li chn lc
2.4. iu khi khin lin kt d liu dng giao thc HDLC
Giao thc hng bt quan trng nht l giao thc HDLC. (iu khin lin kt s
liu mc cao High Level Data Link Control). Ngoi tnh ph bin, HDLC cn l c
s cho nhiu giao thc quan trng khc c s dng trong vin thng.
Giao thc HDLC a ra mt s cc tu chn ph hp vi mt di rng cc
yu cu ca ngi dng. Chng c th dng c vi cc knh bn song cng hay song
cng, vi cc cu hnh im ti im hay im ti a im, trong c mng chuyn
mch v mng khng chuyn mch.
2.4.1. c tnh
ph hp vi cc ng dng khc nhau, HDLC phn chia ra cc loi trm, loi
cu hnh ng dy v cc ch trao i d liu khc nhau.

Lu hnh ni b -82-
Cc trm HDLC c chia thnh 3 loi:
* Trm s cp: L trm iu khin ng lin kt d liu. Trm ny ng vai
tr nh trm ch v pht cc khung tin (c gi l cc lnh) ti cc trmt h cp trn
knh. N cng thu cc p ng t cc trm th cp trn knh. Trong cc ng a
im, trm s cp c trch nhim duy tr cc phin lm vic (session) tch bit vi
mi trm tham gia vo tuyn kt ni.
* Trm th cp: ng vai tr nh trm t i vi trm s cp. N tr li vi cc
lnh t trm s cp dng cc p ng. N duy tr ch phin lm vic vi trm s cp
v khng c trch nhim g vi ng kt ni. Cc trm th cp khng th thng tin
trc tip vi mi trm th cp khc.
* Trm t hp T hp cc c tnh ca c trm s cp v trm th cp. N pht
ra c lnh v p ng, ng thi thu c lnh v p ng t mt trm t hp khc. Trm
t hp duy tr mt phin lm vic vi mt trm t hp khc.
HDLC a ra 3 phng php cu hnh knh cho vic dng cc trm s cp th
cp v t hp.
* Cu hnh khng cn bng a ra cho mt trm s cp v mt hay nhiu trm
th cp. Cc hnh ny gi l khng cn bng do v th cc trm s cp v th cp l
khng ngang bng nhau.
* Cu hnh i xng hin c s dng rt t. Cu hnh ny a ra i vi 2
trm khng cn bng, c lp, im ti im. Mi trm u c trng thi s cp v
trng thi th cp, v c 2 trng thi ca trm ny l ngc li so vi trm kia. Thm
ch cc trm c c 2 kh nng: S cp v th cp, cc lnh v p ng c ghp knh
li trn knh chung.
* Cu hnh cn bng gm 2 trm t hp
Thut ng cn bng hay khng cn bng y khng c g lin quan ti c
tnh in ca mch.
Khi cc trm trao i d liu, chng thc hin thng tin theo 1 trong 3 ch
sau:
* Ch d p ng bnh thng NRM i hi trm th cp phi nhn c phiu
cho php t trm s cp trc khi pht. Sau khi nhn c cho php, trm th cp c
th pht 1 hay nhiu khung cha d liu. Sau khung cui cng, trm th cp bt buc
phi c li phiu cho php trc khi pht.
* Ch p ng khng ng b ARM cho php trm th cp c th khi u
vic truyn m khng cn c phiu cho php ca trm s cp ARM c th gim c
tip u v trm th cp khng cn thit on thm d gi d liu.
Tuy nhin, trm th cp lm vic trong ch ARM ch c th pht khi n pht
hin c knh ri trong ch bn song cng. Trm s cp m trch nhim v nh
hi phc sai li, thit lp v ngt kt ni.
* Ch cn bng khng ng b ABM dng cho cc trm t hp.
Ch p ng bnh thng NRM thng dng cho cc ng a im. Trm
s cp iu khin kt ni nh dng thm d ti cc trm thuc quyn ARM, ABM
dng cho ng im ni im do n khng cn tip u v khng b gi chm do
thm d.

Lu hnh ni b -83-
2.4.2. Cu trc khung
Trong giao thc hng bit, cu trc khung c chun ho vic trao i
thng tin d liu, lnh v phc p. Cu trc khung ca HDCL ch ra trn hnh 2.11.
C chim mt Octet. Trng a ch v trng iu khin c th l 1 hay 2 Octet.
di ca trng d liu thay i, ti thiu l 0. Bn tin c bo v bng m iu khin
li CRC gm 2 (hoc 4) octet. Thi gian gia cc ln truyn ca cc khung thc t
trn knh c gi l thi gian lp y gia khung. Thi gian lp y ny c thc
hin bng cc truyn lin tc cc c gia cc khung.
HDLC nh ngha 3 loi khung:
- Khung thng tin khung I: Dng d pht d liu ti ngi dng. Ngoi ra,
cndng trao i thng tin iu khin lung, kim sot li khi dng c ch ARQ
km ngay trn khung thng tin. N cng cn dng thc hin mt vi chc nng c
th khc nh lnh thm d.
- Khung iu khin khung S: Thc hin cc chc nng iu khin thc
hin ARQ khng km theo khung thng tin nh phc p cc khung, yu cu pht li
cc khung, yu cu ngng lp tc vic truyn cc khung vic dng thc t khung S
ph thuc vo cc ch kt ni (NRM, ABM hay ARM).
- Khung khng s khung U: Dng cho cc mc ch iu khin ph Khung
U dng cho khi to kt ni, ngt kt ni v cc chc nng iu khin khc. Khung
dng 5 bit UN to lnh, bi vy cho php 32 lnh hay p ng khc nhau.
Hnh 2.11 m t dng khung thng tin. Trong cc khung S v nhiu khung U
khng c trng d liu.
8
bit
8 hay16
bit
8 bit
n x 8 bit
32 hay16
bit
8 bit
KhungHDLC
Khi d liu
C
Trng
a ch
Trng
iu khin
Trng thng tin
(d liu)
Trng
kim tra
li CRC
C

Hnh 2.11 Cu trc khung HDLC (khung thng tin I)
C chim mt Octet, c mu bit l 011111110. C ng ng thi l c m cho
khung tip sau. duy tr ng b, c vn s c pht khi knh trng thi khng
tch cc. Nh gii thch trc, u pht dng k thut chn bt (chn bit 0) vo
sau nm s 1 lin tip lm cho khng th c lnhn nm s 1 lin tip trong lung d
liu pht gia cc c. u thu s t ng loi b cc bt chn thm ny. Ngoi ra, dy
s bt 1 di cn dng thng bo mt s tn hiu c bit nu s di on logic 1
l ln hn 7 song nh hn 15 s c u thu hiu nh tn hiu b qua (abort), cn

Lu hnh ni b -84-
khi c di on logic 1 ln hn 15 c xem nh tnhiu ch rng knh ang ri
(treo).
Nh vy, vic chn bit cho php d liu truyn c dng btk, m bo tnh
trong sut. Chn bit cng m bo cho cc chuyn i t 0 sang 1 v ngc li sy ra
thng xuyn, gip cho d dng ng b cc mch thu v mt vt l.
Trng a ch:
Trng a ch dng xc nh hai trm trong th tc iu khin. Mi trm
c km theo mt a ch duy nht. Ni dung trng a ch tu thuc vo loi trm
(trm s cp hay th cp) v cu hnh knh. Trong cc cu hnh khng cn bng, ch
cn xc nh trm th cp v th trng a ch trong c khung lnh v khung dp ng
u cha a ch ca trm th cp. Trong cu hnh cn bng, khung lnh cha a ch
trm ch v khung p ng cha a ch trm gi.
Trng a ch thng dng 1 octet (8bit) song c th m rng ra nhiu octet
m t cc a ch di. Khi ny, bt cp thp nht trong mi octet s ly gi tr l 0 hay
1, tu thuc vo c l octet cui cng trong trng a ch hay cha nh m t trn
hnh 2.12.
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
0 1
8xn

Hnh 2.12. Trng i ch m rng
Trng iu khin
Trng iu khin chim 1 hay 2 octet, dng xc nh chc nng ca khung
v thc hin iu khin logic vic trao i, thng tin gia trm nhn v trm gi.
Tng ng vi 3 loi khung, trng ny c 3 dng ch ra trn hnh 5.13 cc bit u
tin trong trng iu khin xc nh loi khung tng ng.
Trong ton b cc khung c bit P/F (thm d/kt thc Poll/Final). Bit ny c
th nhn gi tr 0 hay 1. Gi tr 0 c ngha l trng thy ca 2 i tng tham gia lin
lc trn on tuyn l khng thay i. Ngc li gi tr 1 ca bit P/F ngha l quyn
c pht s c i t trm pht sang cho trm thu.
0
N(S) P/F N(R)
0
SC P/F N(R)
N(s) P/F N(R)
1
1 1
Khung thng tin (I)
Khung gim st (II)
Khung thng s (U)

Hnh 2.13 Cu trc trng iu khin
v d, ta gi s c 2 trm A v B. Trm A ang pht v gi mt khung ti B
c bit P/F nhn gi tr 1. Nh vy, n chuyn quyn c pht v cho B. Nu B c 5
khung gi ti A, th 4 khung u c bit P/F t l 0, v ch c khung sau cng c
bit P/F t l 1. Sau khi gi khung sau cng ny, quyn c pht li tr li cho A.
Cng thm vo vic dng bit P/F, khung I cn thng xuyn c 2 s dy N(S)
v N(R), c gi tr t 0 ti 7 (t 0 ti 127 trong ch m rng). Cc gi tr ny tng

Lu hnh ni b -85-
tng nc theo chu trnh, sau 7 li v gi tr 0. N(S) dng nhn dng khung pht cn
N(R) dng nhn dng khung thu.
hiu cc s ny chuyn vn nh th no, ta xt gi thit mt ng song
cng A-B v chng ta ng v tr A. Khi ta gi mt khung, chng ta tng s N(S)
ca n ln 1. Theo cch ny, mi khung c tng ng mt s N(S). Nu khng xy ra
li bit do cc tc ng thng ging hng hc trn ng truyn, chng ta s thu c
s N(R) v s ny ni ln rng ton b cc on tin vi s nh hn s N(R) u
c B thu v tip nhn.
R rng rng N(S) v N(R) khng c trm nhau do iu kin ny s gy nn
vic trng lp nhn dng. Trong thc t, i hi N(S) N(R) phi vt qu mt gi
tr W c th < 8, gi l gi tr ca s. Gi tr ca s ni cho ta bit s cc ic c
khung c th gi m cha c khng nh l tip nhn.
V d, ta gi thit W = 5, N(S)
A
= 1, N(R)
A
= 1 v N(S)
B
= 5 v N(R)
B
= 5. Hin
trm A c quyn ni v ch lm vic l NRM.
A gi 4 khung tin I vi trng iu khin nh sau:
00010101 0, N
A
(S) = 1, 0, N(R)
B
= 5
00100101 0, N(S)
A
= 2, 0, N(R)
B
= 5
00110101 0, N(S)
A
= 3, 0, N(R)
B
= 5
01001101 0, N(S)
A
= 4, 1, N(R)
B
=5
A gi lin 4 khung, iu ny l c php v gi tr cc i l 5, khung tin cui
cng t P/F = 1, v bi vy quyn c ni by gi chuyn v cho B. Khi ny, B
chun b mt tin pht cho A (vi trng a ch ca bn thn n v y l 1 p ng)
v gi i vi trng iu khin nh sau:
01011101 0, N(S)
B
= 5, 1, N(R)
A
= 5
Trong p ng ny B dng s N(S) ca mnh, v gi N(R) = 5 phc p rng
ton b cc khung tin do A gi t trc cho ti khung tin s 4 (k c khung s 4)
c tip nhn. S khung A gi m cha phc p by gi c gim ti 0, A c
quyn c ni v c th gi tip ti a ti 5 on tin na (= gi tr ca s cc i).
V d ny trnh by hot ng lung trao i thng tin khi ch lm vic l
NRM. S nh s trn hng truyn A-B v B-A lm vic mt cch t ng v
khng ph thuc vo hng kia. Trong v d trn, sau khi on tin c gi v
nhn, cc tr s s l N(S)
A
= 5, N(R)
A
= 5 , N(S)
B
= 6, N(R)
B
= 6
Khung S khng cha s N(S). Bi v, n khng th dng gi thng tin v
di ca trng d liu l 0. Tuy nhin, n cha s N(R) v c th dng phc p
cc khung thu c.
SC trong hnh 5.12 c th c cc gi tr sau:
SC = 0 0 RR Recejver Ready u thu sn sng
SC = 0 1 REJ Rejeet Loi b
SC = 1 0 RNR Recejver Not Ready u thu khng sn sng
SC = 1 1 SREJ Selective Rejeet Loi b chn lc


Lu hnh ni b -86-
Thng bo RR c dng nh mt tr li m, dng trong trng hp khng
c g c bit phi trao i. iu ny thng gp trong h thng im - a im khi
thm d. RNR dng ni rng, u thu khng sn sng tip nhn d liu.
V d nh thit b ng sau u cui d liu khng c u ni ng v
khng sn sng nhn bt c d liu no. REJ v SREJ c dng trong h thng
ARQ yu cu pht li khung tng ng vi ARQ go-back-N v ARQ pht li chn
lc.
Khung U khng cha cc s N(S) v N(R) v khng dng gi thng tin (theo
ngha thng thng) hoc phc p cc khung thu nhn. Khung U dng trao i
cc lnh iu khin ph.
Bng 2.1 Ch ra cc lnh v cc p ng trong giao thc HDLC

Bng 2.1. Cc lnh v p ng trong HDLC
Tn
Lnh
/p
ng
M t
Khung thng tin (I) C/R Trao i d liu ngi dng
Khung iu khin (S)
Recejver Ready RR C/R
Phc p ACK dng, u thu sn
sng thu khung I
Rejeet REJ C/R
Phc p m NAK, dng cho ARQ
go back N
Recejver Not Ready RNR C/R
Phc p ACK dng, u thu
khng sn sng thu khung I
Selective Rejeet SREJ C/R
Phc p m NAK, dng cho ARQ
pht li chn lc
Khung khng s (U)
t ch p ng bnh
thng/m rng SNRM/SNRME
C
t ch NRM bnh thng hay
m rng
t ch p ng khng ng
b/m rng SARM/SARME
C
t ch ARM bnh thng hay
m rng
t ch cn bng khng ng
b/m rng SABM.SABME
C
t ch ABM bnh thng hay
m rng
t ch khi to SIM C
Khi to chc nng iu khin lin
kt vi trm c a ch tng ng
Ngt Disconnect (DISC) C Kt thc cuc ni lin keets logic
Phc p dng khng s
Unnumbered ACK UA
R Phc p nhn lnh t ch
Ch Disconnect DM C Kt thc cuc ni lin kt logic
Yu cu Disconnect RD R Yu cu lnh Disconnect
Yu cu ch khi to RIM R
Yu cu khi to, cn thit cho
lnh SIM

Lu hnh ni b -87-
Unnumbered Information UI C/R
Dng trao i thng tin iu
khin
Unnumbered Poll UP C
Dng trao i thng tin iu
khin
Reset (RSET) C
Dng hi phc, RESET cc s
N(S), N(R)
Nhn din trao i XID C/R
Dng yu cu/bo co trng
thi
Th TEST C/R
Dng trao i trng thng tin
nhn dng cho th TEST
Loi b Frame R Bo rng thu c Frame li

Cc ch m rng c th dng trng iu khin c di l 2 Octet. y
ta khng i su vo chi tit, song iu ny cho php N(S) v N(R) c th nhn cc gi
tr trong di 0 127, lm tng ng k gi tr ca s trong nhng trng hp cn thit.
Trng thng tin
Trng thng tin ch c trong khung I v i khi c trong khung U. D liu
truyn trong trng dng bt k, trong sut i vi ngi dng. di trng c
th thay i, song phi l s nguyn ln ca octet.
Trng kim tra li
Trng kim tra li cha 2 hay 4 octet, dng kim tra, pht hin li sau khi
truyn ca khi d liu (tc bao gm ton b cc bit trong khung khng k cc bt c).
M kim tra thng dng l 16-bit CRC CCITT nh gii thiu trong chng
trc. Cng c th dng CRC 32 tng cng kh nng pht hin li khi di
khung di. Khi ny, di ca trng l 4 octet.
2.4.3. Hot ng
Hot ng ca HDLC l qu trnh trao i cc khung I, khung S v khung U
gia 2 trm. Qu trnh trao i c chia lm 3 giai on: thit lp, trao i v kt
thc.
Giai on thit lp
Yu cu thit lp c th c thc hin bi trm ny hay trm kia khi dng 1
trong 6 lnh t ch (xem bng 5.1) cc lnh ny nhm:
* Bo hiu cho trm i bit l yu cu thit lp.
* Yu cu t 1 trong 3 ch : NRM, ABM hay ARM
* Chn biu din s dy bng 3 hay 7 bit (m rng hay khng m rng).
Sau khi trm i chp nhn yu cu, khi HDLC ti trm ny s pht khung
phc p khng s UA ti trm yu cu. Cn nu trm i khng chp nhn yu cu
thit lp, n s gi khung t ch ngt DM.
Giai on trao i d liu:
Sau khi yu cu thit lp c chp nhn, mt cuc ni logic s c thit
lp. C hai trm c th bt u gi d liu trong cc khung I, bt u vi s dy l 0.
Trng N(S) v N(R) cha s dy pht v thu h tr hot ng iu khin lung v
iu khin li. Cc modul HDLC s gi cc khung I vi s dy tng dn theo modul 8

Lu hnh ni b -88-
hay 128 v t s dy ny vo N(S). cn N(R) l phc p v cc khung I c
trm i thu nhn, n ch ra s dy ca khung I c ch i thu tip sau.
Khung S dng iu khin lung v iu khin li nh ta phn tch trn.
Giai on kt thc:
Modul HDLC bt k u c th ch ng kt thc cuc ni, hoc do c li hay
do yu cu ca cc lp cao hn. HDLC thc hin kt thc bng cch gi khung ngt
DISC. Hng i phi khng nh tip nhn yu cu ny bng vic gi tr khung
UA.
Trn hnh 2.13 m t mt vi v d v hot ng ca HDLC trong cc giai on.
N(R)
N(S)
I, 0, 0
I, 0, 0
I, 0, 1
I, 2, 1
I, 1, 3
I, 3, 2
I,2,4
I,3 , 4
RR, 4
I,3,0
I, 4, 0
REJ, 4
I, 5, 0
SABM
SABM
UA
DISC
T
i
m
e
o
u
t
UA
I, 4, 0
I, 6, 0
.
.
.

a. Thit lp v ngt b. Trao i d liu 2 chiu c. Dng ARQ
Hnh 2.13 V d v hot ng HDLC


Lu hnh ni b -89-
Chng 6:
m hnh 7 lp osi
Nh d trnh by trong chng 1, tng 3 nm 1977 t chc tiu chun ho quc t
ISO bt u nghin cu xy dng mt khung chun v kin trc mng. Tng 4 nm
1984, m hnh OSI ra i, c gi l m hnh kt ni cc h thng m (open Systems
Interconnection model). Mt s thnh vin tham gia sng lp v pht trin OSI k
vng m hnh ny s tr thnh giao thc mng duy nht v mi ng dng u phi
tun th OSI. Thc t khng din ra nh vy. Cc giao thc mng khc nh TCP/IP,
Netwarevn c ng dng rng ri. Tuy th, vic tm hiu OSI l rt cn thit, khi
n c xem nh l m hnh tham chiu nghin cu cc giao thc khc trong mng
vin thng.
2.1. M hnh OSI.
2.1.1. Nguyn tc xy dng:
M hnh OSI c xy dng theo nguyn tc phn lp. Trong mi h thng
thnh phn c xem nh gm nhiu lp, vi cu trc lp (s lng lp, chc nng
mi lp) nh nhau. Mi lp c xy dng trn lp di ca n, chc nng chnh ca
mi lp l cung cp cc dch v cho lp cao hn. Vi kin trc phn lp, mt mng
phc tp c phn chia thnh nhiu lp nh hn qun l c.
ISO c s dng cc nguyn tc ch yu sau khi xy dng m hnh:
1. Khng to ra qu nhiu lp lm cho vic m t h thng v hp nht cc lp tr
nn kh khn khng cn thit.
2. Chn ranh gii gia cc lp sao cho vic m t cc dch v c n gin v ti
thiu ho cc tng tc qua chng.
3. Phn chia cc lp sao cho cc chc nng khc nhau c tch bit v cc lp s
dng cc cng ngh khc nhau cng c tch bit.
4. Tp hp cc chc nng tng t vo mt lp.
5. Chn ranh gii gia cc lp theo kinh nghim chng t thnh cng.
6. Thit k cc lp sao cho khi p dng cc thnh tu cng ngh mi (phn cng,
phn mm, cu trc h thng) khng lm thay i cc dch v cung cp cho
hay nhn c t cc lp k cnh.
7. To ranh gii gia cc lp c tnh n s ph hp ca chng vi nhng giao
din c chun ho.
8. to ra lp khi d liu cn x l mt cch khc bit (nh hnh thI, c php,
ngha).
9. S thay i v chc nng hay giao thc ch gii hn trong mt lp v khng nh
hng ti lp khc.
10. Mi lp ch giao tip vi lp trn v lp di k n.
11. i vi cc lp con trong vng mt lp cng p dng nguyn tc tng t.
12. To lp con trong mt lp khi cn c dch v thng tin khc bit.
13. Tao, nu cn, 2 hoc nhiu lp con tuy c im chung nhau song gim thiu
c chc nng giao tip vi cc lp k.
14. Cho php b qua cc lp con.

Lu hnh ni b -90-
Kt qu, m hnh lin kt gia cc h thng m OSI ra i, gn 7 lp c m t
trn hnh 2.1.
Mi lp cung cp mt hay nhiu dch v. Lp c mt hay nhiu thc th (Entity),
l cc khi chuyn dng trong lp. V d lp c th nn d liu, thc th m mt, thc
th ghp knhMt lp c th phan chia thnh cc cu trc logic nh hn gi l lp
con. Cc thc th cng c trong lp con.

Trong mt h thng, mt lp ch c quan h vi lp trn v lp di k n. Tng
tc gia cc lp k c thc hin thng qua vic gi cc nguyn hm nh m t trn
hnh 6.2. Gia hai h thng ni vi nhau ch c quan h gia cc lp ng mc. Trong
duy nht lp thp nht mi c lin kt vt l, cn cc lp cao hn ch c lin
kt logic hay cn gi l lin kt o. Nh vy d liu khng c truyn trc tip t lp
th i ca h thng ny sang lp th i ca h thng khc tr i vi lp vt l.
Cc nguyn hm ny l:
Yu cu Request: Nguyn hm do ngi ding dch v a ra, ding i
hi mt chc nng.
Ch th Indication: Nguyn hm do ni cung cp dch v a ra, ding i
hi mt chc nng hay ch th rng chc nng yu cu trc c thc
hin.
p ng Response: Nguyn hm do ngi ding dch v a ra, ding hon
thnh mt chc nng trc c yu cu bi ch th.
Xc nhn Confirm: Nguyn hm do ni cung cp dch v a ra, ding
hon thnh mt chc nng trc c i hi bi yu cu.

Lu hnh ni b -91-

2.1.2. Chc nng cc lp trong m hnh OSI:
* Lp vt l:
Lp vt l lin quan t giao din (Interface) gia cc thit b v quy tc chuyn
vn cc bt t thit b ny ti thit b khc. Lp vt l gm 4 c tnh quan trng:
- C kh.
- in kh.
- Chc nng.
- Giao thc.
V d v cc chun trong lp ny l EIA 232, EIA 530.
* Lp lin kt s liu:
Trong lp vt l cung cp dch v ch vi lung bt, lp lin kt s liu lm cho
ng lin kt vt l tr nn tin cy hn v cung cp cc phng tin kch hot,
duy tr v gii phng mt lin kt. Cc dch v c tnh nguyn l do lp lin kt s
liu cung cp cho lp cao hn l pht hin v iu khin sai li. Bi vy, vi mi mt
giao thc lp lin kt s liu c chc nng y , lp cao hn ngay sau n c th coi
rng vic truyn trn lin kt l hon ton khng c sai li. Song thng thng hai h
thng khng c ni trc tip vi nhau bng mt lin kt n, m gm nhiu lin kt
s liu c lp vi nhau v chc nng. Bi vy, cc lp cao hn vn c trch nhim
iu khin sai li.
HDLC, ADCCP v LAP-B l cc chun v d ca lp ny.
*Lp mng:
Dch v c bn ca lp mng l m bo truyn ti d liu mt cch trong suet
gia cc n v truyn ti. N gii phng lp truyn ti khi cn bit v vic truyn d
liu v cng ngh chuyn mch ding ni h thng. Dch v mng tng ng vi
vic thit lp, duy tr v kt thc cuc ni qua cc phng tin thng tin.
V d in hnh v chun ca lp ny l chun lp 3 ca X25.
* Lp truyn ti:
Lp
(N+1)
Lp
(N+1)
Lp N Lp N
SAP SAP
Xc nhn Ch th
Yu cu
im truy
nhp dch
v SAP
Ni cung
ng dch v
Giao din
interface
Ngi dng
dch v
H thng B H thngA
Hnh 2.2

Lu hnh ni b -92-
Lp 4 v cc lp cao hn ca m hnh OSI c gi chung l cc lp trn. Cc
giao thc ti lp ny l u cui ti u cui v khng quan tm ti chi tit ca cc
tin ch thng tin lp di.
Mc ch ca lp truyn ti l cung cp mt c ch tin cy cho trao i d liu
gia cc qu trnh x l trong cc h thng khc nhau. Lp truyn ti m bo rng:
cc khi d liu s c gi n khng sai li, ng theo trnh t, khng b mt hay
trng p. Lp truyn ti cng quan tm ti vn s dng ti u cc dch v mng
v cung cp cc cht lng dch v yu cu ti cc n v phin.
Kch thc v phc tp ca cc giao thc truyn ti ph thuc vo loi dch v
m n nhn c t lp 3. Vi lp 3 tin cy v c kh nng mch o, lp 4 ch yu cu
ti thiu. Song vi lp 3 thiu tin cy v hay ch cung cp lc d liu th cc giao
thc lp 4 cn phi pht hin v hi phc sai li rt mnh. ph hp OSI nh
ngha 5 loi giao thc truyn ti tng ng vi cc dch v lp di khc nhau.
Phng n phc tp nht l phi hp cng cc chun giao thc truyn ti khc nh
giao thc iu khin truyn TCP.

* Lp phin:
Lp phin cung cp c ch iu khin vic i thoi gia cc ng dng.
Lp phin nh ngha cch khi u, iu khin v kt thc mt cuc hi thoi
hay cn gi l mt phin (sesion) lin lc. Ngoi ra, n cn c th cung cp cc dch
v sau:
Loi i thoi: hai ng ng thi, hai ng lun phin hay mt ng.
Hi phc: Lp c th cung cp c cu kim tra im, nh vy nu xy ra hang
mt vi sp xp gia cc im kim tra, cc n v phin c th pht li ton b
d liu t im kim tra cui cng.
* Lp trnh by:
Lp trnh by quan tm ti c php ca d liu c trao i gia cc n v ng
dng. Mc ch ca n l giI quyt s khc nhau trong dng v trnh by d liu.
* Lp ng dng:
Lp ng dng cung cp cc phng tin cc qu trnh ng dng xm nhp vo
mi trng OSI. Lp ny gm cc chc nng qun l v cc c cu hu ch h tr
cho cc ng dng phn b.
Cc giao thc truyn File v th in t l cc v d v giao thc ca lp ny.
2.1.3. Tng tc gia cc lp trong m hnh OSI:
Hnh 2.3 m t qu trnh tng tc gia cc lp trong m hnh OSI:
Tng tc gia cc lp k cnh ti cng mt h thng u cui.
Tng tc gia hai lp ng mc tai hai h thng u cui khc nhau.


Lu hnh ni b -93-

D liu c thit lp bi mt vi ng dng no ti h thng A. V d nh mt
th in t Email c ngi ding g vo. Mi lp s thm vo mt tip u (Header)
v chuyn chng xung lp d, nhm i hi lp di phI thc hin mt s dch v
cho lp trn. thc hin dch v ny, lp di li cng thm mt s thng tin vo
tip u hay tip v (Trainer). V d nh khi nhn c d liu t lp truyn ti chuyn
xung, lp mng s cng thm mt tip u cha a ch ch gi tin c th gi i
n h thng khc.
Ton b cc byte k c tip u v tip v ca lp N c gi l khi d liu giao
thc (protocol dt unit - PDU) lp N. i vi mt lp, cc tip u ca lp cao hn v
d liu ngi dng hp thnh trng d liu hay trng thng tin.
PDU lp 2 (bao gm c tip u d liu v tip v) c gi l khung (Frame).
PDU lp 3 c gi l gi (packet) hay I khi cn gi l lu (Datagram). PDU lp
4 c gi l mt segment.
Nh vy, sau khi ng dng to nn d liu, cc phng tin phn cng v phn
mm ca mi lp s thc hin nhim v ca mnh bng cch b xung tip u tip v
thch hp. Qu trnh ny c gi l ng gi (bc 1 hnh 2.3). Cui cng lp vt l
s chuyn d liu vo ng truyn vt l (bc 2).
ng dng
Trnh by
Phin

Truyn ti
Mng

Lin kt
d liu
Vt l
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data link
Physical
ng lin lc
3 2
1
4
F A C
N H
H T
H
H
S
P
A B
D liu
Cc bit d liu
D liu
D liu
D liu
D liu
D liu
Hnh 2.3

Lu hnh ni b -94-
Ti u thu, h thng B sau khi thu (bc 3) s thc hin tho gi, x l cc thng
tin trong tip u tip v v chuyn d liu ln lp trn. Mi tn bn phi hnh v m
t qutnh x l t di ln trn (bc 4) theo tng lp ca th tc.
Thng thng chng gm c:
1. Lp vt l (lp 1) m bo ng b bt v t dy bit vo b m. Sau khi gii
m tn hiu ti thnh lung bt, lp 1 thng bo cho lp 2 bit thu c mt
Frame.
2. Lp lin kt d liu xem xt trng kim tra ca Frame (FCS) c trong tip v
pht hin c sai li hay khng. Nu c sai li th frame b loi b (cps giao
thc s cho php phc hi li, c giao thc khng). a ch lin kt d liu c
xem xt u B quyt nh x l d liu tip theo u. Phn d liu nm
gia tip u v tip v ca lp 2 c a ti lp 3.
3. lp 3 xem xt a ch ch lp mng, nu ng l a ch ca u B (a ch
logic), qu trnh c tip tc, phn d liu nm sau tip u c a vo phn
mm lp 4, dng thc hin dch v gi u cui ti u cui.
4. Nu tu chn phc hi li cho lp 4 c ding, cc mu d liu c nhn dng
(da vo thng tin nm trong tip du ca lp 4) v phc p (hi phc li). Sau
khi phc hi li v sp xp d liu ng trnh t, d liu tip tc c a ti
lp phin.
5. Lp phin m bo vic truyn mt dy cc thng ip. V d, tip u ca lp
5 gm c mt trng bo rng ang gia lung, cha phi l kt thc ca
lung trong mt phin (iu khin phin). Sauk hi lp phin chc chn rng
ton b lung tin c thc hin, n chuyn d liu nm sau tip u ca lp
5 cho phn mm x l thuc lp 6.
6. Lp trnh by (lp 6) nh r v x l dng d liu. V d trng hp thng tin
trong tip u ch r d liu l dng nh phn ch khng phI l k t, khi
u thu s khng bin i d liu theo bng m ASCII ngm nh. Thng
thng, tip u mang thng tin ny ch c trong lung khi to u tin m
khng km theo sut trong c dy thng ip pht. Sau khi dng d liu c
chuyn i, phn d liu ca lp 6 s tip tc ti phn mm ca lp 7.
7. Lp ng dng x l tip u cui cng v xem xt s ng n ca d liu
ngi ding, bo hiu s tham gia vo cc tham s iu hnh bi cc ng dng
ca u A v u B. Tip u ding bo hiu cc tr s cho ton b cc tham
s v vy thng thng ch c gi v thu ti thi im bt u ca ng dng.
V d nh kch thc mn, mu, k t c bit, kch thc b m v cc tham
s khc cho m phng u cui u c trong tip u ny (cc tham s ng
dng).

M t trn cng ch r, lp N ca h thng ny phi tng tc vi lp N ca h
thng ni vi n thc hin hiu qu chc nng ca mnh. V d, lp 4 gi d liu,
song nu i phng khng phc p v d liu m n thu c, th bn pht cng
khng c thng tin g thc hin chc nng hi phc li. Thng tin cn thit cc
lp ng mc trn hai h thng khc nhau c m ho v t trong tip u v tip

Lu hnh ni b -95-
v. Ti h thng thu, phn mm hay phn cng ca lp N s c v hiu cc tip u
tip v ny, qua bit cch x l lp N th no thc hin bt tay trong tng trng
hp.

Hnh 2.4 a ra mt v dn minh ho cho quan nim tng tc gia cc lp ng
mc, trong Host A thng tin vi Host B thng qua mt Router 1 ng vai tr nh
mt nt mng trung gian. Lp ng dng ca Host A thng tin vi lp ng dng ca
Host B. Tng t, cc lp truyn ti, phin v trnh by trn Host A cng tng tc vi
cc lp ng mc trn Host B. ba lp di cng ca m hnh OSI ch dng truyn
d liu. Cc lp vt l, lin kt d liu, mng ca Host A lin lc vi Router 1 v
ngc li. Router 1 lin lc vi cc lp vt l, lin kt d liu, mng ca Host B.
2.2. Vi nt v b giao thc TCP/IP.
Hai kin trc giao thc c dng lm c s pht trin cc chun kt ni trong
thng tin l OSI v TCP/IP. Trong khi OSI c xem nh mt m hnh chun phn
loi cc chc nng thng tin, th TCP/IP l kin trc mng tng tc c ng dng
rng ri nht trong nhng nm gn y. TCP/IP gn lin vi Internet v s pht trin
ca Internet mang li li th khng nh cho TCP/IP so vi OSI.
TCP/IP xut pht t quan nim cho rng: thng tin l mt cng vic qu phc tp
v a dng c th thc hin c bng mt khi n. V th, cn phi chia thnh
ng dng
Trnh by
Phin

Truyn ti
Mng

Lin kt
d liu
Vt l
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data link
Physical
Network
Data link
Physical
HOSTA HOST B
Router 1
Hnh 2.4

Lu hnh ni b -96-
nhng modul hay nhng n v (Entity) c th trao i vi nhng n v ng ng
ca h thng khc. Mi Entity trong h thng s cung cp dch v cho cc Entity khc
v bn thn n cng s dng dch v ca cc Entity khc. Thc tin thit k cho thy
rng, cc Entity cn phi c cu trc modul v phn cp.
Tuy TCP/IP khng a ra mt m hnh chnh thc, song ta c th phn thnh 5
lp sau:
Lp ng dng: Cung cp thng tin gia cc qu trnh hay cc ng dng ti cc
Host tch bit.
Lp Host-to-Host hay lp truyn ti: Cung cp dch v truyn ti d liu u
cui ti u cui. Lp ny bao gm c c ch m bo truyn tin cy.
Lp Internet: Quan tm ti vic truyn d liu t ngun ti ch qua mt hay
nhiu mng c ni vi nhau bng router.
Lp truy nhp mng: Quan tm ti giao din logic gia mt h thng u cui
v mng.
Lp vt l: nh ngha cc c tnh ca mi trng truyn, tc tn hiu v s
m ho tn hiu.

Hnh 2.5 m t TCP/IP ng thi so snh vi OSI. C s tng thch gia cc lp
ca hai m hnh. Chnh v th, tuy IP r rng l lp th 2 ca TCP/IP, song ngi ta
vn quen gi chung n l giao thc lp 3 khi xt ti s tng quan k trn.
OSI
TCP/IP
Hnh 2.5 TCP/IP v OSI

ng dng

Trnh by

Phin

Truyn ti

Mng

Lin kt
d liu

Vt l

Lp ng dng

Lp truyn ti
TCP

Lp internet/
IP

Lp giao din
mng

Lu hnh ni b -97-

Hnh 2.6 cho ta thy cch thm tip u v tip v trong TCP/IP. Mt s giao
thc trong b TCP/IP c gii thiu trn hnh 2.7. Khc vi OSI, khng phI mi ng
dng u phi ln lt i qua c 7 lp.
Hnh 2.6 Tip u v tip v trong TCP/IP

Lp giao din mng
Lp internt

Lp truyn ti TCP
Lp ng dng
LH IP TC
P
DAT
A
LT
TC
P
DAT
A
IP
DAT
A
TC
P
DAT
A
Segmen

Packet

Frame


Lu hnh ni b -98-

TCP
BG
P
FTP HTTP SMTP TELNET SNM
P
UD
P
MIM
IP
ICM OSP
BGP = Border Gateway Protocol
FTP= File Transfer Protocol
HTTP=Hypertxt Transfer Protocol
SMTP= Simple Mail Transfer
Protocol
SNMP=Simple Network Management
Protocol
MIME=Multi Purpose Internet Mail
Extension
TCP= Transmission Control
Protocol
IP = Internet Protocol
UDP= Use Datagram Protocol

ICMP=Internet Control Message
Protocol
OSPF=Open Shortest Path Fisht
Hnh 2.7 Mt vi giao thc trong b TCP/IP

Giao Trinh So Lieu

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Giao Trinh So Lieu

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thien731987@gmail.

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