Turbomachinery Lecture Notes

2007-09-06

Turbine Design Parameters

Damian Vogt Course MJ2429

Nomenclature
Symbol c h r u w Denotation Absolute velocity Enthalpy Mass flow rate Radius Tangential velocity Relative velocity Absolute flow angle Relative flow angle Rotational speed Normalized absolute velocity C = c u Normalized relative velocity W = w u Normalized tangential velocity U = u u = 1 Unit m/s J/kg kg/s m m/s m/s deg deg rad/s -

& m

C W U

Subscripts 0 1 2 3 n r x Total Inlet stator Outlet stator (inlet rotor) Outlet rotor Normal Radial component Axial component Tangential component

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Turbomachinery Lecture Notes

2007-09-06

Turbine Stage Denotations and Conventions

stator rotor

1 Stage denotations 1 2 3 stator inlet rotor inlet rotor outlet

Reference radius

Stage velocity triangles

20 10

stator

rotor w3 u
30

u c3

c1

10

20

20

w2

30

10

10

u c2

20

30

Velocity triangles denotations and conventions

Relative flow angle Relative velocity

neg

, neg
x pos

Origin

Axial velocity component (absolute and relative) cx=wx

Axial direction

, pos pos
Absolute flow angle

w Relative circumferential velocity component

c Absolute velocity u

c Absolute circumferential velocity component

Circumferential speed

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Turbomachinery Lecture Notes

2007-09-06

Stage Velocity Triangles

The stage velocity triangles are commonly employed as graphical measure to represent averaged kinetics of the flow at a reference radial position throughout the stage. Usually one of the following reference radial positions is used: Mean radius
r +r rm = h s 2

Eq. 1

Euler radius ( radius that splits the annular cross section in half)
rE = rh 2 + rs 2 2

Eq. 2

The absolute frame of reference is bound to the stator and is therefore non-rotating. The relative frame of reference is bound to the rotor and rotates with the circumferential speed of the rotor u at the reference radius obtained from

u = rref

Eq. 3

The relation between the velocities in the absolute frame of reference (denoted absolute velocities) and the ones in the relative frame of reference (respectively denoted relative velocities) is the following
wx = c x w = c u

Eq. 4 Eq. 5

where cx and c are the axial and circumferential components of the respective velocity as follows
c 2 = c x 2 + c 2 w = w x + w
2 2 2

Eq. 6 Eq. 7

The flow angles are defined as

c tan = cx w tan = wx

Eq. 8 Eq. 9

Note: The relative velocity is the velocity that an observer sees while sitting on the rotor The rotor blades thus see the relative flow velocities The direction of the absolute flow velocity at stator outlet corresponds approximately to the stator blade metal angle at the trailing edge The direction of the relative flow velocity at rotor outlet corresponds approximately to the rotor blade metal angle at the trailing edge

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Turbomachinery Lecture Notes

2007-09-06

First Design Parameter: Degree of Reaction

The degree of reaction relates the change in enthalpy effectuated in the rotor to the change in enthalpy of the stage as follows

R=

hrotor hstage

Eq. 10

, which can be rewritten as

R=

h2 h3 hrotor hrotor = = h stage hstator + hrotor h1 h2 + h2 h3

Eq. 11

The change in enthalpies in stator and rotor respectively are related to the velocities as follows In the stator the stagnation enthalpy h0 = h +
c 2 c 2 h1 + 1 = h2 + 2 2 2

c2 is constant, thus 2
Eq. 12

leading to
h1 h2 = 1 2 c 2 c1 2 2

Eq. 13

In the rotor the rothalpy I = h +

w2 u 2 is constant, thus 2 2
Eq. 14

w 2 u 2 w 2 u 2 h2 + 2 2 = h3 + 3 3 2 2 2 2

leading to
h2 h3 = 1 w3 2 w2 2 u 3 2 + u 2 2 2

Eq. 15

Substituting these expressions into the equation of stage reaction above leads to the following general expression

R=

w3 2 w2 2 u 3 2 + u 2 2 c 2 2 c1 2 + w3 2 w2 2 u 3 2 + u 2 2

Eq. 16

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Turbomachinery Lecture Notes

2007-09-06

For a normal repetition stage with the following restrictions

r r c1 = c 3 c x,1 = c x, 2 = c x,3 = const u 2 = u3

Eq. 17 Eq. 18 Eq. 19

the expression of the degree of reaction can further be simplified. Firstly it can be noted that the circumferential speed u cancels out. Secondly the velocities shall be written in terms of their components as c 2 = c x 2 + c 2 and w 2 = w x 2 + w 2 respectively. This yields the following expression
R= w ,3 2 w ,2 2 c ,2 2 c ,1 2 + w ,3 2 w ,2 2

Eq. 20

The relative velocity components in the denominator shall be expressed by the absolute velocity components as w = c u leading to

R=

w ,3 2 w ,2 2 c ,2 2 c ,1 2 + c ,3 2 2c ,3 u + u 2 c ,2 2 + 2c ,2 u u 2

Eq. 21

After canceling out elements the expression can be rewritten as

R=

w ,32 w ,2 2 2u c ,2 c ,3

)
( )(

Eq. 22

At this stage the enumerator shall be expressed as w ,3 2 w ,2 2 = w ,3 w ,2 w ,3 + w ,2 . The absolute velocity components in the denominator shall be expressed in terms of relative velocities as c = w + u leading to

R=

(w ,3 w ,2 ) (w ,3 + w ,2 ) 2u (w ,2 + u2 w ,3 u3 )
in the denominator and the relative

Eq. 23 components

Both the circumferential speeds w ,3 w , 2 cancel out finally yielding

R= 1 w ,3 + w , 2 2u

Eq. 24

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Turbomachinery Lecture Notes

2007-09-06

At this position a more intimate analysis of the degree of reaction is appropriate. For this purpose the relative circumferential velocity component at position 2 shall be expressed in the absolute frame of reference as w = c u yielding
R= 1 1 1 w ,3 + c , 2 u = w ,3 + c , 2 2u 2 2u

Eq. 25

c By expressing the circumferential velocity components in terms of flow angles as tan = the cx following expression is obtained for the degree of reaction
R= 1 cx (tan 3 + tan 2 ) 2 2u

Eq. 26

In the above equation the degree of reaction is expressed in terms of axial velocity component, circumferential speed and stator and rotor outflow angles respectively, which are approximately equal to blade metal angles at trailing edge. According to the convention of velocity components depicted above flow angle 3 is negative whilst flow angle 2 is positive. This leads to the following observations

An increase in flow angle 2 leads to a decrease in degree of reaction ( 2 R ), i.e. the contribution of enthalpy change in the stator to the total change in enthalpy in the stage gets larger An increase in flow angle 3 leads to an increase in degree of reaction ( 3 R ), i.e. the contribution of enthalpy change in the rotor to the total change in enthalpy in the stage gets larger For turbine stages the degree reaction usually lies in the range [01]

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Turbomachinery Lecture Notes

2007-09-06

Second Design Parameter: Loading Factor

The loading factor relates the change in total enthalpy effectuated in the stage to the rotational speed as follows

h0 u2

Eq. 27

Under application of Eulers turbine equation the change in enthalpy can be expressed as h0 = u 2 c , 2 u 3 c ,3 leading to

u 2 c , 2 u 3 c ,3 u2

Eq. 28

For a normal repetition stage with the following restrictions

r r c1 = c 3 c x,1 = c x, 2 = c x,3 = const u 2 = u3

Eq. 29 Eq. 30 Eq. 31

the expression of the loading factor can further be simplified to

c ,2 c ,3 u

Eq. 32

Expressing the absolute flow velocities in the relative frame of reference as c = w + u the loading factor can be expressed as

w ,2 w ,3 u

Eq. 33

An equivalent expression can be obtained by substituting the relative velocity component at position 2 in the absolute frame of reference as c = w + u yielding

= 1 +

c ,2 w ,3 u

Eq. 34

, which also can be expressed in terms of flow angles 2 and 3 as follows

= 1 +

cx (tan 2 tan 3 ) u

Eq. 35

According to the convention of velocity components depicted above flow angle 3 is negative whilst flow angle 2 is positive. This leads to the following observations:

Increase in flow angles 2 and 3 lead to increase in loading factor ( 2 , 3 ) To obtain a loading factor smaller than one tan 3 must be greater than tan 2

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2007-09-06

Third Design Parameter: Flow Coefficient

The flow coefficient relate the axial velocity component to the circumferential speed as follows

cx u

Eq. 36

The only observation to make for this coefficient is that the higher the axial velocity in the stage the higher the flow coefficient. As can be recognized below the flow coefficient stretches the velocity triangles in the axial direction.

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Turbomachinery Lecture Notes

2007-09-06

The Normalized Velocity Triangle

At this position the normalized velocity triangle shall be introduced. The normalization consists therein that all velocity components are depicted with reference to the outlet circumferential velocity u3. The normalized velocity components are denoted by the respective capital letters and yield from
C= W= c u3 w u3 u u3

Eq. 37 Eq. 38

U=

Eq. 39

The special case of a normal repetition stage shall be regarded here for the sake of simplicity. The applied principle is however valid for all types of turbine stages. Conveniently the velocity triangle is drawn with a common origin for stator and rotor outlet. As a normal repetition stage with the condition c x,1 = c x,2 = c x,3 = const is considered the height of the triangle corresponds to C x =
cx = , i.e. the flow coefficient. u

C2 W2 C3

W3

U=1

U=1

W ,3 + W ,2 2

Note:

The height of the velocity triangle corresponds to the flow coefficient The loading coefficient corresponds to the circumferential distance between C2 and C3. In the case of a repetition stage this equals to the circumferential distance between W2 and W3. The degree of reaction equals to the distance between axial and half the midpoint between W2 and W3.

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Turbomachinery Lecture Notes

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2007-09-06

Special Cases
The special cases are here analyzed for the case of normal repetition stage. Similar analysis can be performed in a general manner for other types of stages. Degree of Reaction equal to Zero (R=0; Action Turbine) The expression of the degree of reaction yields the following
R=0=
1 w ,3 + w , 2 w , 2 = w ,3 2u

Eq. 40

Substituting this expression into the equation of loading coefficient yields

=
Velocity triangle

w ,2 w ,3 u

2 w , 2 u

2 c ,2 1 u

Eq. 41

C2 W2 C3

W3

U=1

U=1

W ,3 + W ,2 2

Note:

As w ,2 = w ,3 and normal stage it follows that w2 = w3 and consequently hrotor = 0 . The change in enthalpy in an action stage is thus entirely due to change in enthalpy in the stator. The forces acting on the rotor are action forces, as the fluid is not accelerated through the rotor. This leads to the denotation of action stage The rotor only effectuates deflection of the fluid but not expansion as 2 = 3 As the fluid is not expanded throughout the rotor the pressure up- and downstream of the rotor is (practically) unchanged. In reality a minimum pressure drop is necessary due to losses to drive the fluid, thus p 3 p 2 As a consequence there is little axial force on the rotor in an action turbine

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2007-09-06

Degree of Reaction equal to one half (R=0.5; Reaction Turbine) The expression of the degree of reaction yields the following
R=
1 1 = w ,3 + w , 2 w , 2 + u = w ,3 2 2u

Eq. 42

, which is equivalent to c ,2 = w ,3 Substituting this expression into the equation of loading coefficient yields

=
Velocity triangle

w ,2 w ,3 u

2 w , 2 u

+1 =

2c ,2 u

Eq. 43

C2 W2 C3

W3

U=1

U=1

W ,3 + W ,2 2

Note:

As c ,2 = w ,3 and normal stage it follows that c 2 = w3 and with the assumption of repetition stage ( c1 = c 3 ) consequently hrotor = h stator . The change in enthalpy in a reaction stage is thus equally split on stator and rotor. The forces acting on the rotor are partially action and partially reaction forces, as the fluid is accelerated through the rotor. This leads to the denotation of reaction stage Both stator and rotor effectuate expansion of the fluid and thus p 2 < p1 and p 3 < p 2 As a consequence there is a considerable axial force on the rotor in a reaction turbine. In most cases this force is too large to be submitted to an axial bearing and thus must be compensated for. Possible compensations are appropriate arrangement of components such as to cancel out axial forces or application of a thrust compensation devices (e.g. piston), see further below

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2007-09-06

Zero Exit Swirl (c,3=0) With c ,3 = 0 = w ,3 + u w ,3 = u the degree of reaction writes to

R=

1 1 w ,2 w ,3 + w ,2 = 2u 2 2u

Eq. 44

The loading coefficient yields from

w ,2 w ,3 u

w ,2 u

+1

Eq. 45

Combining the two expressions leads after reformulation to a relationship between degree of reaction and loading coefficient as follows

= 2 (1 R)
Velocity triangle

Eq. 46

C2 W2 C3

W3

U=1

U=1

W ,3 + W ,2 2

Note:

The flow exists the stage purely axial, i.e. there is no swirl at stage exit For a zero exit swirl stage the degree of reaction and the loading factor are dependent Example for a zero exit swirl stage are for example last stages of jet engines thrust maximized when jet flow purely axial

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