1

Faradays Law of Induction

3.1

Waveguides
*

Mutual Inductance: M12 I2 = 1

Self-Inductance: LI =
Magnetic Energy: U = 12 LI 2

Ek
B
*

E(x, y, z, t)
*
B(x, y, z, t)

Magnetic Energy Density: dU = 21 (B H)d

Maxwells Equations
*

E
*
B
*
E
*
B

=
/0
=
0
*
=
B/t
*
*
= 0 J + 0 0 E/t
*

D
*
B
*
E
*
H

=
=
=
=
*

P
*
P n

*
D
*
M
*
M n

*
H

=
=
=
=

0
0

=
=

= E0 (x, y)ei(kzt)
*
= B0 (x, y)ei(kzt)

Ez
i
(/c)2 k2 (k x
Ez
i
(/c)2 k2 (k y
Bz
i
(/c)2 k2 (k x
Bz
i
(/c)2 k2 (k y
2
2

[ x
2 + y 2 + c2
2
2

[ x
2 + y 2 + c2
*

z
+ B
y )
Bz
x )
z
c2 E
y )
Ez
+ c2 x )

k 2 ]Ez
k 2 ]Bz

TEM waves: E = E = 0
TE Waves, a b pipe, a b:

f
0
*
B/t
*
*
0 Jf + D/t

Bz
k

b
b
*
*
0 E + P
*
Jb
*
Kb
*
*
B/0 M

=
=
=

Ex
Ey
Bx
By

= 0
= 0

mn
v

=
=
=

vg

B
p0 cos(mx/a) cos(nx/b)
(/c)2 2 [(m/a)2 + (n/b)2 ]
p
1
2
2 mn
c p
c (m/a)2 + (n/b)2
c

2
p1(mn /)
c 1 (mn /)2

TEM waves, coaxial cable, 0 < a < b:

*

E(s, , z, t)
*
E(s, , z, t)

A cos(kzt)
s
s
A cos(kzt)

cs

=
=

For LIH:
*

P
*
M
*
D
*
H

=
=
=
=

e E
*
m H
*
E
*
B/
0 (1 + e )
0
*

4.1

Plane
Waves

=
=
=
=

2 E2
B2
*
k
E2
*
k
1 B2

Normal Incidence:
E0R
E0T

Electromagnetic
2

LIH Insulators
1 E1
B1
*
k
E1
*
k
2 B1

Poynting Vector: S = (E B)/

R * *
*
Momentum: P = (E B)d
Energy Density: dU = 12 (E 2 + B 2 /)d
Intensity: I=hSi

Reflection and Refraction of

EM Waves

=
=
=

1
1+ E0I
2
1+ E0I
1 v1
2 v2

For v1 /v2 ,
E0R
E0T
R
T

2
tE
2

Wave Equation: E =

Velocity: v = 1/
p
p
Index of Refraction: n = /0 0 /0
1

=
=
=
=

v2 v1
v2 +v1 E0I
2v2
v2 +v1 E0I
2 2
( nn11 n
+n2 )
4n1 n2
(n1 +n2 )2

Oblique Incidence:

Magnetic Dipole Radiation:

I
n1 sin I

=
=

m
*
E
*
B
*
S
*
hSi
hP i

R
n2 sin T

P-polarized:

E0R
E0T
R
T

cos T / cos I
=
+ E0I
2
E0I
= +
2
= ( + )
2
= ( +
)2

Special Relativity

Brewster Angle:
sin2 B
tan B

m0 cos(t)
z
0 m0 2 sin

=
4c
r cos[(t r/c)]
2
m0 sin

= 04c
2
r cos[(t r/c)]
0 m0 2 sin
2
= c [ 4c r cos([t r/c])] r
0 p20 4 sin2

= 32
2 c3
r2 r
0 p20 4
= 12c3

=
0
0

1 2
(n1 /n2 )2 2

n2 /n1

0 0
0 0

1 0
0 1

0
0

A = (V /c, A)
*
J = (c, J)
F A A

Radiation

Retarded Potetials:
tr t r/c
R (*
r 0 ,tr )
1
V (r, t) = 4
d 0
r
0 *
*0
R
*
*
J(r ,tr )
0
A(r, t) = 4
d 0
r

Lienard-Wiechert Potentials, Radiation:

*

w(t)
|r w(tr )|
*
r
*
v
*
a
*
u
*
V (r, t) =
*

A(r, t) =
*
E =
*

where 

v 2 )u + r (u a)]
*

=
=

0 q 2 a2 sin2
r
16 2 c
r2
0 q 2 a2
6c

Electric Dipole Radiation:

*

p
E
*
B
*
S
*
hSi
hP i
*

Ey /c
Bz
0
Bx

A = o J

B = r/c E
*
* *
S = 10 c [E 2 r (r E)E]
*
*
*
*
q
r
Erad = 4
** [r (u a)]
0 (ru)3
Srad
P

Ex /c
0
Bz
By

Ez /c
By

Bx
0

Lorenz Gauge: A = 0
Under Lorenz Gauge, Maxwells equations become

position of q at t
c(t tr )
*
*
r w(tr )
*
r)
w(t
*
v(tt )
*
cr v
qc
1
*
40 rc*
rv
*
*
v
c2 V (r, t)
q
r
2
* [(c
40 (*
ru)3

0
Ex /c
=
Ey /c
Ez /c

p0 cos(t)
z
0 p0 2 sin

= 4
r cos[(t r/c)]
0 p0 2 sin
= 4c r cos[(t r/c)]
2
= c0 [ p04 sinr cos([t r/c])]2 r
0 p20 4 sin2
= 32

2c
r2 r
0 p20 4
=
12c
2