Gas Dynamics Course Note

Numerical Methods for Compressible Fluid Mechanics
1. Introduction
NUMERICAL METHODS FOR COMPRESSIBLE FLOWS
Elizabeth Mickaily-Huber, Dominique Charbonnier, Jan B. Vos

course@cfse.ch
CFS Engineering, PSEPSE-A, CHCH-1015 Lausanne
CFS Engineering

1. Introduction
The course lecturers
Dr. Elizabeth Mickaily Huber
Dr. Dominique Charbonnier
Dr. Jan B. Vos
CFS Engineering

1. Introduction
Contents todays lecture
Some words on who we are An example of studies we make Outline of the course Preparation of next weeks lecture
CFS Engineering

1. Introduction
Practical details
Please switch off your mobile phones
Course notes (polycopies) are the ones prepared by Dr. Alain Drotz + copies of the powerpoint presentations on the website of LIN Please interrupt me to ask questions if something is not clear. Questions to me can be asked in English, French, German and Dutch Exercises: two of the course days are reserved for exercises in a computer room Exam: orally, on the last day we will explain how the exam will be done
I have the habit to speak rapidly, please let me know if I go to fast !
CFS Engineering

1. Introduction
Who I am
Some words about myself

Studied Aerospace Engineering at Delft University in the Netherlands, specialization Theoretical Aerodynamics. Master degree in 1982 on the development of a 1D CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) code for Magneto Hydrodynamic Flow simulations PhD in 1987 at the Delft University of Technology, topic Combustion in Solid Fuel Ramjets (development of a 2D CFD code with combustion) Worked at EPFL from 1987 to 1999, mainly on the development of 3D CFD codes for Aerospace Applications Founded CFS Engineering in 1999 and continued to work on the use and development of CFD codes A large experience in developing and using CFD codes for a wide variety of applications
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1. Introduction
who we are: CFS Engineering
CFS Engineering (Computational Fluids & Structures) is a spin-off company created in 1999 and located at the Business park of EPFL (cole Polytechnique Fdrale de Lausanne) The major shareholder of CFS Engineering is RUAG Aerospace
Mission of CFS Engineering To offer services in the numerical simulation of Fluid Mechanics and Structural Mechanics problems
CFS Engineering

1. Introduction
CFS Engineering
CFS Engineering what do we do

Computational Fluid Dynamic simulations using the NSMB CFD code Grid generation for fluid mechanics problems Post-processing and analysis of the results Coupled fluid dynamics-structural mechanics simulations using NSMB Adaptation of the NSMB code for specific applications
CFS Engineering

1. Introduction
CFS Engineering
CFS Engineering available tools

Ansys ICEM CFD Tetra, Prism and Hexa for mesh generation Baspl++ and Paraview for visualization B2000 for structural mechanics simulations NSMB in house CFD code Cluster of 10 Linux dual core PCs for computing Several Linux PC workstations (organized in a cluster too)
CFS Engineering

1. Introduction
CFS Engineering: NSMB code
CFS Engineering: NSMB CFD code (1)

The NSMB code was initially developed at EPFL in 1991. From 1994 to 2003 it was further developed in the so called NSMB project, composed of KTH (Stockholm), SAAB Military Aircraft (Linkoping), CERFACS (Toulouse), Airbus France (Toulouse) and EPFL (Lausanne). Today NSMB is further developed in a consortium composed of RUAG Aerospace (Emmen), IMFT (Toulouse), IMFS (Strassbourg), TU Munchen, Univ. of the Army (Munchen), ASTRIUM-ST (Les Mureaux), EPFL, ETHZ and CFS Engineering. NSMB offers all functionalities which can be expected from a modern CFD tool used in the Aerospace industry (turbulence modeling, numerical schemes, moving grids, flexibility for complex geometries).
CFS Engineering

1. Introduction
CFS Engineering: NSMB code (2)

CFS Engineering maintains the NSMB code, and is responsible for the parallelization of NSMB. CFS Engineering is working with PhD Students at EPFL and ETHZ to extend the code with new turbulence and physical models. CFS Engineering is working with SMR SA in Bienne to extend NSMB for the simulation of coupled engineering problems (fluid-heat transfer, fluidstructure).
CFS Engineering
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1. Introduction
CFS Engineering: NSMB code (3)

NSMB has been used by Airbus-France in the design of aircraft (Airbus A330, A340, A380, A400M). NSMB is used by ASTRIUM-ST for flows over missiles and re-entry vehicles (including CFD simulations over the Rafale Fighter Aircraft) NSMB is used by IMFT in Toulouse to flows over oscillating airfoils and wings, etc. NSMB is used by KTH in Stockholm for unsteady simulations over delta wings. NSMB is used by CFS Engineering and RUAG Aerospace to simulate the flow over the FA-18 fighter, the flow over UAVs, the flow in base bleed units, supersonic air intake flows, flows in nozzles, flows over re-entry vehicles, etc.
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1. Introduction
CFD: Introduction
Some figures (1)

Question: a numerical simulation that took 24 hours, 365 days in 1980 took how much time in 2005 ?? 1 second (a factor 32 million). EPFL bought in 1989 a Cray 2 computer for more than 10 Million CHF. Todays PCs cost less than 1000 CHF and deliver more computing power (a factor 10000 in price). CFS Engineering: first PC cluster (1999) costed 20000 CHF (6 PCs, 3GB total memory), last PC cluster (2008) costed 10000 CHF (10 dual core PCs, 40 GB total memory) and is about 100 times faster.
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1. Introduction
CFD: Introduction
Some figures (2)

Over the last 20 years, large investments were made in developing CFD codes: Improvement of numerical methods including parallel computing Improvement of physical modeling (turbulence, transition, ..) The cost reduction of computing power, combined with more efficient numerical schemes has lead to an increase of use of CFD in industry, since it is cheaper and faster than experimental testing, and provides better understanding of the physics.
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1. Introduction
CFD: Example of application
An example of an application studied at CFS Engineering
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1. Introduction
Example of Application: FA-18 Fighter

Motivations to discuss this example: Is concerned with CFD for compressible flows Shows an example of the use of CFD in industry Contains elements to future simulation environments
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1. Introduction
FA-18 studies
RUAG Aerospace and CFS Engineering performed CFD simulations from 2001 to 2007 on the FA-18 fighter. 2001: Compare CFD with Wind tunnel experiments. 2002: Extract Aerodynamic loads from CFD and compare with the Boeing Loads data base 2003: Sensitivity analysis different aircraft configurations 2004: Develop tool for static wing deformation 2005: New grid, study influence LEX fence, unsteady CFD for loads 2006: Dynamic Fluid Structure Interaction, influence SIWA fins on loads 2007: Study of Vertical Tail Buffeting
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1. Introduction
Components FAFA-18 Fighter CFD model 2005

VTAIL aft fuselage HSTAB center fuselage
TEF forward fuselage SIWA OLEF wing root wing fold

CFS Engineering
ILEF
LEX
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1. Introduction
Grid Generation FAFA-18
Different aircraft configurations Grid
with and without weapons or fuel tanks various control surfaces deflections
generated by ICEM CFD Hexa contains ~ 14.0 Million grid points contains around 3000 blocks Replay files for control surface deflections and components addition or removal
To permit loads calculation on each aircraft component, CAD surface families Mesh topology
CFS Engineering
each aircraft component = single CAD surface family faces of a block = single CAD surface family
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1. Introduction
Cut on wing
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1. Introduction
Comparison CFD and Experiments, Mach=0.5
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1. Introduction
Flow Features
Streamlines
Mach = 0.95
Mach number contours

symmetry plan, Mach = 0.95 Shock wave canopy and fuselage near vertical fin
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1. Introduction
Aerodynamic Load Studies for the FAFA-18 fighter

The US Navy executed in the 1980s a flight test program with an instrumented FA-18 fighter yielding the so called F4 Flight Test Data Base. Boeing used this data base to define different load cases for the Swiss FA-18 fleet, this is the Boeing Loads data base. These data bases are incomplete for the conditions and usage of the Swiss FA-18 fighter (Swiss usage of the FA-18 fighter is three times more severe). A Full Scale Fatigue Test (FSFT) facility was build at RUAG. CFD is used to provide the aerodynamic loads for different configurations (flap deflections, with/without fuel tanks), and flight conditions to complement the available load data bases.
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1. Introduction
Full Scale Fatigue Test rig at RUAG Aerospace
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1. Introduction
CFD Boeing - and Flight data base correlation
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1. Introduction
Conclusions Aerodynamic Loads Studies

CFD Flight load data base correlation: Much better than CFD Boeing load data base Computed aerodynamic loads in good agreement with measured loads in particular for AoA < 10 At AoA > 10: buffet, wing deformation, flow separation, unsteady effects become important CFD data makes more sense than Boeing loads data base, in particular on aft fuselage and horizontal stabilizer
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1. Introduction
Wing deformation Tool Chain (1/4)

CFD NSMB calculation
Transfer CFD loads to CSM loads using FSCON
Transfer CSM grid deformation into CFD surface mesh displacement using FSCON
Fluid solution
CSM calculation
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1. Introduction

Red points are the CSM grid nodes
CSM calculation
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1. Introduction

Structural deformation
CSM calculation
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1. Introduction

Remeshing and CFD NSMB calculation
deformed
undeformed Adaptation of the mesh
CSM calculation
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1. Introduction
Wing deformation pressure on wing of FAFA-18 Fighter
undeformed wing
deformed wing
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1. Introduction
Static Deformation Wing elastic axis
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1. Introduction
FAFA-18 Unsteady flow simulations

Objective: How: Assess the influence of unsteady aerodynamic effects on the aerodynamic loads
Unsteady simulations using NSMB Dual time stepping approach Detached Eddy Simulation (DES) for the turbulence
Strategy:
Result of steady calculation used as initial solution Assume flow symmetric 0.5 seconds real time simulated Computing time in the order of 3 weeks (2005) Pressure and skin friction saved each time step Complete solution every 20 steps Amount of data generated in the order of 350 Gbyte per case
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1. Introduction
FAFA-18 Unsteady flow simulations
Mean value
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1. Introduction
Dynamic Fluid Structure Interaction (FSI)

Ingredients for dynamic Fluid Structure Interaction: - Unsteady CFD solver with ALE formulation - FSI transfer tool - CSM solver (modal integration) - Volume mesh deformation tool
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1. Introduction
AGARD 445.6 Wing

The AGARD 445.6 wing was has a 45o quarter chord sweep, and a constant NACA64A004 symmetric profile Measurements were made in the NASA Langley Transonic wind tunnel in 1963 to determine stability characteristics Most published results are available for the so-called weakened wing in air For FSI calculations, four modes are considered, 2 bending modes and 4 torsional modes
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1. Introduction
AGARD 445.6 Wing

Mode 1 Mode 2
Mode 3
Mode 4
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1. Introduction
AGARD 445.6 Wing

CFD Parameters: Mach Rho_inf P_inf Flutter index = = = = 0.95 0.061 kg/m3 3500/4600/7000 Pa 0.27/0.31/0.37
For this case the flutter boundary has a flutter index of 0.32. Tests were made using different grid densities, different outer time steps, different time integration scheme, different values of the structural damping, different values of inner loop convergence criterium.
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1. Introduction
AGARD 445.6 Wing
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1. Introduction
AGARD 445.6 Wing
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1. Introduction
FAFA-18 C2S825 Load case

Unsteady calculation with and without dynamic FSI 2000 time steps made to simulate 0.5 seconds of real time Calculation time: about 10 days on a cluster of 10 PCs Generated more than 1.4 TeraByte of data Post processing took 2 days
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1. Introduction
Flight results
Source: NASA
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1. Introduction
Final Remarks FAFA-18 studies

An example of the use of CFD in industry has been discussed In 2001 we used CFD to predict steady aerodynamic forces and loads In 2007 we used CFD to study coupled CFD-CSM unsteady phenomena Today people are planning the simulation of the so called digital aircraft (CFD + Structures + Flight Mechanics) The way industry is using CFD is changing rapidly !
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1. Introduction
CFD: Course Outline
Outline of the Course

The course contains 3 modules I II III Introduction to unsteady flows Construction of higher order schemes Monotonic schemes of higher order
Which corresponds to the modules of the course given by Dr. Alain Drotz in previous years. We modified the course, less theory, more directed to the use of numerical methods in practice.
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1. Introduction
CFD: Course Outline

Module I: Introduction to unsteady flows
1. Introduction to the course (today) 2. 3D Euler equations 3. 1D Euler equations 4. Unsteady 1 dimensional flows 5. Introduction to the Riemann problem
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1. Introduction
CFD: Course Outline

Module II Construction of higher order schemes
6. Conservative discretization schemes 7. Exercises 8. Classical finite difference schemes 9. Riemann problem and Roe scheme
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1. Introduction
CFD: Course Outline

Module III Construction of higher order schemes 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. Roe and AUSM schemes Higher order monotonic schemes Boundary conditions and preparation exercise 2 Exercises 2 Preparation of Exam and Assessing the quality of numerical simulations
The order of the lectures may change somewhat !

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1. Introduction
CFD: Course Outline
What is a compressible flow?

A compressible flow is a flow for which the density can not be considered constant. In general this occurs for air flows with a free stream Mach number larger than 0.3
What is a hypersonic flow?

Flows with a free stream Mach number larger than 5. At very high free stream Mach numbers chemistry effects become important.
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1. Introduction
CFD: Course Outline
Flow over an Airfoil Mach number contours
Free stream Mach 0.745
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1. Introduction
CFD: Course Outline
Flow over an Airfoil - Cp
Free stream Mach 0.745
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1. Introduction
Navier Stokes equations
The Navier Stokes equations in vector & differential form
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1. Introduction
Closure relations for the Navier Stokes equations
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1. Introduction
How to solve these equations?

1. The difficulty of solving the Navier Stokes equations are the inviscid or convective terms => ignore for the moment the viscous terms (they are in general approximated using 2nd order differences) 2. The compressible Euler and Navier Stokes equations permit discontinuities in the solution (shock waves, expansion waves). The numerical formulation needs to resolve these discontinuities. 3. Often different strategies for incompressible or compressible flows due to the nature of the equations
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1. Introduction
The Euler equations conservative format

Incompressible flows: is constant, energy equation is often not needed Unknowns: p, u, v, w
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1. Introduction
To summarize (1)
1. Compressible Euler equations: hyperbolic in time, unknowns are , u, v, w, E, 5 partial differential equations + 2 closure relations. Methods solving the compressible Euler (or Navier Stokes) equations are in general called density based. 2. Incompressible Euler equations: mixed parabolic-hyperbolic character, unknowns are p, u, v, w. The continuity equation is a constraint to find the pressure, and one can derive a pressure equation from the continuity and momentum equations. Methods for solving the incompressible Euler (or Navier Stokes equations) are often called pressure based due to the solution of a Poisson type equation for the pressure.
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1. Introduction
To summarize (2)
In the last 10 years convergence of the methods Incompressible, pressure based methods are extended to compressible flows by including density gradients in the formulation for the pressure equation Compressible, density based methods are extended incompressible flow regime using pre-conditioning techniques to the
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1. Introduction
Solution methods
Terminology (1)
Partial differential equation
Time discretization Explicit scheme
Implicit scheme
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1. Introduction
Solution methods
Terminology (2)
Spatial discretization: central schemes vs upwind schemes. In the group of upwind schemes one has also TVD schemes and ENO schemes. Order of the schemes (spatial and/or in time): is linked to the truncation error of the numerical discretization. Examples: first order, second order, third order, etc. Weak solution: solution which permits discontinuities (shock waves, expansion waves) Numerical flux: discretization of the physical flux f(U) Limiter: is used with upwind schemes, and is a function of gradients to eliminate oscillations. May give an upwind scheme the TVD property Monotonic scheme: is represented by a monotonic decreasing or increasing function
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1. Introduction
Solution methods
Terminology (3)
Properties Total Variation Diminishing (TVD) schemes: Are monotonic Should in principle not generate oscillations near shock waves Are stable Up to higher order (depends partly on the limiters) Are first order near extrema Do not always satisfy the entropy condition and thus may lead to wrong solutions Are very suitable for flows with shock waves Do not always give good results for low Mach number and incompressible flows
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1. Introduction
Examples
Upstream oscillation, decrease in amplitude, wrong location
Uncontrolled oscillations
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1. Introduction
Examples
Dissipation : smearing out of the solution due to the numerical viscosity introduced by the space discretization scheme
Dispersion : Lagging of the solution due to a numerical propagation velocity different from the exact one
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1. Introduction
Examples
Over/under shoots near shock and expansion waves which are typical for higher order schemes
Lax - Wendroff
Warming & Beam

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1. Introduction
Examples
MacCormack scheme without artificial dissipation
MacCormack scheme with artificial dissipation
TVD scheme of Harten

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1. Introduction
Terminology
From PDE to Numerical Solution (1)
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1. Introduction
Terminology
From PDE to Numerical Solution (2)

Stability: ensures that the numerical scheme does not permit errors to grow indefinitely (errors should not be amplified by the numerical scheme)
Consistency: expresses that the discretized equations tend to the differential equations from which they are derived when t and x tend to zero
Convergence: the numerical solution should approach the exact solution of the partial differential equation at any point and at any time when t and x tend to zero (ie when the mesh is refined or the time step reduced)
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1. Introduction
The end for today
Thats it for today
Any questions ?
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Numerical Methods for Compressible Fluid Mechanics

NUMERICAL METHODS FOR COMPRESSIBLE FLOWS

Elizabeth Mickaily-Huber, Dominique Charbonnier, Jan B. Vos

Numerical Methods for Compressible Fluid Mechanics

The course lecturers

Dr. Elizabeth Mickaily Huber

Dr. Dominique Charbonnier

Dr. Jan B. Vos

Numerical Methods for Compressible Fluid Mechanics

Numerical Methods for Compressible Fluid Mechanics

Please switch off your mobile phones

I have the habit to speak rapidly, please let me know if I go to fast !

Numerical Methods for Compressible Fluid Mechanics

Some words about myself

Numerical Methods for Compressible Fluid Mechanics

Numerical Methods for Compressible Fluid Mechanics

CFS Engineering what do we do

Numerical Methods for Compressible Fluid Mechanics

CFS Engineering available tools

Numerical Methods for Compressible Fluid Mechanics

CFS Engineering: NSMB CFD code (1)

Numerical Methods for Compressible Fluid Mechanics

CFS Engineering: NSMB code (2)

Numerical Methods for Compressible Fluid Mechanics

CFS Engineering: NSMB code (3)

Numerical Methods for Compressible Fluid Mechanics

Some figures (1)

Numerical Methods for Compressible Fluid Mechanics

Some figures (2)

Numerical Methods for Compressible Fluid Mechanics

An example of an application studied at CFS Engineering

Numerical Methods for Compressible Fluid Mechanics

Example of Application: FA-18 Fighter

Numerical Methods for Compressible Fluid Mechanics

Numerical Methods for Compressible Fluid Mechanics

Components FAFA-18 Fighter CFD model 2005

TEF forward fuselage SIWA OLEF wing root wing fold

Numerical Methods for Compressible Fluid Mechanics

Grid Generation FAFA-18

Different aircraft configurations Grid

Numerical Methods for Compressible Fluid Mechanics

Numerical Methods for Compressible Fluid Mechanics

Comparison CFD and Experiments, Mach=0.5

Numerical Methods for Compressible Fluid Mechanics

Mach number contours

Numerical Methods for Compressible Fluid Mechanics

Aerodynamic Load Studies for the FAFA-18 fighter

Numerical Methods for Compressible Fluid Mechanics

Full Scale Fatigue Test rig at RUAG Aerospace

Numerical Methods for Compressible Fluid Mechanics

CFD Boeing - and Flight data base correlation

Numerical Methods for Compressible Fluid Mechanics

Conclusions Aerodynamic Loads Studies

Numerical Methods for Compressible Fluid Mechanics

Wing deformation Tool Chain (1/4)

Transfer CFD loads to CSM loads using FSCON

Numerical Methods for Compressible Fluid Mechanics

Wing deformation Tool Chain (2/4)