GSM TECHNOLOGY

1. Frequency Allocation: P-GSM : Uplink: Downlink: 890 915 MHz 935 960 MHz

No Channel = 124 * 8 =992 channels (2*100KHz cho Guard Band), Duplex = 45MHz. E-GSM: Uplink: Downlink: 880 915 MHz 925 960 MHz

No Channel = 174 * 8 =1392 channels (2*100KHz cho Guard Band), Duplex = 45MHz. GSM 1800: Uplink: Downlink: 1710 1785 MHz 1805 1880 MHz

No Channel = 374 * 8 =2992 channels (2*100KHz cho Guard Band), Duplex = 95MHz. WCDMA: Uplink: Downlink: 1920 1980 MHz 2110 2170 MHz

Duplex = 90MHz. Quy hoch di tn s ca Viettel: GSM 900: Gm 41 tn s t ARFCN 43-83 c phn b nh sau: 43 BCCH (18 tn) 60 61 GB 62 TCH (22 tn) 83

Note: Ngoi ra cn c tn 42 v 84 bo v gia Viettel v cc nh mng khc.

GSM 1800: Gm 101 tn s t ARFCN 712 -810 c phn b nh sau: 71 1 GB 712 744 BCCH (33 tn) 74 5 GB 746 760 76 1 762 766 76 7 76 8 80 9 810 811

For Micro/ GB For Umbrella GB TCH (42 tn) Test GB Inbuilding (15 (5 tn) Macro cells tn) Note: Ngoi ra cn c tn 711 v 811 bo v gia Viettel v cc nh mng khc. WCDMA: Gm 5 tn s vi bng thng 25 MHz lin tip c phn b nh sau: Tn s ng xung (DL UARFCN) Tn s trung tm DL (MHz) ng ln (UL UARFCN) Tn s trung tm UL (MHz) F2 10638 2127.6 9688 1937.6 F1 10663 2132.6 9713 1942.6 F3 10688 2137.6 9738 1947.6 F4 10713 2142.6 9765 1952.6 F5 10738 2147.6 9790 1957.6

Note: Vic s dng tn s F5 cn c tha thun vi Vietnammobile v y l tn s dng chung vi h. 2. GSM Architecture:

2.1.

Mobile Station (MS): Gm 2 thnh phn chnh l ME v SIM. MS c chia thnh nhiu lp vi mc cng sut pht khc nhau (Vd: VN GSM900=2W; DCS1800 =1W; WCDMA = 1W)

2.1.1. Mobile equipment (ME): C mt s IMEI (International Mobile Equipment Identify) duy nht c s dng trong EIR. 2.1.2. Subcriber Identity Module (SIM): Lu tr cc thng tin v in thoi, thu bao v mng nh: International Mobile Subcriber Identity (IMSI) MS ISDN : S thu bao.

Authentication key (Ki) v thut ton kim tra chng thc.

2.2.

Base Station Subsystem (BSS): BSS bao gm mt BSC v mt hoc nhiu BTS chng giao tip vi nhau thng qua giao din A-bis.

2.2.1. Base Transceiver Station (BTS): Gm cc thnh phn:B thu/pht v tuyn, Thit b iu khin, x l tn hiu, Anten v cp. Vi mc ch: Cung cp truy cp v tuyn ti MS. Qun l truy cp v tuyn ca h thng.

2.2.2. Base Station Controller (BSC): Chc nng ca BSC nh sau: Phn b mt knh trong qu trnh gi. Duy tr cuc gi: + Gim st cht lng. + iu khin cng sut truyn ca BTS hoc MS. + To ra mt chuyn giao ti cell khc khi c yu cu. 2.3. Network Switching Subsystem (NSS): Gm cc thnh phn chnh nh sau:

2.3.1. Mobile Switching Centre (MSC): Thc hin cc chc nng chuyn mch v bo hiu cho nhng MS thuc vng a l ca MSC. Cc chc nng ca MSC nh: Chuyn mch cuc gi, iu khin cuc gi v ng nhp cuc gi. Giao tip vi PSTN, ISDN, PSPDN. Qun l di ng trn mng v tuyn v cc mng khc. Qun l ti nguyn v tuyn v chuyn giao gia cc BSC. Thng tin thanh ton.

2.3.2. Visitor Location Register (VLR): l c s d liu ca thu bao tm thi trong MSC, mt VLR c th phc v cho nhiu MSC. Khi m thu bao chuyn sang LA mi th th tc ng k c tin hnh. Cc thng tin cha trong VLR gm: IMSI, MSISDN, MSRN, TMSI, LAI v thng s dch v.

2.3.3. Home Location Ragister (HLR): l c s d liu ph trch vic qun l thu bao di ng. Mt nh mng c th c mt hoc nhiu HLR ph thuc vo s lng thu bao, dung lng thit b v sp xp ca nh mng (Vd: Viettel c 10 HLRs cho 10 u s). HLR c kt hp vi AuC. C 2 loi thng tin c lu tr l: + Thng tin thu bao. + Thng tin v tr cho php tnh ph v nh tuyn cuc gi n MSC. C 2 loi s gn trn thu bao c lu tr trn HLR l: + IMSI + MSISDN 2.3.4. Authentication Centre (AuC): lin kt vi HLR v cha identify key cho mi thu bao c ng k trn HLR. Key ny c dng to ra: D liu s dng cho chng thc IMSI. Cha kha s dng cho m giao tip trn ng truyn v tuyn.

2.3.5. Gateway Mobile Switching Centre (GMSC): l mt dch v nh tuyn d liu vo mng di ng n ng ch hoc nh tuyn cuc gi ra khi mng. Truy cp vo HLR tm v tr thu bao c yu cu. Nh mng c th quyt nh ch nh 1 hoc nhiu GMSC.

2.3.6. Equipment Identity Register (EIR): l c s d liu lu tr duy nht s IMEI ca thu bao. 3. GSM Interface: 3.1. A-Interface (MSC-BSC): c s dng mang cc thng tin: Qun l BSS. EIR qun l truy cp ti mng bi vic tr li trng thi ca thu bao thng qua hi p IMEI. C 3 trng thi thu bao nh sau: White-listed, Grey-listed v Black-listed.

3.2. 3.3.

X l cuc gi. Qun l di ng.

Abis-Interface (BSC-BTS): h tr cc dch v cho ngi s dng GSM v thu bao. N cng cho php iu khin thit b v tuyn v phn b tn s v tuyn ti BTS B-Interface (MSC-VLR): Khi m MSC cn thng tin v v tr hin ti ca MS trong vng n s hi VLR thng qua B-Interface. V khi m MS chuyn vng sang LA khc th MSC s cp nht thng tin ln VLR. C-Interface (MSC-HLR): GMSC phi tra hi HLR ca thu bao c yu cu c c nh tuyn cuc gi hoc tin nhn ngn ti thng thu bao. D-Interface (HLR-VLR): s dng thay i d liu v v tr ca MS v qun l thu bao. VLR phi bo co thng tin v tr mi nht ca MS cho HLR v s chuyn vng ca trm. Cn HLR s cung cp tt c cc thng tin h tr thu bao cho VLR. E-Interface (MSC-MSC): Khi m MS di chuyn t LA ny sang LA khc th th tc chuyn giao c tin hnh cho cuc gi vn c duy tr. V mc ch cc MSC cn phi thay i d liu khi to v nhn ra nh mng. F-Interface (MSC-EIR): c dng trao i d liu gia MSC v EIR xc nhn trng thi thu bao. G-Interface (VLR-VLR): Khi m thu bao chuyn t VLR ny sang VLR khc th th tc ng k v tr s xy ra. Th tc ny gm IMSI thu hi c v thng s chng thc t VLR c. H-Interface (HLR-AuC): Khi m HLR nhn c yu cu cho chng thc v m ha d liu cho mt MS th n s yu cu d liu t AuC qua giao tip ny v n th khng c chun ha.

3.4. 3.5.

3.6.

3.7. 3.8.

3.9.

3.10. Um-Interface (MS-BTS): 4. Channel Concept: 4.1. Physical channel: Mi TRX hay TDMA frame c 8 timeslots v mi timeslot cn c gi l knh vt l. Mi timeslot c 156.25 bit duration hay 0.577 ms.

4.2.

Burst and Frame/Multiframe:

4.2.1. Burst: Thng tin cha trong mt timeslot trn khung TDMA c gi l burst. C 5 loi burst l: Normal Burst: Dng mang thng tin trn knh iu khin v lu lng. Frequency Correct Burst: Dng ng b tn s ca MS vi BS. Synchronization Burst: Dng ng b khung ca MS. Access Burst: Dng cho truy cp ngu nhin v truy cp chuyn giao. Dummy Burst: Dng khi m khng loi burst no c s dng.

4.2.2. Frame and Multiframe: Frame: TDMA frame cn c gi l Physical channel gm 8 timeslots. Vi cu trc nh sau: TS0
0.577ms 4.616ms

TS1

TS2

TS3

TS4

TS5

TS6

TS7

Multiframe: C 2 loi multiframe nh sau: + 26-TDMA (TCH multiframe): Dng mang knh TCH, SACCH v FACCH. Cu trc nh sau:

T 0

T 1

T 2

T 3

T 4

T 5

T 6

T 7

T 8

T 9

T 1 0

T 1 1

T 1 2

S 1 3

T 1 4

T 1 5

T 1 6

T 1 7

T 1 8

T 1 9

T 2 0

T 2 1

T 2 2

T 2 3

T 2 4

I 25

Note: Trong trng hp s dng TCH/F th ta s dng cu trc phn b nh trn. Cn vi TCH/H th ta s dng mi 13 khung u cho mi TCH/H v khung Idle s c dng cho SACCH. FACCH c kt hp vo cc khung TCH. + 51-TDMA (CCH multiframe): Dng mang knh BCCH, CCCH (kt hp gia PCH v AGCH), SCH, FCCH cho ng xung v RACH cho ng ln.
Downlink

F S

BCC H

CCC H

F S

CCC H

CCC H

F S

CCC H

CCC H

F S

CCC H

CCC H

F S

CCC H

CCC H

Uplink RACH

Note: a khung 51-TDMA ch c s dng trn TS0. + Non-Combined CCCH: AGCH c kt hp vo trong 7 blocks CCCH u tin (nh cu trc trn). + Combined CCCH: AGCH c kt hp vo trong 2 blocks CCCH u tin. Cu trc nh di sau:
F S BC CH CC CH F S CC CH CC CH F S SDC CH SDC CH F S SDC CH SDC CH F S SAC CH SAC CH I

4.2.3. Superframe: Superframe = 1326 frames 51(26)*multiframe 26-TDMA(51TDMA) 4.2.4. Hyperframe: Hyperframe = 2048 superframes 4.3. Logical Channel: Gm c tt c 12 knh trong c : 2 knh dnh cho lu lng, 9 knh dnh cho iu khin, 1 knh dnh cho qung b cell. C th nh sau:

4.3.1. Traffic channel (TCH): Gm c 2 loi knh lu lng dng cho c ng ln v ng xung nh sau: Knh lu lng ton tc (TCH/F): Vi tc l 13Kbps cho thoi v 9.6Kbps cho data. Knh lu lng bn tc (TCH/H): Vi tc 6.5Kbps cho thoi v 4.8kbps cho data.

4.3.2. Control Channel (CCH): Gm c 9 knh c chia lm 3 nhm khc nhau: 4.3.2.1. Broadcast channel: Gm 3 knh ch s dng cho ng xung. Frequency correction channel (FCCH): Dng iu chnh tn s ca MS. Synchronization channel (SCH): Dng mang thng tin s khung v BSIC ca BS.

4.3.2.2. -

Broadcast control channel (BCCH): Dng qung b thng tin ca cell cho MS. Common control channel: Gm 3 knh nh sau: Paging channel (PCH): Dng trn ng xung cho vic tm v gi MS. Random access channel (RACH): Dng trn ng ln yu cu knh SDCCH v hi p tm gi hoc truy cp originnal call/registration. Access grant channel (AGCH): Dng trn ng xung phn b SDCCH hoc TCH ti MS. V c hon thnh khi c Immediated assignment trn TCH. Dedicated control channel:Gm 3 knh dnh cho c ng ln v ng xung. Stand alone dedicated control channel (SDCCH): S dng cho h thng bo hiu trong sut qu trnh call setup hoc registration. Gi/nhn SMS trong ch idle. Slow associated control channel (SACCH): iu khin knh lin kt vi mt knh SDCCH hoc TCH. Bo co o kim c gi trn ng ln v nhn thng tin v cng sut truyn v Timing Advance (TA) trn ng xung. Ngoi ra cn dng nhn SMS trong trng hp ang kt ni cuc gi (busy). Fast associated control channel (FACCH): iu khin knh lin kt vi mt TCH s dng trong qu trnh HO khi m SACCH khng nhanh. Dng trong ch Stealing.

4.3.2.3. -

4.3.3. Cell Broadcast Channel (CBCH): Ch s dng trn dng xung dnh cho SMS cell broadcast v n s dng cng knh vt l vi SDCCH. 4.4. Channel Combination SDCCH:

4.4.1. Channel combination SDCCH/8: Trong trng hp ny cc knh BCH v CCCH c kt hp trn TS0 ca mt tn s sng mang ca cell. Cn trn TS1 ca cng sng mang s mang 8 knh SDCCH cng vi 1 SACCH c phn b vo.
TS0

F S

BC CH

CCC H

CC CH

CCC H

CC CH TS1

CCC H

CC CH

CCC H

F S

CC CH

CC CH

SDCC H

SDC CH

SDCC H

SDCC H

SDC CH

SDC CH

SDCC H

SDC CH

SAC CH

SACC H

SAC CH

SAC CH

Idle

Idle

Idle

4.4.2. Channel combination SDCCH/4: Vic kt hp ny nhm phn b knh vt l c bn ca SDCCH cho TCH. Tc l lc ny SDCCH, BCHs v CCCHs c kt hp trn TS0 ca sng mang. Trong trng hp ny sng mang ch c th mang 4 SDCCHs => gi l SDCCH/4.
TS0 F S BC CH CC CH F S CC CH CC CH F S SDC CH SDC CH F S SDC CH SDC CH F S SAC CH SAC CH I

NOTE: Ti a c 3 SDCCH/8 c h tr trn mt knh iu khin kt hp. Ti a c 4 SDCCH/8 c h tr trn mt knh iu khin khng kt hp.

5. Call setup, Mobile terminated call: 5.1. Paging: MSC/VLR tm d liu v thu bao trong c s d liu ca n v khi to mt th tc thit lp cuc gi n thu bao bng cch gi paging message ti cc BSC trong n. Paging message gm LAI v IMSI hoc TMSI. Paging command: BSC gi mt tin nhn n tt c cc BTS trong vng. Tin nhn ny gm: IMSI hoc TMSI, paging group, loi knh v s TS. Paging request: Tin nhn ny c gi t BTS n MS trn knh PCH, tin nhn gm IMSI hoc TMSI. Channel request: MS c gi s hi p bng cch gi mt burst truy cp ngn trn RACH n BTS. S dng short burst v ln u tin MS kt ni mng v cha c gi tr TA no c ci t.

5.2. 5.3. 5.4.

5.5. 5.6. 5.7. 5.8.

Channel required: Tin nhn t BTS n BSC bao gm cc thng tin nh gi tr tr truy cp. Channel activation: BSC s la chn mt knh SDCCH hoc TCH rnh v yu cu kch hot knh ny. Channel activation acknownledge: BTS tha nhn yu cu kch hot knh t BSC. Immediated assignment: Tin nhn ny c gi sut t BSC n MS thng qua AGCH. Tin nhn bao gm thng tin v tn s, s TS v SDCCH subchannel ci m MS nn s dng, cng nh xc nh TA bao nhiu MS tm ng cho burst. Paging respond: Tin nhn t MS s dng mt SDCCH hoc TCH trn ng truyn v tuyn. N bao gm mt s thng tin nh IMSI hoc TMSI v MS Classmark, sau BSC thm CGI ri c gi thng n MSC.

5.9.

5.10. Authentication request: Thng s RAND i qua tn hiu Authentication request t MSC/VLR ti ngi s dng gm chng thc v mt m. MS s s dng RAND cng vi Ki ca chnh n c lu trn SIM tnh ra Kc v mt Signed Respond (SRES). 5.11. Authentication respond: Tin nhn t MS n MSC/VLR bao gm SRES. 5.12. Ciphering mode command: MSC/VLR dng SRES kim tra nu chng thc thnh cng v yu cu m ha trn ng v tuyn. Lnh mang Kc c lu trn BTS v lnh khng mang Kc c gi n MS qua SDCCH. 5.13. Ciphering mode complete: MS s dng Kc c tnh ton trc cng vi thut ton m ha v gi tin nhn Ciphering mode complete c m ha trn SDCCH. Khi m ha c nhn ra v chp nhn bi BTS th n s c chuyn n MSC/VLR. 5.14. Setup: Khi to cuc gi c bt u khi MSC gi tin nhn setup n MS. Tin nhn bao gm thng tin loi dch v call nh voice, data, fax, 5.15. Call confirmed: Nu MS c th x l dch v c yu cu n s gi tin nhn call confirmed n MSC/VLR. 5.16. Assignment request: MSC yu cu BTS thit lp mt knh thoi n thng MS. MSC s cung cp mt TS trn ng PCM thng n BSC v gi Circuit Identity Code (CIC) ca TS thng n BSC. 5.17. Channel activation: Nu BSC tm thy mt TCH rnh trong cell n s gi tin nhn Channel Activation n BTS.

5.18. Channel activation acknowledge: BTS xc nhn s phn b knh n BSC. 5.19. Assignment command: BSC gi mt tin nhn trn SDCCH n MS bo n i n knh TCH c khi to. 5.20. Assignment complete: MS nhy n knh TCH mi v gi mt cnh bo ti BSC rng knh ny c thnh cng v sau gi tin nhn Assignment complete n MSC/VLR. 5.21. Radio frequency channel release/Release acknowledge: Knh SDCCH c s dng trc c nh du l rnh v c gii phng. 5.22. Alert: MS gi mt tin nhn cnh bo ti BSC/VLR ngay khi ting chung bt u ti MS. 5.23. Connect: Khi thu bao di ng tr li, mt tin nhn kt ni c gi t MS n MSC/VLR. 6. NOTE: Nguyn nhn v sao 1 BTS c th truyn xa 35Km l do Access Burst dng mang RACH. Thng thng mt Access Burst c 68.25 bits guard period. Khi mt MS khi to kt ni n mng th n cha c thng tin v TA do 68.25 bits guard period ny c th cho khi to vi ti a TA (64 mc t 0-63) tng ng vi 64 bits guard period v cho khong cch ti a t MS n BTS. Vi 64 bit vi mi bit c 0.577ms/156.25 = 3.69 microS/bit => 64 bits 236.3 microS 236.3*10^(-6)*3.10^8 = 70.9 Km => ti a khong cch l 35 Km. Trong trng hp ta s dng mi 2TS cho mt knh truyn th s c 156.25 + 68.25 bits = 224.5 bits cho guard period do s c th truyn cho khong cch ti a l: 224.5*3.69*10^(-6)*3*10^8 = 248 Km => ti a 124 Km. Nhng lc ny s knh b gim xung cn 1 na. 7. Cc k thut nhy tn: 7.1. Baseband Hopping: Mi b thu pht (TRX) c gn vi mt tn s nhy tn f. Trong khi truyn th tt c cc Burst s c nh tuyn n cc b thu pht vi tn s thch hp.Do n s s dng b lc kt hp lc tng tn s tng ng do khng b tn hao v cng sut.

7.2.

Synthesizer Hopping: Nhy tn kt hp l loi nhy tn m mt b thu pht c th x l tt c cc Burst ph thuc vo mt kt ni ring. Nhy tn tng hp thng s dng trong mng t ti, c c trng bi vic ti s dng tn s cht (1/1 or 1/3) v nhiu cao (do vic nhy gia nhiu tn s nn trung bnh ha nhiu cao => gim nhiu). Nhc im ca loi ny l s dng b Hybrid combiner do suy hao 3dB. Hin ti c 3 mu nhy tn chnh c s dng l: 7/21; 9/27 ; 21/21. Hin trc y VT s dng nhy tn kt hp 7/21 cho 900 v 9/27 cho 1800 nhng gi tr v nhy tn bng tn gc v: S tn s c th nhy tn nhiu hn. S timeslot tham gia nhy tn nhiu hn. c li 3dB so vi vic s dng filter combiner.

8. d