Thit lp h thy sinh t nhin

B quyt cn bn ca mt h thy sinh t nhin bao gm lp t nn, cng trung bnh, cy thy sinh a dng v chiu sng y . Tuy n gin nhng b quyt ny c th p dng cho nhiu h thy sinh k c loi h c b cc tinh t. a phn cy thy sinh trong nhng h cao cp (high -tech) nh vy thng pht trin vt bc nhng li b qua cc quy trnh t nhin v yu cu chm sc cn thit; ngc li, h thy sinh t nhin p dng cc quy trnh t nhin mt cch trit . Chng hn, qu trnh phn hy cht hu c ca vi khun lm pht sinh CO2 mt cch t nhin, khng phi l CO2 nhn to. V cht thi ca c, ch khng phi phn bn ha hc, cung cp cht dinh dng cho cy v lm t nn mu m. B quyt cn bn ca mt h thy sinh t nhin bao gm lp t nn, cng trung bnh, cy thy sinh a dng v chiu sng y . Tuy n gin nhng b quyt ny c th p dng cho nhiu h thy sinh k c loi h c b cc tinh t. a phn cy thy sinh trong nhng h cao cp (high-tech) nh vy thng pht trin vt bc nhng li b qua cc quy trnh t nhin v yu cu chm sc cn thit; ngc li, h thy sinh t nhin p dng cc quy trnh t nhin mt cch trit . Chng hn, qu trnh phn hy cht hu c ca vi khun lm pht sinh CO2 mt cch t nhin, khng phi l CO2 nhn to. V cht thi ca c, ch khng phi phn bn ha hc, cung cp cht dinh dng cho cy v lm t nn mu m.

Cc loi t nn
t nn l vn mu cht i vi h thy sinh t nhin. N cung cp CO2 m bo cy pht trin tt v cung cp cht dinh dng cho r, gip cy c li th cnh tranh vi to. Tuy nhin, vic s dng t nn trong h thy sinh c th l vn . Mc tiu u tin ca ngi chi hu nh l tm kim loi t nn hon ho nhng khng h c loi no nh vy ht. Trong nhiu nm tri, ti thng s dng nhng loi t nn khng l tng lm (chng hn t cha nhiu t st, t trng cy giu phn bn). Ti sai khi cho rng t nn cng giu phn bn th cy cng pht trin tt. Nh vy, nhng nn di-mc-l-tng ny s n nh sau vi thng v hot ng cc tt trong nhiu nm tri. Nhng loi nn thng mi nhn chung khng ph hp vi h thy sinh t nhin bi v chng c thit k cho nhng h cao cp vi u phun CO2, phn ha hc v khng cha nhiu thnh phn hu c cung cp CO2 cho cy. Trong h thy sinh t nhin, vi khun phn hy cht hu c v to ra CO2 ha tan trong nc. Khi thit lp mt h thng nh vy, mi ngi hon ton c th thy hin tng bong bng kh CO2 thot ra t nn t. t trng cy khng cha phn bn gy rt t vn khi bt u v em li kt qu tt nht v lu di. Ti hin ang s dng mt loi t trng cy hu c tng hp rt ph bin v cha nhng thnh phn dinh dng c bn. Bi v loi t trng cy c bit ny l loi hu c, nn n khng h cha phn ha hc v c. Phn v c c th gy ra nhng vn nghim trng i vi h thy sinh t nhin. Chng hn, khi t trng cy nm trong nc, nhng cht ha hc cha nitrate (chng hn KNO3 v NH4NO3) s nhanh chng chuyn thnh cht nitrite c hi. Phn ha hc cha sulfate (chng hn K2SO4, (NH4)2SO4) s chuyn ha thnh H2S, loi kh c mi trng thi lm cht r cy v e da cc loi c n y. Phn ha hc c th thch hp i vi cc loi h cao cp nhng chng c th gy ra nhng vn nghim trng i vi h thy sinh t nhin.

Mt loi phn m i khi ti trn vi t nn l hn hp bt xng. N ch yu cung cp pht -pht v can-xi di dng hu c vi tc nh chm, iu c l kch thch r tng trng. Tuy nhin, ti cha tng th nghim loi phn ny mt cch nghim tc v cy dng nh vn pht trin bnh thng du khng c n. t trng cy hu c khng lm nc qu c do gip hn ch tn sut thay nc trong giai on thit lp h. Hn na, t phn r nhanh hn so vi mt s loi t tri b mt thng thng m mt s tim c bn. Khi ti s dng mt trong s loi t tri b mt ny, mt mng du mng xut hin trn mt nc sau ba tun v mt s c b cht. Ti ng rng vn g ti tit ra mt s tinh du bo v (c l l tinh du tuyt tng, nha thng). m bo an ton cho c, ti phi thay nc sau mi mt n hai tun trong hai thng u tin. Rt nhanh sau , h tr nn n nh v hin gi khng cn vn no na.

Chn t nn
Mi ngi nn bit rng nn t trng cy tr nn ym kh nhanh hn nhiu so vi nn giu t st, nn pha t st hay nn ton si. y l bi v t trng cy cha nhiu thnh phn hu c vi khun tiu th (tc phn hy). Qu trnh phn hy tiu th -xy v lm cho t tr nn ym kh. Do , mi ngi khng nn b tr lp t trng cy qu dy hay ngn cn s trao i -xy bng cch t la, hay tri mt lp si hoc ct dy. Vic hnh thnh nhn g ti ym kh s ngn cn cy tng trng v to ra nhng cht c hi i vi c. t trng cy s ht -xy ha tan trong nc, c bit l trong t hai n tm tun u tin khi s phn hy cht hu c trong t t n nh im. Nu cy tng trng km v nc khng -xy ha tan th c s phi ni ln mt nc th. Gii php l nhanh chng gia tng mc sc kh v/hay khuy ng mt nc. Mt khi t nn ngp trong nc, hot ng ca vi khun v s phn hy s khng ngng gia tng trong nhng tun u tin. S hn lon lc ban u ny l mt qu trnh t nhin. Do t nn s x dng cht vo nc, iu kch thch to tng trng. Nu c qu t cy hay cy khng pht trin tt, ngun dng cht s kch thch s pht trin ca to. S bng pht ca to s ngn cn cy pht trin, t to ra mt vng lun qun: cy cht s tit thm dng cht vo nc, cng kch thch to hn na, v r cy cht s cung cp cht hu c ti cho t, do cng lm t nn ym kh v cng bt li hn i vi cy. Mc ch chung ca ngi chi thy sinh l phi gip cy pht trin tt trc khi t nn bin ng. Bi v nu cy pht trin tt trong hai tun u tin, th chnh cy ch khng phi to s hp thu hu ht cht dinh dng c tit ra. Cy s to ra y -xy gi an ton cho b r ca chng, v do vy h thy sinh t nhin c thit lp mt cch an ton vi rc ri ti thiu.

Chun b
H thy sinh t nhin phi c thit lp cy tng trng mt cch ti a lc ban u. Thit lp mt h thy sinh t nhin v i vi ngy mi lp n l iu nn trnh. Ngi mi chi thng khng c cy hay khng bit loi no ph hp vi mnh nht. C cm d ng k b qua vic trng cy, c bit l vi h ln. Li khuyn ca ti l, hoc bn phi c cy, hoc s dng h nh hn. Nu bn c t cy, th th thit lp h 40 lt m trng y cn hn h 400 lt m tha tht; c hi s hu h thy sinh t nhin khng -s-c s ln hn rt nhiu.

Vic chiu sng phi tun th nhng hng dn c bn dnh cho h thy sinh ni chung, v d nhin h thy sinh cn nhiu nh sng hn so vi h bnh thng. Thi lng ngy (day length) ngh l ti thiu 12 ting. V lu di, nhiu loi cy thy sinh khng tng trng tt vi thi lng t 8 n 10 gi. Hin nhin, sau vi tun, chng s hon ton suy sp (Kasselmann, 2003). Ti ng rng thi lng ngy ngn ngi c th l tn hiu i vi mt s loi cy nht nh rng ma sinh trng kt thc c ngha y l lc ng ng v ngng tng trng. Bi v cy v to lun cnh tranh, s tng trng chm ca cy thng c din dch thnh vn to. Tr tru thay, mt s ngi c h thy sinh t nhin bo co rng h gii quyt vn to ch n gin bng cch gia tng thi lng chiu sng ngy. Ti p dng thi lng ngy l 14 gi (bt n lc 7 gi sng v tt lc 9 gi ti). Tuy nhin, ti chn vo 4 gi ngh tra. Chiu sng nhn to ch trong 10 gi nhng cy c thi lng ngy tng cng 14 gi. Vi ch ngh tra, cy lun pht trin tt m li tit kim in. Vo nhng thng ma h, khi h c xu hng qu nhit th ch ngh tra cn gip nc h nhit. Ti dng b nh thi cung cp mt thi lng ngy ngy c nh v thun li.

Thit lp h thy sinh t nhin

Vic thit lp h phi mt c ngy, v vy vo Ngy Thit Lp ti bt u vo 8 gi sng cng vi mi th cn thit thit lp cho mt h 220 lt. Ti c mt k hoch tng qut cng vi cy, t nn, , si v ct chun b sn. Ti thc hin theo quy trnh sau: - Ti nht que v nhng mu g ln ra khi t trng cy. - Ti trn na ly bt xng vi t 8 n 12 lt t trng cy (iu ny khng bt buc). - trang tr, ti xp xung quanh vng khng trng cy hnh -van. Ti tri mt lp ct mng vo (khong 1 cm). v ct c t thng xung y h. - Bn cnh tri h, ti tri lp t trng cy mng hn 2.5 cm (t dy c th tr nn cc k ym kh lm cht r cy, ph hng ton b h). - Bn cnh phi h, ti khng tri t nn m tri si. Si cung cp b mt vi khun c ng nhng khng c qu dy hnh thnh cc ti ym kh hay i hi phi lm v sinh. Ti dnh ring vng ny cho nhng cy trng trong chu v nham thch c dng x bm. Vi kiu thit k ny, ti c th bt c m khng phi xi tung c h ti la chng v pha bn phi v gn tm ngn h. Sau khi ly cc chu cy v nham thch ra, ti c th vt c mt cch d dng. - Ti chm nc lm t nn nhng khng qu nho. - Ti trng nhng cy trng r (rooted plant). - S dng mt ci mung ln, ti tri si va ph lp t nn. Sau khi b tr xong, lp si khng c dy hn 2.5 cm. Ct dng ph lp t nn cng khng c dy hn 2.5 cm.

- Ti chm nc mt cch cn thn trnh lm xo trn lp nn. Khi chm, ti lun s dng mt ci chai (hay bt k vt g khc) cn bt lc nc. - Ri ti bt u trng cy ct cm (stem plant). Ti y, cn thm nhiu si v ct ph nhng ni nn b bung ra. Ti cng s dng nh chn tm nhng cy b bt gc. - Nc mi chm hi b c v vy ti x nc ny trc khi chm y h bng nc my cng vi cht kh. Ngy hm sau, ti lp my lc ri th c v c.

Bo tr h sau khi thit lp

H ny rt d bo tr. Mc d mt t to xut hin trong hai, ba thng u tin, nhng c khng h gp bt k vn g. Ngha l ti lun phi d on trc nhng vn trong tm tun u tin. Trong thi gian ny, t nn tiu th mt lng -xy rt ln. N nh cht dinh dng kch thch to pht trin, v n c th nh ta -nanh lm gim cng sng. Ti x l cc vn ny bng nhng cch thng thng thay nc, sc kh y , g to bng tay v b sung than ci vo b lc. Nhng ngi s dng t nn giu dng cht hn loi ca ti c th t c kt qu tuyt vi v lu di. Tuy nhin, c l h phi chm sc h thng xuyn hn vt qua tm tun quan trng u tin. t nn trong nc chc chn s pht sinh bt kh (a phn l kh CO2) trong tm tun u tin. Ngi chi khng nn qu lo lng; y chng qua l hin tng phn hy, iu chng t rng nn c sc sng. Ch khi no bt kh c mi trng thi ca H2S th ngi chi mi phi lu tm. Bt kh v xo trn y gip cho lp nn thong kh. Hin nhin, nu lp nn tr nn cc k ym kh v hn ch s tng trng ca cy, ti c th dng bt ch (hay bt k vt nhn no) xa xung -xy c th thm nhp vo. H 220 lt ca ti hin ang vn hnh tt. T khi thit lp, ti ch ti sp xp mt t bn cnh phi h, ch yu l ly gch ra v t chu trng cy l kim Amazon vo. Vic bo tr chnh hin nay l ta cy ny nhnh mi v ngn khng cho mt loi xm chim ton b h. Nu ti ly cy trng r (rooted plant) ra v lm xo trn lp t nn, ti lun tt my lc trc hn ch xo trn ti a. Nc s trong li vo hm sau. Nhng ngi khc thit lp h thy sinh t nhin vi kt qu n tng v dng nh c bit hi lng vi nhu cu bo tr thp ca n.