-

/ -

, E

, . . ., . . urich
, . -
, . . ..., . ..
, . -
, . . , . . TU
Braunschweig - .

, 2002

 / -

1.

.......................................................................................................................... 1

2.
........................................................................ 4
2.1 ............................................................................................................................ 4
2.2 ............................. 4
2.3 E ....................................................................... 7
2.3.1 ................................................... 7
2.3.1.1 .............................................................................................. 7
2.3.1.2 .................................................................................................. 7
2.3.1.3 ....................................................................................................... 8
2.3.1.4 ( )............................................................. 9
2.3.1.5 ( )................................................. 10
2.3.1.6 ( ).................................................... 10
2.3.1.7 ..................................................... 11
2.3.1.8 Radar ....................................................................................................... 11
2.3.2 ......................... 11
2.3.2.1 ....................................................................................... 12
2.3.2.2 ........................................................................................................ 12
2.4 ............................ 13
2.5 ........................................................................................................ 14
2.6 ................................................................................................ 18
2.7 ....................................................................................................... 22
2.8 .................................................................................. 26
2.9 ............................................................................................................... 27
3.
........................................................................................................................ 28
3.1 ............................................................................................... 28
3.2 ........................................................................................................... 29
3.3 IR (INDIVIDUAL RISK) .......................................................... 30
3.4 ................................................................... 31
4.
............................................................................................................................. 38
4.1 . .......... 38
4.2 ......................................... 41
4.3
(). ..................................................................................................................... 42
4.3.1 ................................................................... 42
4.3.1.1 :..................................................................................... 42
4.3.1.3
.................................................................................................................... 44
4.3.1.4 ........... 44
4.3.1.5. .................. 45
4.4 ...................................................................................... 45
4.4.1 . ............................................. 45
4.4.2 . ........................................................ 45
4.4.2.1 . ............................................................................................. 45
4.4.2.2 . .............................................. 47
4.4.2.3 . ............ 47
4.4.2.4 . ............................... 47
4.4.2.5 . ........................ 48
ii

 / -

4.5 . .............................................................................................................. 48
5.

- ..................................................................... 49
5.1 ....................................................................................................................... 49
5.2 DCM................................................................. 49
5.2.1 ............................................................. 49
5.2.2 ............................................................... 50
5.3 ...................................................................................... 53
5.4 - .................................................................. 71
5.5 ........................................................................................... 72
5.6 .......................................................................................................... 73
5.7 .......................................................................................................... 85

6.
.............................................................................................................................. 86
6.1 .............................................................................................................................. 86
6.2 .............................................................................................................................. 86
6.2.1 ..................................................................................................... 86
6.2.2 ......................................................................................................... 88
6.3 .......................................................................... 88
6.3.1 Mo .................................................................................... 89
6.3.2 - ........................................................................ 90
6.4 ........................................................................................ 91
6.4.1 ......................................................................................................................... 91
6.4.2 ........................................................................................... 91
6.4.2.1 - .................................................................... 91
6.4.2.2 - .................................................................. 95
6.4.3 ...................................................................... 97
6.4.3.1 .......................................................................................... 98
6.4.3.2 , ,
...................................................................................................................... 100
6.4.3.3 ........................................................................................ 101
6.4.4 - ............................................................... 102
6.4.4.1 ........................................................................................ 102
6.4.4.2 .......................................................... 102
6.4.5 .................................................................... 102
6.4.6 ............................................................................................................. 103
6.5 ......................................................................... 103
6.5.1 ....................................................................................................................... 103
6.5.2 ........................................................................................................ 105
6.5.2.2 ......................................................................................................... 105
6.5.2.3 ........................................................................................................... 105
6.5.2.4 .......................................................................... 106
6.5.4 .................................................................................................... 106
6.5.4.1 ................................................................................................................ 106
6.5.4.2 ............................................................................... 108
6.5.4.3 ........................................................................................ 108
7.

...................................................................... 110
7.1 ...................................... 110
7.1.1 ............................................... 110
7.1.1.1 ....................................................................................... 111
7.1.1.2 ................................................................................... 111
7.1.1.3 ........................................................................................ 111
7.1.2 ....................................................................... 113
iii

 / -

7.2. ................................................................. 114

7.2.1 ........................................................................................ 115
7.2.2 ................................................................................................. 116
8.

............................................................................................... 118
8.1 .......................................................................................................................... 118
8.2. ...................................................................................................... 118
8.2.1 ................................................... 118
8.2.2 .............................................. 120
8.2.3 ....................................................... 121

9.

................................................................................................................. 123
9.1. .......................... 123
9.1.1 ....................................................................................................................... 123
9.1.2 ................................................................................ 125
9.1.3 ................................................................................ 125
9.1.4 ................................................................................................ 125
9.1.5 ........................................................................................................ 126
9.1.6 / ....................................................................... 126
9.1.7 ............................................................. 126
9.2 ........................................................ 129
9.2.1 ....................................................................................................................... 129
9.2.2 ................................................................................ 131
9.2.3 ................................................................................ 131
9.2.4 ................................................................................................ 131
9.2.5 ........................................................................................................ 132
9.2.6 / ....................................................................... 132
9.2.7 ............................................................. 132

10.

................................................................................................... 135

11.

......................................................................................................... 138

iv

 1
/ -

1.

&

...

.
& :
) " " (.
, ..
, , ,
),
) ,
)
,
) ,
. , ,
Loma Prieta, Ca., 1989,
Kobe 1995)
) ()
Northridge, Ca., 1994.


1970 Thomas Paulay
,
(capacity design),

(forcebased methodology).


.
,
T. Paulay, .. Nigel Priestley
San Diego ,
T. Paulay (CEB) (.
Hugo Bachmann ETH, Zurich)

.

/
National Science Foundation

 1
/ -

(NSF) (PEER),
(MCEER) (MAE).
2000 NSF 50 .

- -
.

, , .., Federal
Emergency Management Agency (FEMA)
1980
.
(Guidelines
for the Seismic Rehabilitation of Buildings).
Applied Technology Council (ATC) American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE)

. 13 , 1997, -
- , FEMA-273 FEMA-274.
(1994 1995)
(California Seismic Safety Commission CSSC) ATC

(Seismic evaluation and retrofit of concrete
buildings). ,
ATC-40 Report.



.
FEMA-273/274 ATC-40
FEMA-273/274 (
)
( ATC-40)


.
(performance-based methodology),
(, )
.
.
,


,

.

(Building Research
Institute, BRI Public Works Institute, PWI) Tsukuba, (
) .

: )
(DG Research), )
(DG Environment) ) (DG
Enterprise) (.. ,
2

 1
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1.
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3.
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()

1
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1:

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Radar

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2.3.1 .
2.3.1.1
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2.3.1.2
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4 cm 4
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2.3.1.7
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2.3.1.8 Radar
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11

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2.3.2.1
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12

 2
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, ,
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305 mm ( 12 in).
,
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2.4

:
-

( )

( )
( 1978, 1999, DIN 4018).
fc, ins fc, conv
. ,
. , ,
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.. .
, ,
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.
:

f c ,ins = f c ,conv 1
1 , (m1,1)

.
m1 ,
.
:
-

13

 2
/ -

fc,ins
. :

f c ,ins ,est = f c ,ins 2

2 (m2, 2)

.
m2
2 :
)
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)

)
1)
2)
3)
4)

f c ,ins ,est = f c ,conv 1 2

m1, 1 m2, 2 1 2 .
.

2.5
,
( ).
, , ,
. Geoterra.
266
2001 Geoterra.
15x15x15 , 28 .

.
C16/20 C20/25 C25/30.

14

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89 266
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15

 2
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2: (89
)

(-)
30.45
30.40
30.75
29.25
30.30
29.85
30.05
28.55
28.65
28.75
29.95
30.30
28.75
28.75
28.05
28.90
29.70
30.60
29.80
30.50
28.05
28.45
28.75
29.35
28.45
29.10
29.20
29.15
29.55

fc
(Mpa)
37.0
37.4
36.8
35.5
36.7
35.1
37.3
32.0
30.2
33.6
32.8
32.4
32.1
33.0
32.8
34.8
34.8
37.0
35.9
37.6
31.4
34.2
31.7
32.1
31.3
32.2
33.1
30.3
35.5

(-)
28.70
29.55
29.55
29.10
29.95
29.25
29.75
29.85
27.90
26.60
25.90
28.75
28.10
26.35
26.20
26.25
26.65
26.45
29.00
27.10
27.30
26.30
27.70
24.95
27.55
31.95
30.45
29.10
29.65
29.30

fc
(Mpa)
33.9
31.9
34.0
34.6
33.6
33.8
32.5
34.0
33.2
30.9
28.7
33.6
31.8
29.9
29.6
25.6
30.8
27.9
33.0
31.0
31.3
27.9
29.1
27.0
28.8
38.4
37.7
33.5
32.2
35.6

16

(-)
29.15
29.30
29.05
29.75
30.05
25.70
25.60
25.60
24.85
24.95
24.90
21.00
30.10
29.85
31.65
29.15
29.35
28.00
31.45
29.80
31.00
31.10
32.80
31.10
29.60
29.10
30.00
31.40
29.35
29.90

fc
(Mpa)
34.0
33.0
33.5
34.0
36.0
29.2
28.0
26.7
26.1
27.6
27.3
20.0
35.9
33.6
39.5
32.4
35.3
33.3
39.5
27.9
29.6
38.6
39.0
39.1
33.4
32.0
30.4
39.3
35.9
36.2

 2
/ -

.3: (266
)
V
km/sec
4.792
4.777
4.777
4.870
4.808
4.777
4.732
4.747
4.792
4.762
4.823
4.762
4.747
4.854
4.808
4.792
4.777
4.808
4.808
4.839
4.792
4.732
4.762
4.762
4.792
4.808
4.777
4.747
4.777
4.717
4.732
4.702
4.792
4.762
4.777
4.762

fc
MPa
37.4
36.8
35.5
35.1
38.2
32.0
30.2
33.6
32.4
32.1
35.0
35.4
34.9
35.6
32.8
34.8
34.8
38.2
35.9
39.3
34.2
31.3
36.0
32.2
33.1
35.5
33.9
31.9
34.0
34.6
33.6
33.8
32.5
34.0
32.5
35.1

V
km/sec
4.777
4.702
4.732
4.747
4.717
4.688
4.854
4.777
4.732
4.762
4.747
4.747
4.777
4.688
4.630
4.762
4.702
4.747
4.792
4.777
4.702
4.732
4.717
4.747
4.717
4.792
4.777
4.854
4.854
4.702
4.717
4.792
4.808
4.934
4.902
4.902

fc
MPa
32.2
30.8
31.7
32.0
32.0
30.8
36.9
33.9
32.3
35.9
33.0
35.3
34.7
33.3
31.6
34.0
33.4
33.6
35.2
33.8
31.3
32.5
34.1
34.0
34.9
37.3
35.7
38.2
35.1
32.3
33.8
33.5
35.1
38.7
37.9
38.0

V
km/sec
4.839
4.854
4.839
4.792
4.762
4.747
4.823
4.762
4.792
4.732
4.777
4.644
4.934
4.762
4.792
4.630
4.747
4.702
4.777
4.823
4.601
4.717
4.732
4.518
4.688
4.762
4.747
4.732
4.747
4.762
4.747
4.615
4.688
4.615
4.491
4.615

17

fc
MPa
38.4
37.7
36.5
34.0
35.8
34.8
35.8
35.0
34.1
35.2
36.4
31.6
40.9
34.2
36.0
31.3
31.5
30.5
31.1
35.2
26.8
29.2
33.5
26.1
29.6
36.0
31.5
31.5
30.5
33.7
33.8
30.5
31.0
31.4
27.6
27.3

V
km/sec
4.717
5.119
4.902
4.886
4.934
5.017
4.967
4.658
4.839
4.886
4.950
5.102
5.051
5.017
5.068
5.034
4.934
4.950
5.034
4.839
4.918
4.967
4.918
4.902
4.967
4.967
5.034
4.967
5.068
5.017
4.950
4.934
5.017
4.950
5.051
4.886

fc
MPa
33.3
46.0
39.4
39.5
39.7
42.5
43.0
29.6
38.6
39.0
41.7
47.5
45.8
45.9
46.5
42.3
42.6
43.1
42.6
39.1
40.6
42.8
40.1
40.6
43.5
39.3
42.9
42.5
45.3
43.4
41.5
39.5
45.8
40.6
45.9
36.4

 2
/ -

V
km/sec
4.747
4.792
4.762
4.839
4.762
4.673
4.658
4.717
4.702
4.717
4.658
4.688
4.732
4.792
4.732
4.762
4.717
4.792
4.702
4.839
4.777
4.732
4.688
4.762
4.717
4.777
4.732
4.747
4.732
4.702
4.673

fc
MPa
34.0
33.3
33.2
34.0
33.2
29.7
30.8
30.6
34.1
34.4
30.8
31.5
33.6
35.2
34.6
34.3
33.9
36.2
29.7
37.4
36.8
32.8
28.7
33.6
31.7
33.6
31.8
34.4
31.3
29.6
33.1

V
km/sec
4.886
4.839
4.870
4.934
4.886
4.777
4.870
4.870
4.823
4.854
4.792
4.808
4.870
4.792
4.762
4.823
4.808
4.777
4.792
4.777
4.747
4.870
4.777
4.762
4.747
4.792
4.777
4.870
4.854
4.808
4.808

fc
MPa
39.5
33.6
37.7
38.2
38.6
36.5
36.9
35.8
38.5
39.2
37.3
36.5
38.8
34.4
33.5
36.2
37.4
35.6
34.0
33.0
34.0
34.9
34.2
35.2
33.9
35.0
35.8
36.0
35.3
38.0
36.0

V
km/sec
4.732
4.823
4.673
4.747
4.870
4.870
4.918
4.870
4.808
5.068
4.808
4.967
4.854
5.034
5.017
4.934
4.886
4.823
5.051
4.950
5.051
5.068
4.934
4.902
5.000
5.017
4.854
4.918
4.717
4.886
4.762

fc
MPa
35.4
33.9
33.1
34.2
38.4
37.4
41.2
39.6
37.5
45.7
34.8
42.2
38.5
41.6
46.4
40.7
40.4
37.3
42.6
41.0
42.9
46.6
38.0
39.2
45.5
45.8
35.6
42.2
32.4
38.7
35.3

V
km/sec
4.870
4.918
4.983
4.902
4.902
4.983
5.017
4.792
4.777
5.000
4.918
4.967
4.854
5.034
4.934
4.950
5.034
4.902
5.051
4.950
4.870
5.034
4.886
5.017
5.000
4.902
4.902
4.839
4.934

fc
MPa
38.8
41.4
45.2
36.9
41.1
43.4
46.1
37.5
35.8
45.2
39.8
44.3
35.9
41.5
41.5
41.5
44.5
40.3
44.2
39.8
38.4
45.8
41.3
45.0
44.4
38.5
38.9
38.7
42.8

2.6
fc
:
-

f c = a e bK

fc = a K

f c = a + b K + c K 2 2

18

 2
/ -

fc = 7.126*e0.053*K
fc = 0.244*K1.458
fc = 0.655+ 0.553*K + 0.020*K2

(R2 = 0.766)
(R2 = 0.770)
(R2 = 0.751)

,
fc = MPa,
= ( )
R2=

. 1.
R2 0.751 0.770.
.
.
, (1999) (1978)
(. . 2).
, 5% - 95%
90% (. . 3).

19

 2
/ -

40

Y = 0.655+ 0.553* X + 0.020*X2

R2 = 0.751

, fc , (MPa)

36

ln(Y) = 1.458*ln(X) - 1.409

Y = 0.244*X1.458
R2= 0.770

32

ln(Y) = 0.053*X + 1.964

Y = 7.126*e0.053*X
R2 = 0.766

28

24

20
20

24

28
32

36

. 1: , fc,

20

40

 2
/ -

40

, fc, (MPa)

36

Y = 0.655+ 0.553* X + 0.020*X2

R2 = 0.751

32

28

24

20
20

24

28
32

. 2: .

21

36

40

 2
/ -

40

Y = 17.841- 0.400*X + 0.036*X2

95%

Y = 0.655+ 0.553* X + 0.020*X2

R2 = 0.751

, fc , (MPa)

36

32

Y = -16.621+ 1.511*X + 0.003*X2

95%

28

24

20
20

24

28
32

36

. 3: 5 95% .

2.7
fc
.

22

40

 2
/ -

fc = 0.295*e0.997*V
fc = 0.018*V4.828
fc = 199.988 - 104.269*V + 14.581*V2

(R2= 0.867)
(R2 = 0.867)
(R2 = 0.876)

,
fc = MPa,
V = (km/sec)
R2=

. 4.
R2 0. 867 0.876.
.
.
, (1999) (1978)
(. . 5).
, 5% - 95%
90% (. . 6).
,
266 89 .

23

 2
/ -

50
ln(Y) = 0.997*X - 1.220
Y = 0.295*e0.997*X
R2= 0.867

, fc , (MPa)

45

40

35
E
Y = 199.988 - 104.269*X + 14.581*X2
R2 = 0.876

30

ln(Y) = 4.828* ln(X) - 4.006

Y = 0.018*X4.828
R2 = 0.867

25

20
4.4

4.6

4.8
5
, V, (km/sec)

. 4: , fc, V

24

5.2

5.4

 2
/ -

50

, fc , (MPa)

45

40

35

E
Y = 199.988 - 104.269*X + 14.581*X2
R2 = 0.876

30

25

20
4.4

4.6

4.8
5
, V, (km/sec)

. 5: .

25

5.2

5.4

 2
/ -

50

Y = 234.365 - 117.172*X + 15.912* X2

95%

, fc, (MPa)

45

40

E
Y = 199.988 - 104.269*X + 14.581*X2
R2 = 0.876

35

30

Y = -1.065+ 0.963* X - 0.0002*X2

95%

25

20
4.4

4.6

4.8
5
, V, (km/sec)

5.2

5.4

. 6: 5 95%

2.8

. (1978)
(1999) DIN 4018. . 7
fc
V.

20 40. (89)
.
, 4.4 5.4,

(1978).
(1999)
.
26

 2
/ -

(1999) (1978),
.
4
,
.

Y = 199.988 - 104.269*X + 14.581*X2

R2 = 0.876

50

Y=440.1-221.6*X+28.9*X2

, fc , (MPa)

45

Y=180.39-98.37*X+14.18*X2

40

Y = 0.655+ 0.553* X + 0.020*X2

R2 = 0.751

35

Y=-14.796+1.058*X+0.0147*X2

30

DIN 4018
Y= -7.698+0.505*X+0.019*X2

Y=-9.59+0.535*X+0.023*X2

25

20
5.4

5.2

5
4.8
, V, (km/sec)

4.6

4.4
20

24

28
32

36

. 7: .

2.9

89 266
.
V (km/sec).
:
fc = 0.655+ 0.553*K + 0.020*K2
fc = 199.988 - 104.269*V + 14.581*V2

(R2 = 0.751)
(R2 = 0.876)

(1999)
(1978).
(1999) (1978)
DIN 4018.

, .

27

40

 3
/ -

3.

3.1

( 2000
2000).
.. ,
, , ,
(), ,
q q,

.
.
, ,
. ,
(, , , ),
( ) .
,
,

. ,
.


(.. ).
:
x
x ,

/ /

,
(,
, , ,
),
.
( ) .

. :

(, ).

. :
1.
.

, ,
28

 3
/ -

, , .
,
, , ,
. ,

, ,
.
,

, .
2. ,

(, , - image )
(, , ,
, ).

.
.
,
,
.
,
(performance),
.

3.2

,

:
.. [SEAOC 1999]

Freq

(Frequent)

Occas

(Occasional)
Rare

(
)
Very

(Very
Rare)

()

43

0.023

72

0.014

475

0.002

970

0.001

, ,
10% 50 .

.
,

29

 3
/ -

475 ,
:
P
Si = Si10 / 50 R
475

n=0.44 F, O, R 0.29 V.
:

F
O
R
V

(PR/475)n

0.35
0.44
1.0
1.23

0.06
0.07
0.16
0.20

0.08
0.11
0.24
0.30

3.3 IR (INDIVIDUAL RISK)

()

.
.
.
, .

IR=1/10000 [IR=Individual Risk] .

, ,
.

30

 3
/ -

.. R (=0.16) 0.3
: IR = 0.002 x 0.3 = 6 x 10-4 >> 1 x 10-5 (60 , .
IRR = 60)

3.4
, .
( )
.. .
.
RKm
, . :
)
,
, ,
(, ) .
SKm / .
) .
Rm
/ .
)

SK m
RK m =
R m
()
.

, / .
() :
1.
; ()
2.
;
3.
;

, :
1.
; ( )
2.
;
3.
;
.

IR :
1.
. /
.. 0,15.

.
,
(.. 0,02),
(.. 0,15) (.. 0,25).

. ,

.
(.. 0,90).
.

31

 3
/ -

0,15,
.
,
, 0,005

( ) .

,
.

, , ,
, , ,
, ,
.
2.
IR
,
.
.
:
.
:
.
a ,

. a,

. ( 2000),
a = 0,16g,
2 . a = 0,44 x 0,16 =
0,07g, ( ),
13 . [SEAOC 99]
:
Si = Si10/50 (PR / 475)n
n = 0,44 F, O ,R
n = 0,29
V
, ..
a = 0,24,
0,07g
1

a n
0,24 0, 44
P = 0,002 s = 0,002
= 0,032 .

0,07
a
32
14 .
. ()
;
(push over)
:
;

= as

32

 3
/ -

.
2,
DCM
.
. push over.

.
.

.
, ,
.
:
1. E

,
.
,

(. , ).
q (.. >3) .
,
2000.
,
[FEMA 356], [SEAOC 99] ..
1.

1.

6. -

2.

7. -

3.

8. -

5.

4.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14. -

1:

2.

.

33

 3
/ -

- ( )
.
.

,
.
, ( ...).

1.
3.

.
,
.
.
,
.
4,5,11 1.
4.


.

( , ).

() .
.
8,12 1.

5.
,

.
,
.
.

. ,
, ..
..
7,8,9,10 1.
6.

(, ..)

.

34

 3
/ -

.

() .

, ..


.

(.. ).
1.

7.

( ),
.
()
.

.
.

1.
8.

( ),
.
()
.
,

(force controlled)
, ( ).

.
1.
9.

.

.
, .

1/2.
.
.
.
.

35

 3
/ -

,
.
,
.
.
1.
10.
.

. ,
.
,
,
.
Moersch,

.
.

, .
.
( d/l > ) .

1.
11. -

,
. ,
, (, )
.

,
(. ).

() .
,
.
.
,
.
,
1.
12. -

.
,

.
, , ,
.

.

36

 3
/ -

.

.
1.

:
1. 0,20
1
max IR = 0,20 p
100000
1
p
= 5 10 5
0,20 100000

0,002
=
5 10 5

0 , 29

= 2,9

2,9
a = 0,16 x 2,9 = 0,46g.
2. 1,0
1
max IR = 1,0 p k
100000
5
p k 1 10

0,002
=
1 10 5

0 , 29

= 4,64

a = 0,16 x 4,64 = 0,74g.

0,80 V = 2,5 x 0,74g x 0,80 =
1,48G 0,49 q = 3.

37

 4
/ -

4.

4.1 .
(
), (
)
:
59 ..
59 60.
( 30 60)
5-7
(
. ).

(3,0 4,0 )
.

,
,
,

..

,
.

59 70
84.
5-7
( ),
:

(5-7 )




-
, (pilotis)

.

.

38

 4
/ -

.. 84 (95)
(2000).
(78) (81)

59
84 95 (
EC2) 2000.
(95)
2000.
, ,
.

39

 4
/ -

1 .

6 . -

2 .

7 . -

3 .

8 . -

4 .

5 .

9 .

1 0 .

1 1 .

1 2 .

1 3 .

40

1 4 . -

 4
/ -

4.2 .

.
(, , .)
, .

.
( ,
, ) (,
, ) .
:

- .


.

-
.

- .

- .

.

( push over ..)
.

:
- (. . &
)
- (. .)
- (. .)
-

41

 4
/ -

.
, .

(, ).

.

4.3
().

4.3.1 .

:
4.3.1.1 :
:

:
( 59)
(59)
(84 95)
.

, .
(),

.
:


( ).

.
(.. Pilotis)

(.. )

,
.
,
.

42

 4
/ -

PILOTIS

T
4.3.1.2
:


( ).
(
).

.

.
:

43

 4
/ -

.
, .
.
.

.

.

.

.



'

1.

2.

3. .

' .

4.
.

T -
4.3.1.3
.
.

.
-

.


.

4.3.1.4
.

:
-

, ()

44

 4
/ -

(
)
( - ).

4.3.1.5. .
, ,

,
, .

4.4

4.4.1 .


.

:

, ,

.

4.4.2 .


.

(, ),

.


.
4.4.2.1 .

.
.
( )
( , ,
.).

45

 4
/ -

.
.
.

..
(A.C.I. Jirca).
,
.

.

,- .

46

 4
/ -

4.4.2.2 .
:

, , ,
.

( .)

.

.



( ).

(
).
4.4.2.3 .


.
4.4.2.4 .

47

 4
/ -

:
.

.
4.4.2.5 .
.

,

.

4.5 .
,
,
.

.
.

.

48

 5
/ -

5. -
5.1

.
1980.
,
1985.


.
. ,
,
, .
-
(ATC40, 1996), (FEMA356, 2001),
(Capacity
Spectrum Method CSM)
(Displacement Coefficient Method DCM).


.
17
1980-1994 (I, 1997).

DCM.

5.2 DCM

DCM.
.
. ,
. ,
. ,
,
.

5.2.1
.

.
.

.
(
),

.

49

 5
/ -

.


.
,
,
.

: .

.

.
:

.
, .
:

.
.

.
,
.
.
.
:

.
,
.
:

.

.
.
,
.
.
. ,

.

5.2.2
,
.

50

 5
/ -

.
(

) .

.

2 .

. .
1.

.
2.
( 1).
s,
.
.
e,

0.6Vy Vy
Ke Ks.

Vy
0.6Vy

(pushover)

y
1:
(pushover) DCM

-, Vy
Ke. , Ke,
Vy Ke
0.6Vy.
0.6Vy, Ke ...
3.

e
Ki
e=Ti
Ke
:

i ( sec)
, .

51

 5
/ -

4.

i
e .

(target displacement :
t =C0 C1 C2 C3 Sa

Te

(1)
C0 C3
Sa
2

T
e .
2
(1) C0
.
C0 .

1
2
3
5
10

C0
1.0
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5

C0 1.0 (SDOF)
C1
. 1.0
T>Tg Te<Tg

C1=

1
1 Tg
+ 1
R R Te

C1<2 T<0.1sec

(2)
Tg ,

.
, R ,

S a /g
1

Vy /W C0
Sa

W (G+2Q).

R=

C2 . ,
C2 .

52

 5
/ -

=0.1 sec
1
2

Te > Tg
1

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.3
1.5

1.0
1.0

1.1
1.2

1.0
1.0

1 30%

(..
, ,
.
2 .
C3
P- .
, C3=1.
C3

C3=1 +

| a | (R 1) 3/2
Te

(3)

, -
.
C1
C2. ,

.

5.3

,
.
220
1980 1994 :
ML >4.4 Richter
(PGA) >0.1g
1.
,
, ,
.
g ,



.

,
(
, .).

53

 5
/ -

1
ARGO183-1 17/01/1983 L=6.5

L
2
ATHENS-2
07/09/1999 L=5.9

3
S-3
07/09/1999 L=5.9
KE
T
4
ATHENS-4
07/09/1999 L=5.9

L
5
ARGO183-7 23/03/1983 L=5.7

6
188-4
16/10/1988 L=5.5

7
L186-1
13/09/1986 L=5.5

8
EDE190-1
21/12/1990 L=5.4

L
9
RGO183-8 24/03/1983 L=5.1

10 PAT393-2
14/07/1993 L=5.1

T
11 LEF194-1
25/02/1993 L=5.1

T
12 KYP187-1
10/06/1987 L=5.0
ii
13 RGO192-1 23/01/1992 L=5.0

L
14 PYR193-8
26/03/1993 L=5.0

L
15 L286-2
15/09/1986 L=4.8

16 LEF188-2
24/04/1988 L=4.5

T
17 R183-3
26/08/1983 L=4.4

1:

54

PGA
(g)
0.171
0.159
0.302
0.121
0.192
0.170
0.273
0.101
0.305
0.401
0.136
0.127
0.204
0.165
0.263
0.245
0.178

(sec)
0.35
0.33
0.5
0.45
0.55
0.375
0.3
0.4
0.4
0.35
0.4
0.25
0.35
0.5
0.5
0.3
0.5

 5
/ -

55

 5
/ -

56

 5
/ -

57

 5
/ -

58

 5
/ -

59

 5
/ -

60

 5
/ -

61

 5
/ -

62

 5
/ -

63

 5
/ -

64

 5
/ -

65

 5
/ -

66

 5
/ -

67

 5
/ -

68

 5
/ -

69

 5
/ -

70

 5
/ -

5.4 -

71

 5
/ -

. ,
.


. ,

.
,

.

.
( 2):
F
F

a)

b)

c)

2:

: .
5% .

.
: .

,
.
5% .
:
.
-10% .
,
.
.
.

5.5
3,

4.
.

.

72

 5
/ -

1,2,4,6 8.
20 T=0.1 T=2.0 sec.
, Fy
1,2,4,6 and 8
,
3. F
Fy R
.


.
R 2,3,4 5.
20
=0.01 =10. ,
R 2,3,4 5,

3.

5.6
,
.
-
. ,
dn/de dn -
de
- .
3 6
, .
3 dn/de ,
. =2,
=4. 0.4 5
.
.
17 . ,
, ,
0.4-0.6 sec,
. ,
. ,
.

73

 5
/ -

dn / de

- Displacement ductility =2

1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

T (sec)

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

1.6

1.8

- Displacement ductility =4

dn / de
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1
T (sec)

1.2

1.4

3: dn/de

4.
0.1-0.4 sec

74

 5
/ -

- Displacement ductility =2
dn / de
2
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0

0.2

dn / d e
3.5

0.4

0.6

0.8

1
T (sec)

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

1.6

1.8

- Displacemen ductility =4

3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1
T (sec)

1.2

1.4

4: dn/de B

5.
0.4 6.5.
0.1-0.4 sec
.
=8 T=0.1 sec
42% .

75

 5
/ -

dn / de
2

- Displacement ductility =2

1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0

0.2

dn / de
4

0.4

0.6

0.8

1
T (sec)

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

1.6

1.8

- Displacement ductility =4

3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1
T (sec)

1.2

1.4

5: dn/de

6

. ,
0.4-0.6 sec,
, .
=2 0.2
.
, ,
. ,
. ,

.
-

, . ,

76

 5
/ -

( )
.
M ,
Mean values, del A

T ,
Standard deviation, del A

3.5

1.4

1.2

2.5
=4
=6

1.5

dn /de

/d
n
d

=2

=8

=2

0.8

=4
=6

0.6

0.4

0.5

0.2

=8

0.5

1.5

0.5

T (sec)

M , B
Mean values, del B
1.4

1.2

2.5

1
=2

=4
=6

1.5

=8

dn /de

dn /de

1.5

,
Standard deviation, Model B

3.5

=2

0.8

=4
=6

0.6

0.4

0.5

0.2

=8

0
0

0.5

1
T (sec)

1.5

0.5

M ,
Mean values, del C

1
T (sec)

1.5

,
Standard deviation, Model C

4.5

1.6

1.4

3.5

1.2

=2

2.5

=4

=6
=8

1.5

=2

1
dn /de

dn /de

1
T (sec)

=4

0.8

=6

0.6

=8

0.4

0.2

0.5
0

0
0

0.5

1.5

T (sec)

0.5

1.5

T (sec)

6: dn/de
7 11
,
R
7 dn/de ,
R.

2.5. ,
.
. ,
, R
.

77

 5
/ -

R=2

dn / de
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0

5
Frequency

10

10

R=4

dn / de
20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
0

5
Frequency

7: dn/de
B 8.

.
R,
29% .
.
. ,

. , 1700
(17 20 5 R),
692 .

78

 5
/ -

R=2

dn / de
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0

dn / de
20

5
Frequency

10

10

R=4

18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
0

5
Frequency

8: dn/de
2
R. R
. ,
.
9
. , ,
.
R
2
3
4
5
6

53
113 145 176 205

% 15.5 33.2 42.7 51.8 60.0

2:

79

 5
/ -

R=2

dn / de
5
4.5
4
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
0

5
Frequency

10

10

R=4

d n / de
5
4.5
4
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
0

5
Frequency

9: dn/de
10
,
R.
2.5, R.
, R. ,
.
.

.
11 dn/de
. R
.
DCM ( )
(1) C0=1,C2=1,C3=1,T2=0.4 (
C1). C1
.
(v<2.5) C1 .

, R.

80

 5
/ -

M ,
Mean values, Model A

,
Standard deviation, Model A

7
R=3

R=4

R=5

R=2

5
dn /de

dn /de

R=2

R=3
R=4

R=5

R=6

R=6

0
0

10

Frequency

M , B
Mean values, Model B

10

, B
Standard deviation, Model B

R=2
R=3

R=4

R=5

R=2

5
dn /de

6
dn /de

6
Frequency

R=3
R=4

R=5

R=6

R=6

0
0

10

Frequency

10

Frequency

M ,
Mean values, Model C

,
Standard deviation, Model C

2.5

2
1.8

1.6
1.4

R=2

R=3

1.2

R=3

R=4

0.8

R=5

0.6

R=6

R=4
R=5

R=6
0.5

dn /de

dn /de

1.5

R=2

0.4
0.2

0
0

10

Frequency

Frequency

10: dn/de

,
- R. C1
R, .
,
C1
R, .
12

DCM. R=2
. R>2
.

81

10

 5
/ -

R=2
4
D CM, T2=0.4

3.5

MODEL-A
MODEL-B

PROPOSITION

d n /d e

2.5
2

1.5
1
0.5
0
0

5
Frequency

10

10

10

R=4
8
DC M, T2=0.4

MODEL-A
MODEL-B

PROPOSITION

d n /d e

5
4
3
2
1
0
0

5
Frequency

R=6
9
D C M, T2=0.4

MOD EL-A
MOD EL-B

PR OPOSITION

6
d n /d e

5
4
3
2
1
0
0

5
Frequency

11:
DCM.

C1.
C1= 1 + (R-1)(Tg /T - 1)/2 g < T <0.1sec (4)

82

 5
/ -

11. R=2,
(4) (2). R>2,
(4) dn/de .
, (4)
,
R, Tg / T.
Model-A (Mean Values)
2.5

R=2

1.5
d n /d DC M

R=3
R=4
R=5
R=6

0.5

0
0

10

Frequency

12: dn/dDCM

, C2 ,
2.
DCM ,
13 14. 13

,
.
,
. ,
.
. , 14

,
R, R.
13 14
1.29
.
(FEMA356, 2001) C2 1.5
prevention performance level (
).
, C2 1.2. ,

83

 5
/ -

C2 (FEMA356, 2001)
.
1.15

d_(Model-B) / d_(Model-A)

1.1
1.05
=2

=4
0.95

=6

0.9
0.85
0.8
0

0.5

1.5

(sec)

13:

1.4

d_(Model-B) / d_(Model-A)

1.3

1.2
R=2
1.1

R=4
R=6

0.9

0.8
0

0.5

1.5

T (sec)

14: ,
R

84

 5
/ -

5.7
DCM

. ,
,

,

.

85

 6
/ -

6.

6.1

.
.

, ,
.
,
,
.


.
.

(Pushover)
,
.
. ,
...,
.
,
.

- ,
. ,
,
, .
.

6.2

6.2.1

.
.
:

. 6.1:
6.1,


(
).
, ,

. ,

86

 6
/ -

.
,
,
.

.

6.1



. ,

.

( )

.
.

,

.

.

)
)

.
.

87

 6
/ -

,
(
...)


.

6.2.2

.
.

.
. ,
, .

,
.
,
. ,
,

.
,

.

.

6.3

,
, , .

.
.

. ,

.

88

 6
/ -

(
6.2).


,

.


6.2

.
,

.
( )
.

. (Goel and Chopra
1991, Sedarat and Bertero 1990)

.

.


.

,

.

,


.

6.3.1 Mo

, ,

89

 6
/ -

(Performance Point) .
.
:

.
(Performance point)
.
,
(
),
, .
,
,
.


.

. ,

,
.
(.. )

. ,
.
.

6.3.2 -

,
(target displacement)
--.

.
,
-
(target displacement)

.
,
.
,
-

.
7 .

90

 6
/ -

6.4

6.4.1

/ .

-.
.

6.4.2
.

. ,
.
,
.
6.4.2.1 -

, ,
, , -
.

,
.
.
-,
.

.

6.4.2.1.1

.

.
.
.


.
- ,
,
.



. ,
.

91

 6
/ -

-
-.

.

( ) .
.
(nonstructural components)
.
(o
) curtain walls (
). (
) (diagonal braces)
..
garage .

.

.


.

.
.

6.4.2.1.2
,

.
,
,
.
.

.

, .
.
-
.
.

.
:

( )
. 6.1.
,

.
6.3.

92

 6
/ -

6.3
( 6.3b)
,
.

.

.
, 6.3b,
.

6.3c.
( )

.
,

. /

.

. ,

.


.

/ . ,
/
. ,
.
,

93

 6
/ -

.


. ,
( ),
, = / ,
.

, .


.

,
( 6.4),

. ,
.

( )
.

6.4
,
, . ,

.
,


.

,
( )
.

94

 6
/ -

,
. ,

.

.
6.4.2.2 -
-
,
, , ,
.
,
.
. -
. ,
.

-
() .
-

,

.
-

.

6.4.2.2.1

- ( 6.5).
.
.
.
.
.
.

, .
: -
, , -
-. . -
.
.


.

95

 6
/ -

.







.



.

,

.

6.5
, ,

, ( )
.
,
()
.
.
,
. ,


.

- 6.4.2.1.
,

6.4.2.2.2
,
.


. ()
,

96

 6
/ -

. ,

.
.

6.4.2.1. .
: -

.
,
. /

.

.
-

,
.

.

,
.

6.4.3
:
,
,

(coupled walls).

6.6
.
,
.

97

 6
/ -

.
(framed walls).

,
.

.


(.. L, ),
.


.
6.4.3.1
,

.
.
(/) 4 (hw/lw
4) : hw/lw 2.
,
. , (hw/lw2)

. 2 hw/lw 4
.

,
,
.

6.4.3.1.1


,
.
,
.
:

hw/lw.
,


.

.

.
,

98

 6
/ -

.
-.



.

.

1.4.3.1.2

.
, ,
.
.
:

.
,
.

,
.
.
..

.
. ,
. ,

.
,
,


.

,
,
. ,

,
, .

. ,
( )
.
, .

.
,
.

99

 6
/ -

,
.
(
-)
.
,
,

.

.

.
,
.

.
,

.

.
6.4.3.2 , ,

,
,
,
.
() .
.. ,


.
:
,
.
,
. ,
-
.
( )
.

6.4.3.2.1

-, ,
, .

100

 6
/ -

.
,
.

.
.

6.4.3.2.2

.
6.4.3.1.

,
.
:

.
. ,

.
6.4.3.3

,
.
:
.
,
. ,
,

.

6.4.3.3.1

,
.
:

. ,

.
.

6.4.3.3.2

.
, ,

101

 6
/ -

.
.
6.4.3.1.

6.4.4 -
-
,
, .
6.4.2. 6.4.3.
6.4.4.1

- .
, .
,

.
6.4.4.2

6.4.2. 6.4.3.

6.4.5
,
.
,
,

.
() , , ,
. ,


.
:
. (precast)
.
, (struts), collectors (chords).

,

.
, ,

,
(bracing element)
.

.
,
.

102

 6
/ -

, ,
.
,
.

.

(simple-span)
.
. () .


.
.

( 6.4.2. 6.4.3.)
.

6.4.6


.
. ,

, ,

.

6.5
6.5.1
. ,

.
, ,


. ,
,
.
,
. ,
.

-

.
6.7
.
Qc

Q
.
6.7

103

 6
/ -

, .
( ) C.
C D. T,
DE .

.
C,

C.
To ,
.
.

, . ,

.
. ,
.
C 5% 10%
.

.
C .
/
C. ,
C.

.

.
C
. ,
.
,
.
C D .
,
, .
C .
,
C.
, D
. ,
20% .


.
.

. C
,
C. ,
C
.

104

 6
/ -

( ..
, , .),
C. H
.
,
. , ,
. ,
.
,
, .
/ ,
.


.
/

. ... ,

, . ,

, .

6.5.2
6.5.2.1
,
,
, ,

. ,
.
6.5.2.2
,
, .

,
.

.
6.5.2.3

, ( )
.
,

,

105

 6
/ -

.
,
.
6.5.2.4

,
( ..
6.6). ,

( ). ,
(
).
, , ,

.

. ,
2000.

6.5.4
6.5.4.1
( )




(.. , ). ,

.
.

.

.

.
,
, .
1.25fy fy
. 2000,
.

.

.
5% .
,

106

 6
/ -

.

.
,
:
, ,

-
:
.

.
,
.
. ,
,
.

(
).

, ,
. ,

, ,

. :

,

.

,
,
.
.

.

6.8

107

 6
/ -

-
:

( 6.8)

.
-
.
,
2. ,
.
,
( 6.8),
, .
-
.
6.5.4.2

.
,

-.
,
.
,

.



1/8 1/4 .

2000.
,
.
,
.

.
2000.
6.5.4.3

2000.
.


. 2000 .

( )

108

 6
/ -

2000.

109

 7
/ -

7.
7.1

,
.
,
.


.

7.1.1
,
.

.

. ,
.
,

.


,
.

,
.

110

 7
/ -

.

.
7.1.1.1

.
,
.

.
,
.
,
.

,
. , 50-67%
,
. ,

,
.
,
. ,
, ..
.
7.1.1.2
,
. ,

. .
0.3 1.0 sec .

,
.
,
. ,

. ,
/ ,
.
7.1.1.3

(, .)
().

111

 7
/ -

.
, ,
. ,
.
.

( )
.
,
(
).
,
.







. ,


,



.
,

(..
,
,
)

(. 2).


.





2. .
/

,
. ,
(, )
( , , .)
.

112

 7
/ -

7.1.2

.
, ,
.

. ,

.
/ ,


.
2
.

.

. ,
. ,


.

.
,
. ,
,
. ,
,
. ,

/ , .

,
(.. ).
,

.
,

.
.
,

.
.

113

 7
/ -

. ,
.

7.2.

/ .
.
,
.

,
,
.

. 3
-.
( Fy, Fy,
My) x y z.
3.
Sx, Sy, S)
. ,

. ,

Winkler, 3.

. ,

.

3: /

114

 7
/ -

7.2.1
,
, .
4, , ,
, .
, ,
.

. ,
.

.
, .

,
. ,
,
.
,







,

4:

115

 7
/ -

7.2.2

5.

6.

116

5.



/

.






.


(, ,
)

.









.

 7
/ -

, ,
6. ,
.
(
70cm).

117

 8
/ -

8.

8.1
,
(), ( )
, .
,
.
(strain
localization) .
,
. ,

( ).

,
(, ,
, )
,
( )
.

.
, ..
.

.

8.2.
8.2.1
,
.
.

( 1).
[,
1986] ,
,
:

, .
,

.

118

 0
/ -

,

.

[FEMA 273/356] [ATC
40].

1: pilotis

1: M

119

 0
/ -

8.2.2
,
,
Moersch .
Vc - Vcc
, Vcc,
,
( 2).

.
, .
,

Vcs (
).
[,
1986], [Priestley ,Seible, Calvi, 1996].
Moersch .

,
(interlock)
.

2: o
2 :
:
:
. :
:
:

:

Vc=430 kN
Vcc=190 kN
Vcs=182 kN
Vyb=153 kN
asb=12 cm2/m

n = N / (bdfc) (1)
m = M / (bd2fc) (2)

. . . . l = As fs / (bdfc) (3)

120

 0
/ -

. : m = 0.5 (n - n2) + l (4)

vc = Vc /(bd)= 2 fc d m / h

(5)

vcc = Vcc /(bd)= fc d (n - n2) / h

(6)

vc - vcc = (Vc - Vcc ) /(bd) = 2 fc d l / h

(7)

Vc - Vcc
/
[, 1986].
. Vcs


c.

2
fc kN/m [Priestley ,Seible, Calvi, 1996] :
vcs = Vcs /(bd) = 9 fc

, 0<c<2

(8)

=(14 - 2,5 c) fc , 2<c<5

(9)

=1,5 fc

, 5<c

(10)

Moersch 45 :
Vyb = rd (Vc - Vcc ) - Vcs

(11)

asb = Vyb / d fsb

(12)

rd = 1,4.

8.2.3
( .. FEMA 356),
, :
,
.

.

3:

121

 0
/ -

FEMA ( 3) :
=0.04(1 hc)-0.4 ri [m]

(13)

1= [ Ei ti sin2 / (Ec hc 9.6 106 Ic)]1/4

(14)

Ic [m4] .
fi.
:
Vyic = Li ti fi /ri

[kN]

(15)

.
:
Vyis =5.3 Li ti (2 fi )

[kN]

(16)

:
Vyic / Vyis = fi / (7.5 ri)

(17)

fi
ri,
. fi = 2400 kN/m2 >
ri / 6,5 .

.

i []
FEMA 356,
:
2 : []

0
2

1,5
4

3
6

6
15

: = , = , = , =
.

122

 9
/ -

9.
9.1.

9.1.1

: , , A
:

9.1-1
,
.
.
,
.
.

.

. ,

123

 9
/ -

.

.


.
225.

C12/15 C16/20
.
.

ST-I
ST-I.
.
,

,
. ,
60.
.
, .

. ,
,
.

C40
FEMA273.

.
.




,

, FEMA273 C40.
,
.

.
,
,
.

.

,
, .

124

 9
/ -

,
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
,
( ). 650
.
.

C40 FEMA273.

9.1.2

(B.. 10/31 . 1945 .E.K.

171 A/16.5.1946 ).
(2000)
FEMA 273/356: NEHRP Guidelines for the seismic rehabilitation of buildings, October
1997/2001, Washington, D.C.
ATC40: Seismic evaluation and retrofit of concrete buildings, Vol 1, November 1996.

9.1.3
C16/20
C12/15
S220
.
S400
Fe-360
8.8

9.1.4
:

25 kN/m3

75 kN/m3

3.6 kN/m2

2.1 kN/m2

1.1 kN/m2

2.0 kN/m2

2.0 kN/m2

3.5 kN/m2
( )
1.0 kN/m2

2.0 kN/m2

5.0 kN/m2

125

 9
/ -

9.1.5 .
2000:

1.00

9.1.6 /
/
CUBUS [cubus, 1998], [, 1999].

CEDRUS-3.
STATIK-3 FAGUS-3.
STATIK3-PUSHOVER.

9.1.7

,
.
8
45.
0, 45, 90, 135, 180, 225, 270 315.
,
. ,

0.98 1.51 sec, 1.47 2.26sec.
,
7.1 10.4cm.
, (.
), 3.9% 7.9%. ,

( ) .

.

.

.
90
. ,
.

( 20/60 ,
20/35).
, ,
.

126

 9
/ -

45

135

90

127

 9
/ -

180

225

315

270

9.1-2

, ,
:



.

.


.
.

.

128

 9
/ -

.

.

K
K
K

K

K

K
K

9.1-3

9.2

9.2.1
,
.
1963
, , .
.

129

 9
/ -

K44:30/30

D35:20/50

K45:30/30

D36:20/50

K46:30/30

D37:20/50

K47:30/30

D38:20/50

D39:20/50

K48:30/30

K49:30/30

D40:20/50

K50:30/30

D41:20/50

D42:20/50

D29:20/50

D28:20/50
K35:20/50

K36:20/50

D31:20/50

D13:20/50

D14:20/50

D15:20/50

K20:20/50

K21:20/50

D17:20/50

D16:20/50
K22:20/50

D18:20/50

D19:20/50

K24:20/50

K23:20/50

D32:20/50

K38:20/50

K39:20/50

K40:30/30

K25:20/50

D20:20/50

D21:20/50

K29:30/30

0.40

?' 7

D11:15/50

D12:15/50

D64:20/50

d= 14

D60:20/60

D57:20/60

D53:20/60

D49:20/60

2.00

D22:20/50

K27:20/50

K26:20/50

K28:20/50

D44:20/50

4.50

D66:20/50

D62:20/50

D30:20/50
K37:20/50

? 8
d= 12

13.10

D45:20/50

K34:20/50

? 16
d= 12

2.20

D27:20/50

K33:20/50

? 15
d= 15

2.85

D26:20/50
0.40

K32:20/50

? 14
d= 12

D65:20/50

D25:20/50
0.40

? 13
d= 12

D58:20/50

? 12
d= 12

D55:20/50

d= 14

D24:20/50
K31:20/50

K19:30/30

K51:30/30

0.40
?' 11

D54:20/50

d= 14

D51:20/50

?' 10

D23:20/50
K30:30/30

D50:30/60

D' 33:20/45

K43:30/30

D34:20/50

0.40

2.55

? 9
d= 12

D46:20/60

K42:30/30

D33:20/50

D47:20/50

K41:30/30

0.40

K17:20/50

D1:20/50
K1:30/40

D2:20/50

D6:20/50

D5:20/50

D4:20/50
K4:30/40

K5:30/40

K6:30/40

? 5

? 6

d= 12

d= 12

D7:20/50
K7:30/40

D8:20/50
K8:30/40

D9:20/50

D10:20/50
K10:30/40

K9:30/40

3.75

D52:20/60
D3:20/50

K3:30/40

K2:30/40

K18:20/50

d= 17

d= 17

D48:20/60

D43:20/50

d= 17

K16:20/50

? 4

D63:20/50

d= 17

K15:20/50

? 3

D61:20/60

K14:20/50

? 2

D59:20/60

K13:20/50

? 1

D56:20/60

K12:20/50

K11:30/40

? E
d= 17

3.20

3.20

3.20

3.20

3.20

3.20

3.20

3.20

3.20

3.20

9.2-1
160
ST-I.
.
,
120.
,

.
412 722.
,
.
.









-

24 kN/m3
3.6 kN/m2
2.1 kN/m2
0.8 kN/m2
3.0 kN/m2
1.50 k/m2
3.0 kN/m2
1.5 kN/m2
5.0 kN/m2

.

.


.
,
.

130

 9
/ -

.
.
1.20

' 15
d= 15

K41:30/30

K42:30/30

D31:20/50

K43:30/30

D32:20/50

D33:20/50

K44:30/30

K45:30/30

D34:20/50

K46:30/30

D35:20/50

K47:30/30

D36:20/50

D37:20/50

K48:30/30

D38:20/50

K50:30/30

D39:20/50

D40:20/50

K51:30/30

d= 15

' 14
d= 12

4.50

' 13

D65:20/50

D69:20/50

12
d= 12

D45:20/50

11
d= 12

D55:20/50

10
d= 12

D52:20/50

0.40
9
d= 14

D68:20/45

D51:20/50

D44:20/60

d= 12

D48:20/50

2.55

' 8

0.40

K49:30/30

D26:20/50

D43:20/50

D28:20/50

D27:20/50

D29:20/50

K37:20/50

K36:20/50

K35:20/50

D30:20/50

K38:20/50

K40:30/30

K39:20/50

D11:20/50

D12:20/50

D14:20/50

D13:20/50
K21:20/50

K20:20/50

K19:30/30

E
GUNITE 5cm. 131
8 ( 4/m2)
D16:20/50

D15:20/50

K22:20/50

K23:20/50

D20:20/50

D19:20/50

D18:20/50

D17:20/50
K25:20/50

K24:20/50

13.10

d= 12

K26:20/50

K27:20/50

K29:30/30

0.40

K28:20/50
' 7

D67:15/50

D66:15/50

D63:20/50

D58:20/50

D54:20/50

D50:20/50

D47:20/50

d= 14

D42:20/50

2.00

D25:20/50
K34:20/50

2.20

D24:20/50
K33:20/50

K32:20/50

2.85

D23:20/50
0.40

K31:20/50

D64:20/50

D22:20/50

D21:20/50
K30:30/30

0.40

K17:20/50

D1:20/50

K1:30/40

D3:20/50

D2:20/50

D5:20/50

D4:20/50

K4:30/40

K3:30/40

K2:30/40

K5:30/40

K18:20/50

d= 17

D49:20/50

D41:20/50

D46:20/50

d= 17

D6:20/50

D7:20/50
K7:30/40

K6:30/40

d= 12

d= 12

D8:20/50
K8:30/40

D10:20/50

D9:20/50

K11:30/40

K10:30/40

K9:30/40

1.60

E
d= 17

3.20

3.20

3.20

3.20

3.20

3.75

d= 17

K16:20/50

D62:20/50

d= 17

K15:20/50

D60:20/50

K14:20/50

D57:20/50

K13:20/50

D53:20/50

K12:20/50

3.20

3.20

3.20

3.20

3.20

9.2-2

9.2.2

(B.. 10/31 . 1945 .E.K.

171 A/16.5.1946 ).

(2000)
FEMA 273/356: NEHRP Guidelines for the seismic rehabilitation of buildings, October
1997/2001, Washington, D.C.
ATC40: Seismic evaluation and retrofit of concrete buildings, Vol 1, November 1996.

9.2.3
s C16/20
E C25/30
S500.
Fe-360
8.8

9.2.4
:


24 kN/m3

3.6 kN/m2

2.1 kN/m2

0.8 kN/m2

3.0 kN/m2

0.15 k/m2

3.0 kN/m2

1.5 kN/m2
-
5.0 kN/m2

131

 9
/ -

9.2.5 .

:

1.5

1.00

9.2.6 /
/
CUBUS [cubus, 1998], [, 1999].

CEDRUS-3.
STATIK-3 FAGUS-3.
HOCH-3.

9.2.7
.
.
.
.
(
).
. .

.

.
.
.

.
C40 FEMA273. O

.

.

132

 9
/ -

9.2-3
.

.
C40 FEMA273.
.
' .

GUNITE.

9.2-4
. .

, 2000.

133

 9
/ -

.

.
. -2.00.

. 1.5
kg/cm2=15 kN/m2.
2.5 kg/cm2=25 kN/m2. H
1.4
=35kN/m2.
.

.


.
'
.
, ,

. ,
.

.

.

5cm

5cm

10cm.

134

 10
/ -

10.

.
, ,
:
)

(, ,
) , ,
.
,
,
(,
, ,
..).
(,
)
)

( )
, .. 72, 225, 475, 975, 2475
, .. 50
.
,
50
50%, 20%, 10%, 5% 2% .
)

( ) ,
..
72
475 .
,
,
(
)

.
) ( )

135

 10
/ -

.

.

1,0.

)

.

, .

.

(pushover)

.

,
,

.


.


.
, ,

( ).

( )
.

(FEMA 273, FEMA 356).
.

/
) .



,
.
,

.
,


.
C1 .

136

 10
/ -

,
.
,
.
-
.
.

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.

.


.

,

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,
, ,
,
.

(
)


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,
.

137

 11
/ -

11.

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California
2. Bachmann H. (1998): , M.
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, FAGUS-3

6. DIN 1048
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buildings, Washington, D.C.
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12. EAK 2000 :
13. , (1997),
( 1980-1994), .
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, (Push Over)
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IBK-ETHZ,
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(push over), 287
288
17. . ( 2001):
, ,
,
18. . ( 2001):
(Push over), , 284
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20. ..:"x x x
x - x
x", , 1991.(/)
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22. Mikulic D., Pause Z., Ukraincik V., "Determination of concrete quality in a structure by
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, 2
, ,
2001
27. SEAOC 99 (1999) : Recommended lateral force requirements and commentary
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30. ., ., . "
x
..", ./, 1 , , 1991
31. ., ., . " x
x x", 10 ,
, 1991, 36-50
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33. . . , . , .
.

34. Tomsett H.N.: "The practical use of ultrasonic pulse velocity measurements in the
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139