GRAMMAR NOTES

THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE The present perfect tense is made up of : 1. has / have + past participle (active form) 2. has / have + been + past participle (passive form)

Present Perfect Tense is used: 1. To refer to a recently / newly completed action. e.g. I have just completed my homework. My neighbours have recently sold their car. 2. To refer to an action that occurred at an unspecified or unknown time in the past. e.g. The Jones have been to Australia many times. The birds have flown away. 3. To refer to an action that began in the past, and is still going on at the moment of speaking. e.g. Ruhil has known Kamarul for many years. They have lived in this house since 2001.

THE PAST PERFECT TENSE The past perfect tense is made up of: 1 2 Had + past participle (active) Had + been + past participle (passive)

Past Perfect Tense is used to : 1. To show that one past action took place or was completed before another action took place.

GRAMMAR NOTES

e.g.

The bell had rung before I reached school. The children had gone to bed long before their father got home.

2. To show that an action had been completed / taken place by a particular time in the past. e.g. By the time we arrived at the cinema, the movie had already started. Mother had cooked dinner by 6.30 p.m. yesterday.

3. To express a wish, a desire or regret about a past event or situation. This is usually expressed with a conditional clause that contains if. e.g. If we had attended Normalas party, we would have met some interesting people. If I had listened to you, I wouldnt be in the mess Im in now.

4. To replace the present perfect tense in reported speech. e.g. Direct: I have been robbed! screamed the woman. Reported: The woman screamed that she had been robbed.

Direct: Everyone has gone home, said the watchman. Reported: The watchman said that everyone had gone home.