Cc iu ch s ASK FSK PSK QPSK QAM

Cc khi nim l thuyt Trong nhiu h truyn thng (tin) s dng dy dn (nh modem truyn d liu) hoc tn hiu v tuyn truyn thanh (radio) tn hiu d liu iu ch mt sng mang hnh sin. Cc loi iu ch hay dng nht l: ASK kho dch chuyn bin . FSK kho dch chuyn tn s. PSK kho dch chuyn pha, vi nhiu loi khc nhau: - 2 pha hay c s 2 (2 PSK hay BPSK); - 4 pha hay vung pha (4 PSK hay QPSK) : - 8 pha hay 16 pha (8 PSK hay 16 PSK)... - Tr gi tuyt i hoc vi sai QAM iu ch bin trc giao I. Kho dch chuyn bin ASK Trong loi iu ch ny, sng mang hnh sin c hai gi tr bin xc nh bi tn hiu d liu c s 2. Thng thng, b iu ch truyn i sng mang khi bit d liu l 1, v hon ton trit tiu n khi d liu l 0 (hnh 1.1). Cng c dng ASK c gi l a mc, trong bin ca tn hiu iu ch c gi tr nhiu hn 2. Gii iu ch c th l kt hp hoc khng kt hp. Trong trng hp th I cc mch in ca n phc tp hn, nhng chng nh hng ca nhiu c hiu qu hn. Mt b tch sng ca tch phn, tn hiu ASK vi sng mang c khi phc ti ch. Trng hp II, thng dng hn trng hp I, hnh bao ca tn hiu ASK c tch sng bng iot. Trong c hai trng hp, b tch sng km theo mt b lc thng thp dng ly i cc thnh phn sng mang cn d v mch to li ng dng tn hiu d liu (hnh 1.2). Cc tnh cht chnh ca ASK nh sau: Dng ch yu trong in tn v tuyn. Yu cu cc mch n gin. Kh nhy vi nhiu (xc sut sai s ln). 1

 Nu Fb l tc truyn bt, rng ph cc tiu ca tn hiu b iu ch l BW ln hn Fb , th hiu sut ph c xc nh bi t s gia Fb v

BW b hn 1.

Baud hay tc Baud c nh ngha nh tc iu ch bng tc truyn Fb .

Hnh 1.1: S iu ch ASK

Hnh 1. 2: Gii iu ch ASK 2

II. Kho dch chuyn tn s FSK Trong dng iu ch ny, sng mang hnh sin nhn 2 gi tr tn s, xc nh bi tn hiu d liu c s 2 (hnh 1.3). B iu ch c th thc hin theo nhiu cch, trong s chng ta c th lu : B dao ng c iu khin bng in th (VCO). Mt h pht mt trong hai tn s l mt hm ca tn hiu d liu. Mt b chia tn iu khin bng tn hiu d liu. Mch ph bin nht ca b gii iu ch cc tn hiu FSK, l vng kha pha (PLL) (hnh 1.4). Tn hiu FSK li vo ca vng kho pha ly 2 gi tr tn s. in th lch mt chiu li ra ca b so pha theo di nhng s dch chuyn tn s ny v nh vy cho mt s biu din 2 mc (c s 2) (mc cao v mc thp) ca tn hiu li vo FSK. B gii iu ch FSK thng km theo mt mch thng thp, c tc dng ly i nhng thnh phn cn d ca sng mang, v mch to xung to li ng dng tn hiu d liu. Nhng tnh cht ch yu ca FSK l : Ch yu dng trong modem truyn d liu (CCI TT V21 CCI TT V23, BELL 103, BELL 113, BELL 202) v trong truyn v tuyn s. i hi cc mch phc tp trung bnh. t li hn ASK. Nu Fb l tc truyn bt, rng ph cc tiu ca tn hiu b iu ch l ln hn Fb , th hiu sut ph nh ngha v t s gia Fb v BW b hn 1. Baud hay tc Baud, c nh ngha l tc iu ch, bng tc truyn Fb .

Hnh 1. 3: iu ch FSK

Hnh 1. 4: iu ch FSK vi PLL III. Kho dch chuyn pha PSK 3.1. 2 Pha (2 -PSK) 3.1-1. iu ch v gii iu ch Trong cc loi iu ch ny - gi l 2 -pha (chia 2) hay PSK - pha c s 2 (BPSK), hay kho ngc pha (PRK). Sng mang hnh sin c 2 gi tr pha, c xc nh bi tn hiu d liu c s 2 (hnh 1.5). K thut iu ch l loi dng b iu ch vng cn bng. Dng sng hnh sin li ra ca b iu ch l cng hay ngc (c ngha l lch pha 180o) vi tn hiu li vo, l hm s ca tn hiu d liu. 4

Hnh 1. 5: Gii iu ch PSK B gii iu ch c thc hin thng qua b tch sng tch s (nhn) nh tn hiu PSK v vi sng mang pht li ti ch. N phi c cng mt tn s v pha ca tn hiu pht v c tch sng bi tn hiu PSK nh m t trong phn 3.1-2. Mt cch ton hc, qu trnh gii iu ch nh sau: Gi: + sin c t l tn hiu tc thi PSK ng vi bt d liu, vi f c = sng mang.

c l tn s 2

sin c t l tn hiu PSK ng vi bt 0. sin c t l tn hiu sng mang c pht lp.

Khi tn hiu PSK l + sin c t , b iu ch cho:

1 1 1 + (sin c t ). ( sin c t ) = sin 2 ( c t ) = (1 cos 2 c t ) = cos 2 c t . 2 2 2

1 Gm hai thnh phn: mt thnh phn mt chiu + V v mt thnh phn 2

xoay chiu c tn s gp 2 ln tn s sng mang cos 2 c t . Thnh phn xoay chiu c th lc bng mch lc thng thp v cn li th dng c trng cho bt 1. Khi tn hiu PSK l - sin c t , b iu ch cho:
1 1 1 (sin c t ). ( sin c t ) = + sin 2 ( c t ) = (1 cos 2 c t ) = + cos 2 c t . 2 2 2 Thnh phn xoay chiu c lc v gi th m c trng cho bt 0.

Cc tnh cht chnh ca 2 PSK nh sau:

Dng ch yu dng trong pht v tuyn truyn thanh s. i hi mch phc tp trung bnh. Hot ng t li bt hn FSK. Nu Fb l tc truyn bt, rng ph cc tiu ca tn hiu b iu ch

bng Fb , th hiu sut ph bng 1.

Baud hay tc Baud Fb .

3.1- 2. S khi phc sng mang Mch khi phc sng mang phi khi phc mt tn hiu kt hp (cng tn s v pha vi sng mang) t tn hiu PSK . Phng php c s dng nh sau: (hnh 1.6)
Mt mch dng nng tn hiu thnh bc 2, lm mt phn dch pha 180o c mt trong sng mang b iu ch lm cho vic khi phc sng mang ca mch PLL tip sau c d dng. Mch PLL pht ra chui xung vung c tn s gp 2 ln sng mang PSK. Mt b dch pha cho php iu chnh pha chnh xc ca sng mang pht li. B chia tn chia i tn s t b PLL ti, v nh vy thc hin c vic pht li sng mang.

Hnh 1.6: Gii iu ch PSK 3.2. 4 -Pha (4 -PSK). 3.2-1. iu ch v gii iu ch Trong cc loi iu ch ny - gi iu ch 4 -PSK hay iu ch vung pha (QPSK), sng mang hnh sin ly 4 gi tr pha cch nhau 90o v c xc nh bi t hp ca 2 bt (dibit) ca tn hiu d liu c s 2. Hnh 1.7 trnh by mt th d ca s tng ng gia bt v pha. Cc d liu c m ho theo dibit nh mt mch in pht ra.
Mt tn hiu d liu I (cng pha) gm cc mc in th ng vi gi tr ca bt th nht ca dibit ang xt c ko di bng khong cch 2 bt. Mt tn hiu d liu Q (vung pha) gm cc mc in th ng vi gi tr ca bt th hai ca cp bt xem xt c ko di bng khong cch 2 bt. 6

Bn pha ca sng mang hnh sin thu c bng cch ly tng vc t 2 sng hnh sin c cng tn s v lch pha nhau 90o. Ta gi cc sng hnh sin ny ln lt l o v 90 .
o = sin( c t ) 90 = cos( c t )

Bng cch ly tng o v 90 thun hay ngc ( o + 90 ; o + 90 ;

o 90 ; o 90 ) ta thu c 4 pha cho tn hiu QPSK. B iu ch c

thc hin vi 2 b nhn dng nh b iu ch 2-PSK, n cho cc tn hiu iu ch PSK I v PSK Q . Tng ca 2 tn hiu no to thnh tn hiu QPSK vi 4 pha. B gii iu ch c thc hin vi 2 b tch sng tch s, do nhn tn hiu QPSK iu ch vi 2 sng mang tch bit, mt c cng mt tn s nh tn s dng trong khi truyn v mt b lch pha 90o. Sng mang c tnh t tn hiu QPSK nh m t trong phn 3.2-2. 3.2-2. Hnh 1.8 trnh by s khi ca b gii iu ch QPSK vi cc h thc ton hc lm th d cho bit qu trnh gii iu ch xy ra nh th no? Th d gi s c mt tn hiu QPSK tc thi thu c bng cch ly tng sng hnh sin o v
+ 90 , pht ra bi mt dibit Q = 1 v I = 0.

c trng ch yu ca QPSK l:
p dng cc modem truyn d liu (CCI TT V22 - CCI TT V26, BELL 201) v trong truyn v tuyn truyn thanh s. i hi cc mch phc tp cao. Hot ng t li hn FSK, nhng cao hn 2-PSK. Nu Fb l tc truyn bt, nu rng ph cc tiu ca tn hiu b iu

ch l BW l Fb 2 .
Hiu sut ph bng 2. Baud hay tc Baud bng Fb 2 .

Hnh 1. 7: iu ch QPSK

Hnh 1. 8: S gii iu ch QPSK 3.2-3. S khi phc sng mang Mch khi phc sng mang phi to ra mt tn hiu kt hp (cng tn s v pha) vi sng mang t tn hiu QPSK; v ngoi ra cn pht ra sng hnh sin th hai lch pha 90o so vi sng th nht.
8

Phng php c s dng nh sau: (hnh 1. 9)

Mt mch dng nng tn hiu thnh bc 4, lm mt phn dch pha 180o c mt trong sng mang b iu ch lm cho vic khi phc sng mang ca mch PLL tip sau c d dng. Mch PLL pht ra chui tn hiu vung c tn s gp 4 ln tn s ca sng mang PSK. Mt b dch pha cho php iu chnh pha chnh xc ca sng mang c khi phc li. Hai b chia tn, chia dng sng cui cng lm i, sao cho thu c 2 sng mang pht li, lch pha nhau 90o.

Hnh 1. 9: S khi phc sng mang t tn hiu QPSK 3.3. n - PSK 3.3-1. 8 -Pha Sng mang hnh sin ly 8 gi tr pha, cch nhau 45o v xc nh bi t hp ca cc nhm 3 bt t bt ca tn hiu d liu s. Hnh 1.10 trnh by mt th d v s tng ng gia nhm 3 bt v pha. c trng ch yu ca 8-PSK l:
p dng cc modem truyn d liu (CCI TT V27, BELL 208), v truyn v tuyn s. i hi thit b c phc tp cao. Hot ng t li hn 4 -PSK. Nu Fb l tc truyn bt, rng ph cc tiu ca tn hiu b iu ch
BW l Fb 3 , th hiu sut ph bng 3.

Baud hay tc Baud bng Fb 3 . 9

3.3-2. 16 -PSK Sng mang hnh sin ly 16 gi tr pha, cch nhau 22,5o v xc nh bi t hp ca cc nhm 4 bt (Quadbit) ca tn hiu d liu c s 2. Hnh 1.10 trnh by mt th d v s tng ng gia Quadbit v pha. c trng chnh ca 16-PSK l:
ng dng trong truyn v tuyn truyn thanh s. i hi thit b c phc tp cao. Hot ng t li hn 8 -PSK. Nu Fb l tc truyn bt, rng ph cc tiu ca tn hiu b iu ch

BW l Fb 4 , th hiu sut ph bng 4.

Baud hay tc Baud bng Fb 4 .

Hnh 1. 10: Gin hnh sao vi cc tn hiu 8 PSK v 16 PSK IV. iu ch bin vung pha (QAM). QAM l iu ch s, trong thng tin s c cha trong c pha v bin ca sng mang pht i. Trong 8 - QAM, d liu c chia thnh cc nhm gm 3 bit (bit s 1 lm thay i bin ca sng mang v 2 bit cn li lm thay i pha). Tn hiu b iu ch c th ly 4 pha khc nhau v 2 bin khc nhau, tng cng c 8 trng thi khc nhau (hnh 1.11). Trong 16 - QAM, d liu c chia thnh cc nhm gm 4 bit (quadbit), 16 t hp c th lm thay i bin v pha ca sng mang, ng vi 16 trng thi khc nhau (hnh 1.11). c trng ch yu ca QAM l:
10

 Dng trong cc modem truyn d liu (CCI TT V22bis , CCI TT V29 , CCITT V32 , CCITT V33, BELL 209) v trong pht v tuyn truyn thanh s. i hi cc mch c phc tp cao. Hot ng t li hn PSK. Nu Fb l tc truyn bt, 4 bit dng cho iu ch rng ph cc tiu

ca tn hiu b iu ch BW l Fb 4 .
Hiu sut truyn bng 4. Baud hay tc Baud bng Fb 4 .

Binary input
I Q C 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1

8 QAM output
0.765V 135o 1.848V 135o 0.765V 45o 1.848V 45o 0.765V + 135o 1.848V +135o 0.765V 1.848V + 45o + 45o

Binary input
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1

8 QAM output
0.311V 135o 0.850V 165o 0.311V 0.850V 1.161V 0.850V 1.161V 0.850V 0.850V 1.161V 0.850V 1.161V 45o 15o 135o 75o 45o 45o 15o 135o 75o 45o

0.850V 105o

0.850V 175o

0.850V 105o

Hnh 1.11: Gin hnh sao vi cc tn hiu 8 QAM v 16 QAM

11

V. Kho dch pha vi sai - DPSK. Trong h truyn thng, vic gii iu ch c tin hnh bng cch so snh pha tc thi ca tn hiu PSK vi pha chun tuyt i c pht li ti ch ti ni thu. Vic iu ch, trong trng hp ny, c th c gi l PSK tuyt i. Kh khn chnh ca cc h ny l ch cn phi gi cho pha ca sng mang pht li hon ton khng i. Trong iu ch PSK vi phn, vn ny c gii quyt, v thng tin c cha trong hiu s pha ca 2 khong iu ch cnh nhau, v khng phi trong pha tuyt i ca sng mang c iu ch. 5.1. Kho dch 2 -pha vi sai (c s 2) (D -BPSK) Trc khi i vo b iu ch BPSK, cc bit d liu c m ho theo cch sau: B m ho o bit li ra ( n + 1) nu bt li vo ( n) l 1, v gi khng i nu bit li vo ( n) l 0. Hnh 1.12 trnh by mt th d v m ho, v hnh 1.13 l s khi ca b iu ch v gii iu ch vi sai PSK. Vic m ho c thc hin bng cch so snh li ra ca b loi tr - hoc (EXOR), tr mt khong bt i vi bt d liu hin hnh. Kt qu l, li ra ca b iu ch BPSK s cha s thay i v pha 180o ng vi mi bt d liu 1. Vic gii iu ch c tin hnh bng b BPSK thng thng km theo b gii m s cho mt bt 1 mi khi c s thay i v mc lgic qua li vo ca n.

Hnh 1.12: M ho vi sai 1 bit

Hnh 1.13: B iu ch v gii iu ch vi phn PBSK

12

5.2. Kho dch 4 -pha vi sai (c s 2) (D -BPSK) Trong kho dch 4 - pha vi phn (D - 4 -PSK), pha ca sng mang hnh sin c dch i 0o - 90o - 180o - 270o l mt hm s dibit ca d liu. S tng ng gia dibit v dch pha (ca mt trong cc cch thng dng nht) c trnh by trn hnh 1.14 cng vi mt th d. B iu ch ging nh trng hp 4-PSK tuyt i. Trc khi i vo b iu ch cc d liu c m ho pht ra 2 tn hiu vi sai, ta gi l D - I v D - Q. Chng phi n s thay i dibit, so vi dibit li vo c th hnh thnh mt cch chnh xc du ca o v 90 ng vi s dch pha ca sng mang, nh trnh by trong bng ca hnh 1.14.

Hnh 1.14: iu ch vi sai 4 PSK VI. Khi phc nhp ca d liu 6.1. Kho pha PLL Tn hiu nhp c khi phc li nh tn hiu d liu. Phng php thng dng nht, c m t trn gin khi ca hnh 1.15. Tn hiu d liu tr mt khong thi gian vo c 1/2 rng bt v sau so snh vi tn hiu trc tip qua mt b hoc tuyt i - (EX - OR), li ra l mt dng sng cha mt thnh phn ph c tn s gp 2 l tn s tn hiu d liu. Mch PLL to ra mt sng vung, c ng b vi tn hiu d liu, c chu k bng khong cch bt.
13

Hnh 1.15: Mch cho vic khi phc nhp ca d liu 6.2. M ho Manchester Vi mt dy di lin tip cc bt 0 hay 1, mch PLL ca mch khi phc nhp, c th khng kho c tn hiu d liu, kt qu l cung cp mt tn hiu khng thc. Mt cch trnh iu bt tin ny, ta dng bt d liu l mt chu k nhp. Trong m Manchester, d liu NRZ c trnh by vi mt chu k thun nu l bt 1, mt chu k nhp ngc nu l bt 0 (hnh 1.16). Bng cch ny, tn hiu ti PLL lun lun cha chui bin i ln lt, d dng cho vic khi phc tn hiu nhp.

Hnh 1.16: M Manchester

14

VII. Cu hi 1. Lit k t nht 5 h iu ch dng cho truyn tn hiu s qua cc sng mang tng t. 2. Cc pht biu sau l cho mt h truyn thng ASK. Cch pht biu no l ng: a) Sng mang l mt sng hnh sin, c truyn i khi cc bt d liu l 1 v khng truyn i khi cc bt d liu l 0. b) Sng mang cha trong tn hiu nhp, n c trc tip truyn i khi cc bt d liu l 1 v o li khi cc bt d liu l 0. c) B iu ch c th thc hin vi b iu ch cn bng. d) B iu ch c th thc hin vi b iu ch bin . e) Trong my thu, cn thit phi pht sng mang, nu dng b iu ch tch sng hnh bao. f) Trong my thu, cn thit phi pht li sng mang, nu dng b gii iu ch tch s. g) ASK hin ti c dng rt nhiu trong b truyn d liu tc cao. 3. M t h truyn thng FSK. 4. Khc nhau gia tc truyn (bit/s) v Baud? Gii thch t s gia bt/s v Baud trong h QPSK. 5. Di bit, Tribit, v quadbit l g? 6. Gii thch ti sao trong my thu PSK, cn pht li sng mang. 7. M t h truyn thng BPSK. 8. Gii thch s khc nhau gia PSK vi sai v tuyt i; v trong trng hp ring gii thch l do ti sao cn phi thc hin loi th hai. 9. Gin chm sao ca tn hiu PSK l g ? 10. Lit k t nht 5 h truyn thng dng PSK di dng khc nhau. 11. Khc nhau gia 8 PSK v 8 QAM l g ? 12. Trnh by cc vn ca vic khi phc cc xung nhp.

15

Bi tp 1 My pht d liu

1.1. M t mch My pht cung cp cho ta cc tn hiu sau:

B dao ng ch (sng hnh sin) tn s 2400Hz. Chui d liu NRZ - thun v nghch - c di 24 bit c th lp trnh mt cch ring r, tc 1200 bit/s. Nhp d liu (CK) : sng hnh vung 1200Hz, c ng b vi tn hiu d liu mt gim xung v ui (trailing) gm trong khong bit. Ba tn hiu mu gi l CK I , CK Q , CK C dng cho mch m ho tn hiu.
CK I , CK Q c pht ra khi b m ho thit lp ch Dibit; cn CK C

c pht khi chn ch Tribit.

Hnh 1.1: Cc dng sng ca tn hiu d liu ng h 1.1- 1. B dao ng ch (xem hnh 1.2) B dao dng ch c thc hin bng mt mch nh thi gian tch hp (IC1. NE555) c ni nh my pht 2 trng thi cn bng. in tr vi chnh RV1 c lp mt trn ca modun cho php chun ti tn s 2400Hz ca sng vung c
16

pht ra. 1.1- 2. Nhp ca d liu. Nhp ca d liu c dng cho vic pht v m ho d liu, l mt sng hnh vung 1200Hz. N l sng vung 2400Hz qua mt trig D (IC2 - SN 7474) c ni nh b chia 2). 1.1- 3. Tn hiu mu CK I , CK Q , CK C Vic m ho d liu cho iu ch QAM i hi 3 xung mu khc nhau, chm vi nhau mt chu k nhp ( CK I , CK Q , CK C ). iu ny c th thc hin c nh mt thanh ghi dch IC3-SN 7496, trong tn hiu cho li vo ni tip (chn 1) c cung cp bi li ra song song C. Ba xung mong mun, hin ra trn li ra song song A, B, C (chn 15, 14, 13). Vic m ho d liu cho iu ch QPSK/ DPQSK i hi 2 tn hiu mu chm nhau mt chu k nhp ( CK I , CK Q ) ; iu ny c th thu c bng cch ni li ra B (ca thanh ghi dch) vi li vo. thu c 3 xung ring r lc bt u, cc chn iu khin PRESET, ENABLE v CLEAR ca thanh ghi dch c ni vi nt START km theo mt mch chng rung (IC4-SN 7400). 1.1- 4. Chui d liu Mt chui d liu 24 bit c pht ra t 3 thanh ghi dch IC 5 - 6 7/ SN74165 v 24 chuyn mch. Cc thanh ghi dch c ni chng tng v li ra ni tip ca thanh ghi ny v li vo ni tip ca thanh ghi tip theo v li ra ca thanh ghi th ba c ni vo li vo ca thanh ghi th nht. Bng cc chuyn mch, 3 thanh ghi dch c np song song ng vi mt s mc khi u, to nn chui bt mong mun. Do thanh ghi dch th ba ni vi thanh ghi dch th nht, chui s c lin tc lp li. c ti chnh xc ca chui bt vi cc chuyn mch ti lc khi u, cc tn hiu cm nhp (CLOCK INHIBIT) v dch/ np (SHIFT/ LOAD) cho 3 thanh ghi c pht ra vi cng mt lnh khi pht (START) xt trc y.

17

Hnh 1.2: B pht chui d liu v nhp.

18

1.2. Kim tra thc nghim

Ni im 2 v im 3. Ni dao ng k vi im 3 v kim tra s c mt ca tn hiu nhp, n l mt sng hnh vung 1200Hz. Chn ch TRIBIT, n START v ni dao ng k vi cc im 3 v 6, kim tra xem c 1 xung CK I cho 3 xung nhp khng ? Chuyn dao ng

k o ln CK Q v CK C , v kim tra xem cc xung CK Q l tr mt chu k xung nhp vi xung CK I v c mt tr tng t gia CK Q v CK C .
Chn ch DIBIT, n START v kim tra dng sng CK I v CK Q so vi

tn hiu nhp.
t mt chui d liu c bit (th d cc chui ca s 1 v 0) vi cc chuyn mch t 1 n 24 v n START. Ni dao ng k vi im 3 v 5, kim tra xem mi chu k nhp ng vi tn hiu d liu cao hay thp, tng ng vi bit 1 hay bit 0 trong biu din NRZ (khng tr v 0). Thay i cc chui d liu v kim tra dng sng tng ng ca tn hiu d liu.

1.3. Cu hi 1. Khong cch bt l g? 2. Xung nhp d liu l: a. Mt sng hnh vung vi chu k bng khong cch bit, vi sn sau gia ca cng khong cch ny. N l tuyt i cn thit trong h truyn dn ng b? b. Mt sng hnh sin vi tn s bng tc truyn d liu? c. Mt sng hnh vung vi chu k bng khong cch bit, vi sn trc gia ca cng khong cch ny. N l tuyt i cn thit trong h truyn dn ng b? d. Mt sng hnh vung vi chu k bng khong cch bit, vi sn sau gia c cng khong cch ny. N l tuyt i cn thit trong h truyn dn khng ng b? 3. T tri qua phi, chui d liu no c biu din bng cc tn hiu NRZ trn hnh v sau:

19

Bi tp 2 M ho d liu
2.1. M t mch in: Tham kho s ca hnh 2.2 2.1- 1. B m ho hai pha (Manchester) B m ho hai pha c thc hin bng mt mch hoc tuyt i (EX - OR), (IC9-SN 7486) mch ny nhn xung nhp m v d liu qua li vo. Li ra l mt chu k nhp thun nu bit d liu l 1, l mt chu k nhp ngc nu bit d liu l 0. iu ny tng ng mt cch chnh xc vi m ho hai pha (Manchester) (hnh 2.1).

Hnh 2.1: M Manchester 1 bt v vi phn. 2.1- 2. B m ha vi sai 1 bt B m ho o ngc bt li ra (n +1) nu bt li vo (n) l 1, gi li ra khng thay i nu bt li vo l 0 (hnh 2.1). N gm 2 cng EX - OR (IC8 9/ SN 7486) v trig loi D (IC2-SN 7474). Tn hiu d liu tc dng vo mt cng ca EX - OR v li ra ca n s a ti li vo D ca mch trig (FF). Tn hiu c m ho cho bi li ra Q ca FF. N cng i vo mch EX - OR th hai, c mc nh OR: v nh vy n khng c nh hng trong p dng ny (n s c dng pht dibit v tribit). Li ra ca EX - OR ny ni vi li vo th hai ca mch EX - OR th nht. 2.1- 3. B tch bit - B m ho Dibit (2 bt). N gm mch m t hnh 2.3 thu c bng cch t chuyn mch ch DIBIT. Tn hiu I (cng pha) c pht ra hai mch FF v loi D (IC10-12/ SN 7474) ni tng. Mch th nht c nh thi bng xung nhp CK I , mch th hai bng xung nhp CK Q . Qua li ra ca mch FF th hai c mt mc tng ng vi bit th

20

nht ca DIBIT xt (hnh 2.4) cho mt thi khong bng khong cch 2 bt.

Hnh 2.2: B m ho tn hiu d liu

21

Hnh 2.3: B m ho dibit Tn hiu Q (vung pha) c pht ra qua mch FF loi D (IC11. SN 7474) c nh thi bng xung nhp CK Q . Qua li ra ca mch FF c mt mc tng ng vi bit th hai ca DIBIT xt (hnh 2.4) cho mt di bng khong cch 2 bt.

Hnh 2.4: S pht dibit

22

2.1- 4. B m ho vi sai 2 bit Trong iu ch vi phn QPSK pha ca sng mang hnh sin thay i i 0o, 90o, 180o, 270o l mt hm s ca DIBIT d liu (hnh 1.14). Trc khi i vo b iu ch QPSK, d liu c m ho mt cch c bit du ca o v 90 c th c iu khin thu c dch pha ng ca sng mang. iu ny c thc hin bng mch m t trn hnh 2.5. Nh vic t chuyn mch SW sang ch DIBIT. Qua cc li ra DIFF - I v DIFF - Q, vi ko di l 2 khong cch bt, cc mc ph thuc vo trng thi lc ca cc li ra nh nhau v tu thuc vo dibit d liu vo cui cng. Nu D I n , D Qn , D I n+1 , D Qn+1 l cc cp dibit c vi phn cc thi im (n) v (n +1) v vi I n v Qn l cc cp Dibit thi im (n), mch thc hin cc chc nng nh m t trn hnh 2.6.

Hnh 2.5: B m ho vi phn dibit 2.1- 5. B tch bit - B m ho 3 bt N gm mch m t hnh 2.7 thu c bng cch t chuyn mch ch tribit. Tn hiu I (cng pha) c pht ra nh hai mch FF loi D (SN 7474) ni theo kiu tng, mch th nht IC.10A, c nh thi bng xung nhp CK I , mch th hai l IC.12A th bi bng xung nhp CK Q . Qua li ra ca mch FF th hai c mt mc tng ng vi bit th nht ca tribit xt (hnh 2.8) cho ko di khong cch 3 bt.

23

Tn hiu Q (vung pha) c pht qua 2 mch FF loi D ni tng, FF th nht (IC.11A) c nh thi bi xung nhp CK Q . FF th hai bi xung nhp CK C . Qua li ra ca mch FF th hai, c mt mc tng ng vi bit th hai ca 3 bt xt (hnh 2.8) cho di bng khong cch 3 bt. Tn hiu C (iu khin) c pht ra qua mt mch FF loi D (IC.11B) c nh thi bng xung nhp CK I . Qua li ra ca mch FF vi ko di bng khong thi gian 3 bt s c mt mc tng ng vi bit th ba ca 3 bt xt (hnh 2.8).

Hnh 2.6:

Hnh 2.7: B m ho Tribit

24

Hnh 2.8: S pht Tribit 2.2. Kim tra thc nghim 2.2- 1. B m ho Manchester
Ni cc im 2 - 3 v 5 - 10. Lp chui d liu, chn ch BIT v n START. Ni dao ng k vi cc im 2 - 5 v 14 v kim tra dng sng, lin h vi nhp d liu, d liu v tn hiu c m ho. Tn hiu ny ng vi chu k nhp thun nu bt d liu l 1 v chu k nhp nhc nu bt d liu l 0.

2.2- 2. B m ho vi phn 1 bit

Ni im 2 - 3 v 5 - 10. Lp chui d liu, chn ch BIT v n START. Ni dao ng k vi cc im 2 - 5 v 15 v kim tra dng sng lin h vi ng h d liu, d liu v tn hiu m ho. Tn hiu ny s c o 0 sang 1 hoc ngc li khi bt d liu li vo l 1.

2.2- 3. B m ho 2 bit
Ni im 2 - 3 v 5 - 10. Lp chui d liu, chn ch DIBIT v n START. Ni dao ng k vi cc im 2, 5, 6 , 7, 11 v 12 v kim tra dng sng lin h vi nhp d

25

liu, xung nhp CK I v CK Q , d liu v cc tn hiu I v Q. Lp chui d liu 1/ 0, I s lun lun l cao, cn Q lun lun l thp. Vi chui 11/ 00, I v Q s lun lun bng nhau v thay i ln lt cao v thp. 2.2- 4. B m ho 3 bit
Ni im 2 - 3 v 5 - 10. Lp chui d liu, chn ch TRIBIT v n START. Ni dao ng k

vi cc im 2, 5, 6, 7, 8, 11, 12 v 13 v kim tra dng sng lin h vi nhp d liu, cc xung nhp CK I , CK Q v CK C , vi d liu v cc tn hiu I, Q v C. Bng cch lp mt chui d liu tun hon 110 , I v Q s lun lun l cao, cn C lun lun thp. Vi chui d liu tun hon 101010, I, Q v C s thay i ln lt cao v thp. Ngoi ra C lun bng I. 2.2.5. B m ho vi sai DIBIT.
Ni im 2 - 3 v 5 - 10. Lp Mt chui d liu, chn ch DIBIT v n START. Ni dao ng

k vi cc im 5, 15 v 16 v kim tra dng sng lin h vi nhp d liu, v cc tn hiu D - I v D - Q. Mt th d ca dng sng tch c trnh by trn hnh 2.9 . Ch l mt tng ca D - I v D - Q khng trng vi bt c mt d liu no: iu ny l nguyn nhn ca qu trnh i hi thc hin vic m ho.

2.3. Cu hi 1. M t m Manchester v gii thch l do ti sao m ny c dng?. 2. V dng sng ca tn hiu ng vi m Manchester ca cc d liu sau: 0000 1111 0110 100 101 3. M t m vi sai 1 bt v gii thch ti sao dng m ny?. 4. V dng sng ca tn hiu ng vi m vi sai 1 bt ca chui d liu sau: 0000 1111 0110 100 101. 5. M t b m ho dibit theo s khi v v dng sng ca tn hiu I, Q thu c bi chui d liu sau: 0010 1100 1110 010 001. 6. M t m vi sai dibit v gii thch ti sao dng m ny?. 7. M t m vi sai dibit theo s khi v v dng sng ca tn hiu I, Q, C thu c bi chui d liu sau: 0010 1100 1100 1110 010 001.

26

Hnh 2.9: S pht vi phn Dibit

27

Bi tp 3 Khi phc nhp ca d liu v gii m d liu

3.1. M t mch 3.1- 1. S khi phc nhp S in ca mch khi phc nhp PLL c trnh by trn hnh 3.1, v hnh 3.2 trnh by dng sng cc im c trng ca mch. S tr ca tn hiu d liu c thc hin bng mch RC. Tn hiu li ra ca mch EX - OR c ni vi li vo ca mch so pha PLL (IC15 - CD 4046). Sng hnh vung cho bi mch PPL c sa vung bng mt ca EX - OR v to nn nhp c khi phc m ta gi l CK1. Bng mch o v mch chia 2 (IC16 - SN 7474), xung nhp m CK1, xung nhp thun v ngc CK2 cng c pht ra v n c dng cho b gii m m ta s xt sau ny.

Hnh 3.1: S in ca mch khi phc nhp

28

Hnh 3.2: Dng sng ca mch khi phc nhp 3.1- 2. B gii m tch pha Machester Vic gii m ca mt tn hiu m ho Manchester c thc hin bng cch ly mu tn hiu na khong bt u tin (hnh 3.3). B gii m (hnh 3.4) gm mch FF loi D (IC20b - SN7474) c th t c bi d liu m ho v nhp cho vic ly mu. Mu ny thu c bng cch chia i (IC16a - SN 7474) tn s cui sng hnh vung pht ra bi mch PLL (tn s ca n gp i nhp ca d liu). Mch gm 2 mch FF (IC18a v 18b), ca EX - OR m v bi mch FF (IC20a - c ni nh n hi) pht ra mt xung hp mi khi c mt s bin i ca dng sng ca tn hiu m ho, sinh ra do s thay i ca tn hiu d liu (t 0 n 1 hoc ngc li) cc xung ny ng b vi my pht nhp (IC16b) sao cho mt sng dng ca tn hiu mu lun xy ra na chu k u tin ca khong cch bt.

Hnh 3.3: Dng sng ca b gii m Manchester

29

Hnh 3.4: B gii m Manchester 3.1- 3. B gii m vi sai 1 bt Vic gii m c thc hin bng cch so snh tn hiu m ho thun vi tn hiu lm tr. Nu chng khc nhau, ngha l c mt bt d liu 1 a vo lm thay i tn hiu m ho: cn nu chng nh nhau, khng c s bin i no c a vo v nh vy bt d liu l 0. Mch thc hin chc nng m t trn c trnh by trong hnh 3.5. Mch EX - OR so snh cc tn hiu c m ho trc tip v b tr mt khong cch bt. Mch FF tip theo (IC22 - SN 7474) ng b tn hiu d liu ca li ra vi nhp mt cch chnh xc.

Hnh 3.5: B gii m vi phn 1 bt 3.1- 4. B gii m dibit N gm mt thanh ghi dch (IC26 - SN 74195) (hnh 3.6). Cc tn hiu I v Q c np song song cho mt chu k DIBIT (CK2) v c c mt cch ni tip ti bt k chu k bt no (CK1).

30

Hnh 3.6: B gii m vi sai dibit 3.1- 5. B gii m vi sai 2 bt (dibit) Mch ca B gii m vi sai 2 bt pht ra 2 tn hiu I v Q bt u t cc tn hiu vi phn D - I v D - Q c cp t b gii iu ch QPSK. iu ny thc hin bi mch trnh by hnh 3.8. Qua cc li ra I v Q c cc mc in th ph thuc vo trng thi ca hai cp cui ca Dibit vi phn li vo vi ko di 2 khong cch bt. Nu D I n , D Qn , D I n 1 v D Qn 1 l cc Dibit vi phn ti cc thi im (n) v (n-1) v In, Qn l cc Dibit d liu li ra thi im (n) th mch thc hin nhng chc nng nh trnh by trn hnh 3.7.

Hnh 3.7

31

Hnh 3.8: B gii m vi sai dibit 3.2. Kim tra thc nghim 3.2- 1. B gii m tch pha Machester
Pht mt tn hiu m ho Manchester nh m t phn 2.2.1. Ni b m ho vi mch khi phc nhp v vi b gii m (cc im 14 52). t b pht li ch Manchester. Ni dao ng k vi cc im 52, 54, 55 v 57 v kim tra cc dng sng lin h vi tn hiu m ho, xung nhp c my pht li bi mch PLL, nhp ca d liu v tn hiu d liu. lm cho mch PLL c th kho, cn hiu chnh in tr bin i Trimmer RV13, c t pha sau my.

3.2- 2. B gii m vi sai 1 bt

Pht mt tn hiu vi m vi sai nh m t phn 2.2.2. Ni b m ho vi mch khi phc nhp v vi b gii m (cc im 15 52). t b pht lp ch BIT / DIBIT. Ni dao ng k vi cc im 52, 54 v 58 v kim tra cc dng sng lin h vi tn hiu m ho, my pht li nhp c khi phc bi mch PLL (ng vi trng hp ny l ng h d liu) v tn hiu d liu. lm cho mch PLL c th kho, cui cng hiu chnh in tr bin i Trimmer RV13, c t pha sau my. 3.2.3. B gii m Dibit Pht mt tn hiu vi gii m vi sai dibit nh m t phn 2.2.3. Lp mt chui d liu sao cho c th pht ra cc tn hiu I hay Q (t nht

32

phi c mt trong hai) c cha mt s s thay i mc.

Ni b m ho vi b gii m (cc im 11 - 63 v 12 - 64). Ni tn hiu I hoc Q (kim tra l mt dng sng thay i) vi my pht li nhp (im 52). t my pht lp ch BIT / DIBIT. Ni dao ng k vi cc im 53, 63, 64 v 65 v kim tra cc dng sng lin h vi tn hiu I v Q, my pht li nhp c khi phc bi mch PLL (ng vi trng hp ny cho nhp ca d liu) v tn hiu. lm cho mch PLL c th kho chnh xc, cui cng hiu chnh in tr bin i Trimmer RV13, c t pha bn cnh my.

3.2.3. B gii m vi sai Dibit

Pht mt tn hiu vi gii m vi sai dibit nh m t phn 2.2.5. Lp mt chui d liu sao cho c th pht ra cc tn hiu DIF-I hay DIFQ (t nht phi c mt trong hai) c cha mt s s thay i mc. Ni b m ho vi b gii m (cc im 15 - 59, 16 - 60, 61 - 63 v 12 64). Ni tn hiu DIF-I hoc DIF-Q (kim tra l mt dng sng thay i) vi my pht li nhp (im 52). t my pht lp ch BIT/ DIBIT. Ni dao ng k vi cc im 53, 59, 60, 61, 62, 64 v 65 v kim tra cc dng sng lin h vi tn hiu DIFF-I v DIFF-Q, I v Q vi ng h c khi phc bi mch PLL (ng vi trng hp ny cho nhp ca d liu) v vi tn hiud liu. lm cho mch PLL kho chnh xc, cn hiu chnh in tr bin i Trimmer RV13, c t pha bn cnh my.

3.3. Cu hi 1. M t mch khi phc nhp ca d liu vi mt s khi. 2. Dng sng sau y ng vi tn hiu m Manchester. Chui d liu no l pht ra n?

3. Dng sng sau y thu c bi m vi phn 1 bit ca chui d liu. Chui d liu no l sinh ra n?

33

4. Chui d liu no to ra cc tn hiu Dibit I, Q sau y:

5. Chui d liu no to ra cc tn hiu Tribit I, Q v C sau y:

34

Bi tp 4 Cc my pht sng mang

4.1 . M t mch in Cc sng mang hnh sin trong cc iu ch c phn tch y l nh sau: - Vi ASK v PSK: 1200Hz hay 2400Hz. - Vi PSK : 1200Hz hay 2400Hz cng pha 0o gia chng. - Vi QPSK v QAM: 1200Hz / 0 ( o ) v 1200Hz / 90o ( 90 ). 4.1- 1. Pht sng mang 2400Hz Sng hnh vung 2400Hz pht ra nh b dao ng ch IC1 (hnh 1.2), c thc hin nh mch lc thng thp, cu to bi mch khuch i thut ton IC 13A/B (LM 324). Tn hiu hnh sin 1200Hz thu c bi mch lc sau c th c iu chnh cng pha (nh in tr RV2) v v bin (nh in tr RV3). 4.1- 2. Pht sng mang 1200Hz / 0o / 90o Sng hnh vung 2400Hz c chia 2 nh IC 2A (SN 7474 hnh 1.2), vi li ra pht ra sng vung 1200Hz. iu ny c th thc hin bi mch lc tch cc, di thng thp, to bi mch khuch i thut ton IC 13A/B (LM 324). Sng hnh sin 1200Hz thu c bi mch lc ny tc dng vo 2 mch dch pha, khuch i li ra ca n pht ra 2 sng hnh sin 1200Hz dch pha vi nhau. RV4 v RV5 iu chnh pha v bin ca sng hnh sin 1200Hz / 90o. 4.2 Kim tra thc nghim
Ni dao ng k ti im 1 v 17. iu chnh RV2 (pha) v RV3 (bin ) thu c qua im 17 mt sng hnh sin 2400Hz vi bin nh nh 1-Vpp v vi cc gi tr cc i ng vi (mp cui) mt trc ca sng hnh vung c pht qua im 1. Ni dao ng k ti im 1 v 18. iu chnh RV4 (pha) v RV5 (bin ) thu c qua im 18 mt sng hnh sin 1200Hz vi bin nh nh 1-Vpp v vi cc gi tr cc i v cc tiu ng vi (mp cui) mt trc ca sng hnh vung o c qua im 1 (hnh 4.2).

35

 Ni dao ng k ti im 1 v 19. iu chnh RV6 (pha) v RV7 (bin ) thu c qua im 19 mt

sng hnh sin 1200Hz vi bin nh nh 1-Vpp v vi cc gi tr cc i v cc tiu ng vi (mp cui) mt sau ca sng hnh vung c qua im 1 (hnh 4.2).

Hnh 4.1: My pht sng mang

Hnh 4.2: Cc dng sng mang

36

Bi tp 5 Cc b iu ch
5.1. M t mch Theo s hnh 5.1. Tt c cc loi iu ch (ASK, FSK, PSK, QPSK, QAM) c pht bng cch t hp cc chc nng ca cc mch sau y:
B iu ch cn bng 1 v 2 (IC16 17, MC 1496). B tng (IC 18A. A747). B suy gim 6dB (tranzistor T1).

Hnh 5.1: B iu ch

37

5.1- 1. iu ch ASK Sng mang hnh sin c ghp l tn hiu xoay chiu ni vi chn 10 ca b iu ch cn bng. Tn hiu d liu l mt chiu ni vi chn 1. Mch tch hp thng hot ng nh b iu ch cn bng v vic nhn 2 tn hiu tc dng vo cc li vo. Nhng nu mch l khng cn bng do in tr bin i CARRIER NULL (RV8 hoc RV10) n hot ng nh b iu ch bin pht ra tn hiu ASK (hnh 5.2). Tn hiu ny, sau a vo b tng dng cho iu ch FSK/ QPSK/ QAM v i ra qua mt tng tch bit xung. Tranzistor T1 dng cho pht QAM.

DATA

2400Hz

1200Hz

FSK

Hnh 5.2: Tn hiu ASK 5.1- 2. iu ch FSK.

Hnh 5.3: Tn hiu FSK

Tn hiu FSK c pht ra nh 2 b iu ch ASK (IC16 - 17. MC 1496) li ra ca n c t hp li qua b cng (IC 18A. A747). Hai sng mang hnh sin ( tn s 1200Hz v 2400Hz) c tch ra v tc dng vo 2 b iu ch mt cch ring r. D liu trc tip ti 1 trong 2 b iu ch, theo cch ngc li vi cch kia. Bng cch y, b iu ch s cung cp sng hnh sin khi d liu l 1 v cch th hai khi d liu l 0. Bng cch ly tng 2 li ra, ta thu c tn hiu FSK (hnh 5.3).

38

5.1- 3. iu ch BPSK Sng mang hnh sin c s dng , ghp tn hiu xoay chiu ni vi chn 10 ca b iu ch cn bng. Tn hiu d liu l mt chiu ghp vi chn 1. Bng cch hiu chnh cn bng mt cch chnh xc b iu ch in tr bin i CARRIER NULL (RV8 hoc RV10) ca b iu ch, tn hiu li ra c to thnh bi sng mang hnh sin khi tn hiu d liu l mc cao (bit 1 ), v bi sng mang o (dch pha 180o) khi bt l 0 (hnh 5.4). Nu tn hiu trc tip c s dng , BPSK c pht s l tr s tuyt i ; cn nu tn hiu d liu vi phn c s dng th BPSK c pht s l vi sai (D BPSK).

Hnh 5.4: Tn hiu PSK 5.1- 4. QPSK Tn hiu PSK - 4 pha (QPSK hay 4 - PSK) c pht ra bng 2 b iu ch 4 BPSK (IC16 - 17. MC 1496), li ra ca chng t hp vi nhau qua b tng (IC18A.
A 747).

Hai sng mang hnh sin ( tn s 1200Hz), lch pha nhau 90o ( o v 9o ) c tc dng ring r ln 2 b iu ch. Tn hiu ti 2 b iu ch t my pht DIBIT. Mi b iu ch cung cp mt sng hnh sin thun khi tn hiu d liu l mc cao (bit 1) v bi sng hnh sin ngc (lch pha nhau 90o) khi bt l 0 (hnh 1.7). Bng cch ly tng 2 li ra, ta thu c tn hiu hnh sin 1200Hz, m pha c th ly cc gi tr khc nhau, lch pha nhau 90o. Nu tn hiu I v Q c dng nh cc tn hiu iu ch, QPSK c pht ra s l tuyt i, nu tn hiu I v Q vi phn (DIFF-I v DIFF-Q) c s dng, QPSK c pht ra s l vi sai (D-QPSK). 5.1- 5. QAM Tn hiu QAM c th c coi nh tn hiu QPSK, m bin ca n ly 2 gi tr khc nhau. Bng cch ny, khong iu ch ph thuc vo trng thi 3 bit d

39

liu (I, Q, C): Hai d liu u (I v Q) s xc nh pha ca tn hiu li ra, d liu th ba C xc nh bin . Trong th d n gin thc hin trn mdun, bin ca tn hiu QPSK c pht ra nh thy phn cui ca 5.1.4 s bin thnh mt na bi b chia cho 2 hot ng nh tranzistor T1 khi bit C l 1. Mt th d ca dng sng QAM c trnh by trn hnh 5.5.

Hnh 5.5: Tn hiu QAM 5.2. Kim tra bng thc nghim 5.2- 1. ASK 1. Ni cc im 2 - 3, 5 - 20, 17 - 24 v 27 t. a vo chui d liu thay i 00/11 ln lt v n START. 2. Ni dao ng k vi im 5 v 28 sao cho tn hiu d liu v tn hiu ASK hin trn mn hnh 3. iu chnh in tr bin i CARRIER NULL sao cho 1/2 sng ca tn hiu hnh sin l i xng vi 0V (hnh 5.2). iu chnh pha ca sng mang PHASE sao cho im 0 ca sng hnh sin ng vi im u ca khong cch bit. 4. Thay i chui d liu, hoc dng tn s 1200Hz nh sng mang v kim tra dng sng mi. 5.2- 2. FSK 1. Ni cc im 2 - 3, 4 - 21, 5 - 20, 17 - 24, 18 - 26 v 27 t. a vo chui d liu thay i 00/11 ln lt v n START. 2. Ni dao ng k vi cc im 22 v 23. iu chnh in tr bin i CARRIER NULL ca b iu ch v cc bin ca sng mang thu

40

c tn hiu d liu v tn hiu ASK c cng bin . 3. Ni dao ng k vi im 5 v 28 hin th tn hiu d liu v tn hiu FSK hin trn mn hnh. Kim tra cc bit 1 v 0 tng ng vi 2 tn s khc nhau 1200Hz v 2400Hz trong trng hp ny (hnh 5.3). iu chnh pha ca 2 sng mang (PHASE) lm cho tn hiu ca FSK i qua c c 2 tn s . 4. Thay i chui d liu v kim tra dng sng mi. 5.2- 3. PSK 1. Ni cc im 2 - 3, 5 - 20, 17 - 24 v 27 t. a vo mt chui d liu thay i 00/11 ln lt v n START. 2. Ni dao ng k vi im 5 v 28 sao cho tn hiu d liu v tn hiu PSK hin trn mn hnh. 3. iu chnh in tr bin i CARRIER NULL thu c tn hiu PSK ng (hnh 5.4). 4. iu chnh pha ca sng mang PHASE lm cho im 0 ca sng hnh sin ng vi im dch pha . 5. Ni dao ng k vi im 17 v 28 kim tra s thay i pha ca tn hiu PSK so vi sng mang. 6. Thay i chui d liu, hoc dng tn s 1200Hz nh sng mang v kim tra dng sng mi. 5.2- 4. D - BPSK 1. Lp li cng cc thao tc nh tin hnh vi BPSK (xem phn 5.2.3) vi s khc nhau l: Ni DIFF - DATA vi b iu ch (im 15 -20). 2. Sng mang c iu ch c dch pha 180o ng vi mi bit 1 ca tn hiu d liu. 5.2- 5. QPSK 1. Ni cc im 2 - 3, 5 - 10, 11 - 20, 12 - 21, 18 - 24, 19 - 26 v 27 t. Lp chui d liu tun hon 001 101 10 (iu ny lm d dng tch pha trn dng sng c tch sng trn dao ng k) chn ch DIBIT v n START. 2. iu chnh sng mang 1200Hz nh m t phn 4.2. 3. Ni dao ng k vi im 20 v 22 tn hiu d liu v tn hiu BPSK ca b iu ch 1 hin trn mn hnh. iu chnh in tr bin i CARRIER NULL sinh ra tn hiu BPSK ng (hnh 5.5). 4. Ni dao ng k vi im 21 v 23 sao cho tn hiu d liu v tn hiu BPSK ca b iu ch 2 hin trn mn hnh. iu chnh in tr bin i

41

CARRIER NULL sao cho thu c tn hiu BPSK chnh xc (hnh 5.5).

5. iu chnh bin ca sng mang sao cho cc tn hiu BPSK qua cc im 22 v 23 c cng bin . 6. Ni dao ng k vi im 11 v 28 (tn hiu I v QPSK). Bng cch quay nh nhng ngc chiu kim ng h chit p iu chnh PHASE thu c dch chuyn pha ng vi cc gi tr 0, cc i, cc tiu ca sng hnh sin. iu ny lm d dng tch 4 pha. Dng sng QPSK thu c tng t nh dng trn hnh 5.6.

Hnh 5.6: Tn hiu QPSK 5.2- 6. D - QPSK 1. Lp li cng cc thao tc nh tin hnh vi QPSK (xem phn 5.2.5) vi s khc nhau l:
Lp dy d liu 00 01 11 10 00 01 11 10 00 00 00 00. Ni DIFF I v DIFF Q vi cc b iu ch (im 15 - 20, 16 - 21).

42

2. dch pha da vo trong sng mang ln lt l: 0o, 90o, 180o, 270o v.v. Dng sng D QPSK thu c tng t dng sng ca hnh 5.7.

Hnh 5.7: Tn hiu D QPSK 5.2.7. QAM 1. Ni cc im 2 - 3, 5 - 10, 11 - 20, 12 - 21, 13 - 27, 18 - 24, 19 - 26 . Lp mt chui d liu tun hon 0011 1100 0110 chn ch TRIBIT v n START. 2. iu chnh in tr bin i CARRIER NULL sao cho thu c tn hiu PSK chnh xc qua cc im 22 v 23 3. Ni dao ng k vi im 27 v 28 (tn hiu C v QAM). Dng sng ca tn hiu QAM thu c tng t dng sng ca hnh 5.8.

Hnh 5.8: Tn hiu QAM 5.3. Cu hi 1. Kim tra s in ca b iu ch ASK v m t cc chc nng ca cc thnh phn s dng. 2. Kim tra s in ca b iu ch FSK v m t cc chc nng ca cc thnh phn s dng. Cng m t cc gii php ca s in khc c dng pht ra FSK. 3. Cn bao nhiu b iu ch cn bng cho iu ch BPSK. 4. Cn bao nhiu b iu ch cn bng cho iu ch QPSK. 5. Cn bao nhiu b iu ch cn bng cho iu ch D QPSK . Gii thch ti sao? 6. Chc nng ca tranzistor T1 l gi?

43

Bi tp 6 Cc b gii iu ch v cc h truyn thng ASK/ FSK/ PSK/ QPSK

6.1. M t mch in Tham kho s in trn hnh 6.3 6.1- 1 Gii iu ch ASK B gii iu ch ASK gm 3 khi (hnh 6.1)
Mt b tch sng hnh bao ton sng (IC1- A 741). Mt mch lc tch cc thng thp vi tn s ct 1200Hz (IC7- LM 324). Mch to dng xung (IC 8 LM 393 v IC 9 SN 7486). Mch lc v mch to dng xung cng c dng gii iu ch cc tn hiu khc.

6.1- 2 Gii iu ch FSK B gii iu ch FSK gm 3 khi (hnh 6.2)

Mt b tch sng FM thc hin vi mt mch PLL (IC2 - CD 4046). Mt mch lc tch cc thng thp vi tn s ct 1200Hz (IC7 - LM 324). Mch to dng xung (IC 8 LM 393 v IC 9 SN 7486). Mch lc v

mch to xung cng c dng gii iu ch cc tn hiu khc.

DATA SIGNAL

ASK

ENVELOPE DETECTOR

LOW PASS FILTER

PULSE FORMING CIRCUIT

Hnh 6.1: B gii iu ch ASK

FSK

PLL DETECTOR

LOW PASS FILTER

PULSE FORMING CIRCUIT

DATA SIGNAL

Hnh 6.2: B gii iu ch FSK

44

Tcg sng hnh bao

Tch sng bm pha

Lc thng thp v to dng xung Hnh 6.3: B gii iu ch BPSK 6.1- 3 Gii iu ch BPSK B gii iu ch BPSK gm cc mch sau (hnh 6.4 v 6.5).
Mch khi phc sng mang, cn mt s kt hp tn hiu (cng tn s v pha) vi sng mang tn hiu BPSK, N c: - Mt mch nng tn hiu ln bc 2, thc hin bng cch ni 2 li vo ca b iu ch cn bng (IC5 - MC 1496). Mc ch ca mch ny l lm mt s dch pha 180o c trong sng mang iu ch, to iu kin d dng cho vic khi phc sng mang mch PLL tip theo.

Mch PLL (IC14 - CD 4046) to ra tn hiu sng hnh vung c tn s

gp 2 tn s ca sng mang PSK. Tn s trung tm ca mch PLL c c nh 4800Hz.

45

Mch chia 2 tn s (IC12 - SN 7474) to ra my pht sng mang. Mch dch pha thc hin bi mch tr RC v 2 cng lgic dng nh phn mch m (IC13 - SN 7474).

Chuyn mch tng t (IC14 - DG 200) to nn b gii iu ch BPSK thc. Nu pha ca sng mang pht li l ng, li ra ca chuyn mch ch m na sng dng, khi tn hiu BPSK c mt pha no , ch m na sng m khi pha l ngc li. Mch lc thng thp v mch to xung vung (IC8 - LM 393 v IC9 - SN 7486) (cng c dng gii iu ch cho c ASK v FSK) to ra tn hiu d liu ring.

Hnh 6.4 6.1- 4 Gii iu ch QPSK B gii iu ch QPSK gm cc mch (hnh 6.5 v 6.6).
Mch khi phc sng mang, cung cp mt tn hiu kt hp (cng tn s v pha) vi tn hiu ca sng mang tn hiu QPSK, N gm:

Mt mch nhn tn hiu ln 4 ln, thc hin bng cch ni theo cch ni tng 2 mch nhn tn s tn hiu ln 2 ln (IC5 - IC6 / MC 1496). Mc ch ca mch ny l lm mt s dch pha 180o c trong sng mang b iu ch, to iu kin d dng cho vic pht li cng mt sng mang mch PLL tip theo. Mch PLL (IC14 - CD 4046) pht ra tn hiu sng hnh vung c tn s gp 4 tn s ca sng mang QPSK. Tn s trung tm ca mch PLL c c nh gi tr 4800Hz. Mch chia tn s cho 4 (IC12 11/ SN 7474 v IC10/ SN7400) thu c 2 sng mang pht li ( o v 90 ). Mch dch pha thc hin bi mch tr RC v 2 cng lgic dng nh phn mch m (IC13 - SN 7474).

46

Hnh 6.5

47

 Chuyn mch tng t kp (IC14 - DG 200) to nn b gii iu ch QPSK thc. Nu pha ca sng mang pht li ng, 2 li ra ca chuyn mch ch cha na sng dng, khi tn hiu QPSK c mt pha no , v ch cha na sng m khi pha ngc li. Hai b lc thng thp v 2 mch to xung vung (IC8 - LM 393 v IC9 SN 7486) (cng c dng cho c ASK v FSK) thu c tn hiu I v Q ng.

Hnh 6.6: B gii iu ch QPSK

Hnh 6.7: Cc dng dng ca b gii iu ch QPSK

48

6.2. Kim tra thc nghim 6.2- 1 ASK 1. Pht mt tn hiu ASK nh m t phn 5.2.1. 2. Ni im 28 ca L20 vi 29 ca L21. Ni 30 - 31 ca L21. iu ny to nn h truyn thng ASK. 3. Ni dao ng k vi im 29 v 30 sao cho tn hiu ASK hin trn mn hnh v n c cung cp bi b tch sng. 4. Ni dao ng k vi im 31 tn hiu d liu nhn c hin trn mn hnh. iu chnh in tr bin i ngng THD (Threshold) sao cho bit 0 v bit 1 c cng mt ko di. 5. Dng dao ng k kim tra s tng ng gia d liu pht v d liu thu (im 5 v im 33). 6.2- 2. ASK vi d liu Manchester Trong trng hp ni ng b, my thu cn c cung cp nhp ca d liu, c ngha l mt sng vung ng b vi d liu thu v vi mt sng m, ng vi tm ca khong cch bit. S tch ra nhp ca d liu t d liu thu l rt kh khn hay khng th c nu tn hiu ca d liu cha mt chui di ca cc s 0 hay 1. V vy, lc ny thnh phn thay i cn cho kho PLL phi b kh. 1. Thc hin cc thao tc vi ASK nh m t phn trc (6.2.1). 2. Ni d liu thu c trn mt pht lp ng h (33 - 52). Lp my pht li nhp ch BIT/ TRBIT. 3. Kim tra s c mt ca chui thay i ca cc s 0 v 1. Sng vung CK1 (im 53) l ng b vi d liu thu c, CK1 l nhp ca d liu thu. 4. Thit lp chui d liu gm 7 s 0 v s 1, v kim tra rng nhp khng pht li chnh xc. M Manchester ca chui d liu c truyn, m bo lun lun c tn hiu c truyn thay i, iu ny d dng cho vic khi phc nhp bng mch PLL. 5. Cp cho b iu ch ASK vi d liu Manchester (cc im 5 - 10, 14 20). 6. t my pht li nhp theo ch Manchester. 7. Lp cng mt chui d liu gm 7 s 0 v s 1, v kim tra li by gi nhp c khi phc mt cch chnh xc. Trong trng hp ny, d liu c th ly c im 57 v nhp ca d liu im 55 (CK2).

49

6.2- 3. FSK 1. Pht mt tn hiu FSK nh m t phn 5.2.2. 2. Ni im 28 ca L20 vi 37 ca L21. Ni 38 - 31 ca L21. iu ny to nn h truyn thng FSK. 3. Ni dao ng k vi im 37 v 38 sao cho tn hiu FSK hin trn mn hnh v n c cung cp cho b tch sng PLL. Cui cng cng c th iu chnh in tr bin i RV1 t bn cnh thu c bin cc i. 4. Ni dao ng k vi im 33 tn hiu d liu nhn c hin trn mn hnh. iu chnh in tr bin i ngng THD (Threshold) sao cho bit 0 v bit 1 c cng mt ko di. 5. Dng dao ng k kim tra s tng ng gia d liu pht v d liu thu (im 5 v im 33). Vn lin quan ti vic khi phc ng h d liu t cc d liu thu, p dng cc thao tc nh lm vi ASK trong phn cui ca 6.2.2. 6.2- 4. BPSK 1. Pht mt tn hiu BPSK nh m t phn 5.2.3 (dng sng mang 2400Hz; trong trng hp ny tn s gp i, ngha l 4800Hz s tng ng vi tn s trung tm ca my pht li PLL ca sng mang). 2. Ni im 28 ca L20 vi 39 ca L21. Ni cc im 40 - 42, 44 - 48 v 50 - 31 ca L21. iu ny to nn h truyn thng BPSK. 3. Ni dao ng k vi im 39 v 40 sao cho tn hiu BPSK hin trn mn hnh v n c cp cho mch nhn tn hiu ln gp 2. iu chnh in tr bin i (BAL) dng sng ging hn mt tn hiu c tn s gp 2 ln tn s ca tn hiu BPSK. 4. Ni dao ng k vi im 43, kim tra xem c sng vung vi tn s gp 2 ln tn s BPSK (cng c th iu chnh in tr bin i RV4 lp mt bn, to kho PLL). Ni dao ng k vi im 44, kim tra xem c sng vung vi tn s bng tn s sng mang hay khng? 5. Chnh bin tr bin i PHASE ADJUST to nn ton b 1/2 sng qua im 50. 6. Ni dao ng k vi im 33 hin th tn hiu d liu nhn c. iu chnh in tr bin i ngng THD (Threshold) sao cho bit 0 v bit 1 c cng mt ko di. 7. Dng dao ng k kim tra s tng ng gia d liu pht v d liu thu (im 5 v im 33). C th xy ra d liu pht v d liu thu ngc

50

nhau. iu ny gii thch l b gii iu ch khng bit pha ti l 0 hay 180o. V iu khng r rng ny to nn s o ca tn hiu iu ch. Vn ny c th c gii quyt bng m vi sai d liu trc khi iu ch. 6.2- 5. D - BPSK M vi sai ca d liu c truyn to nn bit 1 c bin thnh s thay i pha ca sng mang. Bng cch ny, my thu s nhn bit bit 1 mi khi c s dch pha ca sng mang b iu ch, c lp vi pha tuyt i ca n. 1. Thc hin php ni mch BPSK nh m t trong phn cui 6.2.4 va xt. 2. Cp cho b iu ch BPSK vi cc d liu c m ho theo cch vi sai (ni cc im 5 - 10, 5 - 20). 3. Ni im 33 - 52 ca L21 v t mch khi phc nhp theo ch BIT/ DIBIT. 4. Nghim li l d hiu thu (im 58) khng c s cha r v du v tng ng vi d liu pht (khng c ngc pha). 6.2- 6. QPSK 1. i chiu cc dng sng ca hnh 6.7. Pht mt tn hiu QPSK nh m t phn 5.2.5. 2. Ni im 28 ca L20 vi 39 ca L21. Ni cc im 41- 42, 46 - 48 v 47 - 49, 50 - 31 v 51 - 34 ca L21. iu ny to nn h truyn thng QPSK. 3. Ni dao ng k vi im 39 v 41 sao cho tn hiu QPSK hin trn mn hnh v n c cp cho mch nng tn hiu ln gp 4. iu chnh in tr bin i (BAL) thu c dng sng cng ging tn hiu c tn s gp 4 ln tn s ca tn hiu QPSK. 4. Ni dao ng k vi im 43, kim tra xem c sng vung vi tn s gp 2 ln tn s QPSK (cng c th iu chnh in tr bin i RV4 lp mt bn, to kho PLL). Ni dao ng k vi im 46 - 47, kim tra xem c 2 dng sng lch nhau 90o v vi cng tn s ca sng mang hay khng? 5. Chnh bin tr bin i PHASE ADJUST to nn na ca dng sng qua im 50 v 51. 6. Ni dao ng k vi im 33 v 36 tn hiu d liu nhn c hin trn mn hnh. iu chnh in tr bin i ngng THD (Threshold) cho bit 0 v bit 1 ca cng mt ko di.

51

7. Dng dao ng k kim tra s tng ng gia d liu pht v thu I v Q (im 5 v im 33). C th xy ra d liu truyn v d liu thu ngc nhau. iu ny c th gii thch l b gii iu ch khng bit pha ti l 0 hay 180o. V iu khng r rng ny c th lm o ngc d liu c gii iu ch. Vn ny c th c gii quyt bng m vi sai d liu trc khi iu ch. 8. Ni cc tn hiu I v Q to ra qua li ra ca mch to xung ca b t hp bt (Bit Combiner) (cc im 33 - 63 v 36 - 64). Ni tn hiu I hoc Q (kim tra n l dng sng thay i) vi mch khi phc tn hiu nhp (cc im 33 - 52 v 36 - 52). Tch sng d liu nhn c qua im 65. 6.2- 7. D - QPSK M vi sai ca DIBIT c truyn i lm cho mi DIBIT bin i thnh s thay i pha ca sng mang. Bng cch ny, my thu s nhn bit DIBIT mi khi c s lch pha ca sng mang iu ch, c lp vi pha tuyt i ca n. 1. Thc hin php ni QPSK nh m t trong phn 6.2.6 va xt. 2. Cung cp cho b iu ch QPSK vi cc d liu m ho theo cch vi sai (ni cc im 5 - 10, 15 - 10, 16 - 21). 3. t mch khi phc ng h theo ch BIT/ DIBIT. 4. Ni Cc tn hiu I v Q thu c qua li ra ca mch to dng xung, Qua li vo ca b gii m vi phn DIBIT (cc im 33 - 59, 36- 60). Ni cc tn hiu I hoc Q (kim tra rng c mt dng sng thay i) vi mch khi phc nhp (cc im 33 - 52, 36 - 52). Ni li ra ca mch gii m vi phn DIBIT vi t hp bt Bit Combiner (ni cc im 61 - 63, 62 - 64). Tch sng d liu nhn c qua im 65. Kim tra rng d liu thu c (im 58) khng c s khng r rng v du v tng ng vi d liu truyn. 6.3. Cu hi 1. Kim tra s in ca b iu ch ASK v m t cc chc nng pht trin bng cc thnh phn dng. 2. Kim tra s in ca b iu ch FSK v m t cc chc nng c pht trin bng cc thnh phn dng. 3. Bao nhiu sng mang phi c iu ch trong my thu QPSK? Ti sao?. 4. M t mt h truyn thng QPSK theo gin khi. M t hot ng ca chuyn mch tng t dng trong gii iu ch BPSK v QPSK.

52