Chng 1 iu ch xung

1.1. Mc ch Gii thiu nhng khi nim c bn v iu ch xung Miu t v l thuyt ly mu 1.2. Gii thiu 2.1. Nhng khi nim c bn C mt s k thut iu ch c dng truyn thng tin. Cc loi iu ch ph bin nht c dng trong k thut v tuyn l iu ch bin , tn s v iu ch n bin. Trong lnh vc in thoi thng s dng iu ch xung, bin i thng tin t dng tn hiu tng t sang dng tn hiu s. Hnh 1.1 cho ta thy s chc nng tng qut c dng bin i tn hiu t dng tng t sang dng s, cn hnh 1.2 ch ra cc dng tn hiu khc nhau qua cc khu chuyn i. Tn hiu tng t s(t) c ly mu ti tng thi im, khong thi gian gia cc ln ly mu l bi s ca T (chu k ly mu), tng phn ca tn hiu s(t) c ly trong khong thi gian t. Giai on tip theo l n nh ng nhng gi tr xc nh cho cc mu ly c thng qua phng php lng t ho. Th d minh ho cho qu trnh lng t ho c nu trn hnh 1.2, tn hiu c chia lm 5 mc v qui lut lng t ho c minh ho trong hnh 1.2b v 1.2c. giai on ny cc mu khc nhau c lng t ho vi s mc khng hn ch, c chuyn i thnh dng s, c ngha l mi mt mu c n nh mt cu hnh bt (0 v 1) m qua ta c th nhn bit chnh xc bin tn hiu.

S(t) SAMPLER

S(nT)

QUANTIZER

S(nT) CODEC

Hnh 1.1: Bin i tn hiu tng t s(t) sang dng s

53

Hnh 1.2: a) Tn hiu tng t s(t) b) Tn hiu c ly mu s(nT) c) Tn hiu lng t ho s(nT) d) Tn hiu s sN (m 3 bt) Tn hiu li ra ca b ly mu s(nT) c th gii thch l kt qu ca mt qu trnh iu ch bin xung sng mang, tn hiu iu ch s(t) iu ch bin ca xung sng mang (c khong thi gian ko di ). y cng l nguyn nhn ti sao hin tng ny c gi l iu ch bin xung (Pulse Amplitude Modulation - PAM). Tng t nh trn, tn hiu s sN cng c th c coi nh l kt qu ca qu trnh iu ch xung m, khi cc xung mang c iu ch bi tn hiu m. V th ngi ta gi l iu ch m xung (Pulse Code Modulation - PCM). C rt nhiu l do truyn dn tn hiu s c a chung hn truyn dn tn hiu tng t, trong c hai l do c bit ng c ghi nh l: Truyn dn tn hiu s nng cao tnh linh hot ca h thng vin thng m trong chng ch x l cc tn hiu s, khng k cc tn hiu ngun l video, in thoi, d liu s ... 54

 T s gia tn hiu/ tp m c nng cao, trong khi cc iu kin khc vn c gi nguyn. Cc xung mang khng ch c th iu ch di dng bin m chng cn c th iu ch di dng thi gian (Pulse Time Modulation - PTM) m hai dng c bit ca PTM l iu ch rng xung (Pulse Position Modulation - PPM). Ti liu ny s m t hng lot cc luyn tp lin quan n cc h thng PAM/PPM/PWM. 2.2. Nhng c s l thuyt ly mu Qu trnh ly mu mt tn hiu lin tc s(t) gm cc qu trnh ghi nhn cc gi tr, hoc cc mu m tn hiu nhn c trong nhiu thi im (hoc tng qut hn trong nhiu khong thi gian). Mt cch tng trng cc thao tc ly mu c hnh dung nh l mt chic chuyn mch l tng n nhn cc tn hiu ly mu (hnh 1.3). Chuyn mch ny trng thi ng trong sut khong thi gian v m trong sut cc thi im cn li. Ph hp vi s ny, th tn hiu thu c khi ly mu s(nT) (tn hiu ly mu) bng s(t) trong khong thi gian v bng khng trong cc thi im khc (hnh 1.2b)

S(t)
o o

S(nT)

Hnh 1.3: B ly mu l tng Cc thao tc ly mu c thc hin mt cch tun hon trong nhng khong thi gian cch u nhau: t = n.T n = 0, 1, 2, 3, ... T : Gi l chu k ly mu
F = 1 T : Gi l tn s ly mu. (R rng l thng tin trong tn hiu mu

s(nT) tng ln khi khong thi gian tng v chu k ly mu gim). Phng php ly mu thng c s dng thu nhn cc thng tin trong tn hiu s(t), bt k s pht trin ca chnh tn hiu v dng khi u ca tn hiu nh th no. Nu mt vi iu kin c p ng th ta c th khi phc chnh xc tn hiu s(t) t nhng gi tr mu c ly. Tm quan trng ca kt qu cho cc ng dng khc nhau ny l ng ch : thay cho vic phi truyn ton b tn hiu tng t, ta c th truyn cc mu i m 55

khng b mt mt thng tin. Ni cch khc l vic truyn cc tn hiu ri rc c th thay th cho vic truyn cc tn hiu lin tc. Ph ca tn hiu ly mu Trc khi a ra cc nh l nu ln cc iu kin khi phc hon ho cc tn hiu, chng ta cn phi xem qua ph ca tn hiu ly mu. Quan st hnh 1.4: Tn hiu mu s(nT) c th c xem nh l tch ca hai tn hiu s(t) v u(t) (hnh 1.5), vi u(t) l s lp li theo thi gian ca xung U(t) (c chu k T).

Hnh 1.4: a) Tn hiu tng t s(t) b) S lp li ca xung U(t) c) Tn hiu c ly mu s(nT)

s (t )

s (nT )

u (t )
PULSE GENERATOR

Hnh 1.5: S pht ra tn hiu mu s(nT) 56

U ( f ) l bin i Fourier ca xung c bn U (T ) v S ( f ) l bin ca s(t).

Theo l thuyt phn tch ph, ph s (nT ) c biu th bi Y ( f ) c tnh theo cng thc:
Y ( f ) = F .U ( nF ).S ( f nF )
+

Ph ca U ( f ) , S ( f ) v Y ( f ) trong hnh 1.6 cho thy rng: ph U (t ) khng tng ng vi ph ca mt xung ch nht hon ho (n c biu hin c dng nh trong hnh 1.6a). Ngc li, n li tng ng vi mt xung thc c sn thoai thoi mt i cc nh, dng ph ny thng gp trong cc ng dng thc t. V th, ph s (nT ) l mt qu trnh lp li tun hon ca ph tn hiu s (t ) , c hiu chnh bi bin ph U (t ) . Tn s lp li F c gi l tn s ly mu.

Hnh 1.6: a) Ph ca mt xung ch nht l tng b) Ph ca xung thc c) Ph ca tn hiu s (t ) d) Ph ca tn hiu c ly mu s (nT ) 57

L thuyt ly mu By gi ta s nhc li nh l nu ln cc iu kin cn thit khi phc hon ho tn hiu s (t ) t cc mu s (nT ) . y l nh l ly mu ca Shannon. Vi mt tn hiu s (t ) qua bin i Fourier c ph tn hiu S ( f ) c sn bin dng ng nh hnh 1.6c th:
s( f ) = 0

vi

f B

Vi s (nT ) l chui thu c t tn hiu ly mu tun hon s (t ) , ta c th khi phc li tn hiu s (t ) mt cch chnh xc vi iu kin tn s ly mu khng c nh hn hai ln rng ca bng tn. Tc l:
F 2B

nh l ny c th d dng kim chng li. Hnh 1.7 cho ta thy ph ca tn hiu ly mu tn s F = 1,5 B (hnh 1.7b) (trong hnh ny, s tt dn c gy bi ph cc xung thc c bn c lc bt cho sng sa).

Hnh 1.7:

a) Ph ca tn hiu s (t ) b) Tn hiu s (t ) c ly mu tn s F = 1,5B c) c trng ca b lc thng thp l tng d) Ph ca tn hiu c khi phc li khc vi tn hiu gc. 58

C th d dng nhn thy s lp li ca S ( f ) khng tch ri nhau m c tnh chng cht. Qua mt b lc thng thp l tng (hnh 1.7c), c th khi phc tn hiu s (t ) , tn hiu thu c nh s khi phc li c ph S1( f ) (hnh 1.7d) n khc vi ph tn hiu nguyn bn (hnh 1.7a). Trong trng hp ny, tn hiu khi phc li c th khc xa so vi tn hiu nguyn mu. Khi tn s ly mu ln hn 2B, hin nhin nh l trng hp c minh ho trong hnh 1.6, vi mt mt b lc thng thp l tng c gii thng F 2 , ta c th nhn c ph ging nh ph ca tn hiu nguyn mu, v th ta c th thu c tn hiu khi phc s (t ) . iu kin gii hn di tn ca tn hiu s (t ) cng c th c kim tra li theo cch khc, cho d tn s ly mu c cao th vn lun c phn ca ph S ( f ) (qui t gn F) chng cht ln phn ph c trch ra qua b lc, iu ny bin i tn hiu c khi phc li s (t ) . Xuyn knh (Aliasing) Ly mu tn hiu vi mt tn s thp hn trng hp l tng hoc s dng mt b lc khng gii hn di thng khi phc tn hiu c th l nguyn nhn dn n mt hin tng c gi l b danh. Hiu ng ny l ch cng vi vic khi phc tn hiu nguyn mu li nhn c thm tn hiu b sung c tn s khc vi tn s ca tn hiu nguyn mu. a ta nhng khi nim r rng v hiu ng ny ta cp ti mt v d c ch ra trong hnh 1.8. Tn hiu s (t ) l mt hm sin v qu trnh ly mu l tng. Cc gi tr mu ly c ca S (t ) c nu trong hnh 1.8d. Hnh 1.8e cho ta thy rng chnh tn hiu s1(t ) c tn s khc vi S (t ) cng c th p ng c nhng iu kin cn thit ca cc mu. Chnh v nguyn nhn ny nn khi khi phc tn hiu tng t rt kh hay gn nh khng th xc nh c tn s tn hiu nguyn mu chnh xc.

59

Hnh 1.8: Xuyn knh

60

Chng 2 B iu ch PAM

2.1. Mc ch Kim tra chc nng ca mt b iu ch PAM, ly mu t nhin, ly mu bng. Kim tra chc nng ca cc mch ly mu (Sample) v mch ly mu v gi mu (Sample & Hold). Kim tra dng sng ca tn hiu v mi quan h gia cc xung ly mu vi cc tn hiu PAM. 2.2. Thng tin m u 2.1. Nhng khi nim c bn Mt tn hiu PAM l tn hiu c to bi mt chui cc xung m bin ca chng t l vi bin ca tn hiu tng t (hnh 2.1). Mu c th c dng t nhin hoc dng bng. Trong trng hp u, tn hiu c ly mu c cng mt dng nh tn hiu tng t (hnh 2.1c). Trong trng hp th hai, bin ca cc xung tn hiu c ly mu m phng theo bin ca tn hiu tng t ti thi im ly mu (hnh 2.1d).

a) Tn hiu tng t

b) Cc xung ly mu c) Ly mu t nhin tn hiu PAM d) Ly mu bng tn hiu PAM

Hnh 2.1: Ly mu t nhin v ly mu bng tn hiu PAM 61

Ly mu bng gy ra s bin dng ca tn hiu m phng, s sai lch ny cng tng khi thi gian ko di ca xung cng tng. Tuy nhin s ly mu ny tr nn cn thit trong cc h thng m mu sau li c chuyn i tip theo thnh gi tr s, chng hn nh l h PCM. Thc t, mt b bin i tng t/ s c s dng thng i hi cc gi tr tng t a vo phi n nh v u n trong sut qu trnh bin i. 2.2. S khi b iu ch Ly mu t nhin S khi ca b iu ch PAM ly mu t nhin c lp rp theo kiu c ch ra trn hnh 2.2. Tn hiu tng t li vo i qua mt b lc tn s thp 3,4kHz nhm loi b hiu ng b danh khi tn s ly mu l 8 hoc 12kHz, Sau tn hiu i vo b ly mu. Tn s ly mu c xc nh l 4 8 12 KHz trong khi TIMING. rng ca xung ly mu c xc nh trong khi PULSE GENERATOR.

Hnh 2.2: B iu ch PAM ly mu t nhin Ly mu bng S khi ca b iu ch PAM ly mu bng c lp rp theo kiu c ch ra trn hnh 2.3. Khc vi b iu ch ly mu t nhin, b ly mu bng c b sung thm mt mch ly mu v gi mu (Sample & Hold) c nh bin tn hiu ra v gi n nh gi tr nhn vo trong thi gian ly mu. Sau b ly mu to ra cc xung nh - bng m rng ca n t l vi rng ca tn hiu tng t. 62

Hnh 2.3: B iu ch PAM ly mu bng

a) Tn hiu tng t

b) Cc xung ly mu

c) Li ra ly mu v gi mu

d) Tn hiu PAM ly mu bng

Hnh 2.4: Tn hiu PAM ly mu bng

2.3. Th nghim Dng c cn thit

Mun T20A Ngun mt chiu 12V Dao ng k

63

2.3.1. Th nghim 1: B iu ch PAM ly mu t nhin 1. Thc hin ni nh hnh 2.5. Ngun mt chiu 12V DC v tin hnh t trc mch nh sau:

TIMING : 8kHz PULSE GENERATOR: Vn nm iu chnh rng xung PULSE

WIDTH theo chiu kim ng h. 2. Ni my dao ng k vi li vo ca tn hiu tng t (TP13) v vi li ra ca b iu ch PAM (TP12). 3. Kim tra tn hiu PAM c to bi chui cc xung c bin phn nh dng sng ca tn hiu tng t (hnh 2.6). 4. Chuyn u o TP13 n TP11, kim tra cc xung ly mu ph hp vi tn hiu PAM. 5. Thay i rng ca xung ly mu v quan st s bin i tng ng ca tn hiu PAM.

Hnh 2.5

64

Hnh 2.6 2.3.2. Th nghim 2: B iu ch PAM ly mu bng 1. Thc hin ni nh hnh 2.7. Ngun mt chiu 12V v tin hnh theo cc bc:

TIMING : 8KHz PULSE GENERATOR: Vn nm iu chnh rng xung PULSE WIDTH theo chiu kim ng h.
2. Kho st dng sng ca tn hiu tng t li vo (TP13), tn hiu li ra ca khi ly mu v gi mu Sample & Hold (TP15), v ca xung ly mu v gi mu Sample & Hold (TP4). 3. Nh rng tn hiu c ly mu vo thi im c xung ly mu v bin ca n c gi khng i cho ti xung tip theo. Mt tn hiu nhy bc thu c gn ging tn hiu tng t li vo (hnh 2.8). 4. Kho st dng sng ca xung mu cho b iu ch PAM (TP11) v ca tn hiu li ra PAM (TP12). Nh rng tn hiu nhy bc c ly mu khi m gi tr ca n khng thay i. 5. Nh rng cc xung PAM c bin khng i trong sut thi gian ko di ca chng. 6. Thay i rng ca xung ly mu v quan st mi s bin i tng ng ca tn hiu PAM. 65

Hnh 2.7

Hnh 2.8

66

Chng 3 Khi phc tn hiu tng t

3.1. Mc ch

Kim tra kh nng khi phc tn hiu thng qua b lc Kim tra s bin i dng sng ca tn hiu c khi phc li theo: - chn lc ca b lc thng thp c dng cho vic khi phc. - Thi gian ko di ca xung PAM. - Tn s ly mu.
3.2. Thng tin m u Tn hiu tng t c khi phc t nhng mu c thc hin bng b lc thng thp. (Hnh 3.1) Khi tn s ly mu bng 2B, mt b lc thng thp l tng c di thng F 2 c th cho ta mt ph hon thin ging nh tn hiu gc, do phc hi c tn hiu s(t).

Hnh 3.1: a) Ph ca tn hiu s(t) b) Ph ca tn hiu s(t) c ly mu vi tn s c) c trng l tng ca b lc tn s thp d) Ph ca tn hiu c khi phc 67

Nh rng nu b lc khng phi l l tng th s c mt on ph S(t) ln cn F, on ph ny s chng ln mt phn ph c ly ra t b lc, n lm thay i dng ca tn hiu c khi phc S(t). Nu tn s ly mu tng, qu trnh lc s tr nn d dng hn vi s lp li ph ca tn hiu s(t) tha hn. Trong trng hp ny, thm ch nu b lc khng l tng th n vn c kh nng thu c phn u ca ph, tng ng vi tn hiu tng t s(t) ban u. Nu tn s ly mu gim, hin tng b danh c th xy ra. Hin tng ny s c kho st chng sau

Hnh 3.2:

a) Ph ca tn hiu s(t) b) Ph ca tn hiu s(t) c ly mu vi tn s c) c trng ca b lc tn s thp d) Ph ca tn hiu c khi phc

3.3. Th nghim Dng c cn thit

Module T20A Ngun nui mt chiu 12V Dao ng k

68

3.3.1. Th nghim 1: Phc hi tn hiu qua b lc 1. Pht mt xung PAM ly mu bng, t trc m un nh hnh 3.3. 2. Tho b J8 v ni n vi u ra ca b iu ch vi tn s li vo ca b lc l 3,4 KHz (ni TP12 vi TP24). 3. TP26, kho st dng sng ca mch phc hi. Kim tra xem tn hiu ny c b sai lch khng, kim tra s mo do vic loi b sai tn s ly mu (8KHz) v kim tra s nh hng ca cc tn s khc nhau n tn hiu PAM (v d vi tn s 8 1 KHz). 4. a thm b lc thng thp 5KHz vo, ni tng vi b lc 3,4 KHz (ni TP26 vi TP25) nhm nng cao chn lc ton b. 5. Ti TP27, kho st dng sng ca tn hiu khi phc v kim tra s bin mt ca mo. 6. Thay i rng ca xung PAM (Pulse Width) v quan st xem bin ca tn hiu khi phc thay i nh th no. Gii thch nguyn nhn. 3.3.2. Th nghim 2: Hiu ng ca tn s ly mu 1. Duy tr s kt ni trc v chn tn s ly mu l 12KHz. 2. Ti TP26 (khi ch c b lc thng thp 3,4KHz t vo), kho st dng sng ca tn hiu khi phc. Kim tra xem trng hp ny s mo thp hn nhiu so vi tn s ly mu (8KHz). C hai tn s ly mu (12KHz) v tn s tn hiu PAM (v d 12 1KHz) thc t cao hn tn s c ghi nhn trong cc trng hp trc, v c loi b thng qua b lc. 3. Chn tn s ly mu l 4KHz, phn tch tn hiu, gii thch nguyn nhn dn n s mo.

Hnh 3.3 69

Chng 4 xuyn knh

4.1. Mc ch

Kim tra xem tn hiu khi phc khng tng thch vi tn hiu truyn n nu tn s ly mu nh hn mc cho php. Kim tra mi quan h gia tn s ly mu, tn hiu tng t ban u v xuyn knh ca tn hiu khi phc.
4.2. Nhng thng tin m u Lu mu mt tn hiu c tn s thp hn gi tr l thuyt, hoc dng mt b lc c di tn gii hn khng khi phc tn hiu l nguyn nhn dn ti hiu ng gi l xuyn knh. Hin tng ny c minh ho trn hnh 4.1 n cho thy s lp li ca S(f) khng tt ri m b chng ln nhau. T mt b lc thng thp l tng dng khi phc tn hiu s(t) n cn xut hin mt tn hiu c ph S1(f) khc vi tn hiu gc. Hiu ng ny dn n vic khi phc mt tn hiu i km khc c tn s khc vi tn hiu gc. V d minh ho trong hnh 4.2 th hin mt tn hiu dng sin. Cc gi tr c ly mu trong hnh 4.2d. Hnh 4.2e ch ra rng thm ch mt tn hiu s1(t) c tn s khc hn cng c th p ng nhng yu cu khi ly mu. V th rt kh hay hu nh khng th bit c tn s no thc s l tn s gc v tn s no mi xut hin trong qu trnh khi phc tn hiu tng t.

a) b) c) d)

Hnh 4.1 Ph ca tn hiu s(t) Ph ca tn hiu s(t) c ly mu vi tn s F = 1 c trng ca b lc tn s thp l tng Ph ca tn hiu c khi phc, dng khc ca tn hiu ban u

70

Hnh 4.2: Xuyn knh 4.3. Th nghim Dng c cn thit

Module T20A Ngun nui mt chiu 12V Dao ng k

4.3.1. Th nghim 1: Hiu ng xuyn knh 1. Pht mt tn hiu lu mu phng PAM, b tr thit b nh hnh 4.3. Cung cp mt tn s khong 5kHz cho li vo ca b iu ch (tn s thc khong 4,9kHz). 71

Hnh 4.3 2. Dng dao ng k kho st tn hiu tng t (TP3), xung ly mu (TP11) v tn hiu PAM (TP12). 3. Phn tch dng ca sng trong hnh 5.4, c th kim tra:

Cc mu bin i theo tn hiu tng t hnh sin Trung bnh c 2 mu c ghi nhn trong mt chu k. S xut hin c thy r trong tng chu k c ch ra theo dng mi tn.
4. Chuyn cu ni J8 v ni tng hai b lc 5KHz n 3,4KHz (TP27 n TP24) nhm tng s la chn ca b lc. Sau ni li ra ca b iu ch vi li vo ca b lc 5KHz (ni TP12 vi TP25). 5. TP26 kho st dng sng ca tn hiu c phc hi. S mo khng ng k ca tn hiu hnh sin c tm thy c tn s 3KHz. 6. Gii thch ti sao tn hiu khi phc c tn s khc vi tn s tn hiu tng t ban u (3KHz thay vo 5KHz). 7. Qua li vo ca b lc thng thp, cung cp mt tn hiu cho b iu ch (ni TP14 vi TP1). Kim tra s thu nhn tn hiu (TP26), nhng li khi phc do hiu ng b danh, cch khc phc. 8. Mt ln na qua b lc, (ni TP14 vi TP3) v chn tn s ly mu 12KHz (cu ni J1). 72

9. Kho st tn hiu li ra ca b lc 5KHz (TP27), v kim tra tn hiu c khi phc so vi tn hiu gc (loi b mo dng bng cch gim chn la ca b lc khi phc.

Hnh 4.4

73

Chng 5 B thu PAM

5.1 . Mc ch

M t cch lm vic ca b thu iu bin xung Kim tra s lm vic ca nhng khi to nn b gii iu ch: b khuch i thu, b pht xung ng h v b gii iu bin. Kim tra dng sng tn hiu
5.2. M u 5.2.1. Khi nim c bn Nh chng ta thy chng 4 (ti to li tn hiu tng t), gii iu ch tn hiu iu bin xung, mt b lc thng thp l . Thc s, gii php n gin ny khng bo m cht lng lin kt tt v khng th dng trong trng hp PAM dn knh phn ng theo thi gian TDM (Time-Division Multiplexing). Do vy, b thu iu bin xung c xy dng theo s c bn c trnh by trn hnh 6.1. Cc xung ca iu bin xung n t ng truyn dn c ly mu bi tn hiu ly mu, tn hiu ny c pht li ngay trong b thu. Tn hiu li ra ca b ly mu c gi mc n nh cho ti khi c mu tip theo ti, do vy pht tn hiu nhy bc l tn hiu xp x vi tn hiu ban u. Tn hiu c ti to t tn hiu nhy bc c bin rng hn tn hiu c ti to trc tip t cc xung PAM. N c t ho ba hn tn hiu ban u, lm cho vic lc c d dng hn.

Hnh 5.1: B thu PAM 74

5.2.2. S khi ca b thu S khi ca b thu PAM lp rp trn m un c nu ra trn hnh 5.2. Tn hiu PAM ti t b pht c khuch i v cung cp cho hai phn: b pht li xung ly mu v b gii iu bin (ly mu v gi mu). Tn hiu li ra ca b gii iu bin c lc qua mt b lc thng thp, n to ra mt tn hiu tng t c gii iu bin. S pht li ca xung ly mu cho b gii iu bin c tin hnh nh sau: Tn hiu PAM c khuch i chuyn qua mt mch hn ch, l mch lm gim s thay i ca bin tn hiu. B lc gii thng tip theo (c chnh mc 8 n 12KHz theo tn s ly mu c chn trong sut qu trnh truyn dn) c dng tch thnh phn lin quan n tn s ly mu. Thnh phn ny c a ti mch PLL, l mch pht tn hiu ly mu, tn hiu ny ng b vi nhng xung ca tn hiu PAM m n nhn c. Mch tip theo iu chnh pha ca xung n t PPL, sao cho chng trng khp vi im c bin cc i ca nhng xung PAM i ti b gii iu bin (mch ly mu v gi mu).

Hnh 5.2: S khi ca b thu c lp rp trn mun

75

5.3. Th nghim Dng c cn thit

Module T20A Ngun nui mt chiu 12V Dao ng k

5.3.1. Th nghim 1: B pht xung ly mu 1. Pht mt tn hiu ly mu bng ca PAM, t trc b pht hnh 5.3. 2. t trc b thu hnh 5.4. 3. Ni u ra ca b truyn (TP12) vi li vo ca ng dy (TP15) v li ra ca ng dy (TP16) li vo ca b thu (TP17). a b suy gim ti cc tiu v b cht la chn gii thng. 4. Kim tra dng sng u vo v u ra ca b khuch i (TP17, TP18). Cc xung li ra c bin rng hn v khng c mo m. Nguyn nhn ca vic mo m ny l do c trng thng thp ca b khuch i, n lm gim ng k nhiu ng dy chng cht ln tn hiu. 5. Kim tra tn hiu sau khi qua b hn ch (TP19) v ch ti s gim ng k thng ging ca bin xung. 6. TP20 (u ra ca b lc) mt dng sng hnh sin nhn c u c cng tn s nh cc xung PAM li vo ca b thu. 7. li ra ca PLL (TP21), nu PLL bt chp (mt nh sng xut hin n ch th COCK), khi xung vung thu c c cng tn s nh cc xung PAM li vo ca b thu. 8. Kim tra tn hiu PAM li ra ca b khuch i (TP18) cng vi nhng xung ly mu c pht li ly t mch chnh pha. Kim tra nhng xung ly mu , chng c th c di chuyn chnh xc ti phn gia ca xung PAM bng chit p iu chnh dch pha. Vic iu chnh ny cho php b gii iu ch ly mu tn hiu PAM chnh xc khi bin xung t ti gi tr cc i ca n. 5.3.2. Th nghim 2: B gii iu ch v b lc tip nhn. 1. Gi nguyn vic t trc tng t nh th nghim 1. 2. Kim tra dng sng ca tn hiu PAM li vo ca b gii iu bin v li ra (TP18 n TP24). 3. Xoy nm chnh pha nhn c bin ca tn hiu cc i li ra ca b gii iu bin 4. Phn tch ti sao iu chnh nm chnh pha li lm thay i bin ca tn hiu gii iu bin. 76

5. Kim tra dng sng ca tn hiu li ra ca b lc tip nhn (TP26) v kim tra xem liu n c ging vi tn hiu tng t c truyn n hay khng (TP1).

Hnh 5.3

Hnh 5.4 77

Chng 6 H thng truyn thng PAM vi ng dy v nhiu

6.1. Mc ch

nh hng ca ng dy v nhiu ti cht lng kt ni Tin hnh truyn thng Audio.

6.2. Gii thiu S khi ca h thng truyn thng c trnh by trn hnh 6.1 Tn hiu PAM c truyn qua mt ng dy nhn to l chiu di ca n (b suy gim) v gii thng c th c thay i ti -3dB (5/ 10/ 20 /40 kHz). B pht nhiu cho php cng thm nhiu vo tn hiu PAM, nhm nhn mt tn hiu PAM b nh hng ca nhiu u ra ca ng dy. Thng tin do tn hiu PAM mang i c n cha trong bin xung ca n, trng thi bt k chng ln cc xung c th lm thay i bin xung gc, do vy m ti u ra ca b gii iu bin PAM tn hiu b mo so vi tn hiu gc ban u. Thm nhiu, di thng ca knh truyn thng cng nh hng n cht lng ca tn hiu c nhn. Nh hnh 6.2 ch ra rng ca bng tn ca knh truyn thng khng tng xng c th lm mo cc xung PAM do lm nh hng xu ti t l tn hiu/ nhiu u vo b thu v gim cht lng ca tn hiu nhn c.

Hnh 6.1

78

Hnh 6.2 a) rng di thng knh truyn thch hp b) rng di thng knh truyn khng 6.3. Th nghim Dng c cn thit

Module T20A Ngun nui mt chiu 12V Dao ng k

6.3.1. Th nghim 1: nh hng ca nhiu i vi tn hiu gii iu ch 1. Pht mt tn hiu PAM ly mu bng, t trc b pht hnh 6.3. 2. t trc b thu hnh 6.4. 3. Ni u ra ca b truyn (TP12) vi li vo ca ng dy (TP15) v li ra ca ng dy (TP16) li vo ca b thu (TP17). iu chnh b suy gim ca ng dy ti cc tiu v di chuyn cht la chn gii thng ca ng dy. 4. Tng nhiu dn dn v kim tra dng sng u vo v u ra ng dy (TP15, TP16). Bin ca xung ra bin i lin tc l do nhiu (hnh 6.5) 5. Kim tra dng sng li ra ca b gii iu bin (TP24) v lu cch m nhiu lm thay i bin tn hiu nhy bc (quay nm iu chnh pha nhn c bin tn hiu cc i).

79

Hnh 6.3

Hnh 6.4 80

Hnh 6.5 6.3.2. Th nghim 2: nh hng ca nhiu i vi pht li xung ng h. 1. Gi nguyn cc iu kin nh th nghim trc. 2. Kim tra dng sng ca tn hiu mch pht li xung ng h (TP19 n TP22). Lu rng n nh ca xung Clock c pht li s gim khi nhiu tng. nh hng ny l hin nhin nu s suy gim ng dy cng c a vo nhm lm xu thm t s tn hiu/ nhiu u cui b thu. 3. Vic mt gi chp ca b pht li xung ng h cng c ch r bng s gim sng ca it pht quang nh ch trng thi gi chp Clock Led. 4. Lu tt c nhng iu , th c th khng nh s mo tn hiu gii iu ch do nhiu gy nn u l do t hp ca 2 hiu ng: s thng ging bin ca cc xung PAM v s bt n nh ca cc xung ly mu c pht li trong sut qu trnh thu nhn gii iu ch tn hiu PAM. 6.3.3. Th nghim 3: Hiu ng di thng truyn thng 1. Gi nguyn cc iu kin c trong th nghim 1. 2. Kim tra cc dng sng ca tn hiu PAM trc v sau ng truyn (TP15, TP16). Thay i di thng ca ng truyn. Ch rng di thng gim i th mo ca xung s tng ln v bin ca chng s gim (hnh 6.6). 3. Kim tra dng sng li ra ca b iu bin v b lc tip nhn v ch 81

rng khi di thng thu hp hn th bin ca tn hiu tch sng s gim (iu chnh dch pha mi ln thu c bin cc i).

Hnh 6.6 6.3.4. Th nghim 4: Hiu ng di thng truyn thng 1. Gi nguyn cc iu kin nh trong th nghim trc. 2. Dng tn hiu micro nh tn hiu iu ch (ni micro vo gia TP12 v t) v ni ng nghe headphone vi u ra 3,4kHz (TP26). 3. Hy nghe tn hiu tip nhn theo cc iu kin thay i sau:

Pha ca xung ly mu tip nhn (Phase Adjust) Nhiu Di thng v s gim ca ng dy Tn s ly mu

82

Chng 7 B iu ch PWM/PPM

7.1. Mc ch

Kim tra s hot ng ca b iu ch PWM v cc dng sng ca tn

hiu

M t cch pht tn hiu PPM t tn hiu PWM v phn tch dng sng
ca tn hiu. 7.2. Thng tin m u 7.2.1 Nhng khi nim c bn Mt xung mang c th iu ch theo bin (trong trng hp ny ta ni v iu ch PAM) hay theo thi gian ca n. Trong trng hp 2 thng c hiu l iu ch thi gian xung PTM: Hai v d ca TPM l iu ch rng xung (PWM) v iu ch v tr xung (PPM). Mt tn hiu PWM l mt xung m rng ca n t l vi bin ca tn hiu iu ch tng t (Hnh 7.1d) Tn hiu PWM cn c dng to ra tn hiu PPM, l mt xung m v tr ca n t l vi bin ca tn hiu iu ch tng t (hnh 7.1e). Cc xung PPM ny thng c khi pht bi sng xung ca cc xung PWM.

83

a) Tn hiu tng t

b) Cc xung ly mu

c) Tn hiu PAM

d) Tn hiu PWM

e) Tn hiu PPM

Hnh 7.1: Tn hiu PAM/ PWM/ PPM. 7.2.2. B iu ch PWM S khi ca b iu ch PWM c lp rp trn mun c nu trong hnh 7.2. B iu ch PWM bn thn n cn c tng so snh, n c dng so snh bin ca:

Tn hiu PAM nhn c bng cch ly mu tn hiu tng t li vo. Tn hiu xung rng ca c ng b bi xung ly mu.
B so snh chuyn mch li ra khi bin ca tn hiu PAM vt qu bin ca tn hiu rng ca. S chuyn mch ca b so snh to ra mt tn hiu xung m khong thi gian ko di ca n ph thuc vo bin ca tn hiu tng t li vo. T cc dng sng ca b iu ch c nu trn hnh 7.3, ta nhn thy rng sn sau ca b xung PWM tng ng vi xung ly mu, cn sn trc ca n tng ng vi s chuyn mch ca b so snh. 84

7.2.2. B iu ch PPM S khi ca b iu ch PPM c lp rp trn mun c nu trong hnh 7.4. Tn hiu PPM ny nhn c t PWM bng cch pht cc xung c ko di c nh, l nhng xung tng ng vi sn ln ca xung tn hiu PWM. Kt qu l c cho mt chui cc xung m v tr ca n ph thuc vo tn hiu tng t li vo (hnh 7.4).

Hnh 7.2: B iu ch PWM.

85

a) Tn hiu tng t

b) Cc xung ly mu

c) Xung rng ca d) Tn hiu PAM

e) Tn hiu PWM

f) Tn hiu PPM

Hnh 7.3: Cc dng sng ca b iu ch .

86

Hnh 7.4: B iu ch PPM 7.3. Th nghim Dng c cn thit

Mun T20A Ngun mt chiu 12V Dao ng k

7.3.1. Th nghim 1: B iu ch PWM. 1. Thc hin cc kt ni c ch ra nh hnh 7.5. Ngun mt chiu 12V v tin hnh cc bc nh sau: a. TIMING : 8kHz b. SAWTOOTH GENERATOR: 8kHz. 2. Ni my dao ng k vi li vo ca tn hiu tng t (TP1) v vi li ra ca b ly mu (TP5). 3. Kim tra xem tn hiu c ly mu c to t mt dy cc xung nhy bc m bin ca n ph thuc vo dng sng ca tn hiu tng t. 4. Di chuyn u o t TP1 u TP6, kim tra xem b pht xung rng ca SAWTOOTH GENERATOR n cho mt xung rng ca c bin xp x 3V cho mi khong thi gian ly mu. 87

5. Di chuyn u o t TP6 u TP8 (li ra ca b iu ch PWM). ng b ho dao ng k vi tn hiu PAM (TP5) v nghim li nh sau:

Sn sau ca cc xung tng ng vi cc xung ly mu. Sn trc v khong thi gian ko di ca cc xung PWM thay i theo bin ca tn hiu PAM v tng ng vi mi bc m PAM vt qu tn hiu rng ca.
6. Thay i bin ca tn hiu tng t iu ch v ch n s bin i tng ng ca tn hiu PWM.

Hnh 7.5 7.3.2. Th nghim 2: B iu ch PPM 1. Thc hin cc kt ni c ch ra nh hnh 7.6. Ngun mt chiu 12V v tin hnh cc bc t trc nh sau:

TIMING : 8kHz
88

 SAWTOOTH GENERATOR: 8kHz. PPM MODULATOR xoay ht c nt iu chnh rng xung theo chiu kim ng h.
2. Kim tra li cc dng sng lin quan ti b iu ch PWM (TP1, TP5, TP6, TP8). 3. Ni my dao ng k vi tn hiu PWM (TP8) v vi li ra ca b iu ch PWM (TP9). ng b dao ng k vi sn sau ca tn hiu PWM (TP8), thc hin thao tc ny gip ta c th kim tra xem tn hiu PPM (TP9). Tn hiu ny c to nn bi mt lot cc xung c kch pht t cc sn trc tng ng ca cc xung PWM. Cng cn ch rng cc xung PPM c mt khong thi gian ko di c nh, cn v tr th thay i theo tn hiu tng t iu ch, iu ny cn c th c khng nh bng cch kim tra cc xung ly mu (TP4) v cc xung PPM (TP9). 4. Thay i bin ca tn hiu tng t iu ch v ch n s bin i tng ng ca tn hiu PPM.

Hnh 7.6

89

Chng 8 B thu PWM / PPM

8.1. Mc ch

Kim tra cc hot ng ca b thu PWM v PPM. Kim tra cc hot ng ca cc khi to nn cc b gii iu bin. Kim tra cc dng sng ca tn hiu
8.2. Thng tin m u 8.2.1. Nhng khi nim c bn Ging nh l tn hiu PAM, cc tn hiu PWM v PPM cng c gii iu bin bng b lc thng thp (hnh 8.1) Thc t rng trung bnh ca xung PWM v v tr trung bnh ca xung PPM t l vi bin ca tn hiu tng t iu ch. B lc thng thp lc c phn ny t tn hiu PWM/ PPM v cho ta mt tn hiu c gii iu ch, l tn hiu tng ng vi tn hiu gc iu ch. Phng php gii iu ch (trc tip c th s dng cho c hai loi PWM v PPM). Trong trng hp PPM, tn hiu c gii iu ch c mt bin rt thp, cn cc xung PPM th rt hp v nhiu khong trng. Mt php gii iu bin t hiu qu cao hn c th hin qua s chuyn i tn hiu PPM thnh tn hiu PWM v c lc bng b lc thng thp (hnh 8.2).

Hnh 8.1: iu ch trc tip PWM/ PPM

90

Hnh 8.2: iu ch chuyn i PPM 8.2.2. B thu PWM S khi ca b thu PWM xy dng trn mun c nu trn hnh 8.3. Tn hiu PWM n t b chuyn i c khuch i v a trc tip vo b lc thng thp, cho ta tn hiu iu ch.

Hnh 8.3: B thu trc tip PWM/ PPM 8.2.3. B thu PPM S khi ca thu PPM c lp trn mun c nu trong hnh 8.4. Tn hiu ti t my pht c khuch i v sau c a qua hai phn: b pht li xung ly mu v b chuyn i PWM/ PPM. u ra ca b chuyn i c lc qua b lc thng thp, n cho ta tn hiu tng t c gii iu ch. 91

S pht li xung ly mu cho b gii iu bin c thc hin nh sau: Tn hiu PPM c khuch i chuyn qua mch hn ch, l mch lm gim s bin i bin ca tn hiu. B lc thng di tip theo (c iu chnh mc 8 hoc 12kHz theo tn s ly mu c chn b hp knh) tch thnh phn tn s ly mu. Thnh phn ny i ti mch PLL l mch pht tn hiu xung ng b vi cc xung ca tn hiu PPM nhn c. Mch tip theo cho php chnh pha ca PLL sao cho cc xung c pht ra tho mn iu kin l khi khng c iu ch, cc xung PPM nm gia cc xung ng b (hnh 8.5). B chuyn i PPM/ PWM bao gm mt mch trig hai trng thi cn bng (flip -flop) v hot ng nh sau: (Hnh 8.5).

Xung ng b ho to ra s chuyn mc li ra v mc thp, trong khi xung PPM xc lp chuyn mc ln mc cao. Do v tr ca cc xung PPM thay i nn li ra ca mch trig chng ta nhn c cc xung vi ko di thay i (PWM).
Tn hiu PWM nhn c qua s chuyn i PPM c lc li ln na bng b lc thng thp, lc ly tn hiu iu ch.

Hnh 8.4: Thu chuyn i PPM 92

Hnh 8.5: Dng sng ca gii iu ch PPM chuyn i 8.3. Th nghim Dng c cn thit

Module T20A Ngun nui mt chiu 12V Dao ng k

8.3.1. Th nghim 1: Gii iu bin PWM 1. Pht tn hiu PWM, t trc m un nh hnh 8.6. iu chnh bin ca tn hiu u vo nhn c in th gn 0,5Vpp TP13. 2. Ni li ra ca b pht (TP10) vi li vo ca tuyn (TP15) v ni li ra ca tuyn (TP16) vi li ra ca b thu (TP17). iu chnh b suy gim ca ng dy xung cc tiu v chuyn cu ni chn gii thng ca tuyn. 3. Trong b thu, t cu ni J8 vo v tr PWM. 4. Kim tra dng sng ca tn hiu c khi phc li (TP16). Ch rng, tn hiu ny th hin mo dng mt cht, l do trit khng tho ng tn s ly mu (8KHz) v ca cc tn s khc nhau trong tn hiu PWM. 5. Ni tng ca b lc thng thp 5KHz vi 3KHz (ni TP26 vi TP25) tng chn lc ton b. 6. TP27 kim tra dng sng ca tn hiu c to li v nghim li rng s mo hu nh khng cn. 7. Thay i s gim ca tuyn v quan st bin ca tn hiu c xy dng li s thay i nh th no v gii thch hin tng. 93

Hnh 8.6 8.3.2. Th nghim 2: Gii iu bin PPM B pht li xung ng b ho 1. Pht tn hiu PPM, t trc b pht nh hnh 8.7. 2. t b thu nh hnh 8.8. 3. Ni li ra ca b pht (TP10) vi li vo ca ng dy (TP15) v li ra ca ng dy (TP16) vi li vo ca b thu (TP17). iu chnh b suy gim ca ng dy xung cc tiu v chuyn cu ni chn gii thng ca ng truyn dn. 4. Kim tra dng sng li vo v li ra ca b khuch i (TP17, TP18). Cc xung li ra c bin rng hn v b mo khng ng k (c hnh th r rt). S mo ny l do c trng tn s ca b khuch i c gii thng thp. iu ny c th lm gim ng k nh hng nhiu ca tuyn b chng ln tn hiu. 5. TP20 (li ra ca b lc) hu nh u nhn c dng sng gn hnh sin, c cng tn s vi tn s ca cc xung PPM li ra ca b thu. 94

6. li ra PLL (TP21), nu PLL trong trng thi gi chp (c nh sng nh hin trn n Lock) th s nhn c sng vung. iu ny chng t sng vung c tn s ging nh tn s ca cc xung PPM li vo ca b thu. B gii iu bin chuyn i PPM 1. t tn hiu iu ch v 0. Kim tra ng thi tn hiu PPM li ra ca b pht xung (TP23) v cc xung ng b xut hin li ra ca mch chnh pha. Kim tra xem cc xung PPM c th c gin cch u n so vi cc xung ng b thng qua chit p iu chnh pha. 2. Kim tra cc tn hiu lin quan n b chuyn i PPM/ PWM (TP24) v kim tra mi quan h gia cc tn hiu li vo (PPM v tn hiu ng b) v cc tn hiu li ra (PWM). 3. Kim tra cc tn hiu c tch sng li ra ca b lc (TP26). 4. Xoay nt iu chnh pha nhn c dng sng ng ca tn hiu c tch sng. 5. Gii thch ti sao s iu chnh pha li gy ra s mo ca tn hiu c gii iu ch. 6. Tng suy gim ca tuyn v ch rng iu ny hon ton khng lin quan ti tn hiu c tch sng. B gii iu ch trc tip PPM 1. t b thu cu ni J8 vo v tr ca PWM, a tn hiu PPM trc tip ti b lc thng thp ca b tip nhn. 2. Kim tra tn hiu tch sng li ra ca b lc (TP26) v ch rng n cho bin kh thp hn so vi bin nhn c qua gii iu ch chuyn i lc trc. 3. Khuynh hng th hin ca tn hiu c tch sng s nh th no khi s suy gim ca tuyn thay i? Gii thch l do c khuynh hng .

95

Hnh 8.7

Hnh 8.8 96