Chapter V

Linear elastic solid

V-2
Linear elastic solid
THERMODYNAMICS
1
st
law:


K : Kinetic energy introduced into the system
E : Internal energy introduced into the system
Q : Heat flow introduced into the system
P
E
: Power introduced into the system
E
Q E K P + = +

V-3
Linear elastic solid
THERMODYNAMICS
2
nd
law:





dS
int
> 0: irreversible process
dS
int
= 0: reversible process

0
int
int
>
=
+ =
dS
T
dQ
dS
dS dS dS
ext
ext
V-4
Linear elastic solid
THERMODYNAMICS
Gibbs theorem:
ISOLATED SYSTEM
in equilibrium


internal energy MINIMUM
with respect to
any other adjacent state
of the system with the same entropy S
V-5
Linear elastic solid
Application of 1
st
law: quasi-static loading









0 = K

}
=
V
dV E E


}
=
V
dV Q O

}
=
V
ij ij E
dV c o P
( )
U
E U E

0 O O = =
}
c o
V
ij ij
dV
V-6
Linear elastic solid
( ) S F U
S S E F
S E F
T
T T
T


+ =
=
=

process isothermal
) 0 ( process adiabatic
T
ij
ij
ij
ij
ij
ij
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
=
= =
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
=
c
c
=
c
o
c
o
c
o
F
S
E
U
S
O

free energy per unit of mass

V-7
Linear elastic solid
2
nd
law: reversible behaviour






1
st
& 2
nd
laws:
T
T
dV
T
dV
T
Q
S
T
dQ
dS dS
V V
ext
ext
S S
S

= =
=
=
= =
} }
O
O
O

0
int
( ) S E U

T =
strain energy
p.u. mass
entropy p.u. mass
internal energy
p.u. mass
V-8
Linear elastic solid
Gibbs theorem:

natural stable state = unloaded solid

adjacent state = loaded and deformed solid
0
0
>
)
`

>
=
U
E
E U
Gibbs

! ! ! 0
2
1
ij kl ij ijkl
C c c c >
V-9
Linear elastic solid
Unicity of the solution:
Lets assume two solutions o and o " for one loading
( )
( )
0 " '
2
1
0
" '
0 with m equilibriu in
0 " '
0 " '
" 0 "
' 0 '
*
* *
* * *
= =
= = =
= =
=

=
=

= = +
= = +
}
ji ji ij
kl ij ijkl
V
i e
kl ijkl ij ji ji ji
ji ji j
ji ji j
i ji j i ji j
i ji j i ji j
dV C W W
D
F
D
T F D
T F D
c c c
c c
o c o o o
o o v
o o
o v o
o v o
0 = F
V-10
Linear elastic solid
Linear isotropic elastic material:
( )
( )
( )
( )( )
( ) | |
( ) | |
ij ll ij ij
ij ll ij ij
E
E
E
o vo o v c
o vc c v
v v
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
v
v
v
v v
v v
v v
c
c
c
c
c
c
+ =
+
+
=

(
(
(
(
(
(
(

+
+
+



=

1
1
2 1
2 1 1
1 2 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 2 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 2 0 0 0
0 0 0 1
0 0 0 1
0 0 0 1
1
2
2
2
23
13
12
33
22
11
23
13
12
33
22
11
V-11
Linear elastic solid
Isotropic linearly elastic material:
( ) ( )
| |
0 and 0
9 2
2
1
2 1 3 1 2
2 3

2
1

3
1
2
> >
+ =

=
+
=
= =
= =
_
_c c c
v
_
v
c o _c o
o c o
_
c
G
G
E E
G
G
G
m ij ij
ij ij m m
ij ij m m
U
V-12
Linear elastic solid
Constitutive law: o c =
81 components
ij ijkl kl
C
2 2


1

2


ij ji ijkl jikl
kl lk ijkl ijlk
ijkl ij kl
ij kl kl ij
ijkl lkij
C C
C C
C
C C
o o
c c
c c
c c c c
- = =
- = =
=
c c
=
c c c c
- =
U
U U
21 independent
components
remain
V-13
Linear elastic solid
END
V-14
Linear elastic solid
Orthotropic linearly elastic material:
11 1 12 1 13 1 11
22 2 23 2 22
33 3 33
12 12 12
13 13 13
23 23 23
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
2 1 0 0
2 1 0
2 1
E E E
E E
E
G
G
G
c v v o
c v o
c o
c o
c o
c o

(
(

(
(

=
` ` (
(
(
(
(
) )
V-15
Linear elastic solid
Transversaly isotropic linearly elastic material:
( )
11 11
22 22
33 33
12 12
13 13
23 23
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
2 2 1 0 0
2 1 0
2 1
t t
t t
t
t
t
E E E
E E
E
E
G
G
c v v o
c v o
c o
c v o
c o
c o

(
(

(
(

=
` ` (
+
(
(
(
(
) )
V-16
Linear elastic solid
Influence of temperature:

Thermal expansion
Elastic modulus is a function of temperature E(T)

Natural state: T = T
0

o
ij
= 0
AT = T T
0
(small variation)

Free energy:
( )
, T c = A F F
V-17
Linear elastic solid
Influence of temperature:

( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2 2 2
2
2
0,0 0,0
, 0,0
1 1 1
2 2 2
ij
ij
ij kl ij
ij kl ij
T T
T
T T
T T
c c
c
c c c
c c c
c c
A = + A +
c c
c c c
+ + A + A
c c c c c
F F
F F
F F F
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
0,0 0
0,0
0,0 0
0,0
0,0 0
ij
ij
T

o
c
=
c
= =
c
c
= =
c
F
F
S
F
reference state
=
natural state
V-18
Linear elastic solid
Influence of temperature:

( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2 2 2
2
2
0,0 0,0
, 0,0
1 1 1
2 2 2
ij
ij
ij kl ij
ij kl ij
T T
T
T T
T T
c c
c
c c c
c c c
c c
A = + A +
c c
c c c
+ + A + A
c c c c c
F F
F F
F F F
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
0,0 0
0,0
0,0 0
0,0
0,0 0
ij
ij
T

o
c
=
c
= =
c
c
= =
c
F
F
S
F
reference state
=
natural state
(il me semble quil manquait
ces 3 dans loriginal)
V-19
Linear elastic solid
Influence of temperature:

( )
2
1
,
2
ijkl ij kl ij ij
T C T c T c c c | c A = A + A F
( )
( )
( )
2
2
2
2
0,0
0,0
1
2
0,0
1
2
ijkl
ij kl
ij
ij
C
T
c
T

c c
|
c

c
=
c c
c
=
c c
c
=
c
F
F
F
ij ijkl kl ij
C T o c | = A
V-20
Linear elastic solid
Applied to isotropic linearly elastic materials:
( )
2
2
1 1
2 9
2 2

, 3
ijkl ij kl ij ij m
ij ij
m
C G
T T c T
c c c c _c
| | o
c | c
(
= = +

=
A = A + A
U
F U
( )
2 3
1 1

2 3
1 2
3
ij ij m m
ij ij m m
G T
T
G
E
o c o _c |
c o c o o
_
| v
|
o
_
= = A
= = + A

= =