cfly{s jif{ @)^^^& sf] ah]6sf]

dWofjlw d"Nofg
k|ltj]bg

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cy{ dGqfno

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cy{ dGqL

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rfn' cfly{s jif{ @)^^.^& sf] ah]6 sfof{Gjogsf] dWofjlw d"Nofg k|ltj]bg k|:t't ub{5' . @)^^
;fpgb]lv k';;Ddsf] ;du| cfly{s cj:yf, /fh:j gLlt / sfo{qmdsf] k|ult, ;fj{hlgs vr{sf] l:ylt,
ljsf; cfof]hgfx?sf] sfof{Gjogsf] cj:yf, afFsL cjlwsf] /fh:j / Joosf] k|If]k0f, ah]6 sfof{Gjogdf
b]lvPsf / ef]luPsf ;d:of Pj+ r'gf}tL / cj ug'{kg{] ;'wf/sf If]qx?nfO{ of] d"Nofg k|ltj]bgn] ;d]6]sf]
5 . of] d"Nofg cy{ dGqfnoleqs} hgzlQmaf6 tof/ ul/Psf] x'Fbf ljutdf eGbf a9L oyfy{k/s /
Aojxfl/s /x]sf] cg'e"lt u/]sf] 5' . cfgf] d"Nofg cfkm}+n] ul/Psf]n] slx+st} cfgf] ;+:yf k|lt a9L
dfqfdf e'msfj ePsf] dx;'; klg x'g;S5 . tyflk o;df s'g} JolQm jf ;+:yfk|lt s'g} k|sf/sf] k"jf{u|x
/flvPsf] 5}g . a? dGqfno cfkm}+n] b]v]sf cfkm}leqsf sdhf]/Lx?nfO{ OdfGbf/Lk"j{s phfu/ ug]{ k|oTg
ul/Psf] 5 .
ah]6 th'{df ubf{ ;d[4, cfw'lgs / Gofok"0f{ g]kfn lgdf{0fsf] cleofgnfO{ ult lbg gofF ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f /
zflGt k|s[ofnfO{ ;xof]u k'ofpg], ;xsf/L, lglh Pj+ ;fj{hlgs If]qsf] e"ldsf / nufgL k|f]T;fxg u/L
/f]huf/L l;h{gf ug{], 7"nf ef}lts tyf cfly{s k"jf{wf/sf] ljsf;df tLj|tf lbg], Glkl8tnfO{ /fxt,
k'g:yf{kg / k'glg{df{0fdf ltj|tf lbg] / d"No lgoGq0f tyf cfk"tL{ Joj:yfdf ;xhtf Nofpg] p2]Zox?
/flvPsf lyP . ;f]xL cg'?k ah]6sf k|fyldstfsf If]qx? lgwf{/0f u/L gLlt tyf sfo{qmdx? NofOPsf
lyP .
clxn];Ddsf cfly{s ultljlw / s[lif tyf u}/ s[lif If]qsf] pTkfbg l:ylt x]bf{ ah]6n] nIo u/]sf] %=%
k|ltztsf] cfly{s a[l4b/ xfl;n ug{ s7Lg x'g] b]lvPsf] 5 . vf;u/L df};dsf] k|lts"ntfn] ubf{ s[lif
If]qsf] pTkfbg x|f; x'g] :ki6 eO;s]sf] 5 . To;}u/L nf]8;]l8, aGb x8tfn, dhb'/ ;d:of, a9\bf]
Jofhb/ h:tf c;xh kl/l:yltsf sf/0f pBf]u If]qsf] pTkfbg klg ;Gtf]if 9+udf a9\g g;s]sf] x'Fbf
cfly{s a[l4 xfl;n ug{ afFsL cjlwdf yk k|oTg ug'{kg{] b]lvPsf] 5 .
vfBfGgsf] d"No a[l4, pTkfbg nfutdf a[l4 / cfk"tL{ Joj:yfdf ck]lIft ;'wf/ ug{ g;lsPsf sf/0f cf};t
d'b|f:kmLlt & k|ltztsf] nIo eGbf lgs} pRr b]lvg' lrGtfsf] ljifo xf] . cfly{s jif{sf] klxnf] tLg
dlxgf;Dd ljQLo ahf/df t/ntfsf] ;d:of ljBdfg /x]tfklg gLltut ;'wf/sf sf/0f xfnsf lbgdf
t/ntf rfk s]xL ;xh x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 . d"Noa[l4 lgoGq0f, t/ntf Joj:yfkg / ljQLo If]qsf] :j:ytf
sfod /fVg df}lb|s gLltsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog ug'{kg{] dxz'; ul/Psf] 5 .
/fh:j ;+sngsf] cj:yf pT;fxhgs /x]sf] 5 . ut jif{sf] ;+zf]lwt cg'dfgeGbf /fh:j @$=! k|ltztn]
a9\g] nIf /flvPsf]df ^ dlxgfsf] cjlwdf l:ylt x]bf{ ##=(^ k|ltztn] a9]sf] 5 . afFsL cjlwdf klg oxL
k|j[lQ sfod /xg] ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 . /fh:j k|zf;g / s/ k|0ffnLdf ul/Psf] ;'wf/nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbOPsf]
kmn:j?k of] jif{ ?=!&^ cj{ %) s/f]8 #* nfv s"n /fh:j ;+sng ug]{ cg'dfg /x]sf]df xfnsf]
cj:yf;Dd x]bf{ ut jif{sf] t'ngfdf #@=!$ k|ltzt a[l4 eO{ ?= !*( ca{ ^) s/f]8 $) nfv k'Ug]
;+zf]lwt cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 . of] ;kmntfsf nflu cfd s/bftf, Jofj;flos hut / /fh:j k|zf;gdf
sfd ug{] ;Dk"0f{ sd{rf/LnfO{ wGojfb lbg rxfG5' .

;fj{hlgs vr{ tkm{ ut ljut jif{x?sf] cj:yfdf vf;} ;'wf/ ePsf] b]lvPsf] 5}g . tyflk ut jif{sf]
t'ngfdf of] jif{ k"FhL lgdf{0f vr{df pNn]vgLo a[l4 b]lvg'nfO{ ah]6 sfof{Gjogsf] ;kmntf dfGg' k5{ .
Joj:yflksf;+;baf6 d+l;/df dfq ah]6 kfl/t ePsf]n] z'?sf dlxgfdf ljsf; vr{df s]xL k|lts"n k|efj
kof] . cfof]hgf Joj:yfkg, 7]Ssfkf, cGt/ lgsfo ;dGjodf ljleGg ;d:ofx? b]lvP . csf{]tkm{ tna
a[l4, ljz]if ;'/Iff of]hgfsf] 3f]if0ff, b'u{d If]qdf ePsf] vfBfGg ;+s6, b}jL k|sf]ksf 36gf / cfly{s
;xfotf, e|d0f vr{ nufot cGo k|zf;lgs vr{ a[l4 h:tf ljljw sf/0fn] rfn" vr{df eg] yk rfk
k/]sf] 5 . ah]6sf] ;Ldf leq /x]/ rfn' vr{ Joj:yfkg ug{ g;Sg] cj:yf l;h{gf eO;s]sf] 5 . clfy{s
aif{sf] afFsL cjlwdf ldtJolotfsf] gLlt cjnDjg u/L rfn" vr{df lgoGq0f ug{ / k"FhLut vr{nfO{
tLj|tf lbg yk k|of; ug'{kg{] b]lvPsf] 5 .
ah]6 jQmJodf pNn]lvt gLlt tyf sfo{qmd / k|fyldstf k|fKt ljsf; cfof]hgfx?sf] sfof{Gjog cj:yf
x]bf{ clwsf+z gLltx? sfof{Gjogsf] r/0fdf /x]sf / ljsf; sfo{qmdn] klg ult lng yfn]sf] kfOPsf] 5 .
w]/} jif{b]lv z'? x'g g;s]sf] sf7df08f}+t/fO{ b'|tdfu{sf] lgdf{0f k|f/De ePsf] 5 . dWokxf8L nf]sdfu{,
l;S6f l;+rfO{ of]hgf h:tf 7"nf cfof]hgfx?sf] lgdf{0f sfo{ tLj|?kdf cufl8 a9]sf] 5 .
ah]6 th'{df, sfof{Gjog, cg'udg d"Nofg / ;fj{hlgs vr{ Joj:yfkgdf b]lvPsf ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg ug{
rfn' jif{b]lv cjnDjg ul/Psf gLlt tyf ;'wf/sf sfo{qmdx? ;Gtf]ifhgs 9+udf cufl8 al9/x]sf 5g\ .
o;sf] k|efj cfufdL jif{df /fd|f];Fu b]Vg ;lsg]5 . xfdLn] ljut jif{ / rfn' jif{sf] xfn ;Ddsf cg'ejsf]
cfwf/df ;'wf/sf sfo{qmdx?nfO{ yk kl/dfh{g ;lxt lg/Gt/tf lbg' TolQs} h?/L b]lvPsf] 5 .
ah]6sf] ;kmntf g]kfn ;/sf/sf ;j} lgsfo, /fhgLlts bn, gful/s ;dfh / lghL If]q ;d]tsf]
cu|;/tfdf dfq ;Dej x'G5 . clxn] ;j}sf] rf;f] / cu|;/tf b]lvPsf] 5 . To;}n] clxn]sf] pknlJw xfl;n
ePsf] xf] . t;y{ ah]6sf gLlt tyf sfo{qmdx?sf] ;kmn sfof{Gjogdf ;xof]u k'ofpg] / pTk]|l/t ug{]
dlGqkl/ifb\sf ;b:oHo"x?, ;+ljwfg;efsf dfggLo ;ef;bHo"x?, of]hgf cfof]usf pkfWoIf / ;b:oHo"x?,
g]kfn ;/sf/sf ;lrjHo"x?, g]kfn /fi6 j}+ssf ueg{/ k|lt cfef/ JoQm ub{5' . dnfO{ ;w} ;xof]u ug{] /
;fy lbg] cy{ dGqfnosf ;lrjonfO{ ljz]if wGojfb lbg rfxG5' . ah]6 sfof{GjognfO{ ;xhLs/0f ug{
x/xd]zf nflu/xg' ePsf ah]6 tyf sfo{qmd dxfzfvfsf ;x;lrj / cGo sd{Rff/L, cy{ dGqfnosf
;Dk"0f{ ;x;lrj / sd{rf/LnfO{ wGojfb lbg rfxG5' . ;fy} ah]6sf] dWofjlw d"Nofg u/L k|ltjb]g tof/
ug{] /fh:j ;lrjHo"sf] ;+of]hsTjdf /x]sf] lgb{]zs ;ldlt / ah]6 dxfzfvfdf ;x;lrjsf] g]t[Tjdf /x]sf]
sfof{Gjog ;ldltsf ;Dk"0f{ kbflwsf/L / sd{rf/LnfO{ klg wGojfb lbg rfxG5' .
cGTodf, d"Nofg k|ltj]bg lgsfNg' cfkm}+df pknlAw xf]Og . k|ltj]bgdf cf}+NofOPsf ;'emfjx?sf] k|efjsf/L
sfof{Gjog u/L clxn] b]lvPsf ;d:of / r'gf}ltsf] ;fdgf ug{ ;s]df o;sf] ;fy{stf x'g]5 . cy{tGqsf]
/fh:jb]o Ifdtf a9fO{ /fh:j ;+sng a[l4 ub{} hfg] / s/bftfn] lt/]sf] k};fsf] ;b'kof]u ug{ ;fj{hlgs
vr{ Joj:yfkgnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg ;j}af6 ;xof]u k|fKt x'g] ck]Iff u/]sf] 5' .

kmfu'g, @)^^
l;+xb/af/ .

;'/]Gb| kf08]
cy{dGqL

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ljZj cy{tGq dGbLsf] k|efjaf6 qmdzM d'Qm x'Fb} cfPklg g]kfnsf] ;dli6ut cfly{s
kl/;"rsx? ck]lIft ?kdf ;sf/fTds b]lvPsf 5}gg\ . ljz]iftM d'b|f:kmLltsf] b/ b'O{
c+sdf sfod /xL /xg', Jofkf/ 3f6fdf j[l4, ljk|]if0f cfk|jfxsf] x|f;f]Gd'v j[l4b/ /
lgof{tdf x|f; cfPsf] sf/0f zf]wgfGt/ 3f6fdf /x]sf] nufotsf sf/0fn] cfly{s l:ylt
k|efljt ePaf6 o;df ;'wf/ Nofpg ljz]if kxn x'g'kg]{ b]lvG5 .
d'b|f:kmLlt lgoGq0fsf] nflu yk k|of; ug'{kg]{, ljk|]if0f cfk|jfx 36\g glbg a}b]lzs
/f]huf/Lsf] cj;/nfO{ ljljlws/0f nufotsf pkfo ug]{, pmhf{ ;+s6sf] cGTo ug{
cleofgfTds ?kdf ljz]if k|oTg ug]{, nufgLsf] jftfj/0f agfpg yk k|of; ub}{
k"jf{wf/ ljsf;df yk nufgL ug]{, s[lif / jg If]qsf] pTkfbsTj j[l4df hf]8 lbg]
nufotsf yk k|of; u/L ;dli6df ah]6n] nlIft u/]sf] cfly{s j[l4b/ xfl;n ug{
yk k|oTg x'g'kg]{ b]lvPsf] 5 .
cfly{s jif{ @)^^^& sf] ah]6 jQmJodf pNn]lvt gLlt tyf sfo{qmdsf] k|yd 5
dlxgfsf] sfof{Gjog l:ylt x]bf{ sltko gLlt tyf sfo{qmdx? sfof{Gjog k|lqmofdf g}
gcfO;s]sf], sltko ;fdfGo k|lqmofdf /x]sf / s]xLdf eg] pNn]vgLo k|ult b]lvPsf]
5.
s]xL sfo{qmdx?sf] sfof{Gjog l:ylt pT;fxk|b /x]klg clwsf+z sfo{qmdx?
sfof{Gjog k4lt / k|lqmof d} clNem/xg', l9nf] dfq ah]6 kfl/t x'g', aGb x8tfn
h:tf c;'/Iff sfod} /xg' h:tf sf/0fx?n] pT;fxk|b k|ult gb]lvPsf] x'Fbf /fli6o
of]hgf cfof]u, cy{ dGqfno / ;DalGwt dGqfnoaf6 cg'udg sfo{nfO{ 7f];
sfo{of]hgf ;fy cl3 a9fpg' kg]{, sfof{Gjog txdf sfo{ ;Dkfbgdf cfwfl/t b08 /
k'/:sf/sf] Joj:yf ug]{, k|lqmofut k4ltnfO{ 5f]6f] agfpg kxn ug'{kg]{ nufot afFsL
cjlwdf sfof{Gjog txdf a9L hf]8 lbg'kg]{ b]lvPsf] 5
ah]6nfO{ k|efjsf/L agfO{ cy{tGqdf k"FhL lgdf{0f, cfly{s j[l4 / /f]huf/L l;h{gfdf
yk ult lbg rfn' cfly{s jif{df lqjifL{o vr{ k|If]k0f, ax'jifL{o 7]Ssf Joj:yf,
ljB'tLo / ljleGg 7fpFaf6 af]nkq bflvnf ug{ ;lsg] Joj:yf, 5flgPsf cfof]hgfdf
sfo{ ;Dkfbgdf cfwfl/t k|f]T;fxg k|0ffnL, gful/s /fxt, Ifltk"lt{ tyf cfly{s
;xfotf ;DaGwL sfo{ljlw th'{df, Psn vftf sf]if k|0ffnLsf] z'?jft, /fli6o dxTj /
uf}/asf cfof]hgfx?df ;|f]tsf] cefj x'g glbg] nufotsf k|ltj4tfx? u/L ;f]
cg'?ksf] sfo{ eO/x]sf] 5 . ;'wf/sf oL k|of;n] ;|f]tsf] lglZrttf sfod /xg], k|To]s
jif{ 7]Ssf nufO/xg' gkg]{, lagf emGem6 ;xh tl/sfn] 6]08/ k|lqmof cl3 a9\g], nIo
cg'?k sfo{ cl3 a9\g], dfkb08 cg'?k dfq ;xfotf lgsf;f x'g], vr{sf] k|ltj]bg
k|0ffnLdf ;'wf/ cfpg] / /fli6o dxTjsf cfof]hgfx? b|'t ?kdf sfof{Gjog x'g] x'Fbf
ah]6 th'{df, sfof{Gjog / cg'udg tyf d"Nof+sgdf k|efjsfl/tf cfpg] ljZjf;
lnOPsf] 5 .

-3_

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If]qut dGqfno cGtu{tsf /fli6o k|fyldstf k|fKt cfof]hgfx?sf] sfof{Gjog l:ylt

ldl>t /x]sf] 5 .
sfof{Gjog l:ylt ;Gtf]ifk|b /x]sf dWokxf8L nf]sdfu{, ul/aL lgjf/0f sf]if, sf7df8f}+
t/fO{ kmfi6 6ofs, lj=lk= sf]O/fnf nf]sdfu{, l;S6f l;+rfO{ cfof]hgf nufotsf
cfof]hgfx?sf] nflu ;|f]tsf] cefj x'g glbg k"FhLut tk{m art x'g] /sdaf6
/sdfGt/ lgsf;f lbO{ sfo{ cl3 a9fpg' kg]{ b]lvPsf] 5 eg] pT;fxk|Mb sfof{Gjog
l:ylt g/x]sf vfg]kfgL cfof]hgfx?, gd'gf PsLs[t j:tL ljsf; sfo{qmd, ko{6g
k"jf{Wff/ ljsf; sfo{qmd, dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmd, sa'lnotL jg tyf kz' ljsf;
sfo{qmd, n3'hnljB't tyf j}slNks pmhf{ sfo{qmd, ljBfno If]q ;'wf/ sfo{qmd,
;fdflhs ;'/Iff sfo{qmd, u|fld0f k'glg{df{0f tyf k'g:yf{kg sfo{qmd, :jf:Yo ;]jf
ejg lgdf{0f, s'n]vfgL t];|f] hnljB't cfof]hgf nufotsf cfof]hgfx?sf] ;kmn
sfof{Gjog ug{ afFsL cjlwdf cfk;L ;dGjo, hg;xof]u, yk k|ltj4tf,
k|fyldsLs/0f ;lxt sfof{Gjogdf hf]8 lbg'kg]{ b]lvPsf] 5 .
ah]6 l9nf kfl/t ePtf klg ;dLIff cjlwdf ?=*) ca{ %% s/f]8 !# nfv cyf{t
ah]6sf] @*=!& k|ltzt vr{ ePsf] 5 . of] vr{ ut cfly{s jif{sf] ;f]lx cjlwsf]
t'ngfdf @^=!@ k|ltzt al9 xf] .
rfn'tk{m ?= ^! ca{ ( s/f]8 !( nfv, k"FhLuttk{m ?=!$ ca{ %# s/f]8 %) nfv /
;fjfF e'QmfgLtk{m ?=$ ca{ (@ s/f]8 $$ nfv vr{ ePsf] 5 . ut cfly{s jif{sf]
;f]lx cjlwsf] t'ngfdf rfn' / k"FhLut vr{ qmdzM #(=& k|ltzt / #%=^ k|ltztn]
a9]sf] 5 eg] ;fjfF e'QmfgL $&=& k|ltztn] 36]sf] 5 . ;fjfF e'QmfgLsf] j[l4df x|f;
cfPsf] b]lvPtf klg e'QmfgL tflnsf adf]lhd g} C0f e'QmfgL ul/Psf] x'Fbf o;n]
tflTjs km/s k/]sf] 5}g .
;Da4 If]q / lj1x?af6 rfn' vr{ cToflws x'g' t/ k"FhLut vr{ Go"g e} kF"hL lgdf{0f,
cfly{s j[l4 / /f]huf/L l;h{gfdf ;sf/fTds k|efj kg{ g;s]sf] lrGtf JoQm ePtf
klg rfn' / k"FhLut vr{sf] ;dli6ut k|efj ljZn]if0f ubf{ o:tf] cj:yf b]lvb}g .
cfly{s j[l4 / ;d[l4sf nflu cfjZos dfgj k"FhLdf -lzIff_ ePsf] vr{ / s[lif
pTkfbsTj j[l4 ug{ dn, ljp ljhg nufotdf ePsf] vr{ rfn' vr{ eP klg oL
vr{n] k"FhL lgdf{0fdf ;3fp k'ofO{ ;dli6ut cfly{s ljsf; ug{ 6]jf k'ofO/x]sf]
jf:tljstfnfO{ gsfg{ ;lsb}g .
vr{sf] jlu{s/0faf6 eGbf klg vr{af6 cy{tGqdf kg]{ k|efjsf] b[li6sf]0faf6 ljZn]if0f
ul/Pdf vr{sf] pTkfbgzLntfsf] hfgsf/L eO{ cfly{s ljsf;df ePsf] of]ubfgsf]
tl:j/ :ki6 x'G5 . o; cfwf/df ;dLIff cjlwsf] vr{sf] l:ylt / k|efjsfl/tfnfO{
;sf/fTds ?kdf lng ;lsG5 .
cfly{s jif{sf] nflu cfjZos /sd jflif{s ah]6af6 k|:t't ul/P klg sfof{Gjogsf
qmddf cy{ dGqfnon] ljleGg k|sf/sf r'gf}tL / ;d:ofx? ef]Ug' kl//x]sf] 5 . k|:t't
ePsf] % dlxgfkl5 dfq ah]6 kfl/t x'g', ah]6 k|:t't eO;s]kl5 sl/a ?=!) ca{sf]
yk bfloTj kg]{ u/L tna eQfdf / sl/a ?=$ ca{sf] yk bfloTj kg]{u/L ljz]if ;'/Iff
of]hgf 3f]if0ff x'g', sfd / Dofb slxNo} g;lsg] cfof]ux?n] lg/Gt/tf kfO{/xg' / o:t}
gofF cfof]ux?sf] u7g x'g', cfly{s bfloTj kg]{ ljifodf cy{ dGqfnosf] k"j{ ;xdlt
lng'kg]{ Joj:yfsf] pNn+3g x'g', cf}ifwL pkrf/ / cGo cfly{s ;xfotf, ;fj{hlgs
-3_

*=

;+:yfgsf] cl;dLt bfloTj Joj:yfkg, cTolws j}b]lzs e|d0f, u}/ah]6/L sfo{qmddf

yk ah]6sf] dfu, ;'/Iff lgsfodf yk b/aGbL l;h{gfsf] rfk, aGb, x8tfn / c;'/Iff,
sfo{qmd sfof{Gjogdf cj/f]w, sdhf]/ ;"rgf ;+k|]if0f / k|ltj]bg k|0ffnL, j}b]lzs
;|f]tdf clglZrttf, ;dGjosf] sdL cy{ dGqfnon] ;fdgf ul//x]sf] r'gf}tLsf s]xL
gd"gf x'g\ .
o:tf r'gf}tLsf] ;fdgf ug{sf] nflu of]hgf / sfo{qmdsf] k"j{ cg'dfg, vr{ ug]{
;fdYo{sf] ljsf;, cfly{s cg'zf;gsf] kfngf / gLltut ljrngdf lgoGq0f sfod
/fVg]tk{m k|oTg/t /xg'kg]{ b]lvPsf] 5 .
rfn' cfly{s jif{sf] k|yd 5 dlxgfdf /fhZjsf] nIo ?=&$ ca{ (& s/f]8 !* nfv
/x]sf]df ?=&( ca{ ^* s/f]8 # nfv /fhZj ;+sng ePsf] 5, h'g nIosf] !)^=@*
k|ltzt xf] eg] ut cfly{s jif{sf] ;f]lx cjlwsf] t'ngfdf ##=(^ k|ltzt a9L xf] .
o;/L pT;fxk|b ?kdf /fhZj ;+sng x'g'df /fhZj k|zf;gsf] cys k|of;, /fhZj
gLltsf] ;d'lrt sfof{Gjog, /fhZj k|zf;gdf kf/blz{tf, sfo{;Dkfbgdf lz3|tf Pj+
;bfrf/ k|j4{g h:tf sf/0fx? /x]sf kfOG5g\ .
xfn;Ddsf] pT;fxk|b /fh:j ;+sngsf] cfwf/df /fh:j ;+sng nIoeGbf ?=!# ca{
!) s/f]8 % nfv a9L cyf{t ?=!*( ca{ ^) s/f]8 $# nfv ;+sng x'g] ;+zf]lwt
cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 . nIoeGbf a9L ;+sng x'g ;Sg] b]lvPTff klg lzIff ;]jf /
:jf:Yo ;]jf s/ k|efjsf/L x'g g;Sg', cfoftLt j:t'sf] d"Nof+sg cem a9L j}1flgs
/ oyfy{ agfpg g;lsg', ljnljhs hf/L gx'g' / hf/L ePklg Go"g ljhsLs/0f x'g',
gSsnL l:6s/sf] k|of]uaf6 cGtMz'Ns 5Ng] k|j[lQ, ;DalGwt lgsfo aLr ;dGjosf]
sdL h:tf r'gf}tLx? /x]sfn] oL r'gf}tLx?sf] ;fdgf u/L /fhZj gLlt / k|zf;gdf
cem ;'wf/ u/]df /fhZj kl/rfngdf cem al9 k|efjsfl/tf cfpg] b]lvG5 .
;dLIff cjlw;Dd j}b]lzs ;xfotftk{m ?=^$ ca{ *& s/f]8 !% nfv ;xfotf
k|ltj4tf k|fKt ePsf] 5 . k|ltj4tfsf] of] :t/ ut cfly{s jif{sf] ;f]lx cjlwsf]
t'ngfdf ?= @# ca{ $& s/f]8 ^ nfv cyf{t %^ k|ltzt a9L xf] . To:t}, k|yd 5
dlxgfdf hDdf ?=!( ca{ $* s/f]8 %* nfv cyf{t jflif{s nIosf] @$=*! k|ltzt
dfq ;xfotf kl/rfng x'g ;s]sf] 5 .
o;/L ck]lIft ?kdf j}b]lzs ;xfotf kl/rfng gx'gdf ;Ifd sd{rf/Lsf] cefj,
cfof]hgf k|d'v km]l//xg', 7]Ssfkf ;dodf gx'g', cg'udg k|efjsf/L gx'g' / ;f]wegf{
lng] k|lqmofdf l9nfO{ x'g' h:tf sf/0fx? b]lvPsfn] o;df Wofg lbg'kg]{ b]lvG5 .
s]Gb|Lo sf]if wgfTds ePsf] Pj+ ahf/df t/ntfsf] cefj /x]sfn] gLlh If]qdf hfg]
shf{ ;+s'rg x'g glbg] p2]Zon] rfn' cfly{s jif{sf] k|yd 5 dlxgfdf ?=@^ s/f]8
dfq cfGtl/s C0f p7fOPsf] 5 . rfn' cfly{s jif{df /fhZj ;+sng kof{Kt x'g]
cg'dfgsf sf/0f hDdf ?=@% ca{ (! s/f]8 dfq cfGtl/s C0f p7fpg] cg'dfg /x]sf]
5.
xfn;Ddsf] ljZn]if0f / ljutsf] k|j[ltsf] cfwf/df rfn' vr{ ?=!^* ca{ *! s/f]8 !!
nfv, k"FhLut vr{ ?=*$ ca{ &! s/f]8 #^ nfv, ;fjfF e'QmfgLtk{m ljlgof]lht k'/}
?=!( ca{ ! s/f]8 !* nfv u/L hDdf ?=@&@ ca{ %# s/f]8 &% nfv vr{ x'g]
;+zf]lwt k|If]k0f ul/Psf] 5 . o;f] x'Fbf rfn' vr{tk{m ljlgof]hg P]gsf] ;Ldf ?=!^)
ca{ ^# s/f]8 @$ nfvdf Joj:yfkg x'g g;Sg] b]lvPsf] x'Fbf o; k|of]hgsf] nflu
-3_

(=

!)=

k"\/s ah]6 Nofpg' kg]{ b]lvPsf] 5 . rfn' vr{tk{m yk x'g] /sd rfn' jif{sf] /fhZjdf
x'g] j[l4n] wfGg ;lsg] b]lvG5 .
rfn' cfly{s jif{sf] k|yd 5 dlxgfsf] ;du| ljZn]if0faf6 afFsL 5 dlxgfdf ah]6
sfof{Gjogdf k|efjsfl/tf NofO{ cfly{s j[l4b/sf] nIo xfl;n ug{ nufgLsf] jftfj/0f
l;h{gf ug]{ nufotsf sfo{qmdx?sf] sfof{Gjogaf6 nufgL a9fpg], d"No j[l4 lgoGq0f
ug]{, t/ntf Joj:yfkg ug]{, ah]6 3f6fnfO{ jflG5t ;Ldfleq /fVg], zf]wgfGt/
l:yltdf ;'wf/ ug]{ nufotsf sfddf ljz]if ?kdf s]Gb|Lt x'g' h?/L b]lvG5 . gLlt
tyf sfo{qmdsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogsf nflu afFsL cjlwdf ;doj4 sfo{of]hgfg}
agfO{ sfof{Gjog k|lqmofnfO{ b|'ttf lbg' cfjZos b]lvG5 . cg'Tkfbs rfn' vr{nfO{
lgoGq0f / Joj:yfkg ug]{, u}/ah]6/L dfudf lgoGq0f ug]{ / kF"hLut vr{df j[l4
ug]{tk{m ljz]if k|of; ck]lIft b]lvG5 .
To:t}, cfufdL jif{sf] ah]6 th'{df / sfof{Gjogdf k|efjsfl/tf Nofpg cfly{s jif{
z'? x'g' s]xL dlxgf cl3 ah]6 kfl/t ug]{, lqjifL{o vr{ k|If]k0f / ax'jifL{o 7]Ssf
k|0ffnLnfO{ kl/dfh{g ub}{ Jofks t'Nofpg], ;|f]tsf] lglZrttf u/]/ dfq ah]6
ljlgof]hg ug]{, ah]6 5nkmnnfO{ u'0f:t/Lo agfpg] / gofF cfof]hgfx?sf] ;DefJotf
cWoog / lj:t[t l8hfOg ;lxtsf] k|f]h]S6 a}+s tof/ ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 . ;fy} 6]08/
k|lqmof / v/Lb P]g, lgoddf ;d;fdlos ;'wf/, cg'udg, d"Nof+sgnfO{ k|efjsf/L
agfpg], glthfdf cfwfl/t ah]6 k|0ffnLsf] sfof{Gjog, ;fj{hlgs ;DklQsf] clen]vg
/ Joj:yfkg, sfo{;Dkfbgdf cfwfl/t k|f]T;fxg k|0ffnLsf] lj:tf/, ;+:yfgx?sf] bfloTj
Joj:yfkg, Psn vftf sf]if k4ltnfO{ lj:tf/ ug]{ / ljQLo Joj:yfkgsf ;'emfjx?
sfof{Gjog ug{ klg cfjZos b]lvPsf] 5 .

-3_

laifo ;"rL

kl/R5]b !

k]h g+=

;dli6ut cfly{s tyf ljQLo l:yltsf] ljZn]if0f

1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6

ljZjsf] pTkfbg l:ylt

/fli6o cy{tGq
pkef]Qmf d'b|f:kmLlt
df}lb|s l:ylt
afXo If]q
lwtf]kq ahf/

1
1
2
3
9
12

kl/R5]b @
ah]6 jQmJosf d'Vo d'Vo gLlt tyf sfo{qmdx?sf] sfof{Gjog l:ylt
2.1
2.2

k[i7e"ld
ah]6 jQmJodf pNn]lvt d'Vo d'Vo gLlt tyf sfo{qmdx?sf] dGqfnout k|ult ljj/0f

13
13

kl/R5]b #
rfn' cfly{s jif{df ul/Psf ;'wf/sf k|of;x? / To;sf pknAwLx?
3.1
3.2

k[i7e"dL M
;'wf/sf kxnx? / sfof{Gjogsf] cj:yf

44
44

kl/R5]b $
/fli6o k|fyldstf k|fKt d'Vo d'Vo cfof]hgfsfo{qmdx?sf] k|ult ;dLIff
4.1
4.2

k[i7e"ld
d'Vo d'Vo cfof]hgfx?sf] k|ult ;dLIff

48
48

kl/R5]b %
cw{jflif{s vr{ ljZn]if0f
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
5.6
5.7

vr{ ug]{ clVtof/L / sfo{qmd :jLs[tL

cw{jflif{s vr{
If]qut vr{sf] l:ylt
k|fyldstfsf] cfwf/df vr{sf] l:ylt
vr{ zLif{s cg';f/sf] vr{sf] l:ylt
;fwf/0f / ljsf; vr{sf] l:ylt
;fj{hlgs vr{sf] k|efj ljZn]if0f

69
68
70
70
70
71
72

kl/R5]b ^
;fj{hlgs vr{ Joj:yfkgsf r'gf}tLx?
6.1
6.2

73

k[i7e"ld
k|d'v ;d:of tyf r'gf}tLx?

73

kl/R5]b &
;+zf]lwt cfo Joo cg'dfg / o;sf cfwf/x?
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.5
7.6
7.7
7.8

/fhZj gLlt tyf sfo{qmdsf] sfof{Gjog ;dLIff

klxnf] ^ dlxgfsf] /fh:j ;+sng / ;f] sf] k|j[lQ
zLif{sut /fh:j c;"nL tyf afFsL cjlwsf] cg'dfg
;d:of tyf r'gf}tLx?
afFsL ^ dlxgfsf] s"n /fhZj ;+sngsf] ;+zf]lwt cg'dfg / To;sf cfwf/x?
j}b]lzs ;xfotf kl/rfng gLltsf] sfof{Gjog ;dLIff
cfGtl/s C0f
;fj{hlgs vr{sf] ;+zf]lwt cg'dfg

80
80
81
82
82
83
85
85

kl/R5]b *
;'emfjx?
8.1
8.2

rfn' cfly{s jif{sf] jfFsL cjlwdf ug'{kg{] ;'wf/x?

cfufdL jif{sf] ah]6 th'{df / sfof{Gjogdf ug'{kg]{ ;'wf/

89
94

cg';"rLx?
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
13
14

;+zf]lwt cfo Joosf] cg'dfg

@)^^ k'; dlxgf;Ddsf] If]qut vr{
@)^^ k'; dlxgf;Ddsf] zLif{sut vr{
cf=j= @)^^^& k'; dlxgf;Ddsf] /fh:j c;"nL ljj/0f
@)^^^& k'; dlxgf;Ddsf] j:t'ut tyf ;f]em} e'QmfgL ah]6 ljj/0f
dGqfnoutlgsfout yk ah]6 dfusf] ljj/0f
@)^^ k'; d;fGt;Dd g]kfn ;/sf/n] p7fPsf] cfGtl/s C0f jfktsf] s'n bfloTj
@)^^ k'; d;fGt;Dd g]kfn ;/sf/n] lnPsf] j}b]lzs C0f jfktsf] s'n bfloTj
j}b]lzs ;xfotfsf] cfof]hgfut k|ltj4tf
bft[ lgsfout j}b]lzs ;xfotfsf] k|ltj4tf
j}b]lzs ;xfotf k|ltj4tf -If]qut_
;dli6ut cfly{s tyf ljQLo l:ylt
k|ltj]bg lgdf{0fsf ;Gbe{df ul7t ;ldltx? tyf ;xof]uLx?

98
99
100
101
102
103
104
104
105
107
108
109
110

kl/R5]b !
;dli6ut cfly{s tyf ljQLo l:yltsf] ljZn]if0f
!=!

!=@

ljZj cy{tGqsf] kl/b[io

!=!=!

;g\ @))( df ;du| ljZjsf] cfly{s j[l4b/ )=* k|ltztn] C0ffTds /x]sf] cg'dfg 5 . ;g\ @))( sf]
k|f/Detfsf cToGt} lg/fzfhgs cg'dfg ul/Psf]df vf;u/L jif{sf] dWolt/af6 ljZj cfly{s dlGbaf6
g/fd|/L k|efljt 7"nf cy{tGqx? lj:tf/} ;'wf/f]Gd'v b]lvPsfn] ;du| cfly{s j[l4b/df 7"nf] lu/fj6
cfPg . ;g\ @)!) df ljZj cfly{s j[l4b/ #=( k|ltztn] x'g] cGt/f{li6o d'b|f sf]ifsf] cg'dfg 5 .

!=!=@

cfly{s j[l4sf] lbzf ;sf/fTds eP klg j]/f]huf/Lsf] b/df sdL cfpg ;s]sf] 5}g eg] vfBfGg tyf
cGo cfwf/e"t j:t'x?sf] d"No a9\b} hfg' ljZjJofkL lrGtfsf] ljifo ePsf] 5 . 7"nf cy{tGqsf s]Gb|Lo
a}+sx?n] t/ntf ;xh u/fpg] gfddf cfwf/e"t Jofhb/ z"Go jf z"Golgs6 /flv/x]sf sf/0fn] klg
/f]huf/ljlxg cfly{s j[l4 x'g uPsf] xf] eGg] cg'dfg /x]sf] 5 .

/fli6o cy{tGq
!=@=!

;fdfGotof df};d cg's'n /xg] / b]zdf zflGt ;'/Iffsf] l:ylt ;'wf/ x'b} hfg] cg'dfgsf cfwf/df cfly{{s
jif{ @)^^.^& sf] ;du| cfly{s a[l4b/ -pTkfbs d"Nodf_ %=% k|ltzt /xg] cg'dfg ul/Psf] lyof] . t/
rfn' cjlwdf df};dL k|lts'ntfsf] sf/0f k|d'v vfBfGg jfnLsf] ?kdf /x]sf] wfg tyf ds}sf] pTkfbgdf
pNn]Vo lu/fj6 cfPsf]] sf/0f cfly{s jif{ @)^^.^& df s[lif If]qsf] pTkfbgdf x|f; x'g] :ki6 e};s]sf]
5 . rfn' cfly{s jif{sf] k|yd qodf;df pTkfbgd'ns pBf]usf] pTkfbg ;"rsf+s Go"g b/n] dfq a[l4
ePsf] 5 . o;sf] kl/0ffd:j?k rfn' cfly{s jif{df u}/s[lif If]qsf] a[l4b/df rfk k/L s"n ufx{:Yo
pTkfbg -GDP) sf] ;du| a[l4b/sf] nIo xfl;n ug{ xDd] kg]{ b]lvG5 .

!=@=@

l9nf] u/L ;'? ePsf] Pj+ t'ngfTds ?kdf sdhf]/ dg;'gsf sf/0f cfly{s jif{ @)^^.^& df jif]{ jfnLsf]

s[lif If]q
pTkfbg 36]sf] xf] . s[lif tyf ;xsf/L dGqfnon] xfn} ;fj{hlgs u/]sf] ljj/0fcg';f/ cfly{s jif{
@)^^.^& df wfg !!=)% k|ltzt / ds} #=(! k|ltztn] 36\g] cg'dfg 5 .
!=@=#

xfn;Dd k|fKt hfgsf/L tyf ljj/0fx?nfO{ cfwf/ dfGbf rfn" cfly{s jif{df pv', ;'tL{, e6df; tyf
t]nxg h:tf cGo s[lif afnLx?sf] pTkfbg a[l4b/ ;fdfGo g} /xg] b]lvPsf] 5 eg] cfn', h'6, bfn tyf
kmnkm'n cflbsf] pTkfbgdf eg] s]xL ;+s'rg cfpg] cg'dfg 5 .

u}/ s[lif If]q

pBf]u If]q
!=@=$

b]zsf ljleGg efux?df ;do ;dodf ePsf aGb tyf x8tfn, Joj:yfkg / dhb'/aLr pTkGg tgfa,
a9\bf] nf]8;]l8 h:tf c;xh kl/l:yltsf sf/0f pTkfbgd"ns pBf]u If]qsf] a[l4b/ ;Gtf]ifhgs /xg
;s]sf] 5}g . s]Gb|Lo tYof ljefun] xfn}} ;fj{hlgs u/]sf] ljj/0fcg';f/ cfly{s jif{ @)^^.^& sf] klxnf]
qodf;df cf}Bf]lus pTkfbg ;"rsf+ )=)& k|ltztn] j9]sf]] b]lvPtf klg a9\bf] nf]8;]l8, cf}Bf]lus
If]qdf rs{+bf] tgfj, cfk"lt{ Joj:yfdf b]lvPsf] c;xhtf nufotsf sf/0f rfn" cfly{s jif{df
pTkfbgd"ns pBf]u If]qsf]] pTkfbgdf s]xL ;+s'rg cfpg;Sg] cg'dfg 5 .

!=@=%

cfly{s jif{ @)^^.^& sf] klxnf] qodf;df jg:klt l3p tyf t]n, pgL un}rf, tof/L kf];fs, kz' bfgf
Pj+ cGo /;folgs kbfy{ ;d"xsf] pTkfbg 36]sf] 5 eg] cGo vfB k4fy{, b'Uw kbfy{, k]o k4fy{, ;'tL{hGo
j:t', klZdgf, k|zf]lwt 5fnf, sf7sf ;fdfg, sfuh, kqklqsf, Knfli6ssf j:t' / kmnfd] 58 tyf kQL,
O{6f tyf l;d]G6, 3/fo;L wft'sf ;fdfg tyf ljh'nLsf] tf/sf] pTkfbg a9]sf] 5 .
1

!=@=^

;dLIff cjlwdf ut jif{sf] o;} cjlwsf] t'ngfdf ljB't pTkfbgdf klg vf;} ;'wf/ x'g g;s]sf], sltko
ljB't kl/of]hgfx?n] k"0f{ Ifdtfdf ljB't pTkfbg ug{ g;s]sf, nf]8;]l8sf] ;d:of oyfjt /x]sf]
nufotsf sf/0fn] rfn' cfly{s jif{df ;d]t ljB't, Uof; tyf kfgL If]qsf] a[l4b/ ;fdfGo g} /xg]
cg'dfg 5 .

!=@=&

cfly{s jif{ @)^^.^& sf] klxnf] rf/ dlxgf;Dddf lgdf{0f ;fdu|Lsf] cfoft %)=% k|ltztn] j9]sf] 5 .
o;af6 b]zsf k|d'v zx/L If]qx?df cfjfzLo lgdf{0f s]xL a9\g uPsf] cg'dfg ug{ ;lsG5 . t/ rfn"
cfly{s jif{sf] klxnf] ^ dlxgfdf ;/sf/sf] k"FhLut vr{ ut jif{sf] ;f]xL cjlwsf] t'ngfdf ##=( k|ltztn]
j9]sf] / lghL If]qsf] lgdf{0f ultljlwdf klg s]xL lj:tf/ cfPsf] sf/0f rfn" cfly{s jif{sf] cGTo;Dddf
lgdf{0f If]qsf] a[l4b/ ;Gtf]ifhgs /xg] cg'dfg 5 .

;]jf If]q
!=@=*

cfly{s jif{ @)^^.^& sf] klxnf] kf+r dlxgf;Dddf xjfO{ dfu{af6 g]kfn cfpg] ko{6ssf] ;+Vof cl3Nnf]
jif{sf] ;f]xL cjlwsf] #=* k|ltzt a[l4sf] t'ngfdf &=& k|ltztn] a9\g uO{ ! nfv *% xhf/ *! k'u]sf]
5 . ;dLIff cjlwdf ef/tLo ko{6s cfudg cl3Nnf] jif{sf] #=^ k|ltzt a[l4sf] t'ngfdf @=^ k|ltztn]
x|f; ePsf] 5 eg] t]>f] d'n'ssf] ko{6s cfudg cl3Nnf] jif{sf] #=( k|ltzt a[l4sf] t'ngfdf !)=#
k|ltztn] a9]sf] 5 . To:t}, ;dLIff jif{sf] rf/ dlxgfsf] cjlwdf ko{6sLo cfo cl3Nnf] jif{sf] ;f]xL
cjlwsf] %$=$ k|ltzt a[l4sf] t'ngfdf !#=# k|ltztn] dfq a9]sf] 5 . oL cfwf/df xf]6n tyf /]i6'/]G6
If]qsf] a[l4b/ ;fdfGo dfq /xg] cg'dfg 5 .

!=@=(

cfly{s jif{ @)^^^& sf] klxnf] rf/ dlxgfdf g]kfn 6]lnsdn] ljt/0f u/]sf] 6]lnkmf]gsf] ;+Vof cl3Nnf]
jif{sf] ;f]xL cjlwsf] ^@=! k|ltzt a[l4sf] t'ngfdf $(=$ k|ltztn] a9]sf]] 5 . To:t}, rfn' cfly{s jif{sf]
k|yd rf/ dlxgfsf] cjlwdf oftfoftsf ;fwg tyf kf6{k'hf{sf] cfoft ef/t tyf t]>f] d'n'sjf6 ut
jif{sf] ;f]xL cjlwsf] t'ngfdf qmdzM &!=^ k|ltzt / @!=*# k|ltztn]] a9]sf] sf/0f oftfoft, ;~rf/
tyf e08f/ If]qsf] a[l4b/ of] jif{ klg pRr g} /xg] cg'dfg 5 .

!=@=!) cfly{s jif{ @)^%^^ df yk & a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfn] sfo{ k|f/De u/]sf]n] o; cfly{s jif{sf]

cGTo;Dddf s'n @$@ j}s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfx? ;~rfngdf /xg] 5g\ . o;}u/L, ut cfly{s jif{sf] k+|yd
qodf;df cyf{t @)^% c;f]h d;fGtdf jfl0fHo j}+sx?sf] s'n zfvf ;+Vof %^# /x]sf]df @)^^ sf]
c;f]h d;fGtdf *)) k'u]sf] / sltko a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfx? :yfkgfsf] qmddf ;d]t /x]sf sf/0f
ljQLo dWo:ytf If]qsf] a[l4b/ ;Gtf]ifhgs /xg] cg'dfg 5 .
!=@=!! rfn" cfly{s jif{sf] klxnf] kfFr dlxgfdf ljk]|if0f cfk|jfx cl3Nnf] jif{sf] ^%=* k|ltztsf] pNn]Vo a[l4sf]

t'ngfdf !)=$ k|ltztn] dfq a9]sf] 5 . ljk|]if0f cfk|jfxsf] a[l4b/df cfPsf] lu/fj6n] 3/hUuf, ef8f
tyf Jofj;flos If]qsf] lj:tf/df s]xL gsf/fTds k|efj kg{;Sg] b]lvG5 .
!=@=!@ ;/sf/n] rfn" cfly{s jif{sf] ah]6df lzIff, :jf:Yo, k|zf;g If]qdf pNn]Vo ah]6 ljlgof]hg u/]sf] tyf

sd{rf/Lx?sf] tna ;d]t a9]sf]] sf/0f pQm If]qx?sf] a[l4b/ ;Gtf]ifhgs /xg] cg'dfg 5 .
!=@=!#

!=#

>d tyf /f]huf/ k|j4{g ljefun] pknAw u/fPsf] ljj/0fcg';f/ rfn" cfly{s jif{sf] klxnf] 5 dlxgfsf]
cjlwdf >d :jLs[lt lnP/ ljb]z hfg]sf] ;+Vof @=& k|ltztn] a[l4 eO{ ! nfv @% xhf/ ##! k'u]sf] 5 .
cl3Nnf] jif{sf] oxL cjlwdf o:tf] ;+Vof+ ! nfv @@ xhf/ )*! /x]sf] lyof] . ;dLIff cjlwdf j}b]lzs
/f]huf/L k|bfg ug]{ k|d'v d'n'sx?df stf/, dn]l;of, ;fpbL c/]laof tyf o'=P=O{ /x]sf 5g\ .

pkef]Qmf d'b|f:kmLlt
!=#=!

cfly{s jif{ @)^^^& sf] ah]6 tyf df}lb|s gLltdf rfn' cfly{s jif{sf] jflif{s cf}ift d'b|fl:kmlt &=)
k|ltztsf] xf/fxf/Ldf /xg] cg'dfg /x]sf]df klxnf] kfFr dlxgfsf] cf}ift d'b|fl:kmlt !)=! k|ltzt /x]sf]
5 . cfly{s jif{ @)^%^^ sf] Ho]i7 dlxgfdf ePsf] k]6f]lnod kbfy{sf] pRr d"No a[l4 kZrft\ k6s
k6s ljleGg ;dodf d"No ;dfof]hg ePsf] ePtfklg pkef]Qmf d'b|f:kmLltdf cfzftLt ?kdf
2

;sf/fTds k|efj kg{ g;Sg', lrgL tyf lrgLhGo j:t'sf ;fy} bnxg / vfBfGgsf] d"No a[l4 x'Fb} hfg'
tyf aGb x8\tfn / nf]8;]l8sf] ;d:of oyfjt\ /xg' cflb h:tf ljljw sf/0fx?n] ubf{ rfn' cfly{s
jif{sf] ;du| d'b|f:kmLlt jflif{s cf}ift (=( k|ltztsf] xf/fxf/Ldf /xg] ;+zf]lwt cg'dfg /x]sf] 5 .
k]6f]lnod kbfy{sf] d"No a[l4 ePdf o:tf] d'b|f:kmLlt cem} a9\g ;Sg] b]lvG5 .

!=#=@ cfly{s jif{ @)^^.^& sf] kfFrf}+ dlxgf -@)^^ dfu{_ df jflif{s laGb'ut pkef]Qmf d'b|f:kmLlt !!=#
k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . cl3Nnf] cfly{s jif{sf] o;} cjlwdf o:tf] d'b|f:kmLlt !$=! k|ltzt /x]sf] lyof] .
lrgL tyf lrgLhGo kbfy{df ePsf] pRr d"Noa[l4sf ;fy} bnxg, kmnkm"n tyf t/sf/L, vfBfGg /
df5fdf;'df ;d]t pRr b/n] d"No a[l4 ePsf]n] ubf{ pkef]Qmf d'b|f:kmLltdf rfk kg{ uPsf] xf] .

!=$

!=#=#

;d"xut ?kdf vfB tyf k]o kbfy{ ;d"xsf] d"No ;"rsfsf] jflif{s a[l4b/ @)^% Dffu{ dlxgfdf !&=@
k|ltzt /x]sf]df @)^^ dfu{df pQm ;"rsfsf] a[l4b/ !&=* k|ltzt k'u]sf] 5 . ;dLIff cjlwdf vfB
tyf k]o kbfy{ ;d"xdf kg]{ j:t'x?dWo]] lrgL tyf lrgLhGo pk;d"xdf kg]{ j:t'x?sf] jflif{s ljGb'ut
d"No ;"rsf %^=( k|ltztn] a[l4 ePsf] 5 . cl3Nnf] jif{ o; pk;d"xsf] d"Nodf #%=( k|ltztn] a[l4
ePsf] lyof] . o;}u/L, ;dLIff cjlwdf, t/sf/L tyf kmnkm"n, bnxg, d/d;nf / df5f, df;' tyf
k'mnsf] d"No ;"rsf qmdzM #(=# k|ltzt, #$=^ k|ltzt, @*=$ k|ltzt, / @!=( k|ltztn] a[l4 ePsf]
5 . ut jif{sf] ;f]xL cjlwdf oL pk;d"xx?sf] ;"rsf qmdzM #=$ k|ltzt, @%=& k|ltzt, !)=!
k|ltzt, / @!=% k|ltztn] a[l4 ePsf] lyof] . utjif{sf] o;} cjlwdf !*=) k|ltztn] a[l4 ePsf]
vfBfGg pk;d"xsf] ;"rsf eg] o; cjlwdf (=( k|ltztn] dfq a[l4 ePsf] 5 . o;}u/L, ;dLIff
cjlwdf u}/vfBj:t' tyf ;]jf ;d"xsf j:t'x?dWo] ;"tL{ tyf ;"tL{hGo j:t'sf] ;"rsfdf jflif{s
ljGb'ut d"Noa[l4 !!=^ k|ltzt /xsf] 5 . utjif{sf] ;f]xL cjlwdf o:tf] a[l4 !%=! k|ltzt /x]sf]
lyof] . utjif{sf] o;} cjlwdf @!=& k|ltztn] a[l4 ePsf] oftfoft tyf ;~rf/ pk;d"xsf] d"No
;"rsfdf eg] &=* k|ltztn] x|f; cfPsf]5 .

!=#=$

ef}uf]lns cfwf/df ljZn]if0f ubf{, ;dLIff cjlwdf t/fO{df !@=# k|ltzt, kxf8df !!=* k|ltzt /
sf7df8f}+ pkTosfdf (=# k|ltztn] d"No ;"rsfdf a[l4 ePsf] 5 . cl3NNff] jif{sf] o;} cjlwdf o:tf]
a[l4b/ qmdzM !#=! k|ltzt, !#=^ k|ltzt / !^=@ k|ltzt /x]sf] lyof] . ;dLIff cjlwdf jflif{s
ljGb'ut cGtlg{lxt d'b|f:kmLlt (Core Inflation) !!=* k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . ut cfly{s jif{sf] ;f]xL
cjlwdf pQm d'b|f:kmLlt !#=! k|ltzt /x]sf] lyof] .

df}lb|s l:ylt
d'b|fk|bfo
!=$=!

cfly{s jif{ @)^^^& sf] klxnf] kfFr dlxgfdf lj:t[t d'b|fk|bfo %=* k|ltztn] a9]sf]5 . cl3Nnf]
jif{sf] o;} cjlwdf pQm d'b|fk|bfo (=! k|ltztn] a9]sf] lyof] . ;+s'lrt d'b|fk|bfo cl3Nnf] jif{ $=&
k|ltztn] a9]sf]df ;dLIff cjlwdf #=) k|ltztn] a9]sf] 5 . cl3Nnf] jif{sf] t'ngfdf ;dLIff cjlwdf
cfGtl/s ;DklQ pRr b/n] a9]sf] eP klg v'b j}b]lzs ;DklQ cTolws 36]sf]n] df}lb|s of]ufx
sd b/n] a9]sf x'g .

!=$=@ ;+s'lrt d'b|fk|bfosf] c+zdWo] rngrlNtdf /x]sf] d'b|f ;dLIff cjlwdf ^=* k|ltztn] a9L !#$ ca{
#^ s/f]8 k'u]sf] 5 . cl3Nnf] jif{sf] o;} cjlwdf pQm d'b|f !)=# k|ltztn] a9]sf] lyof] . dfu lgIf]k
eg] cl3Nnf] jif{ %=% k|ltztn] 36]sf]df ;dLIff cjlwdf yk #=& k|ltztn] 36]sf] 5 . lghL If]qtkm{sf]
shf{ a[l4 pRr /x]sf]n] dfu lgIf]k cl3Nnf] jif{sf] o;} cjlwsf] eGbf ;dLIff cjlwdf sd b/n] 36]sf]
xf] . cfjlws lgIf]k cl3Nnf] jif{ !! k|ltztn] a9]sf]df ;dLIff cjlwdf &=! k|ltztn] a9]sf] 5 .
!=$=#

;dLIff cjlwdf v'b j}b]lzs ;DklQ -ljb]zL ljlgdo d'Nofsg gfkmf gf]S;fg ;dfof]lht_ !( ca{
^) s/f]8 -*=( k|ltzt_ n]] 36]sf] 5 . cl3Nnf] jif{sf] ;f]xL cjlwdf pQm ;DklQ @@ ca{ && s/f]8
-!#=# k|ltzt_ n] a9]sf] lyof] . ;dLIff cjlwdf d'VotM pRr cfoftsf sf/0fn] rfn' vftf 3f6f pRr
b/n] a9]sf]n] v'b a}b]lzs ;DklQ 36]sf] xf] .
3

dfggLo cy{ dGqL ;'/]Gb| kf08] :tfga'ndf cfof]lht ljZj a}+s / cGt/f{li6o d'b|f sf]ifsf] jflif{s a}7snfO{ ;Daf]wg ug'{ x'Fb}

;l~rt d'b|f
!=$=$ ;dLIff cjlwdf ;l~rt d'b|f @=( k|ltzt - % ca{ ^^ s/f]8_ n] 36]sf] 5 . cl3Nnf] jif{sf] o;}
cjlwdf pQm d'b|f *=^ k|ltzt - !@ ca{ $! s/f]8_ n] a9]sf] lyof] . ;dLIff cjlwdf df}lb|s
clwsf/Lsf] v'b j}b]lzs ;DklQ pNn]Vo ?kdf - !$ ca{ (( s/f]8n]_ 36]sf]n] ;l~rt d'b|f 36]sf]
xf] .
s'n cfGtl/s shf{
!=$=% cfly{s jif{ @)^^^& sf] klxnf] kfFr dlxgfdf cfGtl/s shf{ ( k|ltztn] a9]sf] 5 . cl3Nnf] jif{{sf]
o;} cjlwdf pQm shf{ ^=% k|ltztn] a9]sf] lyof] . jfl0fHo a}+sxsf] lghL If]qtkm{sf] shf{ tyf
nufgL pRr b/n] a9]sf]n] cfGtl/s shf{df lj:tf/ cfPsf] xf] . ;dLIff cjlwdf df}lb|s If]qsf] lghL
If]qdflysf] bfjL !#=# k|ltzt - %& ca{ *@ s/f]8_ n] a9]sf] 5 . cl3Nnf] jif{sf] o;} cjlwdf pQm
If]qdflysf] bfjL !)=! k|ltzt - #$ ca{ @$ s/f]8_ n] dfq a9]sf] lyof] .
!=$=^

;dLIff cjlwdf g]kfn ;/sf/dflysf] bfjL * ca{ %* s/f]8 -*=@ k|ltzt_ n] 36]sf] 5 . cl3Nnf]
jif{sf] ;f]xL cjlwdf pQm bfjL ^ ca{ *# s/f]8 -&=* k|ltzt_ n] 36]sf] lyof] . ;dLIff cjlwdf
vr{sf] t'ngfdf ;fwg kl/rfngsf] lj:tf/ pRr /x]sf]n] g]kfn ;/sf/dflysf] v'b bfjL cl3Nnf] jif{
eGbf a9L b/n] 36]sf] xf] . @)^^ d+l;/ d;fGtdf g]kfn /fi6 a}+sdf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] = #% s/f]8 ##
nfv gub art sfod /x]sf] 5 . @)^^ c;f/ d;fGtdf g]kfn ;/sf/n] g]kfn /fi6 a}+saf6 pkof]u
u/]sf] clwljsif{ ?= * ca{ *$ s/f]8 /x]sf] lyof] .

!=$=& ;dLIff cjlwdf u}/;/sf/L ljQLo ;+:yfxdflysf] bfjL !@=% k|ltztn] a9]sf] 5 . cl3Nnf] jif{ pQm
If]qtkm{sf] bfjL #)=^ k|ltztn] a9]sf] lyof] . ;dLIff cjlwdf jfl0fHo a}+sxsf] k]G;g km08 tyf
ljdf sDkgLtkm{sf] nufgLdf sdL cfPsf]n] u}/;/sf/L ljQLo ;+:yfxdflysf] bfjL sd b/n] a9]sf]
xf] .
!=$=* cl3Nnf] jif{ u}/ljQLo ;/sf/L ;+:yfx?dflysf] bfjL ^=& k|ltztn] a9]sf]df ;dLIff cjlwdf ^=!
k|ltztn] 36]sf] 5 . pQm ;+:yfxdWo] g]Zfgn 6]l8 lnld6]8, g]kfn vfB ;+:yfg, hgsk'/ r'/f]6

sf/vfgf lnld6]8, g]kfn jfo' ;]jf lgud / hgs lzIff ;fdu|L s]Gb| lnld6]8n] a}ls If]qaf6 lnPsf]
shf{sf] s]xL c+z e'Qmfg u/]sf]n] pQm If]qdflysf] bfjL 36]sf] xf] .
jfl0fHo a}+sxsf] art kl/rfng tyf shf{ k|jfxsf] l:ylt
!=$=( cfly{s jif{ @)^^^& sf] klxnf] kfFr dlxgfdf jfl0fHo a}+sxsf] s'n lgIf]k kl/rfng @% ca{
!) s/f]8 -$=^ k|ltzt_ n] a9L d+l;/d;fGtdf %&$ ca{ (@ s/f]8 k'u]sf] 5 . cl3Nnf] jif{sf] o;}
cjlwdf s'n lgIf]k kl/rfng #$ ca{ ^% s/f]8 -*=@ k|ltzt_ n] a9]sf] lyof] . To:t}, ;dLIff
cjlwdf jfl0fHo a}+sxsf] shf{ tyf nufgL !!=# k|ltzt - %* ca{ $& s/f]8_ n] a9]sf] 5 .
cl3Nnf] jif{sf] o;} cjlwdf pQm shf{ tyf nufgL &=& k|ltzt - #@ ca{ @# s/f]8_ n] a9]sf]
lyof] .
!=$=!) ;dLIff cjlwdf jfl0fHo a}+sxsf] lghL If]qtkm{ k|jflxt shf{ !#=$ k|ltzt - %$ ca{ #* s/f]8_
n] a9]sf] 5 . cl3Nnf] jif{sf] o;} cjlwdf pQm shf{ !)=@ k|ltzt - #! ca{ $# s/f]8_ n] a9]sf]
lyof] . ;dLIff cjlwdf lghL If]qtkm{ k|jflxt shf{dWo] pTkfbgd"ns If]qtkm{sf] shf{ *=@ k|ltzt -
& ca{ @# s/f]8_ n] a9]sf] 5 . cl3Nnf] jif{sf] o;} cjlwdf pQm If]qtkm{sf] shf{ &=$ k|ltzt - %
ca{ %$ s/f]8_ n] a9]sf] lyof] . pTkfbgd'ns If]qdWo] lrgL / l:6n tyf kmnfdhGo j:t'xtkm{sf]
shf{ k|jfx pRr b/n] a9]sf] 5 .
!=$=!! ;dLIff cjlwdf yf]s tyf v'b|f Jofkf/ / ljQ, jLdf tyf l:y/ ;DklQtkm{sf] shf{ qmdzM !(=^
k|ltzt - !# ca{ $^ s/f]8_ / ##=# k|ltzt - !@ ca{ ($ s/f]8_ n]] a9]sf]5 . cl3Nnf] jif{ pQm
If]qtkm{sf] shf{ @=$ k|ltzt - ! ca{ #! s/f]8_ / @@=% k|ltzt - % ca{ ^) s/f]8_ n] a9]sf]
lyof] . To;}u/L, ;]jf If]qtkm{sf] shf{ cl3Nnf] jif{ (=! k|ltztn] a9]sf]df ;dLIff cjlwdf !$
k|ltztn] a9]sf] 5 . l/on :6]6tkm{sf] shf{ a[l4b/df sdL cfPsf] ePklg shf{sf] kl/df0f eg] cl3Nnf]
jif{sf] t'ngfdf s]xL pRr /x]sf] 5 . cl3Nnf] jif{sf] klxnf] kfFr dlxgfdf pQm If]qtkm{sf] shf{ ^
ca{ @! s/f]8n] a9]sf]df ;dLIff cjlwdf * ca{n] a9]sf] 5 . ;dLIff cjlwdf pkef]Uo If]qtkm{sf]
shf{ $ ca{ (% s/f]8 -##=& k|ltzt_ n] a9]sf] 5 . cl3Nnf] jif{sf] o;} cjlwdf pQm If]qtkm{sf]
shf{ ! ca{ %^ s/f]8n] a9]sf] lyof] .
jfl0fHo a}+sxsf] t/ntfsf] l:ylt
!=$=!@ ;dLIff cjlwdf jfl0fHo a}+sxsf] t/n ;DklQ pRr b/n] 36]sf] 5 . cl3Nnf] jif{sf] klxnf] kfFr
dlxgfdf pQm ;DklQ @=^ k|ltztn] a9L @)^% d+l;/ d;fGtdf !%% ca{ # s/f]8 /x]sf] lyof] .
@)^^ c;f/ d;fGtsf] t'ngfdf o:tf] t/n ;DklQdf !!=! k|ltztn] sdL cfO{ @)^^ d+l;/ d;fGtdf
!^& ca{ !@ s/f]8 /x]sf] 5 . t/n ;DklQsf c+zxdWo] ;dLIff cjlwdf t/n sf]if !&=%
k|ltztn] 36]sf] 5 . jfl0fHo a}+sxsf] g]kfn /fi6 a}+s tyf ljb]zdf /x]sf] df}Hbftdf sdL cfPsf]n]
t/nsf]if 36]sf] xf] . ;dLIff cjlwdf jfl0fHo j}+sxsf] ljb]zL df}Hbft !%=# k|ltztn] 36L $%
ca{ @# s/f]8 x'g cfPsf] 5 eg] ;/sf/L C0fkqdflysf] nufgL )=( k|ltztn] 36]sf] 5 . lgIf]k
kl/rfngsf] t'nfgfdf shf{ tyf nufgLsf] lj:tf/ pRr /x]sf]n] lgIf]k kl/rfng tyf shf{ k|jfxsf]
cGt/nfO{ k"/f ug]{ dfWodsf] kdf jfl0fHo a}+sxn] ljb]zL df}Hbft pkof]u u/]sf]n] pQm df}Hbftdf
sdL cfPsf] xf] . pRr shf{ lj:tf/ / Go"g lgIf]k kl/rfngsf sf/0fn] shf{lgIf]k cg'kft @)^^
c;f/ d;fGtsf] *!=@ k|ltztaf6 a9]/ d+l;/ d;fGtdf ** k|ltzt k'u]sf] 5 eg] t/ntflgIf]k
cg'kft #$=@ k|ltztaf6 36L @(=! k|ltzt sfod ePsf] 5 .

t/ntf Joj:yfkg
!=$=!# cfly{s jif{ @)^^^& sf] klxnf] 5 dlxgf;Dddf v'nf ahf/ sf/f]jf/cGtu{t laqmL af]nsaf]ndfkm{t\
=& ca{ $$ s/f]8 / l/e;{ l/kf] af]nsaf]ndfkm{t\ =! ca{ u/L s'n =* ca{ $$ s/f]8 a/fa/sf]
t/ntf k|zf]rg ul/Psf] 5 . To;}u/L, ;f]xL cjlwdf l/kf] af]nsaf]ndfkm{t\ =#( ca{ (* s/f]8 /
vl/b af]nsaf]ndfkm{t\ =# ca{ #* s/f]8sf] t/ntf k|jfx eO{ =#$ ca{ (@ s/f]8sf] v'b t/ntf
5

k|jfx ePsf] 5 . cl3Nnf] jif{sf] o;} cjlwdf v'nf ahf/ sf/f]jf/ cGt{ut laqmL af]nsaf]naf6 =&
ca{ $^ s/f]8 / l/e;{ l/kf] af]nsaf]naf6 =!# ca{ @^ s/f]8 u/L =@) ca{ &@ s/f]8sf] v'b
t/ntf k|zf]rg ePsf] lyof] .
!=$=!$ cfly{s jif{ @)^^^& sf] klxnf] 5 dlxgf;Dddf g]kfn /fi6 a}+sn] ljb]zL
x:tIf]kdfkm{t jfl0fHo a}+sxaf6 cd]l/sL 8n/ $( s/f]8 $* nfv v'b vl/b u/L
s/f]8 a/fa/sf] t/ntf k|jfx u/]sf] 5 . cl3Nnf] jif{sf] o;} cjlwdf ljb]zL
x:tIf]kdfkm{t jfl0fHo a}+sxaf6 cd]l/sL 8n/ (^ s/f]8 #^ nfv v'b vl/b eO{
s/f]8 a/fa/sf] t/ntf k|jfx ePsf] lyof] .

ljlgdo ahf/
#& ca{ %&
ljlgdo ahf/
&# ca{ !(

!=$=!% ;dLIff cjlwdf cd]l/sL 8n/ ! ca{ % s/f]8 laqmL u/L ef= =$( ca{ *@ s/f]8 vl/b ePsf] 5 .
cl3Nnf] jif{sf] o;} cjlwdf cd]l/sL 8n/ &@ s/f]8 laqmL u/L ef== ## ca{ *^ s/f]8 vl/b ePsf]
lyof] . ef/t;+usf] Jofkf/ 3f6f a[l4 ePsf]n] ;dLIff cjlwdf ef=?= vl/b a9]sf] xf] . ljb]zL d'b|fsf]
vl/b tyf ljqmLdfkm{t cl3Nnf] jif{sf] klxnf] kfFr dlxgfdf $ ca{ ( s/f]8 a/fa/sf] v'b t/ntf
k|zf]rg ePsf]df ;dLIff cjlwdf pQm d'b|fsf] vl/blaqmLdfkm{t $@ ca{ !$ s/f]8 a/fa/sf] v'b
t/ntf k|zf]rg ePsf] 5 .

tflnsf !=! M v'nf ahf/ sf/f]jf/sf] l:ylt

-klxnf] 5 dlxgf_
= s/f]8df

ljj/0f
s= s'n t/ntf k|zf]rg
laqmL af]nsaf]n
l/e;{ af]nsaf]n
v= s'n t/ntf k|jfx
vl/b af]nsaf]n
l/kf] af]nsaf]n
u= v'b t/ntf k|zf]rg -sv_

2065/66

2066/67

2072

844

746

744

1326

100

4336.4

338.2

3998.2

2072

-3492.4

t/ntf ;+s'rgsf sf/s tTjx

t/ntf eGgfn] a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfxsf] b}lgs sf/f]jf/sf] nflu cfjZos kg]{ gub xf] . t/ntf
/ t/n ;DklQ km/s cjwf/0ff x'g . t/n ;DklQ eGgfn] cfjZos k/]sf] cj:yfdf t'Gt} gubdf
kl/0ft ug{ ;lsg] pks/0fxdf ul/Psf] nufgL xf] . @)^^ d+l;/ d;fGtdf jfl0fHo a}+sxsf] s'n
t/n ;DklQ !^& ca{ * s/f]8 /x]sf] 5, h;dWo] ;/sf/L] C0fkqxdf ul/Psf] nufgL &!
ca{ ## s/f]8 /x]sf] 5 eg] ljb]zL a}+sxdf /x]sf] nufgL $% ca{ @@ s/f]8 /x]sf] 5 . cl3Nnf]
jif{sf] d+l;/ d;fGtdf jfl0fHo a}+sxsf] g]kfn ;/sf/sf] C0fkqdf /x]sf] nufgL ^* ca{ #&
s/f]8 /x]sf] lyof] eg] ljb]z l:yt df}Hbft $# ca{ ^ s/f]8 /x]sf] lyof] .
xfn jfl0fHo a}+sxsf cltl/Qm ;du| cy{tGqsf] t/ntfdf klg ;+s'rg cfPsf] 5 . ;l~rt d'b|fdf
cfPsf] sdLn] ubf{ cy{tGqsf] t/ntfdf ;+s'rg cfPsf] xf] . ;/sf/L vr{ sf/f]jf/, j}b]lzs cg'bfg,
cfoft, lgof{t, /]ld6\ofG; tyf a}ls If]qsf] shf{ k|jfx h:tf dfWodxaf6 ;l~rt d'b|f k|jflxt
x'g] ub{5 . rfn' cfly{s jif{sf] klxnf] ^ dlxgfsf] cjlwdf ;l~rt d'b|f %! s/f]8n] dfq a9]sf]
5 . cl3Nnf] jif{sf] o;} cjlwdf pQm d'b|f !) ca{ $( s/f]8n] a9]sf] lyof] . d'Vot v:sbf]
lgof{t / pRr cfoftsf sf/0f rfn' vftf 3f6f pRr b/n] a9]sf]n] ;dLIff cjlwsf] klxnf] 5
dlxgfdf g]kfn /fi6 a}+ssf] v'b a}b]lzs ;DklQ !( ca{ @( s/f]8n] 36]sf] 5 . v'b a}b]lzs
;DklQ pRr b/n] 36]sf]n] ;l~rt d'b|f sd b/n] a9\guO{ cy{tGqsf] t/ntfdf ;+s'rg cfPsf] xf] .

rfn' jif{sf] klxnf] 5 dlxgfsf] cjlwdf ;/sf/L vr{sf] t'ngfdf ;fwg kl/rfng pRr /x]sf]n] d+l;/
dlxgfb]lv g]kfn /fi6 a}+sdf pRr gub art sfod /xb} cfPsf] 5 . cfly{s jif{ @)^%^^ sf]
c;f/ d;fGtdf ;/sf/n] g]kfn /fi6 a}+saf6 pkof]u u/]sf] * ca{ *$ s/f]8 afx]s g} @)^^
d+l;/ !@ ut] sfod /x]sf] Go"gtd @ ca{ #^ s/f]8 b]lv clwstd $ ca{ (& s/f]8 gub
art sfod x'g cfPsf] 5 . @)^^ df3 ! ut] ;/sf/sf] g]kfn /fi6 a}+sdf # ca{ %@ s/f]8
gub art sfod /x]sf] lyof] .
jfl0fHo a}+sxn] shf{ k|jfx tyf gub df}Hbft Joj:yfkg ;DjGwdf cjnDjg ug]{ gLlt,
k|fyfldstf tyf jf;nft leqsf ;DklQbfloTjsf c+zxsf] a[l4df ul/g] ck]Iffn] klg t/ntfsf]
l:yltnfO{ k|efj kfg]{ ub{5 . jfl0fHo a}+sxsf] shf{lgIf]k cg'kftn] a}+ls If]qsf] :j:Yo tyf
t/ntfsf] l:yltnfO{ k|ltljlDjt ub{5 . pRr b/df shf{ lj:tf/ ePdf / ;f]xL cg'k lgIf]k a[l4
x'g g;s]df t/ntfdf bjfj kb{5 . jfl0fHo a}+sxsf] cfly{s jif{ @)^^^& sf] klxnf] kfFr
dlxgfsf] jf;nftsf] ljZn]if0f ubf{ s'n lgIf]kdf t/n ;DklQsf] cg'kft 36]sf] 5 eg] shf{ cg'kft
a9]sf] 5 . @)^^ c;f/df pQm cg'kftx qmdzM #$=@ k|ltzt / *!=@ k|ltzt /x]sf]df @)^^
d+l;/df @(=! Kf|ltzt / ** k|ltzt x'g cfPsf 5g . o; cjlwdf jfl0fHo a}+sxsf] shf{ tyf
nufgL %* ca{ $# s/f]8n] a9]sf] 5 eg] lgIf]k @% ca{ !) s/f]8n] a9]sf] 5 . oL tYoxaf6
a}+sxn] pbf/ shf{ gLlt clVtof/ u/]sf] k'li6 x'G5 . o;y{, xfn pTkGg t/ntf ;+s'rgdf pRr
shf{ lj:tf/ / Go'g lgIf]k kl/rfngsf] l:ylt Ps dxTjk"0f{ sf/s xf] .
t/ntf Joj:yfkgdf rflnPsf sbdx
xfn b]lvPsf] t/ntfsf] ;d:ofnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ g]kfn /fi6 a}+sn] v'nf ahf/ sf/f]jf/dfkm{t
t/ntfsf] k|jfx u/]s]f 5 . cfly{s jif{ @)^^^& sf] klxnf] ^ dlxgfsf] cjlwdf v'nf ahf/
sf/f]jf/dfkm{t sf/f]jf/sf] cfwf/df v'b #$ ca{ ($ s/f]8 t/ntf k|jfx ePs]f 5 . v'nf ahf/
sf/f]jf/ z'? ePotf xfn;Dd k|jfx ePsf] t/ntfdf of] g} ;a}eGbf 7"nf] kl/df0fsf] t/ntf k|jfx
xf] . ;d:ofsf] k|s[lt / cy{tGqsf] r'gf}ltsf] cfwf/df t/ntfsf] ;d:ofnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{ of] pkfo
cNksflng dfq xf] . pRr pkef]Uo cfoftsf sf/0fn] a9b} uPsf] Jofkf/ 3f6f, pRr d'b|f:kmLlt /
pRr shf{ k|jfxsf] l:yltdf s]lGb|o a}+saf6 t/ntf k|jfx ug]{ sfo{ yk hf]lvdk"0f{ x'g] tkm{ ;r]t x'g'
kg]{ x'G5 . t/ntf ;d:of ;dfwfgsf] nflu jfl0fHo a}+sxn] shf{ k|jfxdf cjnDag ub}{ cfPsf]
pbf/ gLltdf k'g/fjnf]sg u/L cfgf] jf;nft ;+/rgfdf ;dfof]hg ug]{ / ;fwg kl/rfngdf
;fk6LnfO{ eGbf lgIf]k kl/rfngnfO{ k|fyfldstf lbg] gLlt cjnDag ug{ cfjZos 5 .
shf{ k|jfxdf cfPsf] cTolws a[l4nfO{ lgoGq0f ug{ xfn} g]kfn /fi6 a}+sn] shf{lgIf]k cg'kftdf
;Ldf tf]s]sf] 5 . pQm shf{lgIf]k cg'kft @)^& c;f/ d;fGt;Dddf (% k|ltzt, @)^* c;f/
d;fGt;Dddf *% k|ltzt / @)^( c;f/ d;fGt;Dddf *) k|ltztdf Nofpg' kg]{ Joj:yf ul/Psf]
5 . ;fy}, shf{sf] clws]lGb|t hf]lvdnfO{ Go'lgs/0f ug{ l/on :6]6 tyf cfj;Lo shf{df ;d]t ;Ldf
tf]lsPsf] 5 . pQm Joj:yf cg';f/ :jb]zL lgIf]k tyf k|fylds k"FhLsf] lglZrt k|ltzt;Dddfq
shf{ k|jfx ug{ ;lsg] ul/Psf] 5 . o;af6 jfl0fHo a}+sxsf] t/ntf Joj:yfkg tyf gub df}Hbft
Joj:yfkgdf ;'wf/ cfO{ cNksfnLg tyf bL3{sfnLg t/ntf Joj:yfkg ug{ ;xof]u k'Ug] b]lvG5 .
xfn} :yfoL t/ntf ;'ljwfsf] Jofhb/ lgwf{/0f ;DjGwL Joj:yfdf kl/dfh{g u/L ljut Ps dlxgf
leqsf] l/kf] af]nsaf]n b/ / kl5Nnf] (!lbg] 6]h/L ljN;sf] cf};t Jofhb/sf] cltl/Qm a}+sb/
;d]tnfO{ lnO{ pQm b/xdWo] h'g clwstd x'G5, To;df # k|ltzt k]gfn Jofhb/ yk u/L :yfoL
t/ntf ;'ljwfsf] Jofhb/ lgwf{/0f ug]{ Joj:yf nfu' ul/Psf] 5 . pQm Joj:yfaf6 jfl0fHo a}+sxsf]
gub df}Hbft Joj:yfkg ug{, lgIf]k kl/rfng a9fpg / shf{ k|jfxsf] a[l4b/df sdL Nofpg ;xof]u
k'Ug] b]lvG5 . o; Joj:yfaf6 shf{ k|jfxsf] a[l4b/nfO{ jflG5t ;Ldf leq NofO{ Jofkf/ tyf
zf]wgfGt/ l:yltdf ;d]t cg's'n k|efj kg]{ ljZjf; 5 .
;'g cfoftdf ePsf] c:jefljs a[l4nfO{ lgoGq0f ug{ ljBdfg ;'g cfoft Joj:yfdf ;d]t kl/dfh{g
ul/Psf] 5 . o; Joj:yfaf6 ;'g cfoft lg?T;fxLt eO{ zf]wgfGt/ l:yltdf ;'wf/ x'g'sf] ;fy}
t/ntfsf] cj:yfdf klg ;'wf/ ug{ d2t ug]{ ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 .

cGt/ a}+s sf/f]jf/ tyf :yfoL t/ntf ;'ljwfsf] pkof]u

!=$=!^ cfly{s jif{ @)^^^& sf] klxnf] 5 dlxgf;Dddf jfl0fHo a}+sxn] s'n =!%) ca{ () s/f]8
a/fa/sf] cGt/a}+s sf/f]jf/ u/]sf 5g\ . cl3Nnf] jif{sf] o;} cjlwdf s'n =!$^ ca{ &^ s/f]8
a/fa/sf] cGt/a}+s sf/f]jf/ ePsf] lyof] . ;dLIff cjlwdf =^% ca{ @% s/f]8sf] :yfoL t/ntf
7

;'ljwf pkof]u ePsf] 5 . cl3Nnf] jif{sf] o;} cjlwdf pQm ;'ljwfcGtu{t jfl0fHo a}+sxn] s'n
=$! ca{ %$ s/f]8 pkof]u u/]sf lyP .

tflnsf !=@ M cGt/a}+s sf/f]jf/ / :yfoL t/ntf ;'ljwf

s/f]8df

ljj/0f
:yfoL t/ntf ;'ljwf
cGt/ a}+s sf/f]jf/

2065/66

2066/67

4153.5

6524.7

14675.9

15089.8

cNksfnLg Jofhb/
!=$=!& cfly{s jif{ @)^^^& sf] 5}7f} dlxgfdf (! lbg] 6]h/L ljN;sf] efl/t cf};t Jofhb/ *=&$ k|ltzt
k'u]sf] 5 . cl3Nnf] jif{sf] o;} cjlwdf pQm Jofhb/ $=#@ k|ltzt /x]sf] lyof] . To;}u/L, cl3Nnf]
jif{{sf] 5}7f} dlxgfdf efl/t cf};t cGt/a}+s Jofhb/ #=#& k|ltzt /x]sf]df ;dLIff cjlwdf !@=*#
k|ltzt sfod ePsf] 5 . jfl0fHo a}+sx?sf] lgIf]k kl/rfngsf] t'ngfdf nufgL pRr b/n] j9g uO{
j}ls If]qsf] t/ntfdf sdL cfPsf]n] cNksfnLg Jofhb/x?df j[l ePsf] xf] .
!=$=!* ;dLIff cjlwdf t/n ;DklQ ;+s'rgsf] k|efj cNksfnLg Jofhb/sf] cltl/Qm lgIf]k tyf shf{sf]
Jofhb/df klg k/]sf] 5 . Psjif]{ tyf b'O{jif]{ / ;f] eGbfdflysf] d'2lt lgIf]ksf] clwstd Jofhb/
@)^^ sflQs dlxgfsf] t'ngfdf d+l;/ dlxgfdf ! k|ltzt ljGb'n] a9L qmdzM !) k|ltzt / !)=%
k|ltztdf k'u]sf] 5 . To:t}, lgof{t shf{ tyf clwljsif{sf] clwstd Jofhb/ klg @)^^ sflQs
dlxgfsf] t'ngfdf d+l;/ dlxgfdf qdzM %=% k|ltzt / #=% k|ltzt ljGb'n] a9L !* k|ltztdf k'u]sf]
5.
df}lb|s kl/b[Zo
!=$=!( rfn' cfly{s jif{sf] klxnf] kfFr dlxgfdf df}lb|s lj:tf/df sdL cfPsf] 5 . lghL If]qtkm{sf] shf{
k|jfxdf ePsf] a[l4n] v'b cfGtl/s ;DklQdf lj:tf/ cfPklg v'b a}b]lzs ;DklQ pRr b/n] 36]sf]n]
df}lb|s lj:tf/df sdL x'g uPsf] xf] .
!=$=@) cfly{s jif{ @)^^^& sf] klxnf] kfFr dlxgfdf v'b j}b]lzs ;DklQ !( ca{ %% s/f]8n] 36]]sf] 5 .
cl3Nnf] jif{sf] o;} cjlwdf pQm ;DklQ @@ ca{ && s/f]8n] a9]sf] lyof] . Jofkf/ 3f6fsf] k|j[lQ,
/]ld6\ofG; cfk|jfxsf] a[l4b/, a}b]lzs cg'bfg tyf a}ls If]qsf] shf{ k|jfxsf] a[l4b/sf] cfwf/df
cfly{s jif{ @)^^^& df v'b j}b]lzs ;DklQ cl3Nnf] jif{s} :t/df /xg] k|If]k0f /x]sf] 5 . ;'g tyf
cGo pkef]uhGo j:t'xsf] cfoftdf b]lvPsf] jt{dfg k|j[lQnfO{ lgoGq0f tyf lgT;flxt ug{
gLltut kxn ;' ePsf]n] v'b a}b]zLs ;DklQsf] jt{dfg cj:yfdf ;'wf/ cfO{ cl3Nnf] jif{sf] :t/df
g} sfod /xg] k|If]k0f ul/Psf] xf] .
!=$=@! d"Nodf ljBdfg hf]lvdsf] l:ylt, ;/sf/sf] Go"g k"FhLut vr{ nufot cfk"lt{hGo cj/f]wxsf] sf/0f
s"n ufx{:y pTkfbgsf] ;Defljt Go"g a[l4b/ / d'b|fk|bfosf] xfn;Ddsf] a[l4b/sf] cfwf/df df}lb|s
of]ufxsf] lj:tf/ cl3Nnf] jif{sf] eGbf Go"g /xg] cg'dfg 5 . rfn' cfly{s jif{ d'b|f:kmLlt (=(
k|ltzt / cfly{s a[l4b/ $=@ k|ltzt /xg] ljZn]if0fsf] cfwf/df lj:t[t d'b|fk|bfo cl3NNff] jif{ @&=&
k|ltznt] a9]sf] t'ngfdf rfn' cfly{s jif{ !&=# k|ltzt, ;+s'lrt d'b|fk|bfo cl3Nnf] jif{ @&=#
k|ltztn] a9]sf] t'ngfdf !%=% k|ltzt / lghL If]qtkm{sf] shf{ cl3Nnf] jif{ @*=# k|ltztn] a9]sf]
t'ngfdf rfn' cfly{s jif{df @)=^ k|ltznt] j9g] k|If]k0f 5 . s'n cfGtl/s shf{ cl3Nnf] jif{ @^=^
k|ltztn] a9]sf]df rfn' cfly{s jif{ pQm shf{sf] a[l4b/ !(=$ k|ltzt /xg] k|If]k0f ul/Psf] 5 .
cfly{s jif{ @)^^^& df g]kfn ;/sf/n] a}+ls If]qaf6 cfGtl/s C0f kl/rfng ug{ lnPsf] nIo,
lghL If]qtkm{sf] shf{ k|jfx, ljQLo ;+:yfx tyf u}/ljQLo ;/sf/L ;+:yfxdflysf] bfjLsf] k|If]lkt
a[l4b/sf] cfwf/df ;dLIff jif{df s'n cfGtl/s shf{sf] a[l4b/ sd /xg] k|If]k0f ul/Psf] xf] .
!=$=@@ shf{lgIf]k cg'kftdf tf]lsPsf] ;Ldf, clws]lGb|t shf{ hf]lvdnfO{ Go'lgs/0f ug{ l/on :6]6 tyf
cfjf;Lo shf{df tf]lsPsf] ;Ldf, :yfoL t/ntf ;'ljwfsf] Aofhb/df ul/Psf] k'g/fjnf]sg tyf
8

;l~rt d'b|fsf] a[l4b/df cfPsf] sdL / t/ntfdf b]lvPsf] ;+s'rg h:tf sf/0fn] ubf{ lghL If]qtkm{
k|jfx x'g] shf{ cl3Nnf] jif{sf] t'ngfdf sd b/n] a9\g] k|If]k0f ul/Psf] xf] .

tflnsf !=# M df}lb|s of]uf+ssf] a[l4b/ -k|ltzt_

2066/67

ljj/0f

k|yd kfFr dlxgfjflif{s k|If]k0f

lj:t[t d'b|fk|bfo
;+s'lrt d'b|fk|bfo
S'n cfGtl/s shf{
lghL If]qtkm{ k|jflxt shf{
V'b j}b]lzs ;DklQdf kl/jt{g -?= ca{df_
cfjlws lgIf]k
v'b cdf}lb|s bfloTj
!=%

5.8

17.3

3.1

15.4

8.9

19.4

13.3
-19.6
7.1
-5.2

20.6
0.0
18.2
-1.6

afXo If]q
!=%=!

cfly{s jif{ @)^^^& sf] klxnf] kfFr dlxgf;Dddf s'n lgof{t cl3Nnf] jif{sf] ;f]xL cjlwsf] t'ngfdf
!*=& k|ltztn] 36L ?= @% ca{ !@ s/f]8df ;Lldt x'g k'u]sf] 5 eg] s'n cfoft #@=* k|ltztn] a9L
?= !%# ca{ #( s/f]8 k'u]sf] 5 . kl/0ffd:j?k, s'n Jofkf/ 3f6f %!=& k|ltztn] a9L ?= !@* cj{ @*
s/f]8 k'u]sf] 5 eg] s'n Jofkf/ @@=) k|ltztn] a9L ?= !&* cj{ %! s/f]8 k'u]sf] 5 . cl3Nnf] aif{sf]
;f]xL cjlwdf s'n lgof{t @*=# k|ltzt / s'n cfoft #$=( k|ltztn] a9]sf] lyof] . kmn:j?k cl3Nnf]
jif{ Jofkf/ 3f6f #&=% k|ltzt / s'n Jofkf/ ##=% k|ltztn] a9]sf] lyof] .

!=%=@

cl3Nnf] aif{sf] klxnf] kfFr dlxgf;Dddf ^=$ k|ltztn] a9]sf] ef/ttk{msf] lgof{t o; aif{sf] ;dLIff
cjlwdf !@=# k|ltztn] Xf; cfO{ ?= !% ca{ %^ s/f]8df em/]sf] 5 . To;}u/L cGo d'n'stk{msf] lgof{t
cl3Nnf] aif{ &&=* k|ltztn] a9]sf]df o; aif{ @&=$ k|ltztn] Xf; cfO{ ?= ( ca{ %^ s/f]8df em/]sf]]
5 . ;dLIff cjlwdf ef/ttk{m d'Votof tof/L kf]zfs, lh+s lz6, dfj{n :Nofa, wfuf] tyf bfn / cGo
d'n'stk{m ljz]ifu/L bfn, pmgL un}+rf, tof/L kf]zfs, u/uxgf tyf 5fnfhGo j:t'sf] lgof{tdf Xf;
cfPsf] sf/0f s'n lgof{t 36\g uPsf] xf] .

!=%=#

rfn' cfly{s jif{sf] klxnf] kfFr dlxgf;Dddf ef/taf6 ePsf] cfoft #!=^ k|ltztn] a9L ?= *@ cj{ !@
s/f]8 k'u]sf] 5 eg] cGo d'n'saf6 ePsf] cfoft #$=# k|ltztn] a9L ?= &! cj{ @& s/f]8 k'u]sf] 5 .
cl3Nnf] jif{sf] ;f]xL cjlwdf ef/t Pj+ cGo d'n'saf6 ePsf] cfoft qmdzM !*=% k|ltzt / ^!=!
k|ltztn] a9]sf] lyof] . ef/taf6 d'Votof Pd=P;= ljn]6, ;jf/L ;fwg tyf kf6{k'hf{, Pd= P;= jfo/
tyf /8, ljB'tLo pks/0f / cGo d]lzg/L tyf kf6{k'hf{ Pj+ cGo d'n'saf6 ljz]ifu/L ;'g, ;~rf/
pks/0f tyf kf6{k'hf{, xjfO hxfhsf kf6{k'hf{, sDKo'6/ tyf kf6{k'hf{ / cf}ifwL pks/0f tyf cf}hf/sf]
cfoftdf a[l4 ePsf] sf/0f ;dLIff cjlwdf s'n cfoft a9]sf] xf] .

!=%=$

cfly{s jif{ @)^^^& sf] klxnf] kfFr dlxgfdf ;du| zf]wgfGt/ (Overall Balance of Payment) l:ylt ?=
!(cj{ ^) s/f]8n] 3f6fdf /x]sf] 5 . cl3Nnf] cfly{s jif{sf] ;f]xL cjlwdf ?= @@ cj{ && s/f]8n]
zf]wgfGt/ artdf /x]sf] lyof] .

cfly{s jif{ @)^^^& sf] klxnf] kfFr dlxgfsf] zf]wgfGt/ l:ylt 3f6fdf hfg'sf k|d'v sf/0fx?
cfly{s jif{ @)^^^& sf] klxnf] kfFr dlxgfdf ;du| zf]wgfGt/ l:ylt ?= !(=^ cj{n] 3f6fdf
/x]sf] 5 . cl3Nnf] cfly{s jif{sf] ;f]xL cjlwdf ?= @@=* ca{n] zf]wgfGt/ artdf /x]sf] lyof] .
rfn' cfly{s jif{sf] ;dLIff cjlwdf rfn' vftf klg ?= !(=^ ca{n] 3f6fdf /x]sf] 5 . cl3Nnf]
jif{sf] ;f]xL cjlwdf eg] rfn' vftf ?= !)=& ca{n] artdf /x]sf] lyof] . vf;u/L j:t' Jofkf/
3f6f %@=* k|ltztsf] pNn]vgLo b/n] a9]sf] tyf cl3Nnf] jif{ pRr b/n] a9]sf] ljk|]if0f cfk|jfxsf]
a[l4b/ ;dLIff cjlwdf lzlyn ePsf] sf/0f rfn' vftf Pj+ ;du| zf]wgfGt/ l:ylt 3f6fdf /xg
uPsf] xf] . kl/0ffd:j?k, s'n ljb]zL ljlgdo ;+lrlt @)^^ c;f/ d;fGtsf] t'ngfdf @)^^ d+l;/
d;fGtdf !@=@ k|ltztn] 36L ?= @$%=( ca{df ;Lldt /x]sf] 5 . @)^% d+l;/ d;fGtdf o:tf]
;+lrlt !)=* k|ltztn] a9]sf]] lyof] . cd]l/sL 8n/df u0fgf ubf{ @)^^ c;f/b]lv d+l;/
d;fGt;Dddf s'n ;+lrlt &=( k|ltztn] 36L cd]l/sL 8n/ #=# ca{df ;Lldt /x]sf] 5 . cl3Nnf]
jif{sf] ;f]xL cjlwdf o:tf] ;+lrlt !=* k|ltztn] 36]sf] lyof] . cfly{s jif{ @)^^/^& sf] klxnf]
kfFr dlxgfsf] cfoftnfO{ cfwf/ dfGbf ljb]zL ljlgdo ;+lrltsf] ljBdfg :t/n]] *=@ dlxgfsf] j:t'
cfoft / &=) dlxgfsf] j:t' tyf ;]jf cfoft wfGg kof{Kt /xg] b]lvG5 .
rfn' vftf tyf ;du| zf]wgfGt/ l:ylt pNn]Vo 3f6fdf /xg'df a9\bf] Jofkf/ 3f6f tyf 36\bf]
ljk|]if0f cfk|jfx a[l4b/ k|d'v sf/ssf] ?kdf /x]sf 5g\ .
a9\bf] Jofkf/ 3f6fM ;dLIff cjlwdf ljz]ifu/L ;'g, ;jf/L ;fwg tyf kf6{k'hf{, Pd=P;=ljn]6,
Pd=P;= jfo/ /8 / ljB'QLo pks/0fsf] cfoft pNn]Vo dfqfdf a9]sf] sf/0f s'n cfoft
#@=* k|ltztn] a[l4 eO{ ?= !%#=$ ca{ k'u]sf] 5 . rfn' cfly{s jif{sf] klxnf] 5 dlxgfdf
;'gsf] cfoft cl3Nnf] jif{sf] ;f]xL cjlwsf] ?=*=* ca{sf] t'ngfdf ?= ##=% ca{ k'u]sf] 5 .
To:t} cl3Nnf] jif{sf] klxnf] kfFr dlxgfdf ?= %=( ca{ a/fa/ ePsf] ;jf/L ;fwg tyf
kf6{k'hf{sf] cfoft rfn' jif{sf] pk/f]Qm cjlwdf ?= !)=% ca{ k'u]sf] 5 . To:t} lgof{ttkm{
vf;u/L bfn, pgL un}+rf / tof/L kf]zfssf] lgof{t vl:sPsf] sf/0f s'n lgof{t cl3Nnf]
jif{sf] ;f]xL cjlwsf] t'ngfdf !*=& k|ltztn] 36L ?= @%=! ca{ k'u]sf] 5 . cl3Nnf] jif{sf]
klxnf] kfFr dlxgfdf pNn]vgLo lj:tf/ ePsf] bfn Pj+ tof/L kf]zfssf] lgof{tdf o; jif{
lu/fa6 cfPsf] 5 . kl/0ffd:j?k Jofkf/ 3f6f %!=& k|ltztn] a[l4 eO{ ?= !@*=# ca{ k'u]sf]
5.
36\bf] ljk|]if0f a[l4b/M g]kfnsf] rfn' vftf tyf ;du| zf]wgfGt/ artdf ljk|]if0f cfk|jfxn]
k|d'v e"ldsf v]Nb} cfPsf] 5 . vf;u/L Jofkf/ 3f6fdf ePsf] a[l4 eGbf ljk|]if0f cfk|jfxdf
ePsf] a[l4 pNn]Vo ePsf] sf/0f d'n'ssf] rfn' vftf tyf ;du| zf]wgfGt/ artdf /xFb}
cfPsf] xf] . rfn' cflYf{s jif{sf] klxnf] kfFr dlxgfdf Psflt/ lgof{tdf ePsf] pRr lu/fj6 /
cfoftdf ePsf] pRr a[l4sf sf/0f Jofkf/ 3f6f pNn]Vo?kdf a9]sf] 5 eg] Jofkf/ 3f6f wfGb}
cfPsf] ljk|]if0f cfk|jfxsf] a[l4b/ 36]sf] 5 . kl/0ffd:j?k, rfn' vftf Pj+ ;du| zf]wgfGt/
l:ylt k|lts"n cj:yfdf k'u]sf] xf] .
rfn' cfly{s jif{sf] klxnf] 5 dlxgfdf a}b]lzs /f]huf/Ldf hfg] sfdbf/sf] ;+Vof ;LdfGt b/n]dfq
a9]sf] sf/0f cfufdL lbgdf ljk|]if0f cfk|jfxsf] a[l4b/ cl3Nnf] jif{sf] h:tf] pT;fxk|b gx'g] :ki6
5 . d'n's leq b]lvPsf] ljB't phf{ ;+s6 Pj+ /fhg}lts cl:y/tfsf] sf/0f lgof{tdf yk xf;cfO{
Jofkf/ 3f6f cem a[l4 x'g ;Sg] b]lvPsf]n] rfn' vftf tyf zf]wgfGt/ l:ylt ;'wf/ ug{] sfo{
r'gf}tLk"0f{ b]lvG5 . ;/sf/n] jfXo If]qsf] l:ylt yk lau|g glbg lgDg sbdx? clanDa rfNg'kg]{
b]lvG5 .
j:t' Jofkf/ 3f6fnfO{ Go'gLs/0f ug{ ;/sf/n] tTsfn c;fdfGo?kn] k}7f/L ePsf j:t'x?
klxrfg u/L ;f]sf] cfoftnfO{ lg?T;flxt ug'{'kg]{ .
ef/t lgof{t x'g] g]kfnL j:t'x?df nfUb} cfPsf] cltl/Qm z'MNs x6fpg ef/t ;/sf/;Fu
s'6g}lts kxn ug'{kg]{ .
pBf]u If]qnfO{ zflGt If]q 3f]if0ff u/L aGb, x8tfn ;bfsf] nflu aGb ug'{kg]{ .
jt{dfg phf{ ;+s6 Go'gLs/0f ug{ ef/taf6 yk ljB't cfoftsf] nflu kxn ug'{kg]{ . ljB't
r'xfj6nfO{ o'4:t/df lgoGq0fdf Nofpg'kg]{ .
ljk|]if0f cfk|jfxdf yk lu/fa6 cfpg glbg yk d'n'sx?;Fu >d ;Demf}tf ug{ kxn ug'{ kg]{ .
ljk|]if0f cfk|jfxnfO{ cf}krfl/s dfWodaf6 leq\ofpg r]tgfd'ns sfo{qmdx? ;+rfng ug'{kg]{
tyf ljk|]if0f cfk|jfxnfO{ pTkfbgd"ns If]qdf pkof]u ug{ cGo cfsif{s sfo{qmdx?
10

Nofpg'kg]{ .
To:t}, afXo :yfloTj sfod /fVg ;/sf/n] bL3{sfnLg /0fgLltcGtu{t lgDg sbdx? rfNg'kg]{
b]lvG5 .
lgof{t k|j4{g ug{ d'n'sdf nufgLd}qL jftfj/0fsf] l;h{gf ug'{kg]{ .
xfnsf jif{x?df g]kfnL ljBfyL{x? pRr lzIffsf] nflu ljb]z hfg] k|j[lQ tLa|?kn] a9]sf]
sf/0f e|d0f vr{df pRr a[l4 x'g hfFbf ;]jf Jofkf/ ;d]t 3f6fsf] l:yltdf /xg yfn]sf] 5 .
t;y{ d'n's leq} lzIffsf] nflu u'0f:t/ a[l4 tyf /f]huf/Lsf] k|Tofe"lt x'g] vfnsf gLlt tyf
sfo{qmdx? Nofpg'kg]{ b]lvG5 .
a}b]lzs nufgL cfslif{t ug{ ljb]zL nufgL kj4{g gLlt tyf cf}Bf]lus gLltdf ;dofg's"n
kl/jt{g ug{'kg]{ .
d'n'ssf] cfly{s d'2fdf ;a} /fhg}lts bnx?sf] ;femf wf/0ff /xg'kg]{ .
a}b]lzs /f]huf/Lsf nflu ljb]z hfg] cbIf tyf cw{bIf sfdbf/x?nfO{ pko'Qm lsl;dsf]
tfnLd k|bfg u/L pgLx?sf] cfo a[l4 ug{ kxn ug'{ kg]{ .
ljk|]if0f cfonfO{ hnljB't, k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f nufotsf pTkfbgzLn If]qdf nufpg] . cfo
cfh{g ug]{x?s} ;xeflutfdf sDkgL :yfkgf ug{ k|f]T;fxg x'g]u/L gLltut Joj:yf cjnDjg
ug]{ .
!=%=%

;dLIff cjlwdf rfn' vftf (Current Account) klg ?= !( ca{ ^$ s/f]8n] 3f6fdf /x]sf] 5 . cl3Nnf]
jif{sf] ;f]xL cjlwdf eg] rfn' vftf ?= !) ca{ &$ s/f]8n] artdf /x]sf] lyof] . vf;u/L Jofkf/ 3f6f
pRr b/n] a9]sf] tyf ljk|]if0f cfk|jfx (Workers' Remittances) sf] a[l4b/ vl:sPsf] sf/0f rfn' vftf
3f6fdf /xg uPsf] xf] . To:t}, ;dLIff cjlwdf 6fG;km/ cGtu{t cg'bfg @%=& k|ltztn] 36]sf] 5 eg]
ljk|]if0f cfk|jfx cl3Nnf] jif{sf] ^%=* k|ltztsf] pNn]vgLo a[l4sf] t'ngfdf s]an !)=$ k|ltztn] a9L
?= *^ ca{ &% s/f]8 k'u]sf] 5 .

!=%=^

k"FhLvftf (Capital Account) cGtu{t ;dLIff cjlwdf ?= @ cj{ @ s/f]8 a/fa/ k"FhLut 6fG;km/ k|fKt
ePsf] 5 . cl3Nnf] jif{ k"FhLut 6fG;km/ ?= @ ca{ % s/f]8 k|fKt ePsf] lyof] .

!=%=&

ljQLo vftf (Financial Account) tk{m ;dLIff cjlwdf ?= # cj{ !& s/f]8 a/fa/sf] ;/sf/L C0f
cfk|jfx ePsf] 5 eg] ;fFjf e'QmfgL ?= $ cj{ #@ s/f]8 /x]sf] 5 . cl3Nnf] jif{sf] ;f]xL cjlwdf ?= !
cj{ *# s/f]8 ;/sf/L C0f cfk|jfx ePsf] lyof] . ;dLIff cjlwdf ljb]zL d'b|f tyf lgIf]k bfloTj ?= $
ca{ & s/f]8n] 36]sf] 5 .

!=%=*

@)^^ d+l;/ d;fGtdf s'n ljb]zL ljlgdo ;+lrlt @)^^ c;f/ d;fGtsf] t'ngfdf !@=@ k|ltztn] 36L
?= @$% cj{ ($ s/f]8df ;Lldt /x]sf] 5 . @)^% d+l;/ d;fGtdf o:tf] ;+lrlt !)=* k|ltztn] a9]sf]]
lyof] . cd]l/sL 8n/df eg] @)^^ c;f/b]lv d+l;/ d;fGt;Dddf s'n ;+lrlt &=( k|ltztn] 36L
cd]l/sL 8n/ # ca{ #) s/f]8df ;Lldt /x]sf] 5 . cl3Nnf] jif{sf] ;f]xL cjlwdf s'n ;+lrlt cd]l/sL
8n/df u0fgf ubf{ !=* k|ltztn] 36]sf] lyof] . cfly{s jif{ @)^^^& sf] klxnf] kfFr dlxgfsf]
cfoftnfO{ cfwf/ dfGbf ljb]zL ljlgdo ;+lrltsf] ljBdfg :t/n]] *=@ dlxgfsf] j:t' cfoft / &=)
dlxgfsf] j:t' tyf ;]jf cfoft wfGg kof{Kt /xg] b]lvG5 .

!=%=(

rfn' cfly{s jif{sf] klxnf] kfFr dlxgf;Dddf zf]wgfGt/ l:ylt k|lts"n /x]sf] Pj+ ljb]zL ljlgdo
;+lrltsf] :t/ ;d]t 36]sf]n] afx\o If]q :yfloTj sfod ug{ r'gf}tLk"0f{ x'g] b]lvG5 .

!=%=!) d'n'sdf b]lvPsf] aGb, x8\tfnnufot phf{ ;+s6sf sf/0f lgof{tdf yk lu/fa6 cfpg] tyf ;'grfFbLsf]
cfoftdf lgoGq0f ul/Pklg cGo j:t'sf] cfoftdf a[l4 x'g] b]lvPsf] sf/0f rfn' cfly{s jif{df Jofkf/
3f6f yk a9\g] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 . rfn' cfly{s jif{ vf;u/L tof/L kf]zfs, pmgL un}+rf, bfn, 5fnf
tyf h8La'6LhGo j:t'sf] jfXo dfudf sdL cfpg] ck]Iff /x]sf]n] jif{sf] cGTo;Dddf s'n lgof{t cl3Nnf]
jif{sf] t'ngfdf !#=* k|ltztn] 36L ?= ^) ca{ @* s/f]8df ;Lldt x'g] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 . To;}u/L],
jif{sf] cGTo;Dddf s'n cfoft @!=% k|ltztn]] a[l4 eO{ ?= ##( ca{ #^ s/f]8 k'Ug] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 .

11

kmn:j?k, rfn" cfly{s jif{sf] cGTo;Dddf Pkm=cf]=aL= d"Nodf cfwfl/t j:t' Jofkf/ 3f6f ##=# k|ltztn]
a[l4 eO{ ?= @&( ca{ & s/f]8 k'Ug] cg'dfg /x]sf] 5 .
!=%=!! vf;u/L e|d0f tyf oftfoft vr{df lj:tf/ cfpg] b]lvPsf] sf/0f rfn" cfly{s jif{ v"b ;]jf cfo ?= !!
ca{ *# s/f]8n] C0ffTds x'g] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 . rfn' cfly{s jif{sf] klxnf] 5 dlxgf;Dddf xjfO{
dfu{af6 g]kfn e|d0f ug{ cfpg] ko{6sx?sf] ;+Vofdf pNn]Vo lj:tf/ cfPsfn] o; jif{sf]] cGTo;Dddf
e|d0f cfo !%=# k|ltztn] a9\g] cg'dfg 5 . vr{tkm{, rfn' cfly{s jif{ e|d0f tyf oftfoft vr{ qmdzM
!^=* k|ltzt / !)=* k|ltztn] a9\g] cg'dfg 5 .
!=%=!@ rfn' cfly{s jif{ cl3Nnf] jif{sf] t'ngfdf k]G;g cfodf s]xL ;'wf/ cfpg] t/ ljk|]if0f Pj+ rfn' cg'bfgsf]
a[l4b/df eg] s]xL sdL cfpg] ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 . rfn' cfly{s jif{sf] klxnf] 5 dlxgfdf a}b]lzs
/f]huf/Ldf hfg] sfdbf/sf] ;+Vof cl3Nnf] jif{sf] ;f]xL cjlwsf] t'ngfdf @=% k|ltztn] a9]sf] 5 . rfn'
cfly{s jif{sf] klxnf] rf/ dlxgfdf o:tf] ;+Vofdf lu/fj6 cfPklg kl5Nnf] b'O{ dlxgf d+l;/ / k';df eg]
;'wf/ b]lvPsf] 5 . o; jif{sf] afFsL dlxgfx?df /f]huf/Lsf nflu ljb]z hfg] k|j[lQdf ;fdfGo ;'wf/
cfpg] s'/fnfO{ b[li6ut ubf{ o; jif{sf] cGTo;Dddf lghL If]qsf] ljk|]if0f cfo cl3Nnf] jif{sf] $&=)
k|ltzt a[l4sf] t'ngfdf &=% k|ltztn] a9L ?= @@% cj{ $# s/f]8 k'Ug] cg'dfg /x]sf]n] v"b 6fG;km/
cfo cl3Nnf] jif{sf] #^=% k|ltzt a[l4sf] t'ngfdf (=* k|ltztn] dfq a9\g] cg'dfg 5 . kmn:j?k, o;
jif{ rfn' vftf sl/a ?= ^ ca{ #( s/f]8n] 3f6fdf x'g] cg'dfg 5 .
!=%=!# rfn" cfly{s jif{df k"FhLut 6fG;km/ ?= & cj{ !^ s/f]8 /xg] cg'dfg 5 . rfn' cfly{s jif{sf] klxnf] kfFr
dlxgfdf rfn' tyf zf]wgfGt/ vftfsf] l:ylt k|lts"n ePklg afFsL dlxgfx?df vf;u/L Jofkf/ 3f6f,
ljk|]if0f cfk|jfx nufot k"FhLut 6fG;km/df s]xL ;'wf/ cfpg] cg'dfg ul/Psf] x'Fbf rfn' jif{sf] cGTo
;Dddf zf]wgfGt/ l:ylt ;Gt'ngdf /xg] cg'dfg 5 . kmn:j?k @)^& c;f/ d;fGtdf ljb]zL ljlgdo
;Flrlt sl/a ?= @&%=( ca{ /xg] cg'dfg 5 . ljb]zL ljlgdo ;+Flrltsf] pQm :t/ (=* dlxgfsf] j:t'
cfoft / *=! dlxgfsf] j:t' tyf ;]jf cfoft wfGg kof{Kt x'g] cg'dfg /x]sf] 5 .
!=^

lwtf]kq ahf/

!=^=!

@)^^ c;f/ d;fGtdf &$(=!) ljGb' /x]sf] g]K;] kl/;"rs @)^^ k'; d;fGtdf %#)=(^ ljGb'df k'u]sf]
5.

!=^=@

@)^^ k'; d;fGtdf jhf/ k"FhLs/0f ?= $ va{ & ca{ &* s/f]8 k'u]sf] 5 . o; cfly{s jif{sf] k';
d;fGtdf s'n ufx{:y pTkfbg;+u jhf/ k'FhLs/0fsf] cg'kft #&=^ k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . @)^^ c;f/
d;fGtdf of] cg'kft %*=! k|ltzt /x]sf] lyof] . ;"rLs[t sDkgLx?sf] ahf/ k'FhLs/0fdf ljutdf em}+ j}+s
tyf ljQLo ;+:yfx?n] ;j}eGbf 7"nf] lx:;f cf]u6]sf 5g\ .

!=^=#

@)^^ k'; d;fGtdf g]kfn :6s PS;r]Gh lnld6]8df ;"lrs[t ePsf sDkgLx?sf] ;+Vof !^% k'u]sf] 5 .
@)^^ c;f/ d;fGtdf of] ;+Vof !%( /x]sf] lyof] . xfn ;"lrs[t sDkgLx? dWo] !## j6f ljQLo ;+:yf,
!* j6f pTkfbg / k|zf]wg ug]{ pBf]u, $ j6f xf]6n, $ j6f Jofkf/Ls ;+:yf, $ j6f hnljB't sDkgL /
@ j6f cGo ;d"xsf sDkgLx? /x]sf 5g\ .

!=^=$

k|fylds lgisfzg tkm{ cfly{s jif{ @)^^^& sf] klxnf] 5 dlxgfdf g]kfn lwtf]kq jf]8{n] !! j6f
sDkgLnfO{ #( s/f]8 %$ nfv j/fj/sf] ;fwf/0f z]o/ / cGo !( j6f sDkgLx?nfO{ ?= ^ cj{ && s/f]8
@ nfv j/fj/sf] xsk|b z]o/ lgisfzgsf] nflu :jLs[tL k|bfg u/]sf] 5 .

!=^=%

g]kfn :6s PS;r]Gh lnld6]8df @)^^ c;f/ d;fGt;Dddf ?= !% cj{ !% s/f]8 j/fj/sf] ;/sf/L
C0fkqx? ;"rLs[t ePsf]df rfn' cfly{s jif{sf] klxnf] 5 dlxgfdf ?= % cj{ &% s/f]8 a/fa/sf b'Oj6f
;/sf/L C0fkqx? ;"rLs[t ePsf 5g\ . o; cjlwdf g]kfn :6s PS;r]Gh lnld6]8df ;/sf/L C0f
kqsf] bf];|f] jhf/ sf/f]jf/ eg] ePg .

12

kl/R5]b @
ah]6 aQmAosf d'Vo d'Vo gLlt tyf sfo{qmdx?sf] sfof{Gjog l:ylt
@=!

@=@

k[i7e"ld
@=!=!

cfly{s jif{ @)^^.^& sf] ah]6 aQmAodf ;dfj]z gLlt tyf sfo{qmdx?sf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogsf nflu
cfly{s jif{sf] z'?df g} ah]6 aQmAosf] j"Fbfut Joxf]/f pNn]v u/L lhDd]jf/ lgsfo, ;xof]uL lgsfo, ;DkGg
ug'{kg]{ cjlw / ;f] df lg/Gt/ cg'udg ug{] lgsfo, kbflwsf/L tf]ls ;DalGwt ;j} lgsfox?df k7fOPsf]
lyof] . 3f]lift gLlt tyf sfo{qmdx?sf] sfof{Gjog l:ylt ;DaGwdf dfggLo cy{ dGqLHo"sf] cWoIftfdf cy{
dGqfnodf ;DalGwt dGqfnosf ;lrjx? ;dfj]z u/L k|To]s b'O{b'O{ dlxgfdf ;dLIff x'g] u/]sf] 5 .
o;sf cltl/Qm rfn' cfly{s jif{sf] ah]6n] ah]6sf gLlt tyf sfo{qmdnfO{ k|efjsf/L ?kdf sfof{Gjog ug{
:ynut cg'udg ug{], ljefuLo dGqL:t/df / ;DdfggLo k|wfgdGqLHo"sf] cWoIftfdf ;dLIff ug{], t];|f]
kIfjf6 :jtGq cg'udg / d"Nof+sg ug{] h:tf cg'udg / d"Nof+sgsf ljlwx? tf]s]sf] 5 . ;fy} ljsf;
cfof]hgfx?sf] lgoldt cg'udgsf nflu k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\ sfof{nodf 5'} cg'udg ;+oGq
jgfOPsf] 5 .

@=!=@

ah]6df k/]sf d'ne"t gLlt / sfo{qmdsf] ljefuLo dlGq:t/df / cy{ dGqfnodf ;dLIff
/x]tfklg lqkIfLo ?kdf x'g] :ynut cg'udg / t];|f] kIfaf6 x'g] d"Nof+sgsf] sfd
al9;s]sf] cj:yf 5}g . pNn]vLt cj:yfsf] k[i7e"lddf ul/Psf] cg'udgsf] cfwf/df
dlxgfdf ljleGg dGqfnox?n] sfof{Gjog u/]sf gLlt / sfo{qmdsf] k|ult ljj/0fnfO{
ljj]rgf ul/Psf] 5 .

x'g] sfo{ ;'rf?

eg] Tolt cl3
rfn' jif{sf] ^
o; kl/R5]bdf

ah]6 aQmAodf pNn]vLt d'Vo d'Vo gLlt tyf sfo{qmdx?sf] dGqfnout k|ult ljj/0f
@=@=!

rfn' cfly{s jif{sf] ah]6 aQmAodf pNn]vLt gLlt tyf sfo{qmdx?sf] sfof{Gjog ug{] lgsfosf] ?kdf
ljleGg dGqfnoaf6 sfof{Gjog ePsf d'Vo d'Vo gLlt tyf sfo{qmdx?sf] klxnf] ^ dlxgfsf] k|ult
l:yltnfO{ o;df ljj]rgf ul/Psf] 5 . sfof{Gjog l:yltnfO{ x]bf{ sltko gLlt / sfo{qmdx? sfof{Gjogdf
g} gcfO;s]sf], sltko sfof{Gjogsf] ;fdfGo k|lqmofd} /x]sf / sltkodf pNn]vgLo k|ult klg b]lvPsf]
5 . t;y{ ltgLx?nfO{ o; kl/R5]bdf d"ne"t ?kdf 5'f5'} ljj]rgf ul/Psf] 5 .

@=@=@

xfn ;Dd sfof{Gjog x'g g;s]sf gLlt tyf sfo{qmdx?

ul/ljsf] /]vfd'lg /x]sf kl/jf/nfO{ /fHo ;'ljwf kl/ro kq ljt/0f ul/g] -a"+bf g+= %(_
k"jf{wf/ j}+ssf] :yfkgf ug]{ -a"+bf g+= @$#_
cf}Bf]lus Pj+ cGo ;+ul7t If]qdf sfd ug{] >ldsx?sf] nflu b'O{ lsl;dsf] Hofnfb/ lgwf{/0f ug]{ -a"+bf
g+= !@^_
;fj{hlgs oftfoftsf] If]qdf /x]sf] l;lG8s]6 k|0ffnLsf] k"0f{?kdf cGTo ug]{ -a"+bf g+=!#@_
?=@ nfv ;Ddsf] lgIf]ksf] jLdf ug]{ -a"+bf g+= @$!_
ljwjf ljjfx / blnt tyf u}/ blnt aLrsf] cGt/ hftLo ljjfx k|f]T;fxg cg'bfg ljt/0f ug]{
-a"+bf g+= &#_
a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yf, xf]6n, nh / /]i6'/]06 :yfkgfsf] nflu lglZrt 7fpF tf]Sg] -a"+bf g+= %@_
wg'iffdf b'uf{gGb emf :d[lt c:ktfn / l;/fxfdf afn c:ktfn -a"+bf g+= @##_

13

@=@=# sfof{Gjog ePsf d'ne"t gLlt tyf sfo{qmd

@=@=#=! k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no

a'+bf g+=
50

58

258

270

gLlt tyf sfo{qmdsf] Joxf]/f

klxnf] ^ dlxgfsf] k|ult ljj/0f
;a} g]kfnL gful/sx?nfO{ /fli6o kl/rokqsf] ?kdf lgjf{rgdf sfo{bn u7g, cjwf/0ffkq tof/, ;+:yfut
;d]t k|of]u ug{ ;lsg] u/L kmf]6f] ;lxtsf] afof]d]l6s :df6{ sf8{
;+/rgfsf] tof/L .
ljt/0f ul/g] .
;fdflhs tyf cfly{s?kn] k5fl8 k/]sf ;d'bfo / ul/aLsf] yk !% lhNnfx?df sfo{qmd z'? ul/Psf] . @)
/]vfd'gL /x]sf 3/ kl/jf/nfO{ nlIft u/L ;~rfng x'Fb} cfPsf]
lhNnfdf u/Lj s]Gb|Lt eO{ sfo{qmd z'? ug{]
ul/aL lgjf/0f sfo{qmdnfO{ ;a} lhNnfdf lj:tf/ ul/g] .
k|lqmofdf /x]sf] .
e|i6frf/ lj?4sf] /0fgLlts of]hgfnfO{ s8fO{sf ;fy sfof{Gjog /]l8of] g]kfn;Fu e|i6frf/ lj/f]wL ;Gb]z k|zf/0f
u/L z"Go ;xgzLntfsf] gLlt cjnDag ul/g] . clVtof/ b'?kof]u
!@%) k6s ug{ ;Demf}tf eO{ sfo{ k|f/De,
cg';Gwfg cfof]u, /fli6o ;ts{tf s]Gb| Pj+ Gofo ;Dkfbg;Fu
g]l6lejf6 e|i6frf/ lj/f]lw ;Gb]z tyf lkmNd
;DalGwt lgsfox?nfO{ ;'b[9 / k|efjsf/L agfOg] .
k|;f/0fsf nflu ;Demf}tf eO{ sfo{ k|f/De .
$ j6f lhNnfl:yt !^ j6f sfo{qmdx?sf] gful/s
j8fkq sfof{Gjog cg'udg ;DkGg ePsf] .
ljsf; cfof]hgfx?sf] k|fljlws kl/If0fsf] nflu
of]hgfx?sf] 5gf}6 sfo{ ;DkGg eO{ sfo{ z'?
ePsf] .
lgoldt ?kdf sf7df08f}+ nufotsf lhNnfx?df
cg'udg, lg/LIf0f tyf lgu/fgL e}/x]sf] .
e|i6frf/ lgoGq0fsf nflu hgr]tgf clea[l4
;xsfo{ uf]li7 b'O lhNnfdf ;DkGg .
e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f ug{] lgsfojLr cGt/;dGjo
uf]i7L Ps k6s ;DkGg ePsf] .
7"nf k"jf{wf/sf cfof]hgfx?df clgjfo{ ?kdf ljB'tLo dfWodaf6 ljB'QLo jf]nkq ;DaGwL /0fgLlt kq
af]nkq bflvnf ug{] Joj:yf ldnfPsf] . ljB'tLo jf]nkq k|0ffnL
k/fdz{bftfaf6 k|fKt ePsf] .
k"0f{?kdf nfu' geP;Dd Ps eGbf a9L :yfgdf af]nkq k]z ug{
Ps eGbf a9L :yfgdf jf]nkq k]z ug{ kfOg] u/L
kfOg] u/L sfg"gdf ;+zf]wg ul/g] .
sfg'gdf ;+zf]wgsf] d:of}bf tof/ kfl/Psf] .

@=@=#=@ cy{ dGqfno

45

78

89

ljutsf] Gsf] qmddf lj:yflkt ePsfx?sf] k'g:yfkgf, ;DkQL sfo{ljlw tof/ ePsf] / sfof{Gjog ug{ ;DalGwt
sJhf / Iflt ePsf] k|dfl0ft eO{ Ifltk"tL{ gkfPsfx?nfO{ lglZrt
a}+sx?nfO{ n]vL k7fPsf] .
dfkb08sf] cfwf/df Ifltk"tL{ pknJw u/fOg] 5 ., ;DkQL sJhf
ePsf kl/jf/x?nfO{ lglZrt cfwf/df jfnLsf] Ifltk"tL{ / pgLx?n]
lnPsf] C0fsf] ;fFjf a'emfPdf k'/} Jofh ldgfxf lbOg] 5 .
c;n C0fLx?nfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug{ s[lif ljsf; a}+s, g]kfn a}+s, /fli6o sfo{ljlw tof/ u/L sfof{Gjog ug{ ;DalGwt
jfl0fHo a}+s / ;fgf ls;fg ;xsf/L a}+saf6 ?= %) xhf/ ;Ddsf]
a}+sx?nfO{ n]vL k7fPsf] .
C0f lnO{ cfly{s jif{ @)^^.^& df ls:tf a'emfpg] ;fgf ls;fg
tyf Joj;foLnfO{ a'emfpg] Aofhdf %) k|ltzt 5'6 . lrof, cn}+rL,
skmL v]tL, zLt e08f/ / k'ik Joj;fodf s[lif ljsf; a}+s dfkm{t
k|bfg u/]sf] Jofh cg'bfgnfO{ lg/Gt/tf . ;+s6df k/]sf lrof
pTkfbs ;fgf ls;fgn] C0fsf] ;fjfF a'emfPdf ;Dk"0f{ Aofh ldgfxf
lbOg] . ;xsf/L b"w lr:ofg s]Gb| / :ofnf] 6\o'aj]ndf k|of]u x'g]
lah'nLsf] l8dfG8 z'Nsdf lbPsf] 5'6nfO{ lg/Gt/tf .
ls;fgsf] pTkfbg tyf kz'kfngsf] ;'/If0fsf] nflu kz' tyf ljkGg ju{sf ^)) hgfnfO{ ePsf] nufgL ?=%
afnLsf] n3' aLdfsf] nflu ah]6 5'6\ofPsf] .
s/f]8sf] shf{ ;'/If0f ePsf] .

133

ljb]zdf nufgL ug{] af6f] v'nf ug{ sfg"g th{'df ul/g] .

136

>dhLjLx?nfO{ cfo cfh{g ug{] ;DklQsf] dflns agfpg] cjwf/0ff C0f pknJw u/fpg lsi6 a}+s;+u ;Demf}tf
cg'?k cfufdL cfly{s jif{df % xhf/ l/S;frfnsnfO{ xfn ef8fdf
;DkGg .
rnfO{ /x]sf] jf gofF l/S;f v/Lb ug{ :j/f]huf/ sf]ifaf6 C0f
pknAw u/fOg] .
g]kfn ;/sf/n] cfufdL cfly{s jif{df p7fpg] cfGtl/s C0f
/sddWo] ljb]zdf sfd ug{] g]kfnLx?nfO{ nlIft u/L blIf0f sf]l/of, j}b]lzs /f]huf/ artkq hf/L ug{] ;DaGwL

139

14

ljb]zdf nufgL ug{ v'nf ug]{ ;DalGw P]gsf]

d:of}bf tof/ eO{ 5nkmnsf] qmddf /x]sf] .

241

246

dn]lzof, ;+o'Qm c/a Old/]6;, ;fpbL c/]laof / stf/ l:yt

sfo{ljlwsf] d:of}bf tof/ ePsf] .
g]kfnL /fhb"tfjf; dfkm{t g]kfn /fi6 a}+sn] l:y/ ljlgdob/ tf]sL
?= & ca{sf] j}b]lzs /f]huf/ artkq hf/L ug{] Joj:yf
ldnfPsf] . o:tf] C0fkq j}b]lzs /f]huf/df /x]sf g]kfnLn] dfq
vl/b ug{ kfpg]5g\ .
a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfx?n] ;fgf JolQmut lgIf]kstf{x?sf] cjwf/0ffkq tof/ u/L :jLs[ltsf] r/0fdf /x]sf] .
;'/If0fsf]nflu b'O{ nfv ?k}ofF;Ddsf] art tyf d'4tL lgIf]ksf]
jLdf clgjfo{ ?kn] ug{'kg{] .
;DklQ z'l4s/0f sfo{nfO{ lg?T;flxt ug{ / cg';Gwfg tyf
sf/jfxL k|lqmofnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg ljz]if1 hgzlQm ;lxtsf] ;DklQ z'4Ls/0f lgjf/0f ;DaGwL $ j6f d'2fsf]
cg';Gwfg e}/x]sf] .
;+u7gfTds Joj:yf / ljlQo ;"rgf k|0ffnLnfO{ Jojl:yt ul/g] .

Real Estate, Housing Company, Bank, Finance

Company

cflbsf] tYof+s ;+sng eO/x]sf] .

s]lGb|o ;"rgf k|0ffnL :yflkt u/L Online

x'g] Joj:yf ldnfpg] sfo{ e}/x]sf] .
247

249

250

251

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266

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269

271

Access

lwtf]kq ahf/nfO{ kf/bzL{, Jojl:yt / nufgLd}qL agfpFb} nlug] .

ahf/ cg'udg tyf lgodg k|0ffnLnfO{ yk ;'b[9 t'NofOg] . k"FhLsf] s]lGb|o lgIf]k k|0ffnL :yfkgf ug{ lghL If]qsf]
;xeflutf /xg] u/L 5'} sDkgL :yfkgf ug]{ sfd
pTkfbgzLn kl/rfngdf hf]8 lbO{ nufgLstf{x?sf] lxt ;+/If0fnfO{
cufl8 a9]sf]] . k|jGwkq lgodfjnL tof/ eO{
k|fyldstf lbOg] . @)^^ c;f]h;Dddf lwtf]kqsf] s]Gb|Lo lgIf]k
d+
Gqfnoaf6 sDkgL btf{sf] nflu n]vL k7fOPsf] .
k|0ffnL :yfkgf ul/g] .
jLdf P]gdf cfjZos ;+zf]wg ul/g] . k"glj{df Joj;fonfO{ d'n's
leqaf6} ;~rfngdf Nofpg ljb]zL tyf :jb]zL lghL If]qsf] jLdf P]g d:of}bf tof/ ePsf] / ;ldltdf k]z x'g]
cj:yfdf 5 .
;xeflutfdf k"glj{df sDkgL :yfkgf ug{] tkm{ sfg"gL nufotsf
cfjZos Joj:yf ul/g] . /fli6o jLdf ;+:yfgsf] ;+/rgfTds ;'wf/ /fli6o jLdf ;+:yfgsf] ;+/rgfTds ;'wf/sf] nflu
u/L o;sf] k|lt:kwf{Tds Ifdtf clea[l4 ul/g] .
Concept Paper tof/ ug{ Ps ;ldlt u7g u/L
sfo{ k|f/De ePsf] 5 .
;/sf/L :jfldTjsf ;+:yfgx? tyf ;/sf/L ;+:yfgn] lgdf{0f ug{] ;DalGwt ;+:yfgx?;Fu 5nkmn e}/x]sf] .
hnljB't cfof]hgfx?sf] ;]o/ hgtfnfO{ v'nf ?kdf laqmL u/L
cfof]hgfdf hg:jfldTj a[l4 ub{} n}hfg] gLltnfO{ cem k|efjsf/L
?kdf sfof{Gjog ul/g] .
;/sf/L :jfldTjdf /x]sf ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx?sf] k|d'v sfo{sf/Lsf] sfo{ljlw tof/ ePsf] .
lgo'lQm k|lt:kwf{sf] cfwf/df ul/g] gLltnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbOg] .
;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgnfO{ ;/sf/L x:tIf]kaf6 d'Qm agfpFb} Joj;flos
;+u7gsf] ?kdf ljsf; ub{} ;du| sfo{ ;Dkfbgdf ;'wf/ NofFOg] .
;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx?df sfo{/t sd{rf/Lsf] ;'ljwf ;+:yfgsf] ljQLo sfo{bn u7g ePsf] .
cj:yf / sfo{;Dkfbg ;"rssf] cfwf/df lgwf{/0f ug{] gLlt lnOg] .
j}b]lzs ;xfotf gLltdf k'g/fjnf]sg u/L sfof{Gjogdf NofOg] . d:of}bf tof/ ePsf] . ;xfotf k|efjsfl/tf ;DaGwL
j}b]lzs ;xfotfsf] pkof]unfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg /fli6o ;xfotf
ljifo klg ;dfj]z ug{] sfd e}/x]sf] .
k|efjsfl/tf ;DaGwL sfo{of]hgfsf] sfof{Gjog ul/g] .
u}/;/sf/L ;xfotf kl/rfng l;kmfl/z sfo{bnaf6 k|fKt ;fwf/0f ;Demf}tf ePsf] tLg dlxgf leq cfof]hgf
k|ltj]bgsf ;'emfax? qmdzM sfof{Gjog ug{] Joj:yf ldnfPsf] .
;Demf}tf ug{ Wofgfsif{0f ul/Psf] .
sfo{qmd ;+rfng ubf{ lhNnf tyf :yfgLo :t/sf
;/sf/L lgsfo;Fu ;dGjo ug'{kg{] Joj:yf
ldnfOPsf] .
j}b]lzs ;xfotf ;DaGwL ;"rgf k|0ffnLnfO{ ;dofg's"n kl/dfh{g Ifdtf ljsf;sf] nflu cfjZostf klxrfg
ul/g] . ;"rgf k|0ffnLnfO{ ;+:yfut u/L o;df ;j} ;/f]sf/jfnfsf]
(Need Assessment) sf] sfo{ ;DkGg .
kxF'rnfO{ ;xh agfOg] . ;xfotfsf] k|efjsf/Ltfsf] / o;sf]
pkof]u Ifdtf a[l4 ug{ ;'b[9 cg'udg k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; ul/g] .
lqjifL{o vr{ k|If]k0fdf pNn]v ePsf] csf] clwgdf /x]/ ;/sf/L rfn' cfly{s jif{sf] clVtof/L kqaf6 ;j}
lgsfox?n] lgdf{0f ;DaGwL sfo{ / cTofjZos ;fdfu|Lx?sf] cfk"lt{
lgsfonfO{ jx'jifL{o 7]Ssfsf] nflu clwsf/
;DaGwL ax'jifL{o 7]Ssf aGbf]a:t ug{ ;Sg] .
lbOPsf] .
5flgPsf 7"nf k"jf{wf/ cfof]hgfx?df sfo{;Dkfbgdf cfwfl/t % j6f cfof]hgfx? dWokxf8L nf]sdfu{, x'nfsL
k|f]T;fxg k|0ffnL nfu' ul/g] .
/fhdfu{, /fgL hd/f s'n/Lof l;+rfO{, hgtf cfjf;
sfo{qmd / bf];|f] ;fgf zx/L vfg]kfgL cfof]hgf
5gf}6 eO{ sfo{;Dkfbg ;"rssf] tof/L clGtd
cj:yfdf k'u]sf] .
15

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;fj{hlgs n]vf ;ldltsf ;b:osf] g]t[Tjdf ;/sf/L ah]6 cfof]u u7gsf nflu dlGqkl/ifb\df k|:tfj k]z
Aoj:yfkg tyf vr{ k|0ffnL k'g/fjnf]sg cfof]u u7g ug{] .
ePsf] . ;|f]tsf] cefj x'g glbg] k|ltj4tf
hgfOPsf] .
cfufdL cfly{s jif{df sf7df8f}+lghu9 b|'tdfu{, x'nfsL /fhdfu{ / b|'tdfu{sf] 6ofs vf]Ng] sfo{ g]kfnL ;]gfaf6 z'?
dflyNnf] ;]tL hnljB't cfof]hgfnfO{ /fli6o uj{sf cfof]hgfsf]
ePsf] .
?kdf lgdf{0f k|f/De ug{] ;+sNk . 7]Ssf aGbf]j:t gx'Gh]n b|'tdfu{sf]
6ofs vf]Ng] sfd g]kfnL ;]gfn] ;fpgb]lv g} ;'? ug{] . oL tLg}
cfof]hgfnfO{ ah]6sf] cefj x'g glbg cfly{s jif{sf] aLrdf vr{
x'g g;s]sf ah]6 zLif{sx?af6 cfjZos /sd oL cfof]hgfx?sf]
nflu /sdfGt/ ul/g] .
rfn' cfly{s jif{nfO{ s/ ;xeflutf jif{ sf] ?kdf ;~rfng ljhs lng] lbg] / :yfoL n]vf gDj/ lng] ;DaGwL
ul/g]5 . cfo cfh{g ug]{ / clu|d cfos/ sL x'g] ;a}n]
k|rf/ k|;f/ ljleGg ;+3 ;+u7gx?;Fu cGt/lqmof,
clgjfo{?kdf :yfoL n]vf gDa/ lng' kg]{ .
5nkmn, ljB'QLo dfWodaf6 JolQmut :yfoL n]vf
e-PAN) k|fKt ug{ ;Sg]
gDj/ (Personal
Joj:yf . s/bftf ;r]tgfsf nflu hfu/0f uLt
tof/ ePsf] .
High Sea Sale sf] ;DefJotf af/] cWoog ug{ lghL If]qsf] ;d]t cjwf/0ffkq tof/Lsf] r/0fdf /x]sf] .
;+nUgtfdf sfo{bn u7g ul/g] .
sdf]8L6L o"r/ dfs]{6sf] sf/f]jf/nfO{ s/sf] bfo/fdf Nofpg]
clu|ds/ sL ug{] ;DaGwdf k|Rff/ k|;f/, sdf]l86L
Joj:yf ldnfPsf] .
o"r/ dfs{]6 ;]jf k|bfg ug{] sDkgLx?nfO{
d"=c=s/df btf{ ug{ sfof{nox?nfO{ kl/kq ul/Psf]
s/sf] bfo/fdf gcfPsf JolQmnfO{ bfo/fdf Nofpg ;xof]u sf7df8f}+ pkTosfsf % j6f sfof{nox?
k'ofpg] / d"No clea[4L s/sf] ljn ljhs hf/L ug{ nufpg]
lj/f6gu/, w/fg / kf]v/fsf sfof{nox?df sl/a
nufotsf] sfo{nfO{ k|efjsf/L t'Nofpg s/ ;DaGwL ljifodf
!@) hgf :jo+;]jsx|? kl/rfng eO;s]sf] .
:gfts tx ptL0f{ u/]sf jf ;f]xL ljifodf ljZjljBfnoaf6
OG6g{l;k ug]{ ljBfyL{xnfO{ cfGtl/s /fhZj sfof{no jf /fhZj
;DaGwL sfof{noxdf :jod\ ;]jssf] kdf ;]jf lng ;lsg]
Joj:yf ldnfOg] .
sf7df8f}+ pkTosf, pkdxfgu/kflnsf, gu/kflnsf / lhNnf lzIff ;]jf z'Ns lgb{]lzsf tof/ ePsf], lzIff ;]jf
;b/d'sfddf lghL If]qaf6 ;+rflnt lzIf0f ;+:yfn] c;'n ug]{
z'Ns c;'n eO/x]s]f .
egf{ z'Ns / dfl;s lzIf0f z'Nsdf Ps k|ltztsf b/n] lzIff
;]jf z'Ns c;'n ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfPsf] .
j[4 eQf, c;xfo eQf h:tf ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf sfo{qmdx kfl/>lds cfo s/ u0fgf ug{] ;DaGwL j|f];/ tof/
qmdzM la:tf/ ub}{ nluPsf]5 . eljiodf o;nfO{ lj:tf/ ug]{
u/L ljt/0f eO/x]sf], sfof{noaf6 cg'udg
;Gbe{df ;fdflhs ;'/Iff s/ nufpg]tkm{ cWoog ul/g] .
eO/x]sf] .
;fdflhs ;'/Iff s/sf] Joj:yf k|f/De gul/P;Dd kfl/>lds
cfo cfh{g ug]{ JolQmxaf6 s/of]Uo cfosf] klxnf] :Nofadf
Ps k|ltzt s/ nufpg] k|:tfj u/]sf] .
dlb/fsf] laqmL lat/0f sfo{nfO{ lgodg ug]{ jt{dfg gLltnfO{ yk dlb/f ljqmL ljt/0f lgodg, lgb{]lzsf cBfjlws
k|efjsf/L agfpg sf7df8f}+ pkTosf, pkdxfgu/kflnsf,
u/L k|sfl;t ul/Psf], lhNnf:t/Lo cg'udg
gu/kflnsf, ;a} lhNnf ;b/d'sfd / /fli6o nf]sdfu{xdf cGo
;DaGwL ;ldlt u7g ug{] ;DaGwdf ;fj{hlgs
j:t' laqmL lat/0f ug]{ k;naf6 dlb/fsf] laqmL lat/0f ug{
;"rgf k|sfl;t ul/Psf], ljt/0f lgoldt eP,
gkfOg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] . yk ul/Psf If]q ;b/d'sfd / /fli6o
gePsf] sfof{noaf6 cg'udg eO/x]sf],
nf]sdfu{xdf cGo j:t' laqmLlat/0f ul//x]sf k;nxn]
cg'dltkq lnP/ dfq} dlb/fsf] sf/f]jf/ ug{ kfpg] u/L @)^^ /fli6o nf]sdfu{sf] lgwf{/0f ul/Psf], jhf/ cg'udg
ePsf] .
sflQs d;fGt;Ddsf] ;do lbOPsf] .
eG;f/ hfFrkf; ubf{ hf]vLddf cfwfl/t 5gf}6 k/LIf0f k|0ffnLsf] lq=lj= / lj/u~h eG;f/df z'? ul/Psf] / cGo
k|f/De cfufdL cfly{s jif{b]lv ul/g] . o;af6 u|fxsnfO{ k|bfg
eG;f/ sfof{nodf qmdzM nfu' ul/+b} .
ul/g] ;]jfdf lz3|tf cfpg] .
5gf}6 kl/If0f k|0ffnLdf hf]lvdsf If]qx?sf] klxrfg
ug{ sfo{of]hgf tof/ u/L ;'Vvf jGb/ufx /
lj/u~h eG;f/df nfu' ul/Psf] . eG;f/ ljefudf
hf]lvd Joj:yfkg OsfO u7g ePsf] .
cfly{s ultljlwsf] ljsf; Pjd\ lj:tf/, s/bftfsf] kx'Fr / ;+u7g tyf Joj:yfkg ;j]{If0f ;DkGg eO{ ;+/rgf
sfo{af]sf] cg'kftnfO{ Wofgdf /fvL cfGtl/s /fhZj ljefu /
/ b/jGbL l;h{gfsf] k|:tfj :jLs[t .
sfof{nosf] ;+/rgfdf ;dofg's"n kl/jt{g ul/g] . o; qmddf
16

sf7df8f}+ pkTosf, wgs'6f, ;'v]{t, afUn' / h'Dnf lhNnfdf

s/bftf ;]jf s]Gb|x / a'6jndf cfGtl/s /fhZj sfof{no
:yfkgf ul/g] .
/fhZj gLlt, /fhZj k|zf;g, /fhZj;DaGwL P]g lgod nufotsf sfo{bn u7g eO{ k|ltj]bg k|fKt ePsf] . ljw]os
ljifodf :yfoL ?kdf lg/Gt/ cg';Gwfg u/L cNksfnLg,
;+;bdf k|:t't ug{ dlGqkl/ifb\df k7fpg] r/0fdf
dWosfnLg Pjd\ bL3{sfnLg ;f]r cg'?k /fhZj gLlt lgwf{/0f /
/x]sf] .
/fhZj k|zf;gnfO{ ;~rfng ug{ o;} cfly{s jif{ leq Ps
pRr:t/Lo :yfoL s]Gb|Lo /fhZj af]8{sf] :yfkgf ul/g] .
d]rL eG;f/ sfof{nodf ;'Vvf aGb/ufx cfufdL cfly{s jif{ leq d]rL eG;f/ sfof{nodf ;'Vvf aGb/ufxsf] k"jf{wf/
;~rfngdf NofOg] / tftf]kfgLsf] nfrf{df ;'Vvf aGb/ufxsf]
tof/ ePsf] . tftf]kfgLsf] nfrf{df ;'Vvf
lgdf{0f sfo{ yflng] .
jGb/ufxsf] nflu hUuf clwu|x0fsf] ;fj{hlgs
;"rgf k|sflzt .
;a} eG;f/ sfof{noxsf] ef}lts ;'ljwfdf lj:tf/ ul/g]5 . yk b/jGbL l;h{gf ePsf] .
eG;f/ sfof{noxnfO{ clws[td"ns agfOg'sf ;fy} s]xL eG;f/
sfof{noxsf] :t/ a[l4 u/L ;+u7g k'g{;+/rgf ul/g] sfo{ o; eG;f/ k|x/Lsf] ;+rfng ;DaGwL sfo{ljlw d:of}bf
tof/ eO;s]sf] .
jif{ k'/f ul/g] . ;fy} ;Ldf If]qaf6 x'g] cj}w dfn;fdfg cf];f/
k;f/ lgoGq0f ug{ eG;f/ ljefu cGtu{t eG;f/ k|x/Lsf] Joj:yf
ul/g] .
eG;f/ hfFrkf; k/LIf0f sfof{nosf] :yfkgf u/L cfufdL tLg b/jGbL :jLs[t / sfof{no :yfkgf eO{ ;+rfngdf
dlxgf leq sfo{ ;~rfng ul/g] .
cfPsf] .
/fhZj cg';Gwfg ljefusf] ljBdfg ;+/rgfdf k'g/fjnf]sg ;+u7g tyf Joj:yfkg ;j]{If0f ;DkGg ePsf] .
ul/g'sf ;fy} yfgsf]6, jlb{jf; / cQl/ofdf yk OsfO{
sfof{nox? tTsfn :yfkgf ul/g] . /fhZj r'xfj6 lgoGq0fsf] ;z:q k|x/L kl/rfng ;DaGwL k|0ffnL af/] 5nkmn
eO{ sfo{ljlw tof/ eO/x]sf] .
nflu 5'6[} /fhZj k|x/Lsf] Joj:yf u/L cfsl:ds Pjd\ b|'t
u:tLsf] kl/rfngf/f /fhZj r'xfj6 ug]{ sfo{nfO{ s8fOsf ;fy
lgoGq0f ul/g]5 .
cGtMz'Ns k|zf;gnfO{ c a9L ;'b[9, ;Ifd / k|efjsf/L agfpg sfo{bn u7g ePsf] .
o;sf gLltut, ;+u7gfTds tyf k|zf;lgs k|lqmofsf] cWoog
u/L ;'fj k]z ug{ cfufdL cfly{s jif{df Ps sfo{bn u7g
ul/g] .
d"No clea[l4 s/sf ;DaGwdf pBdL / Joj;foL ;d'bfoaf6 cWoog sfo{bn u7g ePsf] .
JoQm efjgfnfO{ pRr dxTj lb+b} o;nfO{ j}1flgs / Jojxfl/s
t'Nofpg cWoog ul/g] .
s/ k|zf;gdf s/bftfsf] ;xh kx'Fr a9fpg ljB'tLo dfWodaf6 E-taxation sf] u'?of]hgf tof/ ug{] sfo{ eO/x]sf] .
:yfoL n]vf gDa/ lng ;Sg], cGtMz'Ns, d"No clea[l4 s/,
Call Center :yfkgf ug{] tof/L eO/x]sf], ljB'QLo
cfos/sf ljj/0f / ;|f]tdf s/ sL u/]sf] ljj/0f ljB'tLo
dfWodaf6 JolQmut :yfoL n]vf gDj/ (Personal
dfWodaf6 lbg ;Sg] / s/ ;DaGwdf yk ;"rgf / hfgsf/L
e-pan) k|fKt ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf ePsf] .
P;PdP; ;]jf / j]e;fO6 dfkm{t kfpg ;Sg] Joj:yf ldnfOg] .
cfGtl/s cg'udg k|0ffnLsf] kl/dflh{t ;6j]o/
tof/ ePsf] / To;nfO{ Webbase jgfO
sfof{nox?af6 g} tYof+s k|ljli6 ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf
z'? ug{] tof/L ePsf] .
cfGtl/s /fhZj sfof{no gePsf lhNnfxdf s/bftf btf{, sf]=n]=lg=sf=df s/bftf ;]jf OsfO{ :yfkgf u/L
:yfoL n]vf gDa/ lat/0f, s/ ;+sng / s/bftf ;]jf;DaGwL
s/bftf btf{, s/ ;+sng / ljj/0f k|fKt ug{] h:tf
sfo{sf nflu sf]if tyf n]vf lgoGqs sfof{nodf s/bftf ;]jf
cfwf/e"t sfo{ ug{ lbg] / k|f]T;fxg k|0ffnL nfu' ug{]
OsfO{ :yfkgf ul/g] . o:tf] OsfO{df sfd ug{ tf]lsPsf
;DaGwL sfo{ ;Dkfbg ;"rsf+s tof/ u/L
sd{rf/LnfO{ sfo{ ;Dkfbgdf cfwfl/t k|f]T;fxg eQf ;d]t lbg]
cjwf/0ffkqsf] d:of}bf tof/ ePsf] .
Joj:yf ldnfO{Psf] . o; Joj:yfaf6 b'u{d kxf8L lhNnfsf ;fgf
Jofj;foLnfO{ btf{ eO{ s/ e'QmfgL ug{ ;xh x'g] cg'dfg .
;'/fsL k|f]T;fxg k|0ffnLnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfO{ cGtMz'Ns, d"No sfo{ljlwsf] d:of}bf tof/ ePsf] .
clea[l4 s/, cfos/ / eG;f/ r'xfj6 ug]{ k|j[lQdf lgoGq0f
ljBdfg ;'/fsL k|f]T;fxg k|0ffnLsf] k'g/fjnf]sg
ul/g] .
u/L cfjZos ;'wf/ ;lxtsf] cjwf/0ffkq tof/
eO;s]sf] .

17

@=@=#=# phf{ dGqfno

166

lgdf{0ffwLg ljB't cfof]hgf oyf;dodf ;DkGg ug{] sfo{nfO{ tLj|tf k|:tfljt ljB't P]g Joj:yflksf ;+;bdf k]z
lbOg] . gofF cfof]hgfsf] ;DefJotf cWoog ug{] / k|;f/0f nfOgsf]
ePsf] .
lj:tf/ Pj+ dd{tdf ljz]if hf]8 lbOg] . hn;|f]t /0fgLlt, @))@ n]
sfof{Gjog cjlw, >f]t
lnPsf] nIo / hn ljB't ljsf;sf] jt{dfg d"Nof+sgsf] cfwf/df kl/of]hgfsf] ;"rL,
Joj:yfkg,
;/sf/L
lghL
e"ldsf tyf gLltut
cfufdL b'O{ bzs leq sDtLdf @% xhf/ d]ufjf6 Ifdtfsf]
cfwf/
;DaGwL
k|
l
tj]
b
gsf]
d:of}bf tof/L sfo{
hnljB't ljsf; ug{] nIosf ;fy sfo{qmd th{'df ul/g] . o;sf
clGtd
r/0fdf
/x]
s
f]
.
nflu cfjZos ;+:yfut / gLltut k"jf{wf/ tof/ ul/g] .
cfufdL @) jif{ leq @% xhf/ d]=jf6 ljB't
pTkfbg ug{] ;DaGwL cWoog sfo{bn u7g ePsf] .

167

/fli6o ljB't ;+s6 lg?k0f sfo{ of]hgfnfO{ cfjZos kl/dfh{g k|:tfljt ljB't lgodg cfof]u P]g Joj:yflksf
;lxt pRr k|fyldstfsf ;fy sfof{Gjog ul/g]5 . :jb]zL tyf
;+;bsf] 5nkmndf /x]sf] .
ljb]zL nufgL k|f]T;flxt ug{ ljBdfg gLltx?df cfjZos
k'g/fjnf]sg u/L bL3{sfnLg pmhf{ ljsf;sf nflu pko'Qm gLlt ;DefJotf cWoog ePsf * j6f cfof]hgfsf]
ljsf;sf nflu lghL If]qaf6 k|lt:wf{sf] cfwf/df
th{'df ul/g] . ljB't pTkfbg / k|;f/0fdf lgodgsf] sfo{ k|efjsf/L
ljsf; ug{ ;fj{hlgs ;"rgf hf/L u/L k|fKt
agfpg :jfoQ ljB't lgodg cfof]u u7g ul/g] .
k|:tfjx? pk/ d"Nof+sg ug{] sfo{ e}/x]sf] .
hnljB't cfof]hgfsf] ;DefJotf cWoogsf nflu k/]sf !)) d]=jf6 eGbf d'lgsf] cfof]hgfsf] nflu
cfj]bgx?sf] tTsfn lg0f{o lbg] Joj:yf ldnfOg] . cg'dltkq lnP/
sfo{ljlw tof/ ul/Psf] .
klg lgdf{0f sfo{ cufl8 ga9fPsfx?sf] cg'dltkq /4 ul/g] .
sfo{k|ult ;Gtf]ifhgs gePsf 7"nLufF9 P -#=(*
d]= jf6_ nufot % j6f cfof]hgfsf] gjLs/0f
gePsf] .
/fli6o k|fyldstf / uf}/jsf] cfof]hgfsf] ?kdf g]kfn dflyNnf] ;]tL hnljB't cfof]hgfsf] xfO8f]nf]lh
;/sf/sf] ;|f]taf6} ;DkGg ug{] u/L !#) d]ufjf6sf]
tyf ;]l8d]G6 ;e{] sfo{ ;DkGg, 6]i6 cl86sf]
hnf;oo'Qm dflyNnf] ;]tLsf] lgdf{0f sfo{ ;'? ul/g] . :jb]zL
lgdf{0f sfo{sf nflu af]nkq cfXjfg, k"jff{wf/
nufgLdf lgdf{0f x'g] $ ;o %^ d]ufjf6sf] dflyNnf] tfdfsf]zL
ljsf;sf] qmddf k'n l8hfOgsf] nflu :yfgLo
hnljB't cfof]hgf cfly{s jif{ @)^(.&) leq ;DkGg ug{] u/L
k/fdz{bfqL;Fu ;Demf}tf ;DkGg eO{ k'nsf] l8hfOg
lgdf{0f sfo{ ;'? ul/g] .
sfo{ rfn' /x]sf] .

169

170

dflyNnf] tfdfsf]zL hnljB't cfof]hgfsf] bf]nvf

l;+u6L v08sf] k|j]z dfu{ ;'b[l9s/0f sfo{ @&=&
ls=ld= ;DkGg, n6 gDj/ ! d'Vo l;len lgdf{0f
sfo{sf] jf]nkq cfXjfg eO{ k/]sf] af]nkq vf]nL
d"Nof+sg eO/x]sf], ljB't u[x lgdf{0f :yn k|j]z ug{]
Access Tunnel lgdf{0f sfo{ $)) ld= ;DkGg
ePsf] . n6 g+= @ xfO8f]d]sflgsnsf] PQ sf] k|fKt
k|:tfj vf]nL d"Nof+sg eO/x]sf] .
171

dWod:t/sf s'n]vfgL t];|f] -!$ d]ufjf6_, rd]lnof -#)

d]ufjf6_ / dflyNnf] lqz'nL P -^) d]ufjf6_, /fx'3f6 -@&
d]ufjf6_ / tNnf] ;f]n' hnljB't cfof]hgfsf] lgdf{0f sfo{nfO{
tLj|tf lbOg] . dflyNnf] lqz'nL # aL -$) d]ufaf6_ sf] sDkgL
v8f u/L cfufdL cfly{s jif{df ljQLo Joj:yfkg ul/g] .

18

s'n]vfgL t];|f] hnljB't cfof]hgfsf] nflu # ;o

/f]kgL hUuf pknJw, ejg lgdf{0f sfo{ hf/L, k'n
lgdf{0f sfo{ ;DkGg, d'Vo l;len lgdf{0fsf] nflu
hu vGg] sfo{ ;DkGg ePsf] tyf d'Vo ;'? hDdf
%*) ld= ;DkGg, Adit $ df !*) ld6/ ;'? vGg]
sfo{ ;DkGg ePsf] 5 . Access Road to Adit 3
sf] !#%* ld= Tract lgdf{0f sfo{ e}/x]s]f 5 .
rd]lnof hnljB't cfof]hgfsf] hUuf pknJwL sfo{
(^=% k|ltzt, !& j6f ejg lgdf{0f sfo{ ;DkGg,
k|j]z dfu{df kg{] k'nx? :t/ ;'wf/ ;DkGg,
Onf]S6f]d]sflgs, xfO8f]d]sflgsn tyf !#@ s]=eL=
k|zf/0f nfOgsf] 7]s]bf/ KHNP n] ;e{] tyf
l8hfOg sfo{ %=% k|ltzt ;DkGg .
dflyNnf] lqz'nL # P hnljB't cfof]hgfsf] xsdf
EPC Contract Document
cg';f/ cfXjfg
ul/Psf] jf]nkqsf] Pre bid meeting ;DkGg eO{
k|fljlws tyf cfly{s lg0f{o ;DkGg eO{ d"Nof+sg
;ldltaf6 ;d]t k'g/fjnf]sg eO{ ;+rfns ;dltdf
k]z ePsf], k/fdz{bftf lgo'lQm ug{ Expression of

df k]z ePsf k|:tfjx?sf] 5gf}6 ug{]

sfo{sf] k|ltj]bg tof/ eO/x]sf] .
/fx'3f6 hnljB't cfof]hgfsf] xsdf EPC
Contract cGtu{tsf sfo{x?sf] l8hfOg kl/dfh{g
u/L BOQ cGtu{t sfuhft tof/L Pj+ cfXjfg
eO{ PQ sfuhftx? d"Nof+sgsf] qmddf /x]sf], d'Vo
l;len lgdf{0f sfo{ z'? ug{] k|lqmofdf /x]sf],
k/fdfz{bft[ 5gf}6sf nflu Expression of Interest
:jLs[t eO{ EOI sf] d"Nof+sg sfo{ e}/x]sf] .
dflyNnf] lqz'nL # lj hnljB't cfof]hgfsf] nflu
PQ d"Nof+sg eO/x]sf], EOI sf] d"Nof+sg e}/x]sf] /
Hydrology and Sediment Survey
tof/L
;DkGg .
Interest

172

k+r]Zj/ ax'p2]zLo cfof]hgfsf] kl/of]hgf:yn;Dd k'Ug] ;8s /

/f]kj] lgdf{0f h:tf k"jf{wf/ ljsf; u/L cfof]hgf lgdf{0fsf] k|f/lDes
sfo{ cfufl8 a9fOg] .

kf6g, k~r]Zj/ ;8ssf] lgdf{0f 7]Ssfsf nflu

nut O{li6d]6 tof/ x'Fb} .
Detail EMP sf] TOR / Specification tof/
eO/x]sf] .

173

hnfzoo'Qm ;'gsf]zL bf];|f], ;'gsf]zL t];|f], b'wsf]zL / tdf]/

cfof]hgfsf] lj:t[t ;+efAotf cWoog ul/g] . o;}u/L a'9Lu08sL,
sfnLu08sL / cfFwLvf]nf hnfzoo'Qm cfof]hgfx? lghL;fj{hlgs
cawf/0ff cGtu{t cufl8 a9fOg] . gf}d'/] hnljB't cfof]hgfsf]
sfo{ k|f/De ul/g]5 . c?0f t];|f], dflyNnf] s0ff{nL / klZrd ;]tL
h:tf 7"nf cfof]hgfx?nfO{ lghL If]qaf6 cufl8 a9fOg] .

hnfzoo'Qm cfof]hgfx?sf] Scope of Work tyf

:6Ld]6 jgfpg] sfo{ e}/x]sf] .
;fj{hlgs gLlh If]q ;fem]bf/L cfwf/df klZrd
;]tLsf] ljsf; u/fpg o; cl3 SMEC West
;]tL Hydroelectric Corporation Limited ;Fu
cfof]hgf ljsf; ug{sf nflu ul/Psf] cfof]hgf
;Demf}tfsf] Project Agreement sf] Revised and
Restarted Form tof/ u/L :jLs[ltsf] k|lqmofdf
/x]sf] .
c?0f t];|f]sf] FSR, DPR, EIA / EMP nufotsf]
sfo{ cuf8L j9fpgsf] nflu ;Demf}tf kZrft sfo{
e}/x]sf] .
tdf]/ hnljB't cfof]hgfsf] ;DefJotf cWoog
sfo{ z'? ePsf] .
a'9Lu08sL hnljB't cfof]hgfsf] k"j{ ;DefJotf
cWoogsf] nflu tYof ;+sng sfo{ eO/x]sf] .

174

u|fdL0f ljB'tLs/0f dfkm{t ufpFufpFdf ljB't ;]jf k'ofpg u|fdL0f

ljB'tLs/0f sfo{qmdnfO{ pRr k|fyldstfsf ;fy cufl8 a9fOg] .

$&* j6f k|fKt k|:tfjx?dWo] @%& j6f ;fd'bflos

;+:yfx?sf] k|:tfjx? :jLs[t ePsf], !)$ j6f
;+:yfx?nfO{ ljB't ljt/0f k|0ffnL x:tfGt/0f
ul/;lsPsf], k|yd n6df & lhNnfsf] ljleGg & j6f
;fd'bflos ;+:yfx?sf] If]qdf %) ls=ld= HT Line,
!^$ ls=ld= LT line / @^ j6f ljt/0f 6fG;km/
h8fg u/L ljB'tLs/0f ug{ cfXjfg ul/Psf]df k|fKt
jf]nkqx?sf] cWoog d"Nof+sg ;dfKt eO{ 7]Ssf
;Demf}tf ;DkGg ePsf] .
bf];|f] n6df !@ lhNnfsf ljleGg @! j6f
;fd'bflos ;+:yfx?sf] ;DefJotf cWoog, d"Nof+sg
sfo{ ;DkGg eO{ nfut Oli6d]6 :jLs[t ePsf] /
!$) ls=ld= HT line , %)! ls=ld= LT line lgdf{0f
/ ** j6f ljt/0f 6fG;kmd{/ h8fg ug{ ;DalGwt
7]s]bf/nfO{ ;Demf}tf ug{ cf;o kq lbO;lsPsf] .
u|fld0f ljB'tLs/0fsf] nflu cfjZos ;fdfgx?sf]
jf]nkq cfXjfg ug{] sfo{ ;DkGg ePsf] .

176

ljB't pTkfbgnfO{ ;xh agfpg # d]ufaf6;Dd pTkfbg cg'dtL

lng' gkg{] / %) d]ufjf6;Ddsf] lj:t[t jftfj/0fLo k|efj d"Nof+sg
ug{' gkg{] Joj:yfnfO{ lg/Gt/tf . o;}u/L /fli6o ljB't ;+s6
lg?k0f sfo{of]hgfdf k/]sf k|;f/0f nfOg lgdf{0fsf nflu klg
lj:t[t jftfj/0fLo k|efj d'Nofg ug{' gkg{] / k|zf/0fnfO{g
lgdf{0fdf % x]S6/ eGbf sd jgIf]q k/]df lj:t[t jftfj/0fLo k|efj

gLlt tyf sfo{qmd cg';f/ k|fKt k|ltj]bgx?

:jLs[ltsf] nflu sf/jfxL e}/x]sf] .

19

177

d'Nofg ug{' gkg{] .

g]kfn tyf ef/tsf] ;+o'Qm nufgLdf ljB't cfoftlgof{t ug{
cGt/b]zLo pRr Ifdtfsf] k|;f/0f nfOg lgdf{0f ul/g] . g]kfn
ljB't k|flws/0f / lghL If]qsf] ;+o'Qm nufgLdf $ ;o s]=eL=
Ifdtfsf tLg d'Vo cGt/b]zLo k|;f/0f nfOgx? lgdf{0f yflng] .
a'6jn;'gf}nL / b'xjLhf]ujgL k|;f/0f nfOg lj:tf/sf] sfo{
cfufdL jif{ ;'? ul/g] . cfly{s jif{ @)^&.^* df 9Ns]af/leQfdf]8
#) ls=ld= k|;f/0f nfOg ;DkGg ug{] u/L ah]6 ljlgof]hg
ul/Psf] . s6}ofs'zfxf k|;f/0f nfOgsf] bf];|f] ;ls{6af6 yk #)
d]ufjf6 / ;'/hk'/f ljGb'jf6 #) d]ufjf6 ljB't tTsfn} cfoft
ul/g] . aL/u~h, la/f6gu/ tyf s'zfxf nufotsf laGb'af6 yk
ljB't cfoft ug{ k|;f/0f nfOg lgdf{0f ul/g] .

s'zfxf s6}of !#@ s]=eL k|;f/0f nfOgaf6 xfn

cfoft eO/x]sf] %) d]ufjf6 / yk #) d]3fjf6 u/L
hDdf *) d]3fjf6 ljB't cfoft ug{] sfo{qmd
/x]sf]df yk #) d]ufjf6sf] nflu cWoogsf] sfo{
eO/x]sf] .
/S;f}n k/jfgLk'/ !#@ s]=eL k|;f/0f nfO{g lgdf{0f
u/L &% b]lv !)) d]=jf6 ljB't cfoft ug{]
sfo{qmd /x]sf]df ef/t tkm{ nfOg hf]8\g ;xdlt
k|fKt eOg;s]sf] .
9Ns]j/ df]hkm/k'/ $)) s]=eL k|;f/0f nfOg
lgdf{0f u/L cfjZostfcg';f/ ljB't cfbfg k|bfg
ug{] sfo{qmd /x]sf]df ;e{] sfo{ ;DkGg ePsf] tyf
EIA k'/f x'g nfu]sf] .
% ls=ld= hf]ujgL lj/f6gu/ /fgL ## ls=ld=bf]>f]
;ls{6 lgdf{0f u/L ef/taf6 ljB't cfoft ug{]
sfo{qmddf ef/td} cefj ePsf]n] g]kfnnfO{ ljB't
lbg g;Sg] hfgsf/L ePsf] .

178

;'gsf]zLsdnf 8fOe;{g / e]/LaaO{ 8fO{e;{g jx'p4]ZoLo

kl/of]hgfx?sf] lgdf{0f sfo{ ;'? ul/g] .

;'gsf]zLsdnf 8fOe;{g cfof]hgfsf] ;+o'Qm

cfof]hgf dfkm{tsf] lkmN8 sfo{ zflGt ;'/Iffsf]
sf/0fn] cl3 j9fpg g;lsPsf] t/ lgoldt tYof+s
;+sng nufotsf sfo{x? e}/x]sf] .

179

b'xjL dlN6o'n / x]6f}8f l8h]n KnfG6nfO{ dd{t ;Def/ u/L k"0f{

Ifdtfdf ;~rfng ul/g] . a9bf] ljB't df+usf] Joj:yfkg ug{
lskmfotL vfnsf ljB't pks/0f / l;PkmPn lrd k|of]u ug{
d'n'se/L ljz]if cleofg ul/g] . ;/sf/L sfof{nox?df o:tf
l;PkmPn rLdsf] clgjfo{ ul/g] .

Multifuel Plant dd{t sfo{sf nflu vl/b ;Demf}tf

eO{ dd{tsf]] qmddf /x]sf] .
x]6f}+8f l8h]n s]Gb|sf] b}lgs ;+rfng cjlw $
306faf6 j9fO{ !% 306f ug{], hu]8f k'hf{sf]
sf]6]zg k|fKt ePsf], LDC lgb{]zg jdf]lhd ljB't
pTkfbg e}/x]sf] .
#)$$@* j6f CFL lrd ljt/0f ul/Psf], k'/f k};f
e'QmfgL u/L CFL lrd lng] u|fxs ;FVof !$@@@#,
l;Q}df CFL lrd lng] u|fxs ;FVof !^@@)%
/x]sf] .
/]l8of], Pkm Pd tyf 6]lnlehgx?df CFL lrdsf]
k|of]u jf/] k|rf/ k|;f/ e}/x]sf] .

180

lghL If]qsf] pTkfbgnfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug{ @% d]ufjf6;Ddsf

cfof]hgfsf] ljB't vl/bsf] d"No lgwf{/0f ul/;lsPsf] . ;fy}, @%
d]ufjf6 eGbf dflysf] cfof]hgfsf] ;DefJotf cWoog Pj+ ljQLo
Joj:yfkg ul/;s] kl5 ljB't vl/bsf] ;Demf}tf cljnDa ug{]
Joj:yf ldnfOg] .

sfo{ljlw lgdf{0fsf] qmddf /x]sf] .

@=@=#=$ pBf]u dGqfno

124

;fgf tyf 3/]n' pBf]ux?nfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug{ 3/]n' u|fd :yfkgf wgs'6f lhNnfdf 3/]n' u|fd :yfkgf ug{ ;DefJotf
ul/g] .
cWoog ePsf] tyf hUuf k|flKtsf nflu cf}Bf]lus

If]q Joj:yfkg lnld6]8;Fu clGtd r/0fdf

5nkmn eO/x]sf] .

125

128

130

134

lghL If]qsf] ljsf;sf nflu Joj;flos nfut sd ug{]

;"rsx? cg's"n x'g]u/L ;'wf/ ul/g] .
g]kfnL klxrfgsf] ?kdf /x]sf] >dd"ns un}+rf pBf]usf]
k'g?Tyfgsf nflu ;'emfj lbg Pp6f pRr:t/Lo sfo{bn u7g
ul/g] .
lgdf{0ffwLg / k|:tfljt ;a} l;d]G6 pBf]u lgdf{0f:yn;Dd
ljB't k|;f/0f nfOgsf] lj:tf/, ;j:6]zg lgdf{0f / ;8s
lgdf{0f sfo{nfO{ ltj|tf lbOg] .
u}/ cfjf;Lo g]kfnLx?nfO{ g]kfnsf] cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs
20

gofF cf}Bf]lus gLlt @)^^ sf] d:of}bf

dlGqkl/ifb\sf] cfly{s ;ldltdf 5nkmn x'Fb} .
dfggLo pBf]u dGqLHo"sf] cWoIftfdf un}+rf
pBf]u k'g:yf{kg ;'emfj sfo{bn u7g ePsf] .
pbok'/, dsjfgk'/, bf, ;'v{]t, /f]Nkf / wflb
lhNnfdf lgdf{0ffwLg l;d]G6 pBf]u :yn;Dd ;8s
lgdf{0f ug{ 7]Ssf jGbf]j:tsf] sfo{ e}/x]sf] .
ljb]zL nufgL tyf k|ljlw x:tfGt/0f gLltsf]

248

d:of}bf tof/ eO{ :jLs[ltsf] nflu dlGqkl/ifb\df

ljsf;sf] cleofgdf ;+nUg u/fpg pgLx?sf] xs lxtsf]
k7fpg] tof/L e}/x]sf] .
;+/If0f ug{'sf ;fy} ;Lk / k"FhL nufgL ug{ k|f]T;fxg ul/g] .
pgLx?nfO{ ljz]if kl/rokq k|bfg ul/g] .
g]kfn cf}Bf]lus ljsf; lgud lnld6]8sf] df}h'bf sfo{ j}+ls ;]jf k|f/De u/]sf] .
;~rfng cj:yfsf] ljZn]if0f u/L ;DefJo Jofj;flos
;+:yfsf] ?kdf ljsl;t ul/g] .

@=@=#=% s[lif tyf ;xsf/L dGqfno

76

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79

81

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/f;folgs dndf cg'bfg lbgsf] nflu ?= ! ca{ %) s/f]8 s[lif ;fdfu|L sDkgL lnld6]8af6 #&%)) d]=6g
ljlgof]hg u/]sf] .
/f;folgs dn cfoft ePsf] .
cl3Nnf] jif{sf] df}Hbft / cfoft dWo]af6 $)%*!
d]=6g /f;folgs dn ljqmL ljt/0fsf] Joj:yf
ldnfOPsf], !)))) d]=6g cfoftsf] k|lqmof k'/f
eO{ lelqg] qmddf /x]sf] .
s[lif ;fdu|L sDkgL ln=nfO{ d"No cg'bfg pknJw
u/fO{ dn cfoftsf] Joj:yf ldnfOPsf] .
:yfgLo:t/df k|ffl/s dn pTkfbgnfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug{ cfjZos k|ffl/s dn pTkfbg k|f]T;fxg sfo{ljlw @)^^ /
gLlt tyf k"jf{wf/sf] Joj:yfsf ;fy}, k|ffl/s s[lif pTkfbg
k|ffl/s s[lif pTkfbg lgof{tsf nflu cGt/f{li6o
lgof{tsf nflu cGt/f{li6o dfGotfk|fKt k|df0fkq lgMz'Ns pknAw
dfGotf k|fKt k|df0fkq lgz'Ns pknJw u/fpg]
u/fpg] Joj:yf . ;xsf/L ;+:yfx?n] :yfkgf ug{] k|ffl/s dn
;DaGwL sfo{ljlw tof/ eO{ :jLs[ltsf] r/0fdf
sf/vfgfnfO{ d]lzg pks/0f nfutsf] %) k|ltzt k"FhLut cg'bfg
/x]s]f .
pknAw u/fpg] .
pRrd"No / cGt/f{li6o ahf/df t'ngfTds nfe ePsf lrof, skmL, pRr d"Nosf s[lif pkh k|zf]wg pBf]u :yfkgf
hl8a'6L, dx, h'gf/, cb'jf / b'Uw pTkfbs ;xsf/L ;+:yfx?n]
ug{ ;xsf/L ;+:yf Pj+ lghL :t/df ;d]t cg'bfg
:yfkgf ug{] k|zf]wg pBf]ux?nfO{ d]lzg pks/0f nfutsf] @%
pknJw u/fpg] k|of]hgsf nflu sfo{ljlw
k|ltzt cg'bfg lbOg] .
:jLs[ltsf] r/0fdf /x]sf] .
ls;fgx?s} ;xeflutfdf pv' af]8{ u7g ul/g] .
pv' tyf lrgL ljsf; ;ldlt u7g cfb]z hf/L
ePsf] .
pRr tyf dWo kxf8sf @# lhNnfdf vfB;+s6 ;Daf]wg ;fgf l;+rfO{ dd{t, ;+ef/ tyf lgdf{0fsf nflu
sfo{qmd ;+rfng ug{] .
lgjb]g dfu ePsf]df s[ifs ;d"x Pj+ ;+3
;+:yfx?af6 s"n !*@! j6f lgj]bg k|fKt ePsf]
5 . k|fKt lgj]bgx? dWo]af6 pko"'Qmtfsf] cfwf/df
cfof]hgf 5gf}6sf sfo{ z'? eO;s]sf] 5 .
;fd'bflos jLh s]Gb| :yfkgfsf nflu ;DefJotf
cWoog, l8hfO{g / 8O sfo{ FAO dfkm{t ug{sf]
nlfu sfo{qmd / ah]6sf] k'g/fjnf]sg u/L
sfo{k|:tfj :jLs[ltsf nflu ljZj j}+sdf
k7fOPsf] .
/f;folgs dn aLp 9'jfgL sfo{qmd ;+rfngsf
nflu @! lhNnfn] dn ljp 9'jfgLsf] nflu
;Demf}tf ul/;s]sf 5g\ . o;} qmddf ?s'd /
hfh/sf]6df qmdzM !)& / @! d]=6g /f;folgs
dn cfk"lt{ ePsf] 5 .
s[lif pTkfbsTj a9fpg ufpFzx/df ;xsf/L, 3/ 3/df /f]huf/L ;xsf/L v]tL sfo{qmd ;+rfngsf] nflu ;xsf/L
sfo{qmd cGtu{t ;xsf/L v]tLnfO{ k|f]T;fxg ul/g] . ;xsf/L v]tLdf
v]tL sfo{ljlw :jLs[t ePsf] .
cfj4 ;+:yfx?nfO{ k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f, k|fljlws ;]jf, dn, aLp cg'bfg
tyf s[lifoGq nufotsf ;'ljwfx? pknAw u/fOg] . ;xsf/L ;xsf/Ldf cfwfl/t ;fgf l;+rfO{ l:sd ;+rfng
;DaGwL ;"rgf k|sfzg kZrft l:sd ;+rfngsf]
;+:yfx?sf] Ifdtf a9fpg / ;xsf/LnfO{ cleofgsf] ?kdf ;~rfng
nflu %&% lgj]bg k|fKt ePsf]df @@ 5gf}6 eO{ @
ug{ ;xsf/L af]8{ dfkm{t /fli6o ;xsf/L dxf;+3nfO{ cg'bfg lbg]
j6f cfof]hgfdf sfo{ z'? e};s]sf] .
Joj:yf ldnfPsf] . /fli6o ;xsf/L a}+ssf] k"FhLsf]if a[l4 ug{ !
s/f]8 ?k}+of C0f nufgL ug{] .
;Kt/L, jfFs], jlb{of, bf / s}nfnLdf kmnf]ck
sfo{qmd !) gofF lhNnfx? emfkf, df]/ pbok'/,
;nf{xL, bf]nvf, :ofhf, /;'jf, /fd]5fk,
l;Gw'kfNrf]s / ;Kt/Lsf] sfo{qmddf o; jif{ kz'
ljsf; tkm{ !% lhNnfdf s'v'/f tyf j+u'/ ;xsf/L
v]tL sfo{qmd ;+rfng ePsf] .
21

 ;xsf/L ;+3 ;+:yfx?sf] Ifdtf ljsf;sf] nflu !)

j6f ;+3 ;+:yfx?sf nflu $% nfv :jLs[t
sfo{qmd ;+rfngsf nflu lgsf;f ePsf] .
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;xsf/LlghL ;fem]bf/Ldf h'Dnf, sf7df8f}+, e/tk'/, 9Ns]j/, tf]lsPsf :yfgx?dWo] xl/jg ;nf{xLdf s[lif pkh
xl/cf}g / a'6jndf vfBfGg, kmnkm"n tyf t/sf/L ;+sng s]Gb|
yf]s jhf/df :6n lgdf{0fsf nflu pkef]Qmf
tyf yf]s ahf/ lgdf{0f ul/g] . sf7df8f}+ dxfgu/kflnsf / cGo
lgdf{0f ;ldlt u7g ePsf] . 9Ns]j/df s[lif pkh
gu/kflnsfx?df Jojl:yt t/sf/L ahf/sf] lgdf{0f tyf ;'wf/
yf]s jhf/df sDkfp08 jfn / jhf/ ;]6
ul/g] . sf7df8f}+df Jojl:yt kz'jwzfnfsf] Joj:yf ug{ df;'
lgdf{0fsf nflu pkef]Qmf ;ldlt u7g eO{ l8hfOg
Joj;foLx?sf] ;xsf/LnfO{ k"FhLut cg'bfg lbOg] .
Oli6d]6sf] sfo{ e}/x]sf] , e/tk'/df hUuf k|fKtLsf]
nflu k|of; eO/x]sf] 5 .
sf7df08f}+sf]
nlK;km]lbdf s[lif pkh ;+sng s]Gb| lgdf{0fsf
nflu pkef]Qmf ;ldlt u7g eO{ l8hfOg
Oli6d]6sf] sfo{ eO/x]sf] / h'Dnfdf s[lif pkh
;+sng s]Gb| ;'b[9Ls/0fsf nflu ;/f]sf/jfnfx?;Fu
5nkmn e}/x]sf] .
sf7df08f}+ dxfgu/kflnsf If]q leq kz' jwzfnf
/ df;' hfFr P]g @)%% nfu' ug{ Ps ;ldlt
sfo{/t /x]sf] .
df;' Jofj;foLx?sf] ;xsf/L ;+:yf;Fusf]
;xsfo{df kz' jwzfnfjw:yn lgdf{0f ug{sf]
nflu sfo{ljlwsf] d:of}bf tof/ eO{ :jLs[ltsf]
qmddf /x]sf] .
s[ifssf] df+u cg';f/sf cfw'lgs Pj+ cg'z/l0ft cg';Gwfg ug{ kl/ifb\sf] ;+/rgfTds ;'wf/sf] nflu % ;b:oLo
g]kfn s[lif cg';Gwfg kl/ifb\nfO{ ;'b[9Ls/0f ul/g] . df};d
sld6L u7g eO{ @)^^ kmfu'g leq k|ltj]bg k]z
kl/jt{gaf6 s[lif pTkfbgdf kg{ ;Sg] k|lts"n k|efj Go"gLs/0f ug{
ug{ ;do lbOPsf] .
jftfj/0f cg's"nsf] s[lif k|0ffnLsf] cg';Gwfgdf hf]8 lbOg] .
hLg j}+s ejg lgdf{0f ;DkGg eO{ /]lkm|h/]6/ tyf
k|of]uzfnfdf h8fg ug'{kg{] pks/0fx?sf]
:km]l;lkms];g tof/ ug{] sfo{ e}/x]sf] .
wfg tyf ds} ljpsf] nflu cfjZos k|zf]wg sfo{
eO/x]sf] .
ux'F, bnxg , t]n jfnL tyf cGo jfnL nIo
cg'?k nufOPsf] .
t/fO{sf lhNnfx?df cleofgsf] ?kdf df5f pTkfbg ug{ t/fOsf ^ lhNnf jf/f, lrtjg, ?kGb]xL, jlb{of,
ls;fgx?nfO{ k|f]T;fxg ul/g] . ;/sf/L :jfldTjdf /x]sf df5f
k;f{ / gjnk/f;Ldf df5f cleofg sfo{qmd
kmfd{x? qmdzM ls;fgx?sf] ;d"xnfO{ x:tfGt/0f ul/g] . df5f
;+rfng eO/x]sf] .
pTkfbg ug{ ;3fp k'ofpg s/La !@ s/f]8 df5fsf e"/f pTkfbg
u/L ljt/0f ul/g] . sf7df8f}+ pkTosfleq ;xsf/L ;+:yfn] :yfkgf Xofrln @*)@% xhf/, km|fO{ $$)) xhf/,
lkm/ln @$** xhf/ pTkfbg tyf ljt/0f
ug]{ sf]N8 :6f]/]h ;'ljwf ;lxtsf] cfw'lgs df5f ahf/sf] k"jf{wf/
ePsf] .
ljsf;sf] nflu k"FhLut cg'bfg pknAw u/fOg] .
sf7df08f}+ pkTosfdf sf]N8:6f]/sf] ;'ljwf ;lxtsf]
cfw'lgs df5f jhf/ k"jf{wf/ ljsf;sf] dfkb08
tof/ u/L lgwf{l/t dfkb08 cg';f/sf] jhf/
k"jf{wf/nfO{ k"FhLut cg'bfg pknJw u/fpg]
sfo{ljlw tof/ eO{ :jLs[ltsf] k|lqmofdf /x]sf] .
t/fO{dw]z, dWokxf8L / pRrkxf8L e]usf @& lhNnfdf
;3g kz' ljsf; sfo{qmd / jhf/Ls/0f u/L &
;~rfngdf /x]sf ljz]if kz'kfng sfo{qmdnfO{ lg/Gt/tf .
lhNnfdf !^ k|hgg s]Gb| :yfkgf eO{ kz' gZn
;'wf/ eO/x]sf] .
Ko"7fg bf, tgx'F, gjnk/f;L, c3f{vfFrL, u'NdL /
jfUn' lhNnfdf jfv|f zf]ws]Gb| :yfkgfsf] nflu
sfo{ e}/x]sf] .
;3g kz' ljsf; sfo{qmd ;+rfng ePsf] ks]6
sfo{qmd cGtu{t ul7t ;d'bfodf kz' wg ;'/If0f
sfo{qmd ;+rfng .
@& u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfx?;Fu ;xsfo{ k'/f ePsf] .
22

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a8{ n', :jfOg n' tyf cGo -6fG;afp08L_ kz' hGo /f]ux? :jfOg n'[ ;le{n]G; ;DaGwL sfo{ljlw lgdf{0f
/f]syfdlgoGq0f ug{ ljz]if sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/g] .
ePsf] .
u|fld0f s'v'/f ;le{n]G; !($( k6s, Joj;flos
s'v'/f ;le{n]G; #@*! k6s, lk=lk=cf/ EoflS;g
pTkfbg !@*) xhf/ dfq ePsf] .
;xsf/L k;nsf] Joj:yfdf k'g/fjnf]sg u/L ;~rfng cg'bfgsf ;'ky d"Nosf k;n ;+rfng sfo{ljlw kl/dfh{gsf]
cltl/Qm cfk"lt{ k|0ffnLdf ;'wf/ NofOg] .
nflu ;xsf/L lgodfjnL ;+zf]wg :jLs[ltsf nflu
sfg'g dGqfnodf k7fOPsf] .
s0ff{nL c~rnsf ;a} lhNnf, d':tf tyf pkNnf] dgf / pRr kxf8L lhNnfsf] :ofp / l;dLsf] vl/b,
;f]n'v'Da'sf] :ofp, l;dL qmdzM g]kfnu~h, kf]v/f / la/f6gu/;Dd
9'jfgL / ahf/Ls/0fdf cg'bfg pknJw u/fpg]
NofpFbfsf] 9'jfgL nfut g]kfn ;/sf/n] Joxf]g{] . s[ifssf ;xsf/L
sfo{sf] nflu df}h'bf sfo{ljlw kl/dfh{gsf] sfd
;+:yfx?n] :yfgLo pTkfbg vl/b u/L 9'jfgL / ahf/Ls/0fsf]
eO/x]sf] .
Joj:yf ldnfPdf o:tf] cg'bfg ;DalGwt s[lif ljsf; sfof{no
dfkm{t ;xsf/L ;+:yfnfO{ pknAw u/fOg] .

@=@=#=^ u[x dGqfno

49

;'b"/ tyf dWo klZrd / sf]zL afl9kLl8tsf] /fxt, hUuf ljsf; /

k'g:yf{kgf ;DkGg ug{] Pj+ k|fs[lts k|sf]k x'g] lalQs} tTsfn /fxt
tyf arfp sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug]{ .

51

zflGt ;'/IffMhgtfsf] ck]Iff sf] efjgfnfO{ d"t{?k lbg ;'/Iff zflGt ;'/Iffsf] k|efjsfl/tf, b08lxgtfsf] cGTo
k|0ffnLnfO{ ;jn, ;Ifd / k|efjsf/L agfO{ b08lxgtfsf] cGTo
tyf dfgjclwsf/sf] /Iffsf nflu ljz]if ;'/Iff
ul/g] . uDeL/ k|s[lt / ;+ul7t ck/fwx?sf] cg';Gwfg / ljZn]if0f
sfo{qmd @)^^ cGtu{t ;fj{hlgs ;]jf tyf ;8s
ug{ Pp6f 5'} Ao"/f]sf] :yfkgf ul/g] . ;dfhdf x'g] ck/fwsf]
cj/f]w lgoGq0f sfo{of]hgf @)^^, ckx/0f tyf
b/nfO{ Go"g u/L /fHok|ltsf] hgtfsf] e/f];f a[l4 ul/g] .
ulDe/ k|s[ltsf ck/fw lgoGq0f sfo{of]hgf @)^^,
sf7df08f}+ pkTosfsf] ljz]if ;'/Iff of]hgf @)^^,
t/fO{ tyf k"lj{ / dWoklZrd kxf8L lhNnfsf]
;'/Iff ;'b[l9s/0f sfo{of]hgf @)^^ / zflGt ;'/Iff
Joj:yfkgsf] k|efjsfl/tfsf nflu ;r]tgf
cleofg @)^^ sfof{Gjogdf NofOPsf] .
ljlzi6 JolQmx?sf] ;'/Iff ;DaGwL lgb{]lzsfsf]
d:of}bf tof/L clGtd r/0fdf /x]sf] .
/fli6o ;'/Iff gLlt @)^^ dlGqkl/ifb\df k]z
ul/Psf] .
aGbL u[xx?nfO{ ;'wf/ u[xdf ?kfGt/0f / ef}lts k"jf{wf/ ;'wf/ ug]{ . dsjfgk'/sf] ledkm]lb / ;'g;/Lsf] em'Dsfdf
sf/fuf/ ejg lgdf{0f eO/x]sf] .
ljleGg $% j6f sf/fuf/df sf/fuf/ ejg dd{t
;Def/ k|f/De .
Gbaf6 Iflt ePsf / lh0f{ ePsf Onfd, wgs'6f,
cf]vn9'+uf, wg'iff, sfe|], g'jfsf]6, lrtjg,
slknj:t', :ofhf, kfNkf, DofUbL, ;'v{]t, b}n]v,
c5fd / 88]nw'/f nufotsf lhNnfx?df sf/fuf/

53

23

ut jif{ sf]zLsf] jfFw elTsO{ cfPsf] af9L Pjd\

8'jfgaf6 ;'g;/L lhNnfsf ljleGg ufpF ljsf;
;ldltx?df k'Ug uPsf] Ifltsf] Ifltk"lt{ -3/, jfnL
/ hldg_ ljt/0f ug{ ?= *) s/f]8 $@ nfv ?k}of
lhNnf b}jLk|sf]k p4f/;ldlt ;'g;/LnfO{ lgsf;f
k7fO{ ljt/0f ug{] sfd ePsf] .
;b'/ klZrdf~rn / dWo klZrdf~rn If]qsf]
hfh/sf]6, ?s'd nufotsf !! lhNnfdf km}lnPsf]
emf8fkvfnfsf] dxfdf/Laf6 lkl8tx?sf] /fxtsf]
nflu /sd lgsf;f ePsf] .
@)^^ ;fn cflZjg !* ut] b]lv @! ut];Dd
k/]sf] clj/n jif{sf] sf/0faf6 dWo tyf ;'b'/
klZrdf~rnsf k|efljt !@ lhNnfx?sf nflu
dlGqkl/ifb\af6 ldlt @)^^.^.@! df :jLs[t ljz]if
/fxt sfo{qmd soff{Gjog ug{ cy{ dGqfnoaf6
lgsf;f k|fKt ?= !) s/f]8 lgsf;f ePsf] .

ejgx? zx/L ljsf; tyf ejg lgdf{0f ljefuaf6

gofF lgdf{0f / k'gM lgdf{0f ug{] sfo{ k|lqmofdf
/x]sf] .
63

256

blnt / u}/ blnt jLrsf] cGt/hflto ljjfxnfO{ ;dfhn] cem} klg blnt / u}/ blnt cGt/hflto ljjfx k|f]T;fxg
lt/:sf/ ub{5 / o:tf hf]8Lsf k|f/lDes lbg sl7g x'G5g\ .
cg'bfg ljt/0f lgb{]lzsf @)^^ :jLs[tfy{ d+=k=df
;/sf/n] o:tf] ljjfxnfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug{ lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{nodf
k|:t't .
ljjfx btf{ ePsf] #) lbg leq a/aw'nfO{ k|f]T;fxg:j?k ?= !
nfv cg'bfg pknAw u/fpg]5 . o;}u/L ljwjf ljjfx k|f]T;fxg
:j?k k|To]s hf]8LnfO{ lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{nodf ljjfx btf{ u/]sf]
#) lbg leq ?= %) xhf/ cg'bfg pknAw u/fO{g]5 .
6flkms lgodsf] kfngf gug{], hyfefjL kfls{ ugf{n] 6flkms hfd 6flkms lgodsf] s8fOsf ;fy kfngf u/fpg
/ b'3{6gfsf] ;d:of ;j{q b]lvPsf] . 6flkms k|x/LnfO{ 6flkms
pTk|]l/t ug{ k|rlnt hl/jfgf ?= @)) df @%
lgodx?sf] s8fO{sf ;fy kfngf u/fpg pTk|]l/t ug{ k|rlnt
yk p7fO ;DalGwt 6flkms k|x/LnfO{ k|f]T;fxg
hl/jfgfdf yk @% k|ltzt p7fO{ ;DalGwt 6flkms k|x/LnfO{
:j?k ljt/0f ug{ oftfoft Joj:yf ljefuaf6
k|f]T;fxg :j?k ljt/0f ug{] Joj:yf ldnfOg] .
sfo{ljlw tof/ u/L :jLs[ltsf] r/0fdf /x]sf] .
ut cfly{s jif{sf] ^ dlxgfsf] t'ngfdf rfn'
cfly{s jif{sf] ;f]xL cjlwdf ;jf/L rfnsx? pk/
ePsf] sf/jfxLsf] ;+Vofdf a[l4 ePsf] .

@=@=@=& ef}lts of]hgf tyf lgdf{0f dGqfno

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147

cem} klg ;8s ;'ljwf gk'u]sf ^ ;b/d'sfdx?dWo] ;f]n'v'Da', ;f]n'v'Da' lhNnf ;b/d'sfd hf]8\g] ;8s lgdf{0f
dgf, d'u' / afh'/f ;b/d'sfddf cfufdL cfly{s jif{leq ;8s
Pj+ :t/f]Gglt sfo{sf] nflu df]8 ;'wf/ tyf u|]8
k'ofOg]5 . afFsL /x]sf x'Dnf / 8f]Nkf ;b/d'sfddf hlt;Sof] rfF8f]
;'wf/sf] nflu 6]08/ ug{] sfo{ eO/x]sf] . :t/f]Gglt
;8s ;'ljwf k'ofpg] u/L lgdf{0f sfo{nfO{ tLj|tf lbOg] .
sfo{sf] nflu P=l8=lj=;+u km08sf] af/]df s'/fsfgL
e}/x]sf] .
dgf lhNnf tyf d'u' lhNnf ;b/d'sfd hf]8\g]
;8s g]kfnL ;]gfaf6 lgdf{0f sfo{ e}/x]sf] .
;Ffk]mau/dft{8L ;8s !=% ls=dL= 6ofs lgdf{0f
sfo{ ;DkGg . aFfsL 6ofs lgdf{0f sfo{ rfn' .
hfh/sf]6 b'g} ;8s g]kfnL ;]gfaf6 lgdf{0f sfo{
e}/x]sf] .
g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ;|f]tdf @)^^ ;fpg ! ut] b]lv g]kfnL ;]gfn] g]kfnL ;]gfaf6 6ofs vf]Ng] sfo{ k|f/De ePsf]
sf7df8f}+lghu9 b|'t dfu{sf] 6ofs vf]Ng] sfd ;'? ug{] .
5.
x'nfsL /fhdfu{ cGtu{t k"j{sf] emfkfb]lv klZrdsf] s~rgk'/;Dd cf7j6f v08sf] nflu hUuf clwu|x0fsf] ;"rgf
t/fO{dw]zsf @) lhNnfx?df pQ/blIf0f ;8s / /fhdfu{df kg{]
k|sflzt .
k'nx?sf] lgdf{0f Pj+ d"n /fhdfu{ lgdf{0fnfO{ pRr k|fyldstf .
^ j6f k'nx? lgdf0f{flwg / cGo k'nx? l8hfO{gsf]
k|lqmofdf .
dWokxf8L If]qdf ! xhf/ & ;o #) lsnf]ld6/sf] k'iknfn yk $) ls=dL 6ofs vf]lnPsf] .
nf]sdfu{sf] lgdf{0f ug{ afFsL ;8s cfly{s jif{ @)^&.^* leq
% ls=dL u|fe]n ePsf] .
;DkGg ug{]u/L lgdf{0f sfo{nfO{ tLj|tf lbOg] .
pQ/blIf0f nf]sdfu{ -s0ff{nL, u08sL / sf]zL sf]l/8f]/_ sf] s0ff{nL nf]sdfu{ cGtu{t s0ff{nL sf]l/8f]/sf]
lgdf{0fsf nflu ?= $! s/f]8 &% nfv ah]6 ljlgof]hg u/]sf] .
v'nfn' n}km' ;8s lgdf{0fsf nflu o; aif{sf]
aiff{t af6 ePsf] Ifltu|:t ;8s dd{t sfo{ b|'t
ultdf e} $) ls=dL=lju|]sf] 6ofs vf]Ng] sfd
e}/x]sf] .
lxN;f l;ldsf]6 ;8s g]kfnL ;]gfaf6 lgdf{0f
k|f/De .
s'Zdfkmn]jf;;]tLj]gLldld{ ;8s v08sf] #=%
ls=dL 6ofs v'n]sf]
lxn]a;Gtk'/ 7]]Ssf ;Demf}tf eO{ sfo{ ;'? .
vfFbjf/Llsdfyfsf ;8s v08 u|fe]n % ls=ld=
;DkGg .
tfKn]h' cf]nfr'uf]nf ;8s ! ls=dL= 6ofs
vf]nLPsf] .
24

 tfdfsf]zL sl/8f]/ cGtu{t nfdfju/ kmnf6] -rLg

af]8{/_ ;8s lgdf{0f .
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;]tL nf]sdfu{ -l6sfk'/nf]8]r}gk'/tfSnfsf]6_ sf] lgdf{0f

jf]nkq d"Nofg eO{/x]sf] .

;'b"/klZrddf lgdf{0ffwLg bfr{'nfl6/ ;8s lgdf{0fnfO{ tLj|tf yk @ ls=dL 6ofs vf]lnPsf] .
lbg] .
w/fgrt/fufO3f6s6f/Ll;Gw'nLx]6f}+8f, :ofk|'a]+;L/;'jfu9L, w/fgrt/fufO3f6s6f/Ll;Gw'nLx]6f}+8f
uf]/vf !! lsnf]5]k]6f/jf/kfs ;8sx?sf] lgdf{0f .
;8ssf] !=% 6ofs ls=dL= vf]lnPsf] . u|fe]n #
ls=ld= .
:ofk|'j];L/;'jfu9Lsf] ;8ssf] yk $=! ls=dL
6ofs vf]lnPsf] .
uf]/vf !! lsnf]5]k]6f/jf/kfs ;8ssf] yk $=!
ls=dL 6ofs vf]lnPsf] . u|fe]n ! ls=dL= ePsf] .
lkmlbdtfKn]h', j;Gtk'/t]Xy'd, lxn]kfgLlbSt]n, tfdfsf]zL ;'v]{tsflnsf]6 ;8s sfnf]kq] ( ls=ld=.
dGynLv'sf{]6, 9Ns]j/hgsk'/, rGb|lgufxk'/uf}/, uN5L
:ofk|'j];L, efn'jfKo"7fg, cd]lnoft'n;Lk'/;Nofg, rsrs] vf]8\k]aemf ;8ssf] #% ls=ld= ;8s
sfnf]kq]:t/df :t/f]Gglt sfo{ ;DkGg .
lnjf, ;'v{]tsflnsf]6, ;fFkm]ju/d+un;]g, vf]8\k]aemf /
a}t8L;tafFemuf]s'n]Zj/ ;8ssf] :t/f]Gglt cfufdL cfly{s j}t8Lbfr'{nf ;8ssf] !& ls=ld= ;8s
jif{leq ;DkGg ul/g] .
sfnf]kq]:t/df :t/f]Gglt sfo{ ;DkGg .
hgsk'/9Ns]j/ ;8ssf] !$ ls=ld= ;8s u|fe]n
sfo{ ;DkGg .
lkmlbdtfKn]h' ;8s :t/f]Ggltsf] nflu gfnL
lgdf{0f tyf :6Sr/ sfo{ rfn' /x]sf] .
tfdfsf]zLdGynLv'sf]{6 ;8s :t/f]Ggltsf] nflu
gfnL lgdf0f{ tyf :6Sr/ sfo{ rfn' /x]sf] .
uN5Llqz'nL:ofk|'j];L ;8s :t/f]Ggltsf] nflu
# ls=dL= u|fe]n, gfnL lgdf{0f tyf :6Sr/ sfo{
x'+b}
rGb|lgufxfk'/uf}/ ;8s :t/f]Ggltsf] nflu ^
ls=dL= k|fOld sfo{ ;DkGg .
efn'jfKo"7fg ;8s !% ls=dL= sfnf]kq]
:t/f]Gglt sfo{ ;DkGg .
rsrs]lnjf ;8ssf] !) ls=dL= sfnf]kq]
:t/f]Gglt sfo{ ;DkGg .
j;Gtk'/t]Xy'd ;8s :t/f]Ggltsf] nflu 7]Ssf
Joj:yf eO{ sfo{ ;'? .
;f+k]mju/d+un;]g ;8s :t/f]Ggltsf] nflu !@
ls=dL u|fe]n sfo{ ;DkGg .
cd]lnoft'N;Lk'/;Nofg ;8s :t/f]Ggltsf] nflu
gfnL tyf u|fe]n sfo{ e}/x]sf] .
r]kf dfu{ -e08f/fnf]y/dn]v'_ / bdslr;fkfgL dfu{sf] r]kf dfu{ -e08f/fnf]y/dn]v'_ 7]Ssfkf eO{
lgdf{0f .
lgdf{0f sfo{ rfn' ePsf] .
bdslr;fkfgL dfu{sf] @ ls=dL= 6ofs lgdf{0f
sfo{ ;DkGg . ;8s rf}8f ug{] tyf u|]8 df]8 ;'wf/
sfo{ x'+b} .
sf7df8f}+x]6f}8f hf]8g] sfGtL nf]skysf] lgdf{0f l56f] ;DkGg u/L !=% ls=dL= lgdf{0f ePsf] .
cfjfudg ;'rf? ug{ afudtL gbLdf k'n lgdf{0fsf] sfo{ k|f/De
% ls=dL= df]8 ;'wf/ ePsf] .
ul/g] .
cGt/b]zLo Jofkf/ k|j4{g ug{ kyn}of;'Vvf jGb/ufx / ;'gf}nL kyn}ofaL/u~h ;'Vvf jGb/ufx ;Ddsf] cf}Bf]lus
k/f;L ;8s lgdf{0fnfO{ tLj|tfsf ;fy ;~rfng ul/g] .
sf]l/8f]/sf] (=$ ls=dL= ;8s sfnf]kq] :t/df
:t/f]GgtL sfo{ ;DkGg .
e}/xjf;'gf}nLk/f;L ;8s !# ls=ld= ;8s
sfnf]kq] :t/f]Gglt sfo{ ;DkGg .
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k|d'v ;8sx?df kg{] @% j6f k'nsf] lgdf{0f ;DkGg ul/g] . tdf]/, ljleGg ;8ssf &! j6f k'nx?sf]] lgdf{0f sfo{
c?0f, b'wsf]zL, lqz'nL, sfnLu08sL nufotsf k'nx?sf] lgdf{0f
;DkGg ug]{ u/L sfo{ cufl8 a9fOPsf] . tdf]/,
;'? ul/g] .
b'wsf]zL, lqz'nL, sfnL u08sLsf] k'n l8hfOg Pj+
lgdf{0f sfo{sf] 7]Ssf ;Demf}tf eO{ IEE sfo{
rfn' .
k"j{klZrd /]ndfu{ ;DefJotf cWoog / l8hfOg sfo{ ;DkGg ;DefJotf cWoog sfo{ ePsf] .
ug{] .
cfufdL cfly{s jif{ sflnsf]6, Ko"7fg, /;'jf / DofUbL lhNnfdf of]hgf 5gf}6sf] sfo{ eO/x]sf] . nfut cg'dfg
;+efAotf cWoog u/L 3gfj:tL sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/g] .
gS;f tyf cGo sfuhft tof/L sfo{ ePsf] .
3gfa:tL sfo{qmd ;+rfng ug]{ cWoogsf] sfo{
ljut jif{x?df g} ;DkGg eO/x]sf] . of]hgf
5gf}6sf] sfo{ e};s]sf], nfut cg'dfg gS;f tyf
cGo sfuhft tof/L sfo{ e}/x]sf] .
hgtf cfjf; sfo{qmd cGtu{t l;/xf, ;Kt/L / slknj:t'sf :yfLo:t/df ;/f]sf/jfnfx?;Fu 5nkmn tyf
8f]d, d';x/, rdf/, b';fw, vTj], cGo blntx? / ljkGg
;'emfj ;+sng u/L hgtf cfjf; ;+rfng ug{
d';ndfgnfO{ nlIftu/L k|To]s lhNnfdf PsPs xhf/ u/L tLg
cfjZos sfo{ljlw tof/ ePsf] .
xhf/ kl/jf/nfO{ Go"g nfutdf cfw'lgs cfjf; lgdf{0f u/L
a;f]jf;sf] Joj:yf ug{ ?= #) s/f]8 ah]6 ljlgof]hg .
jfudtL, lji0f'dtL, wf]aLvf]nf, xg'dGt] / dgf]x/f gbLx?sf] ;/f]sf/jfnf JolQm Pj+ ;+:yf;Fu k/fdz{ ug]{ /
;/;kmfO{ / k|b'if0f lgoGq0f, gbL lsgf/fdf ;8s tyf kfs{ lgdf{0f,
of]hgf:yn af/] 5nkmn eO/x]sf] .
j[Iff/f]k0f, k'n ;+/If0f / afFw lgdf{0f ;DaGwL sfo{ afudtL ;Eotf
ljsf; ;ldlt, pkTosfsf ;a} lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt / sfof{Gjog ljlw th'{df sfo{ e}/x]sf] .
gu/kflnsfx?sf] ;+of]hsTjdf Jofks hg;xeflutf h'6fO{ uf]s0f{ u'x]Zj/L v08df 9n lj5\ofpg] sfo{ z'?
cleofgsf] ?kdf ;~rfng ul/g] .
ePsf] .
u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yf dfk{mt jf:tljs ;'s'Daf;L
klxrfg e}/x]sf] .
sf7df8f}+ pkTosfsf] vfg]kfgL cfk"lt{ ;'ne agfpg ;+rflnt ;'? lgdf{0f tyf lh=lk=P; ;e{]If0f cGtu{t !)
d]nDrL vfg]kfgL cfof]hgf cGtu{tsf] @^=%) lsnf]ld6/ ;'?
ld= ;'? vf]Ng] / cGo k|f/lDes sfo{ ;DkGg .
lgdf{0f ug{] d'Vo sfo{dWo] cfufdL jif{ ^=% lsnf]ld6/ ;'?
nfld8fF8fd]nDrL % ls=ld=k'n jhf/ ;8s
lgdf{0fsf] nflu ?= @ ca{ !! s/f]8 ah]6 ljlgof]hg u/]sf] .
:t/;'wf/ .
qmdfut / gofF vfg]kfgL cfof]hgfx?nfO{ pRr k|fyldstfsf ;fy u|fdL0f vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO{ sf]if cGtu{t ^&
;~rfng ul/g]5 . oL sfo{qmdx?sf] ;~rfngaf6 cfufdL jif{
cfof]hgf ;DkGg eO{ $%%^) hg;+Vof
s/La !) nfv $ xhf/ hgtf nfeflGjt x'g]5g\ . o;sf nflu ?=
nfeflGjt .
$ ca{ @) s/f]8 ljlgof]hg u/]sf] .
ljsf; r/0fsf] sfo{qmd cGtu{t ljleGg tfnLdx?
;DkGg .
;fd'bflos vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO{ sfo{qmd
cGtu{t &&% hgfnfO{ tfnLd, kfOk tyf lkml6
vl/b / ljleGg ;+/rgf lgdf{0f tyf ;/;kmfO{
sfo{qmd ;DkGg .
vfg]kfgLsf] u'0f:t/ ;'wf/ ug{ Onfd, emfkf, cf]vn9'+uf, ^ j6f kfgL k|zf]wg lgdf{0fsf] ^) k|ltzt sfo{
l;Gw'kfNrf]s, ndh', gjnk/f;L nufotsf lhNnfsf !% j6f kfgL
;DkGg .
k|zf]wg k|0ffnLx?dWo] ^ j6f cfof]hgfx?sf] lgdf{0f ;DkGg ul/g] .
vfg]kfgLsf] ;|f]t pknAw x'g g;Sg] lhNnf / If]qx?df jiff{t\sf] !* j6f cfof]hgfx?df *^ j6f kfgL esf/L
kfgL ;+sng ug{] @) j6f cfof]hgfx? ;~rfng ul/g]5 . o;sf
;lxtsf :sLdx? lgdf{0f .
nflu cfjZos ah]6 k|:tfj u/]sf] .
;Dk"0f{ g]kfnL hgtfnfO{ cfwf/e"t ;/;kmfO{ ;'ljwf pknAw !&@ j6f ;+:yfut zf}rfno lgdf{0f / &^$) j6f
u/fO;Sg] /fli6o nIo k"/f ug{ ;/sf/ b[9 ;+slNkt . of] nIo
3/fo;L zf}rfno lgdf{0f ;DkGg, $ j6f
k|flKtsf nflu /fHon] Ps 3/ Ps rkL{ gLlt cGtu{t ;d'bfonfO{
uflj;nfO{ v'nf dnd"q d'Qm 3f]if0ff .
v'Nnf dnd'q d'Qm If]q agfpg :yfgLo ;/sf/ tyf ;d'bfonfO{
clek|]l/t ug{] .

@=@=#=* ko{6g tyf gful/s pog dGqfno

112

kfx'gfx?sf] :jfut ;Tsf/ g]kfnLsf] ;+:sf/ eGg] cleofgsf ;fy g]kfn ko{6g af]8{ cGt/ut g]kfn ko{6g jif{
bznfv ko{6s leq\ofpg] nIosf;fy ;g\ @)!! nfO{ g]kfn ko{6g
@)!! sf] ;lrjfnosf] :yfkgf ePsf] . /0fgLlts
jif{sf] ?kdf dgfpg] tof/L ul/g] . o; sfo{qmd cGtu{t ;kmn
of]hgf tof/ ePsf] .
ko{6g If]qsf ;+3 ;+:yfx?sf] ;fem]bf/Ldf ko{6snfO{ cfsif{0f ug{]
k|j4{gfTds ;fdu|L pTkfbg tyf ljt/0f ug]{ sfo{
26

Kofs]hsf] lgdf{0f / To;sf] k|rf/ k|;f/ nufotsf sfo{ ul/g] .

cfufdL jif{ ;a} ;u/dfyf cf/f]xLx?;Fu cGtlqm{of ul/g] . g]kfnnfO{
cGt/f{li6o tyf If]qLo ;Dd]ng s]Gb|sf] ?kdf cfslif{t ul/g] .

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g]kfn ko{6g af]8{sf] sfo{qmd ;+rfng ug{] cfo;|f]tsf ?kdf cfly{s

P]g adf]lhd ko{6g ;]jf z'Ns lng] ul/Psf]df @)^^ ;fpg !
ut]b]lv ;f] Joj:yf vf/]h . ;f] ldlt kZrft\ g]kfn ko{6g af]8{n]
xjfO{ l6s6 d} k|lt ofq' Ps xhf/ ?k}ofF;Dd c;"n ug{ ;Sg] u/L
xjfO{ sDkgLx?;Fu ;Demf}tf ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf .
Kof/fUnfOl8 / ofl6sf] nflu yk If]qsf] lj:tf/ ul/g] .
c3f{vfFrLsf] 3]/fn]sdf Kof/fUnfOl8 / an]kmLrt/f, /fDbL3f6
gf/fo0f3f6df hnofqf dfu{ ;~rfngsf nflu ;DefAotf cWoog
ul/g] .

e}/x]sf], !@ j6f ko{6g d]nf / lrgdf Pp6f ahf/

k|j4{g 6f]nL k7fpg] sfo{ ;DkGg ePsf] . ! yfg
lj1fkg lgdf{0f / ko{6g uLt tof/ u/]sf] . & j6f
j}7s ;DkGg ePsf] .
@)^^ kmfu'0f !$ ut] ko{6g jif{ @)!! sf]
cf}krfl/s cleofgsf] z'ef/De ug]{ tof/L
e}/x]sf] .
g]kfn ko{6g af]8{sf] cfly{s ljlgodfjnL af]8{af6
:jLs[t u/fpgsf nflu 8f6 tof/ e};s]sf] .
Ol6s]l6sf] Joj:yf e};s]sf] / ko{6s ;]jfz'Ns
Ol6s]l6df g} ? %)). ;dfj]z ug]{ sfo{
e};s]sf] .
cwf{vfFrLsf] 3]/fsf] n]sdf Kof/f UnfO{l8sf]
;DefJotf cWoog sG;N6\of06af6 k|:tfj k|fKt
u/L d"Nofgsf] nflu cWoog e}/x]sf] .
an]kmLrt/f/fDbL3f6gf/fo0f3f6df
hnofqf
dfu{sf] ;+efJotfsf nflu ;DalGwt lgsfo;Fu
;dGjo e}/x]sf] .

t/fO{dw]zdf lj/f6 If]q, ljb]x If]q, ;xn]; If]q, l;d|f}g If]q, t/fO{dw]zdf lj/f6 If]q, ljb]x If]q, ;xn]; If]q,
n'lDagL If]q / s0ff{nLlr;fkfgL ko{6sLo If]q ljsf; ul/g] .
l;d|f}g If]q, n'lDagL If]q, s0ff{nL tyf lr;fkfgL
wfld{s ko{6gsf] ljsf;sf] nflu kfyLe/f, a/fx If]q, kz'kltgfy,
ko{6sLo If]q ljsf;sf nflu pQm If]qx?df
dgsfdgf, d'lQmgfy, :ju{f/LnfO{ / dflnsfh{'gnfO{ ;ft wfdsf]
sfo{qmd ;+rfng ug{ clVtof/L / ah]6
?kdf k|j4{g ul/g] . wfld{s ko{6ssf] ;'ljwfsf] nflu a/fx If]q,
k7fOPsf] . ;ldltx? u7g ePsf] . kbflwsf/L
uf];fOs'08, lqj]0fL / 5fGgf dfu{ tyf /];'f kf]v/L If]qdf ofqL
lgo'QmL ug]{ sfo{ e}/x]sf] .
lgjf; agfpg lghL If]qnfO{ k|f]T;fxg ul/g] . d'lQmgfy If]q
bfdf]b/ s'08sf] ko{6g ljsf;df ljz]if Wofg k'ofOg] . d'lQmgfy kflye/f, a/fx If]q, kz'kltgfy, dgsfdgf,
d'lQmgfy, :ju{f/L / dflnsfh{'gnfO{ ;ft wfdsf]
If]qdf s]jnsf/ ;~rfng ug{] ;DjGwdf ;DefJotf cWoog ;'?
?kdf k|j4{g ug{ k|j4{gfTds sfo{ tof/L /x]sf] .
ul/g] . n'lDagLsf] ef}lts k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f ;DkGg ug{ hf]8 lbOg] .
ofqL lgjf; lgdf{0f sfo{sf] nflu clVtof/L, ah]6
lgsf;f, ko{6g sfof{no sfs8lef, ko{6g
k"jf{wf/ ljsf; cfof]hgf, vKt8 If]q ko{6g
ljsf; ;ldlt / ?? /];'f ljsf; ;ldltdf
uPsf] . uf];fO{ s'08sf] xsdf lxdfnL If]q ePsf]n]
t]>f] rf}dfl;sdf sfo{ cl3 a9\g] .
d'lQmgfy If]qdf s]jnsf/ ;DefJotf cWoogsf
nflu sG;N6\of06af6 k|:tfj k|fKt u/L d"Nofgsf]
nflu cWoog e}/x]sf] .
n'lDagL If]q ko{6g k|j4{g ljsf; ;ldlt dfkm{t
sfo{ ;+rfngsf nflu ko{6g sfof{no e}/xjfnfO{
clVtof/L / ah]6 lgsf;f ePsf] .
tfn tn}ofsf] ;+/If0f / k|j4{gsf] nflu ljz]if sfo{qmdx? ;~rfng /fli6o tfn ;+/If0f ;ldltaf6 ljleGg @$ j6f
ul/g] . g]kfn leq ePsf tfnx?sf] 8f6fj]z tof/ ug{], tfnx?sf]
tfnx?sf] ;+/If0f ;DaGwL sfo{qmd :jLs[t u/L
;+/If0f h:tf ko{6g ljsf;sf sfo{x? ;DkGg ul/g] .
clVtof/L / ah]6 lgsf;f ePsf] .
vKt8 If]qsf] 8f]6Lc5fd v08 / afh'/faemf v08df rqmky 8f]6Lc5fdafh'/fjemf v08df rqmky lgdf{0f
lgdf{0f sfo{ ;'? ul/g] . vKt8 If]qnfO{ 5'g] aemf, 8f]6L, c5fd,
sfo{sf] nflu n=O{= tof/ / lgdf{0f sfo{sf]
afh'/fsf] ko{6sLo k}bn dfu{ / vKt8 ;'df{, vKt8 p/] e~Hof,
;Demf}tf eO{ sfo{ rfn' .
vKt8/fdf/f];g k}bn dfu{sf] lgdf{0f ;'wf/ ul/g] .
;'df{, vKt8 p/} / vKt8/fdf/f]zg k}bn dfu{sf]
lgdf{0f ;'wf/sf nflu n=O{= tof/ / lgdf{0f sfo{sf]
;Demf}tf e} sfo{ rfn' .
d}lynL, ef]hk'/L, yf?, nfKrf, lnDa" / lwdfn hfltsf If]qdf snf ufpFsf] ljsf; tf/fufpF ljsf; ;ldlt
snf ufpF ljsf; ul/g] . P]ltxfl;s emfkf lab|f]xsf of]4fx?n]
dfkm{t sfo{ ;+rfng ug{ clVtof/L Pj+ ah]6
;xfbt k|fKt u/]sf] ;'vfgL If]qnfO{ ko{6sLo If]qsf] ?kdf ljsf;
lgsf;f e};s]sf] / cfjZos hgzlQmsf] Joj:yf
ug{ k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f .
ug]{ sfo{ eO{/x]sf] .
lj/f6 If]q ko{6g ko{6g k|j4{g ljsf; ;ldlt
dfkm{t sfo{ ;+rfng ug{ ko{6g sfof{no
sfs8lefnfO{ clVtof/L / ah]6 lgsf;f ePsf] .
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xjfO{ p8fgnfO{ Jojl:yt / ljZj;gLo agfpg lqe'jg df}h'bf /f8f/ k|0ffnLnfO{ k|lt:yfkg ug]{ ljifodf
ljdfg:yndf gofF /f8f/sf] h8fg sfo{ k|f/De ul/g] . lqe'jg
k/fdz{ ;]jf lng ICAO ;Fu ;Demf}tf ug]{ tof/L
ljdfg:yndf 6flkms ;d:ofnfO{ Go"gLs/0f ug{ wfjgdfu{ lj:tf/
e}/x]sf] .
ul/g] .
wfjgdfu{ lj:tf/sf nflu Overlay ug]{ sfo{
rfn' /x]sf] .
af/fsf] lghu9df cGt/f{li6o ljdfg:ynsf] lgdf{0f pRr bf]>f] cGt/f{li6o ljdfg:yn lghu9sf] nflu
k|fyldstfsf ;fy ;'? ul/g] . kf]v/f / n'lDjgLdf If]qLo
Detail feasibility study sf nflu Korean
ljdfg:ynsf] lgdf{0f sfo{ ;'? ul/g]5 . If]qLo tyf ko{6sLo
Company LMW ;Fu t]>f] r/0fsf] aftf{ ;DkGg
b[li6n] dxTjk"0f{ b]lvPsf kxf8L Pj+ lxdfnL If]qdf /x]sf
e} ;Demf}tfsf] r/0fdf /x]sf] .
ljdfg:ynx?sf] :t/f]Gglt tyf Ifdtf lj:tf/sf] sfo{qmdnfO{ If]qLo cGt/f{li6o ljdfg:ynsf] ?kdf uf}tda'4
lg/Gt/tf lbOg] .
ljdfg:yn, n'lDagLsf] ljsf; tyf lj:tf/sf nflu
ADB sf] C0f tyf cg'bfg ;xof]usf] nflu
;Demf}tf k|lqmofdf /x]sf] / hUuf clwu|x0fsf] nflu
k|f/lDes clwsf/L tf]lsPsf] . kf]v/f ljdfg:ynsf]
sfGnf tyf l9:sf] x6fpg] sfo{ k"/f eO{ ;e]{If0f
sfo{ z'? ePsf] .
rfn' cfly{s jif{df :jLs[t ePsf ljdfg:ynx?sf]
:t/f]Gglt tyf lj:tf/ sfo{nfO{ lg/Gt/tf
lbOPsf] .
/fhlj/fh, hgsk'/ / s0ff{nL c~rnsf x'Dnf, d'u', sflnsf]6 / rfn' cfly{s jif{df :jLs[t ePsf ljdfg:ynx?sf]
8f]Nkfdf /x]sf ;a} ljdfg:ynx?sf] :t/f]Gglt / wgu9L
:t/f]Gglt tyf lj:tf/ sfo{nfO{ lg/Gt/tf
ljdfg:yn lj:tf/sf nflu ?= @% s/f]8, l;d/f / wgu9L
lbOPsf] .
ljdfg:ynnfO{ /fqL p8fg / cjt/0fof]Uo agfOg] .
l;d/f / wgu9L ljdfg:ynnfO{ /fqL p8fg /
cjt/0f of]Uo agfpg hUuf clwu|x0f ug{ kxn
e}/x]sf] .
wgu9L ljdfg:ynsf] lj:tf/sf] nflu hUuf
clwu|x0fsf] k|f/lDes sfo{ ug{ clwsf/L
tf]lsPsf] . 6ld{gn ejg lgdf{0fsf nflu 7]s]bf/sf]
(PQ) d"Nofg ug]{ sfo{ e}/x]sf] .

@=@=#=( e"ld;'wf/ tyf Joj:yf dGqfno

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pRr:t/Lo a}1flgs e"ld;'wf/ cfof]unfO{ /fhg}lts ;xdltsf]

cfwf/df k"0f{tf lbOg]5 . s[lifsf] pTkfbsTj a[l4 /
Joj;flosLs/0fsf nflu ljutsf cfof]ux?n] lbPsf tyf jt{dfg
cfof]un] lbg] l;kmfl/;x?sf] cfwf/df e"ld Joj:yfkg, ljt/0f tyf
pTkfbsTj a[l4sf sfo{qmdx? ;~rfng ul/g] .
;fj{hlgs tyf ;/sf/L hUufsf] clen]v tof/ eO;s]sf]n] o:tf
hUufsf] ;+/If0f / pkof]usf] sfo{of]hgf agfO{ s8fO{sf ;fy
sfof{Gjog ul/g] .
jt{dfg hUuf juL{s/0f Joj:yfnfO{ kl/jt{g u/L cfjf;Lo, s[lif,
pBf]u, Joj;fo, jg / ;fj{hlgs jlu{s/0f cGtu{t hUuf btf{ ug{]
Joj:yf ul/g] . bL3{sfnLg vfB ;'/Iffsf nflu s[lifsf] ?kdf btf{
x'g] hldgnfO{ cGo s'g} klg sfddf k|of]u ug{ aGb]h nufOg] .
s[lifsf] ?kdf btf{ ePsf] hUuf nuftf/ b'O{ jif{ afFemf] /fv]df
;/sf/n] To:tf hldg hkmt ug{ ;Sg] sfg"g NofOg] . lhNnf tyf
ufpF ljsf; ;ldltx?af6 ;'? ePsf] e"pkof]usf] gS;f tof/ ug{]
sfo{nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbOg] . 5flgPsf s]xL If]qdf gd'gf cfof]hgfsf]
?kdf e"pkof]u sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog ul/g] .
cfufdL jif{ yk #) j6f ;d]t u/L hDdf ^* j6f dfnkf]t
sfof{nosf] hUuf ;DaGwL ;Dk"0f{ clen]v sDKo"6/df /flvg] /
sDKo"6/ k|0ffnLaf6 hUufwgL k|df0f k"hf{ pknJw u/fOg] .
cfufdL cfly{s jif{ leq ;Dk"0f{ kl~hs[t d'Qm sd}of kl/jf/nfO{
k'g:yf{kgf ;DkGg ul/g] . d'Qm sd}of / xlnofnfO{ k|ToIf nfe k'Ug]
sfo{qmdx?nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg cfjZos /sd 5'6\ofOPsf] .

28

e"ld;'wf/ ;DaGwL pRr:t/Lo cfof]un] k"0f{tf kfO{

sfo{;+rfng k|f/De u/]sf] .
s]Gb|, If]q / lhNnf:t/df uf]i7L ;+rfng eO/x]sf] .
sfo{of]hgf tof/Lsf] sfo{ k|f/De ePsf] .
P]g lgodfjnLdf ;+zf]wg d:of}bf tof/ ug{] sfo{
e}/x]sf] .
@% lhNnfsf] lhNnf:t/Lo tyf % uflj;sf] uflj;
:t/Lo e"pkof]u gS;f tof/ ug{ k|fljlws tyf
cfly{s k|:tfj cfXjfg ul/Psf] .

k|fljlws tyf cfly{s k|:tfj cfXjfg ul/Psf] .

;6j]o/ /fVg] sfo{ z'? ePsf] .
!@#& kl/jf/nfO{ k'gM:yf{kg ul/Psf] .
@$* kl/jf/nfO{ 3/ lgdf{0f vr{ ljt/0f ul/Psf] .
Rofp v]tL, l;sdL{, df]6/ 8fOle, r'gf kt]/f,
ljB't h8fg, l;nfO s6fO tfnLd ;DkGg .
cGo pBdL ljsf; tfnLd, ;Lk d"ns tfnLd /

101

gd"gf t/sf/L v]tL tfnLd ;+rfng eO/x]sf] .

d'Qm xlnofx?nfO{ h;sxfF xlnof a;]sf] xf] ;f]xL kl/jf/sf] hUufdf sfo{bn u7g eO{ d:of}bf tof/ eO/x]sf] .
df]xLn] kfP;/xsf] xs pknAw u/fpg] sfg"g agfOg] .

@=@=#=!) dlxnf, afnaflnsf tyf ;dfh sNof0f dGqfno

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G k|efljt h]i7 gful/sx?sf] plrt x]/rfx, :jf:Yo pkrf/ / Ho]i7 gful/s cf/f]Uo cf>d sfo{ljlw tof/
/]vb]vsf nflu kfFr} ljsf; If]qdf PsPs j6f h]i7 gful/s
ePsf] .
cf/f]Uo cf>d / h]i7 /fli6o k|ltefsf] ;Ddfg / ;'/Iffsfnflu
sf7df8f}+df Pp6f k'iknfn ;h{s cf>d :yfkgf .
dfgj ljsf; / n}+lus ljsf; ;"rsfdf k5fl8 k/]sf !% lhNnfdf %& j6f ;d"x, # j6f ;ldlt u7g ePsf] .
;fdflhs, cfly{s / sfg"gL ;zlQms/0f sfo{qmd ;+rfng ul/g] .
!! j6f ;d"x ;b:osf nflu cg'lzIf0f sfo{qmd,
@ j6f ;+:yfut ljsf; tfnLd, !! k6s
cfwf/e"t tfnLd, $ k6s zLk ljsf; tfnLd, %
k6s ;+efJo cfo cfh{g lqmofsnfksf] nflu
Joj;fo klxrfg tyf k|j4{g tfnLd ;+rfng .
jfbL ;d'bfosf dlxnfx?sf] cfly{s / ;fdflhs ;zlQms/0fsf () ;d"x u7g, !% ;ldlt u7g, !$ pkIf]qLo
nflu bf, ;Nofg, afFs], alb{of, ;'v{]t hfh/sf]6, b}n]v, s}nfnL,
:t/Lo k/fdz{ a}7s, !% ;d"bfo :t/Lo k/fdz{
bfr{'nf / s~rgk'/df 3/ ljsf; of]hgf sfo{qmd ;~rfng .
a}7s tyf nlIft dlxnf 5gf}6, dlxnf k'?if
;dljsf; tfnLd, jfbL 5fqfsf] cWoogsf] nflu
!% hgfnfO{ cg'bfg .
3/]n' lx+;f tyf of}ghGo b'Jo{jxf/af6 kLl8t dlxnfnfO{ b[li6ut dfu{bz{g th'{df / :jLs[lt, !) j6f ;]jf s]Gb|
u/L @)^^ sflQsb]lv 5flgPsf !% :yfgdf cNksfnLg cf>o /
:yfkgf .
vfgfsf] k|jGw ;lxt dlxnf cfjf;u[x :yfkgf . o;/L cf>o lng
cfpg] dlxnfnfO{ #) lbgleq k'g:yf{kg ul/g] .

@=@=#=!! o'jf tyf v]ns"b dGqfno

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o'jf gLlt th{'df ul/g] . /fli6o o'jf kl/rfng sfo{qmd cGtu{t gofF /fli6o o'jf gLlt dlGqkl/ifb\af6 kfl/t
o'jf ;fem]bf/L, o'jf cg'ej cfbfgk|bfg / s'nt tyf b'Jo{zg lj?4
ePsf] .
hfu/0f cleofg sfo{qmd ;+rfng ul/g] . /fli6o o'jf kl/ifb\ u7g
o'jf ;fem]bf/L sfo{qmd ;+rfng ug{ sfo{;ldlt
ul/g] .
u7g u/L k|f/lDes r/0fsf] sfo{ ePsf] .
o'jfx?jLr cg'ej cfbfg k|bfg ug{ / g]kfnsf
ljleGg If]qsf] ef}uf]lns j:t'l:yltsf] cjnf]sg
ug{] ;fF:s[lts, ;fdflhs, cfly{s Pj+ ko{6sLo
:ynsf] k|ToIf cg'ej xfl;n u/fpg] p2]Zon]
t]x|y'd, ;Kt/L, c3f{vfFrL / sGrgk'/ lhNnfdf
p=df=lj=SofDk;df cWoog/t !)!) hgf
o'jfx?nfO{ ;xefuL u/fOPsf] .
$) lhNnfsf lhNnf v]ns'b ljsf; ;ldltdf
:yflkt o'jf ;"rgf s]Gb|x? dfkm{t :yfgLo o'jf
;fem]bf/L sfo{qmd ljleGg ;+:yfx?;Fusf] nfut
;fem]bf/Ldf ;+rfng ug{] k|lqmof cufl8 a9]sf] .

74

;'g;/L, lrtjg / s}nfnLdf If]qLo:t/sf] /+uzfnf lgdf{0f sfo{ /+uzfnf lgdf{0f sfo{sf] nflu hUuf
k|f/De ul/g] . x]6f}8fdf /fli6o v]ns'b k|lti7fg lgdf{0f
Joj:yfkgsf] sfo{ eO/x]sf] .
ul/g]5 . @)^^ k';df a+unfb]zdf cfof]hgf x'g] !! cf}+ blIf0f
PlzofnL v]ns'bdf g]kfnL v]nf8Lx?sf] ;xeflutfsf nflu x]6f}8fsf] k|lti7fg lgdf{0f sfo{qmdsf] nflu
nfut cg'dfg tof/ u/L jf]nkq cfXjfg
cfjZos tof/L ul/g]5 . ;fy}, g]kfndf k|To]s jif{ cGt/f{li6o
ul/Psf] .
tyf If]qLo :t/sf v]ns'b k|ltof]lutfsf] cfof]hgf ug{sf nflu
k"jf{wf/ ljsf;df hf]8 lbOg] . v]ns'b k|ltefnfO{ k|f]T;flxt v]ns'bdf g]kfnL v]nf8Lx?sf] ;xeflutfsf
ug{] PlzofnL tyf cf]nlDks v]ndf :j0f{kbs ljh]tfnfO{
nflu cfjZos tof/Lsf nflu v]nf8Lx?nfO{
cfhLjg lgjf{x eQfsf] Joj:yf ul/g] .
jGb k|lzIf0fdf /fvL k|lzIf0f ;+rfng ePsf] .
cGt/f{li6o cf]nlDksdf g]kfnsf] tkm{af6 k|yd
k6s ;xeflu x'g] Pyn]l6S; v]nf8L u+uf
jxfb'/ yfkf / e'k]Gb| l;njfnnfO{ dfl;s ?=
@@ xhf/ eQf pknJw u/fO/x]sf] .
29

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Ps JolQmPs lj?jf gf/fsf ;fy k|To]s g]kfnLjf6 j[Iff/f]k0f ?b|fIf, jo/, kf6];Nnf, uf]j|];Nnf, 8fn]r's, d;nf,
cleofgdf ;~rfng . agsf] ;+/If0f / ;Dj4{g ug{ tyf 89]nf]af6
sbd, /QmrGbg hftsf] ljp lhNnf jg sfof{nodf
arfpg Jofks ?kdf hgr]tgf cleofg rnfOg] . pRr kxf8L
e";+/If0f sfo{qmd tyf lghL g;{/Lx?nfO{ ljt/0f
If]qdf b]jbf/, cf]v/, nf]7 ;Nnf], u'/fF; h:tf hftsf j[If/f]k0f ug{]
ul/Psf] .
cleofg rnfOg] .
s~rgk'/df %)) x]S6/ jg cltqmd0f x6fOPsf] .
slknj:t'df sl/j %^ x]S6/ jg If]q cltqmd0f
u/L j;]sf nueu @)) 3/w'/L cltqmd0fsf/L
x6fOPsf] .
rSnf jg Joj:yfkg lgb{]lzsf tof/L clGtd
r/0fdf /x]sf] .
#& lhNnfdf jg 89]nf] lgoGq0f Joj:yfkgsf]
sfo{of]hgf tof/ ePsf] .
lj?jf pTkfbg ;DaGwL k|f/lDes sfo{of]hgf tof/L
eO/x]sf] .
ax'p4]ZoLo jg:kltsf k|hfltx?, hl8a'6L, a]t, jfF; / ;lhjgsf] @( lhNnfx?sf] tYofdf !,)@,()$ x]S6/
j[xt j[Iff/f]k0f sfo{qmdnfO{ cleofgsf] ?kdf ;~rfng u/L @
;Defljt j[If/f]k0f If]q klxrfg ePsf] .
s/f]8 @# nfv lj?jf /f]lkg] . jg ;+/If0f / j[Iff/f]k0f sfo{qmddf

dsjfgk'
/df ;'uGw sf]lsnf, ;'uGw jfn, enfof],
lghL, ;d'bfo / ;fj{hlgs If]qsf] ;fe]mbf/L h'6fOg] .
Ro"/L, ;lhjg, c;f]s, ;j{uGwf, >Lv08, s'l/nf]sf]
ljp g;{/Ldf /flvPsf], / ;'uGw jfn !,))),
kf;0fe]b &), hj{]/f %), w'kL !), nf}7 ;Nnf/f]k0f
ul/Psf] .
lhNnf jg sfof{nox?nfO{ $!,$)) ljleGg
lj?jfsf j]gf{ j[Iff/f]k0fsf] nflu ljt/0f ul/Psf] .
@ nfv uf]6f d;nfsf] lj?jf pTkfbg eO{ @$$
x]S6/df j[Iff/f]k0f ;DkGg ePsf] .
;d'bfosf] :jfldTjdf /xg] u/L ag ;|f]tdf cfwfl/t ag pBd !%$ j6f ;fd'bflos jg ;d"x u7g eO{ !&&!)
sfo{qmdnfO{ ljz]if k|fyldstfsf ;fy ;~rfng u/L u|fdL0f If]qdf
x]S6/ jg If]q ;+/If0f eO{ !#)() 3/w'/L nfeflGjt
xl/t /f]huf/L sf] cj;/ l;h{gf ul/g] . ;fd'bflos jg /
ePsf .
sa'lnotL jg If]qsf] lj:tf/ ul/g] . ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf
;d"xx?nfO{ la|s]6 agfpg] k|ljlw / xfFufljFufkftklt/af6 sf7 !*^ j6f sj'lnotL jg ;d"x klxrfg eO{ !)&
j6f sj'lnotL jg ;d"x u7g ePsf] .
agfpg] k|ljlw pknAw u/fO{ jgsf] Jofj;flosL/0f ul/g] . o;sf
nflu ;/sf/n] ?= !) s/f]8;Ddsf] cfjlt{sf]if v8f ul/lbg] . ;fy}, cfjtL{ sf]ifsf] sfo{ljlw lgb{]lzsfsf] d:of}bf tof/
o; sfo{qmd cGtu{t ;d'bfoaf6 hl8a'6L, lrp/L o", nf]Stf,
ePsf] .
a]tafF;, df}/Lkfng, cld|;f], nK;L cflb jghGo sRrf kbfy{df
cfwfl/t pBf]ux? :yfkgf x'g] .
hl8a'6Lsf] ahf/ k"jf{wf/ v8f ug{ hf]8 lbOg] . hl8a'6Lsf] g]kfnu~hdf hl8j'l6sf] Cluster zone :yfkgfsf]
Jofj;flos k|zf]wgnfO{ ;xof]u k'ofpg cGt/f{li6o:t/sf]
nflu k"jf{wf/ sfo{of]hgf tof/ ul/Psf] .
k|of]uzfnf :yfkgf ug{]
g]kfn hl8a'6L Joj;fo ;+3 ;+usf] ;xsfo{df
k|zf]lwt hl8j'6LhGo pTkfbgx?sf] ;fdfGo
kl/If0fsf] nflu rflxg] Ps k|of]uzfnf :yfkgfsf]
tof/L ePsf] .
h}ljs ;'/Iff tyf cg'jf+lzs ;|f]t ;DaGwL sfg"g th'{df u/L ;f]sf] @!&( j=ls=ld= cf]u6\g] uf}/L z+s/ ;+/If0f If]q
Jofks k|rf/ k|;f/sf ;fy} h}ljs ljjwtfsf] ;+/If0f, If]q lj:tf/
3f]if0ff ePsf] .
Pj+ k|efjsf/L Joj:yfkg ul/g] .
clkgkf ;+/If0f If]q 3f]if0ff ePsf] .
k|rf/ k|;f/sf] ;fy} h}ljs ljljwtfsf] ;+/If0fsf]
sfo{qmdsf] nflu % j6f ljBfno sfo{qmd ;DkGg,
% j6f lbj; ;df/f]x ;DkGg, %) x]S6/ 3fF;] d}bfg
Joj:yfkg sfo{ ;DkGg .
kxf8L tyf lxdfnL lhNnfx?df hnfwf/ Joj:yfkg, jiff{b\sf] kfgL #** j6f klx/f] pkrf/, !&# vf]nf lsgf/ ;+/If0f,
;+sng x'g] kf]v/Lsf] lgdf{0fdf hf]8 lbOg] . o;}u/L s0ff{nL, u08sL
!^) ;d"xaf6 gbL psf;, hUuf ;b'kof]u Pj+ !!(
/ sf]zLsf] hnfwf/ ;+/If0f / kfgLsf] axfj lgoGq0f ug{ ljz]if
j6f ;+/If0f kf]v/L If]q, tfntn}of ;+/If0fsf ;fy}
sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/g] .
tLg j6f j]l;g Joj:yfkg of]hgf jgfP/ ulDe/
e"Ifo pkrf/ ug{] sfo{qmd /x]sf]df sfo{qmd :jLs[t
30

111

eO{ sfof{Gjogsf] nflu sfo{of]hgf tof/L eO/x]sf] .

t/fOdf s[lifsf] pTkfbsTj a[l4 sfod} /fVg r'/] / lzjflns kj{t d]rL dxfsfnL r'/] ;+/If0fsf] nflu r'l/of If]q
>[+vnfsf] ;+/If0fsf nflu ljz]if sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/g] . cfufdL
Joj:yfkg sfo{bn dfkm{t ;+/If0f sfo{of]hgf tof/
cfly{s jif{ d]rLdxfsfnL PsLs[t r'/] ;+/If0f sfo{ of]hgf tof/
ug{] sfo{ z'? ePsf] .
u/L l;/fxf, ;Kt/L, pbok'/ / ;'g;/L ;d]t rf/ lhNnfdf r'/]
#)) x]S6/ e"ld pTkfbsTj ;+/If0f, !,%!) ljkGg
;+/If0f sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/g] .
3/w'/Lsf nflu cfod"ns ;+/If0f sfo{qmdsf
;DaGwdf k|f/lDes 5nkmn eO{ of]hgf tof/L
;DaGwL sfo{ ePsf] .

@=@=#=!# jfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{ dGqfno

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cGt/f{li6o ahf/df ljlzi6 klxrfg /x]sf g]kfnL lrof / skmLnfO{ lrof / slkm;Fu ;Da4 ;+3 ;+:yf / lrof tyf
"g]kfn lrof" / "g]kfn skmL"sf] gfdaf6 cGt/f{li6o ahf/df
slkm ljsf; jf]8{sf] k|ltlglwx?nfO{ cfdlGqt u/L
n}hfg cfjZos kg]{ Jofkfl/s klxrfgsf] vr{ g]kfn ;/sf/n]
5nkmn sfo{qmd cfof]hgf ul/Psf] / o;df 6]8
Joxf]g]{ .
dfs{ btf{ ug{] k|:tfj tof/ ug{ Jofkf/ tyf lgsf;L
k|j4{g s]Gb|sf] ;+of]hsTjdf Ps sfo{qmd pk;ldlt
u7g ul/Psf] .
lgof{tof]Uo j:t'sf] lbuf]kgfsf] nflu cu|, k[i7 / ;dfgfGt/ $ j6f b]zdf -hfkfg, ci6]lnof, gj{], o'[/f]k_
;DaGwsf] cfwf/df b]zut / j:t'ut ljljlws/0fdf hf]8 lbOg] .
klZdgfsf] 6]8 dfs{ btf{ u/fpg] sfo{ ;DkGg
lgof{tof]Uo b]lvPsf lrof, skmL, cn}rL, bfn, k'iku'R5f, 5fnf,
eO;s]sf] . * j6f b]zdf btf{ ug{] k|lqmofdf
cb'jf, xft] sfuh, ;'ulGwt t]n, snfTds sfi7snfsf ;dfgx?,
rln/x]sf] / !@ j6f b]zdf ljleGg r/0fdf /x]sf] .
dx, ;'Gtnf / xl/of] t/sf/L h:tf a:t'sf] t'ngfTds /
un}+rfsf] Labelling sfo{ u/fpg] ;DaGwdf 5nkmn
k|lt:kwf{Tds nfeaf/] ;dfhsf u/La tyf tNnf] tx;Dd hfgsf/L
eO{ sfo{ cufl8 jl9/x]sf] .
k'ofO{ pgLx?nfO{ pTkfbgdf k|f]T;fxg u/L lgof{t k|j4{gdf hf]8
cb'jf v]tL /f]u lgoGq0f tyf ljqmL ljt/0f cflb
lbOg] .
jf/]df s[ifsx?nfO{ @ lbg] k|lzIf0f sfo{qmd ;+rfng
ul/Psf] .
d"lt{snf ;DaGwL d'vfs[lt tof/ ug{] # dlxg]
tfnLd ;+rfng eO/x]sf], ;'v{]t lhNnfdf dlxnfsf]
nflu pmgL wfuf] s6fO tfnLd ;+rfng ePsf],
sfi7snf tfnLd ;+rfngsf] nflu ;Demf}tf ug]{
qmddf /x]sf] .
ltJjtsf] l;ufT;]df cfof]lht g]kfn rLg ltJjt
Jofkf/ d]nf / e'6fgdf cfof]lht ;fs{ Jofkf/
d]nfdf ;xefuL eO{ g]kfnL ldl8ofhGo j:t'x?sf]
jf/]df k|rf/ k|;f/ ul/Psf] .
pkef]Qmfsf] lxt ;+/If0fsf nflu ahf/ cg'udg sf] sfo{nfO{ ljleGg ;/sf/L lgsfo / gful/s ;dfh ;d]tsf]
cleofgsf ?kdf ;~rfng u/L u'0f:t/Lo j:t' plrt d"Nodf k|fKt
k|ltlglwTj ug{]u/L jhf/ cg'udg 6f]nL u7g
ug{] hgtfsf] clwsf/nfO{ k|Tofe"t ul/g] . ;+ul7t ldnf]dtf]df d"No
ePsf] . sfo{/t 6f]nLn] k'; d;fGt ;Dd *(
a[l4 ug{], ahf/df s[lqd cefj l;h{gf ug{] / cfk"lt{ Joj:yfdf
k6sdf #*! :yfgdf cg'udg u/]sf] .
cj/f]w ug{]nfO{ s8f sf/jfxL ul/g] . jfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{ dGqfno
cGtu{tsf lgsfox?nfO{ ahf/df j:t'sf] cfk"lt{ Joj:yf ;'ne / dx+uL lgoGq0fsf pkfoaf/] cWoog u/L /0fgLlt kq
tof/ eO;s]sf] .
k|efjsf/L agfpg], k|lt:kwf{ ;DaGwL sfg"gsf] kl/kfng u/fpg],
ahf/ d"No / u'0f:t/sf] cg'udg, ;+ul7t ldnf]dtf] / Psflwsf/ g]kfn vfB ;+:yfgaf6 rfdn !),$(# d]=6g, lrgL
cGTo ug{ ;Ifd x'g] u/L ;+:yfut ;'b[9Ls/0f ul/g] .
@,#%@ d]=6g / vfg] t]n &%,%%)ln6/ ljqmL
ePsf] .
;fN6 6]l8 skf{]/];gsf l8kf] sfof{nox? dfkm{t
lrgL, d}bf, lk7f], rfdn, bfn h:tf b}lgs pkef]Uo
j:t'x? ;/n, ;xh / ;'ky ?kdf cfk"lt{ Joj:yf
ldnfpg] sfo{nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbOPsf] .
pkef]Qmf xslxt ;+/If0f ;DaGwL P]g tyf
lgodfjnLdf ;+zf]wg / kl/dfh{gsf] nflu ;DalGwt
;/sf/L tyf lghL If]qdf ;/f]sf/jfnfx?sf]
;xeflutfdf Ps cGt/lqmof uf]i7L ;DkGg .
cfk"lt{ gLltsf] d:of}bf tof/ ePsf]
k|lt:kwf{ k|j4{g tyf jhf/ ;+/If0f lgodfjnL
:jLs[t eO{ sfof{Gjogdf cfO;s]sf] .
31

196

clgjfo{ cfjZostfsf j:t'x? g'g / vfBGg -rfdn, ux'F, ds},

sf]bf] jf o:t} cGg_ g]kfnel/ slxNo} klg cefj x'g glbg] u/L
cfk"lt{ Joj:yfnfO{ ;'b[9 agfOg] . d'n'ssf #) b'u{d lxdfnL tyf
kxf8L If]qsf Go"g cfo:t/ ePsf ;a} ju{sf hgtfn] ;'ky d"Nodf
vfBfGgsf] pkef]u ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yfsf nflu vfB ;+:yfgnfO{ lbO{+b}
cfPsf] cg'bfgnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbPsf] . sfo{ tflnsf cg';f/ 9'jfgL
;'lglZrt u/L b'u{d If]qdf vfBfGgsf] pknAwtfsf] k|Tofe"t ul/g] .
;fy}, vfBfGgsf] k/lge{/tfnfO{ 36fpg :yfgLo vfBfGg pkef]udf
afgL kfg{ cleofgd"ns sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/g] .

198

af9L, klx/f], v8]/L h:tf k|fs[lts k|sf]ksf] cj:yfaf6 vfBfGg d'n'sdf vfBfGg ;+s6 cfpg glbg / vfBfGgsf]
;+s6 cfpg glbg tTsfn} vfBfGg pknJw u/fpg ;Sg] u/L vfB
kof{Kt e08f/0fsf] nflu % :yfgdf % j6f cfw'lgs
;'/Iff ;'lglZrt ug{ b]zsf ljleGg * :yfgdf !% xhf/ d]l6s6g
uf]bfd lgdf{0f ug{] nIo /flvPsf]df c5fd, 8f]Nkf /
vfBfGg e08f/0f lgdf{0f tyf ;'wf/ ug{] sfo{nfO{ tLj|tf lbOg] .
lj/u+hsf] nflu jf]nkfqbftfx?;Fu ;Demf}tf eO{
k'/fgf uf]bfdsf] dd{t Pj+ ;'wf/ ;lxt cfktsfnLg cj:yfdf vfB
k|f/lDes sfo{ z'? e};s]sf] / cGosf] xsdf
;'/Iffsf nflu yk cfw'lgs vfBfGg uf]bfdx? r/0fa4?kdf lgdf{0f
;Demf}tf ug{] qmddf /x]sf] .
ul/g] .
ljBdfg vfBfGg uf]bfdx?sf] dd{t ;'wf/ sfo{sf]
nflu nut Oli6d]6 tof/ ug{] sfo{ eO/x]sf] .
g]kfn cfon lgud / OlG8og cfon skf{]/]zgsf] ;+o'Qm nufgLdf g]kfn cfon lgud / ef/tLo cfon lgud,
/S;f}ncdn]vuGh k]6f]nsf] kfOk nfOg lgdf0{f ug]{ sfo{ cfufdL
NOC-IOC) jLrsf] ;xdlt cg';f/ IOC af6
jif{ ;'? ul/g] .
lj:t[t ;DefJotf cWoog k|ltj]bg (DPR) k|fKt
ePsf] . ;+o'Qm ;fem]bf/L ;Demf}tfdf b'j} kIfsf]
;xdlt eO{ b'j} kIfsf] jf]8{sf] :jLs[ltsf] kvf{Odf
/x]sf]df IOC af6 Pipeline sf] :jfldTj /
sfof{{Gjog ug{] cGo Modality sf] k|:tfj tof/
ePsfn] ;f]jf/] cWoog eO/x]sf] .
@)^^ df3 ! ut]b]lv tf]lsPsf cfd pkef]Uo vfB j:t', cf}ifwL, cg'udg 6f]nLn] lg/LIf0fsf] qmddf tf]lsPsf ;j}
k]o kbfy{ / ls6gfzs cf}ifwLsf] ljqmL ljt/0f x'g] v'b|f Kofsdf
pkef]Uo vfB j:t' cf}ifwL, k]o kbfy{ cflbdf
cfoftstf{sf] gfd / 7]ufgf :ki6?kdf b]lvg] u/L clgjfo{ ?kdf
cfoftstf{sf] gfd / 7]ufgf v'n]sf] x'g'kg{] tkm{
6fF; ug{'kg{] Joj:yf ldnfOg] .
ljqm]tfx?nfO{ ;r]t u/fPsf] / o; ;DaGwL yk
k|lqmof cl3 a9\b} u/]s]f .

200

222

g]kfn vfB ;+:yfgaf6 ljleGg b'u{d lhNnfdf

&,&#& d]=6g vfBfGg 9'jfgL ePsf] .
!!,%&$ d]=6g vfBfGg jkm/ :6s cGtu{t df}Hbft
/flvPsf] .
$ xhf/ d]=6g vfBfGg ;fs{ vfB ;'/Iff e08f/sf]
nflu vl/b e};s]sf] .
;fN6 6]l8 skf{]/]zgaf6 @@ lhNnfx?df !#,^)#
SjLG6n g'g 9'jfgL ul/Psf] .

@=@=#=!$ jftfj/0f dGqfno

181

182

183

184

u|fdL0f If]qsf ! d]ufaf6;Ddsf] n3' hnljB't cfof]hgfx?sf] ljleGg lhNnfdf yk $$$=% ls=jf=ljB't pTkfbg
k|j4{g ul/g] . ;f}o{ pmhf{ sfo{qmdnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbPsf] .
u/L yk $,%)) 3/kl/jf/nfO{ ljB't ;]jf
k'ofOPsf] 5 . To:t} !,#$^=@ ls=jf= ljB't
pTkfbg ug{ n3' tyf ;fgf hnljB't cfof]hgfx?
lgdf{0f eO/x]sf] .
!$,@)^ j6f ;f}o{ 3/]n' ljB't k|0ffnL / #,*)% j6f
;fgf ;f}o{ 3/]n' ljB't k|0ffnL h8fg eO{ !*,)!!
3/kl/jf/x?n] ljB't ;]jf k|fKt u/]sf .
?s'd pHofnf] sfo{qmdnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lb+b} cGo lhNnfx?df klg o; cjlwdf ?s'd lhNnfdf !) j6f cfof]hgf
o:tf] sfo{qmd lj:tf/ u/L pHofnf] g]kfn cleofg ;~rfng ul/g] .
dfk{mt $)) ls=jf= ljB't pTkfbg ug{ lgdf{0f sfo{
;DefJo If]qdf lghL If]qsf] ;xefuLtfdf jfo' pmhf{ pTkfbg k|f/De
z'? eO;s]sf] . @% j6f cfof]hgf ;+rfngsf] nflu
ul/g] .
k|fljlws d"Nof+sg ;ldltaf6 :jLs[t u/L ;DalGwt
lgsfox?nfO{ lhDd]jf/L lbOPsf] / yk @% j6f
:jLs[t x'g] cj:yfdf /x]sf] . /f]Nkf / hfh/sf]6sf]
nflu j}slNks pmhf{ k|j4{g ;ldltaf6 sfo{qmd
:jLs[t ePsf] .
;DefJo If]qsf u/La, blnt, GkLl8t / pTkLl8t ju{ / afof]UofF;sf] cg'bfgdf s]xL a[l4 u/L o; ;DaGwL
hfthftLnfO{ nlIft u/L xfn lbOFb} cfPsf] cg'bfgdf a[l4 u/L yk
cg'bfg gLlt :jLs[t ul/Psf] .
!* xhf/ uf]a/ Uof; KnfG6 h8fg ul/g] .
!!$ j6f uf]a/Uof; KnfG6 h8fg ePsf] .
cfoftLt k]6f]lnod kbfy{sf] ljsNkdf :jb]z leq} ;lhjgaf6 ;lhjg v]tLsf] nflu s[ifsx?nfO{ tfnLd lbg,
h}ljs l8h]n pTkfbg ug{ ;lhjg v]tL / k|zf]wg pBf]usf] k|j4{g
g;{/L lgdf{0f ug{ / h}ljs OGwgsf] k|j4{g ug{
ul/g] . h}ljs OGwgsf cGo ljsNkx?sf] cg';Gwfgdf hf]8 lbOg] .
ljleGg ;+:yfx?nfO{ ;"lrs[t u/L k|:tfj df+u
ul/Psf] .
32

 h}ljs OGwg k|zf]wg ug{sf nflu lrtjg /

kfNkfdf pBf]u :yfkgf ePsf] .
h}ljs OGwg sfo{qmd ;DaGwL ljleGg lqmofsnfk
;+rfngsf] nflu %^ j6f ;+:yfx?nfO{ ;"lrs[t
ul/Psf] .
df};d kl/jt{gsf] lxdfnL If]qdf k/]sf] c;/af/]
ljZjsf] Wofg lvRg ;u/dfyf cfwf/ lzlj/
sfnfkTy/df d+=k= j}7s ;DkGg .

@=@=#=!% zflGt tyf k'glg{df{0f dGqfno

41

42

43

44

47

c:yfoL lzlj/x?df /x]sf dfcf]jfbL ;]gfsf n8fs"x?sf] ;dfof]hg e/0fkf]if0f jfkt ?=@* s/f]8 !( nfv $( xhf/ /
/ k'g:yf{kgf gx'~h]n pgLx?sf] e/0fkf]if0f / dfl;s eQfnfO{
dfl;s eQf jfkt ?=%^ s/f]8 &@ nfv !% xhf/
lg/Gt/tf lbPsf]5' .
u/L hDdf ?=*$ s/f]8 (! nfv ^$ xhf/ ljt/0f
ePsf] .
/fli6o zflGt tyf k'g:yf{kgf cfof]u, pRr:t/Lo ;To lg?k0f tyf pRr:t/Lo ;To lg?k0f tyf d]nldnfk cfof]u
d]nldnfk cfof]u, /fHo k'g;{+/rgf ;DaGwL pRr:t/Lo ;'emfj
;DaGwL ljw]os dlGqkl/ifb\df k|:t't .
cfof]u, j]kQf kfl/Psfx?sf] vf]hL ug]{ cfof]u / /fli6o
a]kQf kfl/Psfx?sf] vf]hL ug{] cfof]u u7g ;DaGwL
;dfj]zLs/0f cfof]usf nflu cfjZos ah]6 5'6\ofPsf]5' .
ljw]os d:of}bf Joj:yflksf ;+;bdf k]z
eO;s]sf] .
ufpFb]xftaf6} hgtfsf] kxndf zflGt cleofg cGtu{t hgtfsf] ^& lhNnfdf :yfgLo zflGt ;ldlt u7g ePsf] .
dg lhTg] sfo{qmd ;~rfng u/L ;dfhdf d]nldnfk / ;b\efj
a9fpg :yfgLo zflGt ;ldltx?nfO{ cfufdL jif{ ufFp:t/;Dd :yfgLo zflGt ;ldlt lgb{]lzsf @)^^ :jLs[t eO{
nfu' ePsf] .
k'ofOg] Joj:yf ldnfOPsf]5 .
:yfgLo zflGt ;ldltsf ;+of]hs, dlxnf ;b:o /
sfof{no ;lrjx?sf] Ifdtf clea[l4sf] nflu tLg
:yfgdf uf]i7L ;DkGg ePsf] .
;fljsdf u0f]zdfg l;+x zflGt cleofg cGtu{t kl/sNkgf ul/Psf #@& hgfnfO{ ;DklQ Iflt jfkt ?=@ s/f]8 %^
sfo{qmdx?nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lb+b} hgcfGbf]ng, ;z:q ljb|f]x,
nfv %$ xhf/ cfly{s ;xfotf k|bfg ug{ ;DalGwt
dw]zcfGbf]ng / cGo ljljw cfGbf]ngsf zxLb kl/jf/ Pj+ 3fOt]sf]
lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{nodf /sd pknJw u/fPsf] .
hLjg lgjf{x eQf / ;Gtltx?sf] 5fqj[lQsf nflu kof{Kt ah]6
5'6\ofPsf]5' . ;z:q Gsf] qmddf d[To' ePsf JolQmsf kl/jf/dWo] !!* gful/sx? -ckx/0f_ nfO{ ?= @* nfv @%
xhf/ cfly{s ;xfotf pknJw u/fpg ;DalGwt
rfn' jif{df cfly{s ;xfotf lng gkfPsfx?nfO{ cfufdL jif{
lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{nodf /sd pknJw u/fPsf] .
;xfotf pknAw u/fpg] Joj:yf u/]sf]5' .
Gbsf qmddf ckf ePsf $!) hgfnfO{ ?= @
s/f]8 !* nfv @& xhf/ cfly{s ;xfotf pknJw
u/fPsf] .
@% hgf ;lxb kl/jf/nfO{ !& nfv &) xhf/ hLjg
lgjf{x eQf pknJw u/fPsf] .
@$ hgf hgcfGbf]ng 3fOt]x?nfO{ ?= % nfv !^
xhf/ hLjg lgjf{x eQf pknJw u/fPsf] .
hgcfGbf]ngsf 3fOt] tyf 3fOt]sf ;Gtlt &
hgfnfO{ ?= $ nfv () xhf/ 5fqj[lQ pknJw
u/fO;lsPsf] .
Gsfndf gi6 ePsf ef}lts ;+/rgfx?sf] ;s];Dd rfF8f]
k'glg{df{0fsf (!( gofF cfof]hgfx? / $)(
k'glg{df{0f u/]/ dfq hgtfnfO{ jf:tljs ?kdf zflGt axfnL ePsf]
qmdfut cfof]hgfx?dWo] zx/L ljsf; tyf ejg
cg'e"lt lbnfpg ;lsg] dx;"; u/L b'O{ jif{leqdf ;Dk"0f{ k'glg{df{0f
lgdf{0f ljefu dftxtaf6 ;+rfng x'g]
;DkGg ug{] .
cfof]hgftk{m !* j6fsf] 6]08/ e}/x]sf] . cGo
cfof]hgfx?sf] Oli6d]6 eO/x]sf] . xfn;Dd sl/a
!% s/f]8 vr{ ePsf] .
8f]ln8f/ tkm{af6 ;+rfng x'g] cfof]hgfdWo] !#!
j6fsf] vl/b u'?of]hgf :jLs[t ePsf], sl/a %)
cfof]hgfsf 6]08/ tyf pkef]Qmf ;ldltx?;Fu
;Demf}tf x'g] qmddf /x]sf], afFsL cfof]hgfx?sf]
Oli6d]6 tof/ x'g] qmddf /x]sf] .
33

@=@=#=!^ ;+3Lo dfldnf, ;+ljwfg;ef, ;+;bLo Joj:yf tyf ;+:s[lt dGqfno

64

65

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67

;a} hflt / hghfltsf efiff, ;flxTo, snf, ;+uLt tyf ;+:s[ltsf] /fli6o k|ltef :df/s ;+/If0f sfo{qmd / /fli6o
;+/If0f, ;Da4{g / k|j4{g ul/g]5 . k|flrg u'Daf, d7, dlGb/, dl:hb
k|ltef k'/:sf/sf] nflu k|:tfj cfXjfg u/L
Pjd\ kf}/fl0fs / wfld{s :ynx?sf] ;+/If0fsf] sfo{nfO{ yk
5gf}6sf] r/0fdf /x]sf] .
k|fyldstfsf ;fy lg/Gt/tf lbOg] .
dGqfnoaf6 ;+f:s[lts ;+/If0fsf nflu ljleGg @!
j6f ;+:yfx?nfO{ cg'bfg lgsf;f .
t/fO{dw]z, kxf8 / lxdfnsf ;a} hfthfltx?nfO{ ;d]6\g] u/L k|f/lDes k|:tfj tof/ eO{ 5nkmn eO/x]sf] .
ljleGg lhNnfx?df :yfgLo hgtfsf] kxn / lhDd]jf/L x'g] u/L
hgcfGbf]ng tyf zlxb :d[lt ;+u|xfnosf]
hftLo ;\u|xfnox?sf] :yfkgf
sfo{qmd :jLs[ltsf] qmddf /x]sf]
;flxTo, ;+uLt, snf tyf cGo s'g} klg If]qdf cGt/f{li6o tyf /fli6o k|ltef 5gf}6 ug{] ;ldlt u7g ePsf] .
If]qLo k'/:sf/ k|fKt ug{] g]kfnL k|ltefx?nfO{ k'/:s[t tyf ;Ddflgt
ug{] k/Dk/f a;flng] . To; If]qdf hLjg ;dlk{t ug{] ljlzi6
k|ltefx?sf] ;Ddfg / ;+/If0fdf ljz]if Wofg lbOg] .
d}lynL efiff, ;flxTo / ;+:s[ltsf] ljsf;df dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg sfo{qmd :jLs[t e};s]sf] .
k'ofpg] JolQmnfO{ k'/:sf/ lbg dxfslj ljBfklt k'/:sf/ u'7L
sf] cIfosf]if .

@=@=#=!& lzIff dGqfno

62

101

201

202

t/fO{dw]zsf ljkGg kl/jf/sf lszf]/Lx?sf] ;Lk / Ifdtf clea[l4 sfo{ljlw :jLs[t eO{ sfof{Gjog ug{] r/0fdf
u/L cfTdlge{/ agfpgsf] nflu k;f{, af/f, /f}tx6, ;nf{xL, dxf]Q/L,
k'u]sf] .
wg'iff, l;/fxf / ;Kt/Lsf blnt / ljkGg d';ndfg kl/jf/sf
aflnsfn] * sIff plQ0f{ u/L c=g=ld= jf ;f] ;/xsf] k|fljlws lzIff
lng rfx]df 5fqj[lQ lbg] Joj:yf .
d'Qm sdn/Lx?nfO{ pd]/ / OR5f cg';f/ lgMz'Ns cfjf;Lo d'Qm sdn/Lx?nfO{ pd]/ / OR5fcg';f/ lgz'Ns
ljBfno lzIff jf k|fljlws tfnLd pknAw u/fOg] . ;fy}, x?jf,
cfjf;Lo ljBfno lzIff jf k|fljlws tfnLd
r?jf dflysf] zf]if0f cGTo u/L dfgjf]lrt hLjg lgjf{xsf lglDt
pknJw u/fOg] ;DaGwL lgb{]lzsfsf] clGtd
cfjZos sbd rflng] .
d:of}bf tof/ ePsf] .
;+rf/ dfWodx?af6 d'Qm sdn/Lx?nfO{ ljBfno
k7fpg ;Gb]zx? lbg] k|sf/sf lj1fkgx?
k|zf/0fk|sfzg ePsf] .
lzIffnfO{ clgjfo{ ug{] sfg"gL Joj:yf ul/g] . lzIffnfO{ u'0ffTds, sIff !) ;Dd qmdzM lgz'Ns lzIff pknJw
;Lkd'ns / Jofj;flostf tkm{ pGd'v u/fOg] . ;a} g]kfnLnfO{ cf
u/fOg] ;DaGwdf blnt, s0ff{nL c~rn,
cfgf] dft[efiffdf k|fylds lzIff xfl;n ug{ kfpg] cj;/
;LdfGts[t / nf]kf]Gd'v ;d"xsf sIff (, !) df
lbnfOg] . sIff !) ;Dd qmdzM lgz'Ns lzIff pknAw u/fOg] .
cWoog/t ljBfyL{sf nflu PCF sf cfwf/df
lgz'Ns lzIff / kf7\ok':tssf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] .
tLg j6f dft[ efiff -pb'{, jfGtjf / z]kf{_ df
;Gbe{ ;fdfu|Lx?sf] n]vg sfo{ z'? ePsf] .
!% dft[ efiffdf lzIfs tfnLd ;+rfngsf nflu
tfnLd ;fdfu|L ljsf; ;DkGg .
lzIfsx?sf nflu & dft[ efiffdf :jfWofog
;fdfu|L ljsf; .
dft[ efiffdf lzIfs tfnLd ;+Rffng ug{ @^
hgfsf nflu k|lzIfs k|lzIf0f ;DkGg .
lbjf vfhfdf :yfgLo vfBfGgsf] k|of]u clgjfo{ ug{ cfjZos kg{] lbjfvfhf sfo{qmd cGtu{t ljBfyL{x?nfO{ vfBfGg
k|ljlw / tfnLd sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/g] .
ljt/0f ul/Psf] .
5fqf pTk|]/0ff sfo{qmd cGtu{t 5fqfnfO{ dfl;s @
ln6/sf b/n] vfg] t]n pknJw u/fOPsf] .
dft[ tyf lzz' :ofxf/ sfo{qmd cGtu{t ue{jtL
tyf ;'Ts]/L dlxnf tyf tLg jif{ d'lgsf
jfnjflnsfx?nfO{ Go"l6ldS; ljt/0f ePsf] .
/f]Nkf, l;/fxf, ;Kt/L, slknj:t, /;'jf,
l;Gw'kfNrf]s, alb{of, bf, af/f, Ko"7fg, wflb,
s}nfnL, gjnk/f;L / ;'g;/L nufotsf !$
lhNnf 5gf}6df k/]sf 5g\ . lbjf vfhf ;+rfng
34

sfo{ljlw lgb{]lzsf kl/dfh{g u/L k|sfzg tyf

ljt/0f sfo{ ;DkGg ePsf] .
vfhf Joj:yfkg ubf{ :yfgLo ;fdfu|LnfO{
k|fyldstf lbg lhNnfx?nfO{ lgb{]zg lbO;lsPsf] .
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afnljsf; s]Gb|x? lj:tf/ ul/g] . ckf, lk5l8Psf / ljkGg ju{, ckf, lk5l8Psf / ljkGg ju{, d';ndfg, blnt,
d';ndfg, blnt, yf?, dw]zL, nf]kf]Gd'v / s0ff{nL If]qsf nflu
yf?, dw]zL, nf]kf]Gd'v / s0ff{nL If]qsf nflu
ljz]if sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/g] .
ljz]if sfo{qmd ;+rfng ug{ 5gf}6 k|lqmof af/]df
sfo{zfnf u/L ;'emfj dfu lnOPsf] .
db/;fdf cWoog/t ljBfyL{x?nfO{ /fli6o
d'nwf/df ;dflxt u/fpg db/;fx?nfO{ lgoldt
?kdf cg'bfg lbOFb} cfPsf] .
s0ff{nL c~rnsf ! b]lv !@ sIff;Dd cWoog/t
nlIft ;d"xsf ;j} ljBfyL{x?nfO{ lgz'Ns
cWoogsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] .
ljljw sf/0fn] ljrd} k7fO{ 5f8]sf ljBfyL{x?nfO{ ljz]if k|f]T;fxg v'nf ljBfnosf nflu * ljifosf] :jfWofog
sfo{qmd ;lxt v'nf ljBfno lzIff sfo{qmdnfO{ lg/Gt/tf .
;fdfu|L kl/dfh{g z'? ul/Psf] .
P;Pn;L ;xfotf sfo{qmdsf] nflu c+u|]hL, ul0ft,
lj1fg ljifosf] ;L=cf/=;L tof/L u/L hf/L
ul/Psf] .
hg;}lgs ljBfno zlQmvf]/, lrtjgdf & ;o
hgfsf nflu Ps v'nf ljBfno :jLs[lt .
b"/ lzIff v'nf l;sfO{ lgb{]lzsfsf] kl/dfh{g
;DkGg .
P;Pn;L lbg] kl/IffyL{nfO{ nlIft u/L !* klqsf
>[+vnf ljsf; sfo{ ;DkGg eO{ rf}yf] >[+vnf ;Dd
k|sfzg ;DkGg .
P;Pn;L lbg] kl/IffyL{sf] nflu c+u|]hL, ul0ft /
lj1fg ljifosf] /]l8of] kf7 /]l8of] g]kfnaf6
k|zf/0f k|f/De ePsf] .
cfufdL jif{ yk $ xhf/ ljBfnox?nfO{ ;d'bfodf x:tfGt/0f .
k|fylds *@#, lgdflj !&&, dflj &* u/L hDdf
!)&* ljBfno ;d'bfonfO{ x:tfGt/0f ePsf] .
ljBfyL{ egf{ b/, ljBfno 5f]8\g] b/ / k/LIff plQ0f{ k|ltztsf] cfwf/e"t txsf] nflu jflif{s kl/Iff / dfljsf]
cfwf/df k|f]T;fxg k|0ffnL nfu' ul/g] . ljBfnosf lzIfs /
nflu P;Pn;L kl/Iffdf plQ0f{ b/ / ljBfno
sd{rf/Lsf] cfrf/ ;+lxtf kl/kfngfdf hf]8 lbOg] .
:t/Los/0fsf] cfwf/df pTs[i6 ljBfnox?nfO{
qmdzM ?=%) xhf/ / ?=! nfvsf b/n] k|f]T;fxg
cg'bfg lh=lz=sf= df k7fOPsf] .
z}lIfs cfrf/ ;+lxtf lgdf{0f u/L nfu' ug{
lhNnfx?nfO{ lgb{]zg lbPcg';f/ lhlzsfx?n]
;DalGwt ;/f]sf/jfnfx?;Fu a;L cfrf/ ;+lxtf
lgdf{0f u/L nfu' ul//x]sf] .
ljBfnodf hfg] lzIfs cg'bfg ;lxt ;Dk"0f{ cg'bfgnfO{ kf/bzL{ k|lt ljBfyL{ OsfO{ nfut cg'bfgsf] sfof{Gjog
agfpg k|lt ljBfyL{ nfut cg'bfg k|0ffnLnfO{ clgjfo{ agfO{ o;sf]
kIfnfO{ Jojl:yt, k|efjsf/L / kf/bzL{ jgfpg
s8f cg'udg ul/g] .
lgb{]lzsf tof/ ePsf] .
ljBfnodf hfg] ;j} /sdsf] n]vfkl/If0fsf] ;fy}
;fdflhs kl/If0f ug{] clgjfo{ Joj:yf ul/Psf] .
cfjf;Lo ljBfnox? :yfkgf u/L To:tf ljBfnoaf6 lzIff lbg] d':tf, x'Dnf / h'Dnfdf cfjf;Lo ljBfno
sfo{ ;'? ul/g] .
;+rfng eO/x]sf]df o; jif{ yk & j6f s]Gb|
tfKn]h', ;+v'jf;ef, ;f]n'v'Da', /;'jf, uf]vf{ /
bfr'{nfdf :yfkgf ug{ lhNnf 5gf}6 u/L sfo{qmd
k7fOPsf] .
ljBfnodf eO{ /x]sf] ef}lts ;'wf/ ;DjGwL sfo{qmdnfO{ k|of]ustf{ ;j} lhNnfnfO{ k|fKt ef}lts lgdf{0f ;DaGwL
d}qL agfpb} nlug] . cfufdL cfly{s jif{ * xhf/ & ;o sIff sf]7f
sf]6fx? uf]/vfkqdf k|sflzt ul/Psf] / lhNnfdf
lgdf{0f / cGo ljBfnosf] ef}lts ;'wf/sf] nflu ?= # ca{ %( s/f]8
sfo{qmd clVtof/L k7fO;lsPsf] .
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ljlgof]hg . cfw'lgs lzIff lbg] db/;fnfO{ ejg lgdf{0fdf ;xof]u lhNnfaf6 ljBfno 5gf}6sf] gfdfjnL k|fKt
ul/g] .
eO/x]sf] .
lqe'jg ljZj ljBfnosf] ;+/rgfnfO{ k'g/fjnf]sg ul/g] . s[lif, jg tyf kz' lj1fg ljZjljBfno,
ljZjljBfno lzIffsf] u'0f:t/ ;'wf/ ug{ ljz]if hf]8 lbOg] .
dWoklZrdf~rn ljZjljBfno tyf ;"b'/
ljZjljBfno gePsf If]qx?df gofF ljZjljBfno :yfkgf ub{} hfg]
klZrdf~rn ljZjljBfno ;DaGwL ljw]os tof/
gLlt cg'?k cfufdL jif{ ;'b'/klZrdsf] sGrgk'/, dWo klZrd /
eO{ Joj:yflksf ;+;bdf k7fpg] qmddf /x]sf] .
aL/u~hdf ljZjljBfno :yfkgf ul/g] . hgsk'/df /fhifL{ hgs
ljZjljBfno :yfkgf ul/g] . s}nfnLsf] u]6fcQ/Lofdf d]l8sn /fhifL{ hgs ljZjljBfno :yfkgfy{ ;DefJotf
cWoog ug{ ul7t sfo{bnf/f k|ltj]bg ljZj
sn]h / lrtjgsf] df}h'bf /fdk'/ s[lif tyf kz' lj1fg SofDk;nfO{
ljBfno cg'bfg cfof]u ;dIf k]z ul/Psf] .
lqe'jg ljZjljBfno;Fu k/fdz{u/L ljZjljBfnosf] ?kdf ljsf;
ul/g] . k|fljlws lzIffnfO{ cufl8 a9fpg k"jf{~rndf k|f}Bf]lus s}nfnLsf] u]6fcQl/ofdf d]l8sn sn]h :yfkgfy{
;DefJotf cWoog ug{ ul7t sfo{bnf/f k|ltj]bg
ljZjljBfno :yfkgf ul/g] .
a'emfOPsf]
jL/u~h ljZjljBfno ;DaGwL /fo ;lxt
cfof]uaf6 ul7t 6f]nLsf] k|ltj]bg k|fKt ePsf] .
k"jf{~rndf k|f}Bf]lus ljZjljBfno ;DaGwL
ljw]os clGtd r/0fdf k'u]sf] .
lqe'jg ljZjljBfno cGtu{tsf k'/fgf SofDk;x?dWo] sf7df8f}sf] ;DalGwt SofDk;x?af6 sfo{qmd k|fKt ePsf]n] tL
cd[t, lqrGb| / /Tg/fHo, aL/uGhsf] 7fs'//fd, lj/f6gu/sf]
SofDk;nfO{ ?=! s/f]8sf b/n] k"FhLut /sd
dx]Gb| df]/, kf]v/fsf] k[YjLgf/fo0f, kfNkfsf] lqe'jg SofDk; /
pknJw u/fOg nfu]sf] .
g]kfnuGhsf] SofDk; ejg lgdf{0f / ;'wf/sf nflu ?= !) s/f]8
ah]6 ljlgof]hg .
t/fO{dw];sf ljBfyL{sf] gl;{ lzIffdf kx'Fr a9fpg /f}tx6sf] uf}/ hUuf k|flKtsf] ;Demf}tf ePsf] .
/ ;nf{xLsf] dn+ujfdf gl;{ OlG:6Ro"6 :yfkgf ug]{ .
k|fljlws lzIffsf] kx'Fr g]kfne/L lj:tf/ ug{] p2]Zo cg'?k cfufdL hUuf k|fKt eO{ sfof{no :yfkgf ePsf] . ejg
cfly{s jif{df s}nfnLsf] l6sfk'/df kf]ln6]lSgs OlG6Ro"6 :yfkgf
lgdf{0fsf nflu k/fdz{bftf lgo'lQm u/L l8hfOg
ul/g]
ug{] k|lqmof z'? .
;a} g]kfnLnfO{ ;fIf/ agfpg] ;fIf/ agf} Ifdtf a9fpF ;fIf/tf &% lhNnfdf -sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog lgb{]lzsf @)^%,
sfo{qmdnfO{ :yfgLo lgsfo, ljBfno, lzIfs / :yfgLo /fhgLlts
klxnf] ;+;f]wg @)^^ ;lxt_ ljt/0f ul/Psf] .
bnx?sf] ;xeflutfdf cleofgsf ?kdf ;~rfng ul/g] .
lhNnf k|lzIfs tfnLd tof/L sfo{ k'/f .
tfnLd k'l:tsfsf] 5kfO{ e}/x]sf] .
kf7\o ;fdfu|L 5kfO{ eO{ ljt/0f sfo{ eO/x]sf] .
kqsf/ / u};;sf k|ltlglwx?sf nflu ;fIf/tf
cleofg ;+rfngsf nflu cled'lvs/0f uf]i7L
;+rfng .

@=@=#=!* ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno

257

;fj{hlgs k|zf;gnfO{ hgpQ/bfoL, ;Ifd, lgikIf, kf/bzL{ tyf k|zf;g k'g;{/rgf cfof]usf] l;kmfl/; sfof{Gjog
/fHosf] k"g;+{/rgf;Fu ;fdGh:o x'g]u/L Jofks ;'wf/ ul/g] .
sfo{of]hgf :jLs[ltsf] nflu dlGqkl/ifb\df k|:tfj
k]z ePsf] .

261

lghfdtL ;]jfaf6 hgtfdf k|jfx x'g] ;]jfnfO{ hgd'vL / u'0f:t/ lgb{]lzsf tof/L eO{ dlGqkl/ifb\df k|:tfj k]z
o'Qm agfOg]5 . ;/sf/ k|lt hgljZjf; a[l4 / 5lj ;'wf/ ug{
eO;s]sf]
k|zf;gnfO{ /fhg}lts x:tIf]kaf6 k"0f{?kdf d'Qm /flvg] . ;fy},
cfrf/ ;+lxtfsf] k"0f{kfng, sfo{ k|0ffnLdf ;/nLs/0f, u|fxs kfFry/, Onfd, sfe]| / df]/ lhNnfdf ;]jfu|fxL
;Gt'li6 ;e{]If0f ;+rfng ePsf] .
;Gt'li6 ;j]{If0f / zf;sLo ;'wf/ sfo{qmdsf] k|efj cWoog
nufotsf sfo{x?nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbOg] .
l6leaf6 k|zf;g ;'wf/ ;DaGwL k|rf/ k|;f/ tyf
zf;sLo ;'wf/ ;DaGwL sfo{qmd ;+rfng eO/x]sf] .
;+u7g tyf Joj:yfkg (O&M) sfo{ljlw lgb{]lzsf
:jLs[ltsf] nflu dlGqkl/ifb\df k]z ePsf] .
l6leaf6 ljB'QLo ;/sf/L sfo{ k|0ffnLsf] k|rf/
k|;f/ eO/x]sf] .
sd{rf/Lx?sf] cfjZostfcg';f/ c+u|]hL efiffsf]
tfnLd lbg] Joj:yf ePsf] .
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gd'gfsf] ?kdf cfufdL jif{ bfr{'nf / dxf]Q/L lhNnfdf sd{rf/L sd{rf/L cfjf; ejg lgdf{0fsf] nflu ;DaGlwt
cfjf; k|s[ltsf ejgsf] lgdf{0f ;'? .
dGqfnosf kbflwsf/L;+u ;d]t ;dGjou/L bfr'{nf
lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{noaf6 ;Defljt hUufsf]
ljj/0f k|fKt u/]sf] .
cfjf; ejgsf] nflu zx/L ljsf; ljefuaf6
l8hfOg eO/x]sf] .
dxf]Q/L lhNnfdf ;/sf/L hUuf gkfOPsf]n] hUuf
lsGg] jf dxf]Q/Lsf] ;fdf hgsk'/ sfod ug{]
ljifodf u[x sfo{ ul/Psf] .
lghfdtL c:ktfndf ca'{b/f]u tyf d[uf}nf/f]u OsfO{ ;'? ul/g] .
d[uf}nf pkrf/ ;DaGwL s]Gb| :yfkgf ug{ cfjZos
k"jf{wf/sf] tof/L ul/Psf] .
d[uf}nf k|Tof/f]k0fsf nflu cfjZos kg{] HLA
TYPING pks/0fx? vl/b ug{] k|lqmof z'?
ul/Psf] .
lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf afnaflnsfx?n] k|fyldstf kfpg] u/L ;DalGwt dGqfnosf kbflwsf/Lx?;Fu j}7s a;L
lbkfon / wgs'6fdf PsPs j6f pRr dfWolds ljBfno
wgs'6f lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{noaf6 ;Defljt
:yfkgf ul/g] .
hUufsf] ljj/0f k|fKt ePsf] .
u'7Ldf btf{ u/L :s"nsf] :yfkgf tyf ;+rfng ug{]
u/L ;}4flGts ;xdltsf nflu dlGqkl/ifb\df k|:tfj
k]z ul/Psf] .
lbkfonsf] nflu k|:tfljt hUufsf] lgl/If0f
ul/Psf] .
:jb]zL ljZjljBfnox?df 8fS6/ / OlGhgLo/ ljifosf] :gfts / sfo{bn u7g eO{ 5fqj[lQ k|bfg ug{] ;DaGwdf
lj1fg, Joj:yfkg tyf cy{zf:q ljifodf :gftsf]Q/ pkflwsf]
cfjZos k"jf{wf/x?sf] Joj:yf ug{ lgb{]lzsfsf]
nflu k|lt:kwf{sf] cfwf/df 5gf}6 ePsf lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf
d:of}bf tof/ ul/Psf] .
5f]/f5f]/LdWo] jflif{s b'O{ ;o ljBfyL{nfO{ 5fqj[lQ pknJw u/fOg] .

@=@=#=!( ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ dGqfno

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;a} ufpF ljsf; ;ldltx?df 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf k'ofOg] . cfufdL kfFr ^& :yfgdf VSAT Rural Terminal h8fg ePsf] .
jif{leq krxQ/} lhNnfdf clK6sn kmfOj/ lj:tf/ ul/g] .
!* :yfgdf VSAT Backhall af6 GSM ;]jf
;+rfngdf cfPsf] .
CDMA sf] $& j6f BTS h8fg ePsf] .
k|To]s lhNnf ;/bd'sfd;Fu Optical Fiber
Network lgdf{0f u/L j}slNks ;"rgf /fhdfu{
tof/ ug{] ;Gbe{df Modality to ug{ ul7t
;ldltn] clGtd k|ltj]bg k]z u/]sf] .
sf]xnk'/;'v{]t, nfxfgufO3f6, j'6jnkfNkf,
kf]v/fjfUn'df Optical Fiber /fVg] tof/Lsf
nflu ljB't k|flws/0f;Fu 5nkmn ul/Psf] .
hglxt / nf]ssNof0fnfO{ d2t k'ofpg] vfnsf ;"rgfd"ns ;"rgf ljefunfO{ ;"rgf j}+ssf] ?kdf ljsf; ug{
;fdu|LnfO{ k|rf/k|;f/ u/L hgtfsf] ;';"lrt x'g] clwsf/nfO{
;"rgf ljefudf kf]6{nsf] lgdf{0f sfo{ ;DkGg u/L
;'lglZrt ul/g] .
cfjZos ;"rgfx? ;+sng tyf ;+k|]if0f sfo{ hf/L
/x]sf] .
nf]stflGqs cfGbf]ngsf cu|0fL dlxnf -efu !_
j[Qlrq k|;f/0f ul/Psf] .
/]l8of] g]kfnsf] u'NdL, uf]/vf, bfr'{nf / /f]Nkfdf FM
Relay
s]Gb| :yfkgf ug{sf nflu ljb]zaf6
cfjZos jf]nkq cfJxfg ePsf] .

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l;S6f l;+rfO cfof]hgfsf] d"n gx/sf] k|yd v08sf] !% lsnf]ld6/ Right side down stream sf] protection sfo{
lgdf{0f / yk #% lsnf]ld6/;Ddsf] v08sf] l8hfOg / nut
afx]s 8fO{e;{g :6Sr/sf] ;Dk"0f{ lgdf{0f sfo{
Oli6d]6 tof/ ug{] sfo{ ;DkGg ul/g] .
nueu ;DkGg . Desilting basin sf]] lgdf{0f sfo{
nueu ;DkGg x'g] ca:yfdf /]x]sf] / !=$ ls=ld=
flushing channel sf] lgdf{0f sfo{ rfn' /x]sf] .
!% ls=dL=;Dd d"n gx/ lgdf{0f sfo{sf] nflu
ljleGg Rofgndf gx/df df6f] vGg], lining /
structure lgdf{0f sfo{ rfn' /x]sf] .
yk #% ls=dL=;Dd d"n gx/ v08sf] la:t[t ;e]{,
l8hfOg tyf nfut cg'dfg tof/ e}/x]sf] .
s}nfnL lhNnfsf] /fgLhd/f s'n/Lof l;+rfO cfof]hgf ;'? ug]{ . Intake/protection works sf] design, drawings
tyf / prequalification document l:js[tLsf]
r/0fdf /x]sf] .
ICB contracting sf] nflu 7]s]bf/ 5gf}6 ug{
prequalification sf] ;"rgf k|sflzt u/]sf] .
af/fdf hd'gL l;+rfO cfof]hgfsf] lgdf{0f sfo{ k|f/De ul/g] .
l8hfOg / nfut cg'dfgsf] updating sfo{
e}/]x]sf]] .
bfsf] a8\sfky l;+rfO cfof]hgfsf] sfddf tLj|tf lbOg] .
EIA cWoog k|ltj]bg :jLs[tLsf] nflu sf/jfxL
e}/x]sf] .
t/fO{sf @) lhNnfdf !@ j6f gofF 8Lk 6\o'aj]n, qmdfut @% j6f @ j6f -gjnk/f;L / ?kGb]xLdf Ps Ps j6f_ gofF
8Lk 6\o'aj]n / & xhf/ :ofnf] 6\o'aj]n h8fg u/L !^ xhf/ ^
8Lk 6\o"jj]nx?sf] lgdf{0f e}/x]sf] .
;o x]S6/ hUufdf jif{}e/L l;+rfO ;'ljwf k'ofOg] .
laleGg lhNnfx?df # j6f qmdfut 8Lk 6\o"jj]nsf]]
lgdf{0f sfo{ k'/f ePsf], ^ j6fsf] lgdf{0f sfo{ rfn'
/x]sf] / ^ j6fsf] 6]08/ sfo{ e}/x]sf] .
$*) j6f :ofnf] 6\o"aj]n lgdf{0f e};s]sf] tyf
!)) j6f :ofnf] 6\o"aj]n lgdf{0f e}/x]sf] . yk
:ofnf] 6\o"jj]nx? lgdf{0fsf] nfut cg'dfg /
6]08/sf] nflu sfo{ e}/x]sf] .
;fgf tyf demf}nf l;+rfO of]hgf lgdf{0fdf pRr k|fyldstf .
qmdfut #( j6f of]hgf ;DkGg ug]{ u/L
of]hgfx?sf] lgdf{0f sfo{ rfn' e}/x]sf] .
qmdfut of]hgfx?sf] lgdf{0f sfo{ ;'rf? /x]sf], %
j6f of]hgfx? :jLs[t ePsf] / % j6f of]hgfx?sf]
kl/dfh{g ;lxt :jLs[lt tkm{ sfo{jfxL e}/x]sf] tyf
s]xLsf] 6]08/ k|lqmof cufl8 a9]sf] . ;fgf l;+rfO{
of]hgfx?sf] lgdf{0f sfo{ :yfgLo lgsfoaf6 ug]{
u/L l;+rfO dGqfnoaf6 :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfno
dfkm{t DOLIDAR nfO{ clVtof/L k7fPsf] .
sGsfO{, /ft', gf/fo0fL, /fKtL, bf]wf, emLd, nvgb]xL nufot sfo{qmd :jLs[t eO{ !) j6} gbLx?df ul/g] lgdf{0f
bzj6f gbLx?df cleofgfTds 9n] t6aGw lgdf{0f . cGo gbL
sfo{sf] nflu 6]08/ cfJxfg ePsf] .
tyf vf]nfx?df ;d]t t6aGw lgdf{0f .
##$ dL= k|f]6]S;g sfo{, # j6f :k/, ! lsnf] ld6/
df6f]sf] af+w agfpg] sfo{ ;DkGg ePsf] .
s]Gb|Lo:t/ k|sf]k lgoGq0f cGtu{t af9L klx/f]
lgoGq0f sfo{sf nflu !,!%) dL= k|f]6]S;g sfo{
;DkGg .
afudtLdf t6aGw lgdf{0f sfo{sf] nflu ^ Kofs]h
6]08/ :jLs[t, # j6f :k/ lgdf{0f, nfn as}ofsf]
nflu * Kofs]h 6]08/ :jLs[t, #,^)) dL= df6f]sf]
af+w, ()) dL= Uoflag l/e]6d]G6 tyf % j6f :68
lgdf{0f ;DkGg, sdnf gbLsf nflu !@ Kofs]hsf]
af]nkq :jLs[t ul/Psf] . # ls=dL t6aGw lgdf{0f
;DkGg, lqo'uf, nvgb]xL, sGsfO{ / ;'g;/Lsf nflu
!,@)) dL= df6f]sf] t6aGw ;DkGg, @ j6f :68
38

lgdf{0f ;DkGg, OGb|fjtL au/ sf]l/8f]/ cfof]hgfsf

nflu sfo{qmd :jLs[tL eO{ nut cg'dfg tof/Lsf]
qmddf /x]sf] .

@=@=#=@! :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfno

48

54

57

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Gf]Q/ ljsf; lgdf{0fsf sfo{qmdaf6 @^) lsnf]ld6/ ;8s / $) @^) ls=ld= ;8ssf] ;DefJotf cWoog eO;s]sf] .
j6f k'n lgdf{0f sfo{ ;'? x'g], (^ j6f emf]n'] k'n, !)$ j6f ;
;fgf k"jf{wf/x? lgdf{0f x'g] tyf *) j6f vfg]kfgL of]hgf ;DkGg @^) ls=ld= ;8ssf] lj:t[t ;e{]If0f l8hfOg
eO;s]sf] .
ug]{ .
df3 d;fGt ;Dddf &* ls=ld= / r}q d;fGt;Dd
!*@ ls=ld= lgdf{0f z'? x'g] nIo /x]sf]df !)
ls=ld= df lgdf{0f sfo{ z'? ePsf] .
$) j6f ;8s k'nsf] ;DefJotf cWoog ;DkGg .
!# j6f ;8s k'nsf] ;e{] sfo{ e}/x]sf] .
@ j6f emf]n'[] k'n ;DkGg x'g] cj:yfdf /x]sf] /
cGo *( j6f emf]n'] k'n lgdf{0f sfo{ e}/x]sf] .
@$! j6f vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO{ of]hgfsf]
;DefJotf cWoog .
&^ j6f vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO{ of]hgfsf] lj:t[t
OlGhlgol/ ;e{]If0f l8hfOg ;DkGg, @ j6f lgdf{0f
sfo{ ;DkGg, &$ j6fdf sfd z'? .
h]i7 gful/s, Psn dlxnf, nf]kf]Gd'v hflt, cf+lzs tyf k"0f{
h]i7 gful/s %!@$)&, h]i7 gful/s -blnt_
ckf ePsf JolQmx?nfO{ k|bfg ul/b}+ cfPsf] ;fdflhs ;'/Iff
(!(!&, h]i7 gful/s-s0ff{nL_ !$!)$, Psn
eQfnfO{ lg/Gt/tf . /fp6] hfltnfO{ lbO{+b} cfPsf] dfl;s eQfnfO{
dlxnf @%*&!@, nf]kf]Gd'v hflt !%^(), k"0f{
?= % ;oaf6 a9fP/ ?= ! xhf/ k'ofpg] . ;fy}, /fp6]x?n] :yfoL
czQm ckf !#)&*, cf+lzs ckf ^*&% u/L
?kdf a;f]jf; ug{ rfx]df pko'Qm :yfgdf a;f]af; u/fOg] .
hDdf (!@&*# hgfnfO{ klxnf] ls:tf eQf ljt/0f
ul/Psf] .
cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs ljsf;df k5fl8 kfl/Psf cflbjf;L cflbjfl; hghflt lhNnf ;dGjo ;ldlt dfkm{t
hghflt, yf?, t/fO{af;L, dw];L, blnt, d'l:nd, lk58fju{,
r]tgfd"ns sfo{qmd ug{] ^% lhNnfx?df ah]6sf]
nf]kf]Gd'vhflt, pTkLl8t, ljkGg, ckf tyf lk5l8Psf] If]qsf
clVtof/L k7fOPsf] .
hgtfsf] lzIff, :jf:Yo, /f]huf/L / ;zlQms/0fsf nflu pRr
lh=lj=;=- wflb, lrtjg, uf]/vf, dsjfgk'/, tgx'F
k|fyldstfsf ;fy ljz]if sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/g] .
/ nDh'_ dfkm{t r]kf ljsf; sfo{qmd ;+rfng
ug{ sfo{qmd :jLs[t eO{ clVtof/L k7fOPsf] .
blnt ljBfyL{nfO{ 5fqj[lQ, h]x]Gbf/ ljBfyL{sf nfuL
k'/:sf/ / pRr lzIff 5fqj[lQ ljt/0f ug{] sfo{qmd
cGtu{t @$ hgf h]x]Gbf/ ljBfly{, pRr lzIff
5fqj[lQsf] nflu ljj/0f ;+sng eO/x]sf .
jfFs] lhNnfsf] jfu]Zj/L ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt,
:ofhf lhNnfsf] jfl; b]p/fnL uflj;df lgz'Ns
:jf:Yo l;lj/ ;+rfng u/L sl/j @,%)) hgfnfO{
3/b}nf]d} :jf:Yo ;]jf pknJw u/fOPsf] .
lk5l8Psf] ju{ pTyfg ljsf; ;ldlt dfkm{t @@
lhNnfdf sfo{qmd ;+rfngsf] nflu sfo{qmd :jLs[t
eO{ lhlj;nfO{ clVtof/L uPsf] .
k|To]s ljkGg blnt kl/jf/ / s0ff{nL c~rnsf ;a} kl/jf/sf % jfn ;+/If0f cg'bfg sfo{ljlw :jLs[t ePsf] .
jif{ d'gLsf b'O{ hgf;Dd afnaflnsfsf] kf]if0fdf vr{ ug{]u/L cfdf
jf cfdf gePdf ;+/IfsnfO{ k|lt afnaflnsf dfl;s ?= @ ;osf sfo{ljlw cg';f/ s0ff{nL c~rnsf ;j} / b]ze/sf
;j} ljkGg, blnt kl/jf/sf] lhNnfut nut ;+sng
b/n] afn ;+/If0f cg'bfg lbOg] . o; ;DaGwL sfo{ljwL :yfgLo
/ nlIft ;d"xsf] tYof tof/ sfo{ e}/x]sf] .
ljsf; dGqfnon] @)^^ c;f]h d;fGt;Dddf tof/ ug{] .
bL3{sfnLg ?kdf ;a} zx/L If]q / vf;u/L pkTosfsf] kmf]xf]/ d}nf Joj:yfkg clwsf/ ;DaGwL pRr:t/Lo
kmf]x/nfO{ pkof]ud"ns 9+un] Joj:yfkg ug{ zx/L If]qleq}
;ldlt u7g ePsf] .
kmf]x/ k|zf]wg u/L dn sf/vfgf :yfkgf ug{ k|f]T;fxg ul/g] .
o;sf] nflu Ps pRr:t/Lo clwsf/ ;DkGg kmf]x/ Joj:yfkg lghL If]qaf6 k|:tfj cfXjfg ug{sf nflu
Expression of Interest Private Sector
nfO{
;ldlt u7g u/L @)^^ sflQs dlxgfleq k|lt:kwf{af6 lghL
cfJxfg
ul/Psf]
.
If]qsf] sDkgLnfO{ 5gf}6 ul/g] . dn sf/vfgf :yfkgf ug{]
39

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sDkgLnfO{ ;fj{hlgs hUuf bL3{sfnLg nLhdf pknAw k"jf{wf/ ljsf; lgdf{0f ;DaGwdf ePsf] clwsf/
u/fOg] .
k|of]u ug{ clwsf/ k|Tofof]hgsf nflu TOR
k|:tfj :jLs[t ePsf] .
;fj{hlgs hUuf lnhdf pknJw u/fpg cfjZos
ljj/0f ;lxt k|:tfj tof/ u/L dlGqkl/ifb\df k]z
ug{] k|lqmofdf /x]sf] .
ufpF ljsf; ;ldltdf uPsf] cg'bfgsf] pkof]u / To;sf] k|efj uflj; cg'bfg ;+rfng sfo{ljlw, @)^^
;DjGwdf s]Gb|af6 lg/Gt/ ?kdf k|efjsf/L cg'udg ul/g]5 .
dlGqkl/ifb\af6 :jLs[t eO{ sfof{Gjogdf /x]sf] .
k|To]s ufpmF ljsf; ;ldtLsf] hg;+Vof, nfut tyf ef}uf]lns
vr{ k|efjsfl/tf cg'udgsf] nflu ;"rs ;lxtsf]
If]qkmnsf] cfwf/df cg'bfg ljt/0f ug{] .
cg'udg kmf/fd tof/ u/L lhlj;df pknJw
u/fOPsf] .
lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt / gu/kflnsfdf hfg] cg'bfgdf a[l4 ul/Psf] Go"gtd tyf yk cg'bfg ljt/0f ug{] ;'q cBfjlws
.
ul/Psf] .
;"rs kmf/fd kl/dfh{g ul/Psf] .
k|To]s rf}dfl;sdf slDtdf !% lhNnfsf] cg'udg
ul/g] nIo /x]sf]df klxnf] rf}dfl;sdf * lhNnfsf]
cg'udg ul/Psf] .
:yfgLo lgsfosf] Ifdtf clea[l4, ;d'bfosf] ;xeflutfdf bft[ ;d'bfo ;Fu Joint Financing Arrangement
cfwfl/t ;]jf k|jfx / ;fdflhs kl/rfngsf] dfWodaf6 ;d'bfosf]
(JFA) sf] ;Demf}tf eO;s]sf] .
;zlQms/0fsf nflu :jfoQ zf;g tyf ;fd'bflos ljsf;
;fdflhs kl/rfng ;]jf k|bfosx?sf] Maping
sfo{qmd ;+rfng ug{]
ug{] sfo{ z'? ePsf], k/fdz{ bft[ lgsfo;Fusf]
;Demf}tf ;DkGg eO;s]sf] .
;fdflhs kl/rfng lgb{]lzsf / Ifdtf ljsf;
cg'bfg lgb{]lzsf tof/ ePsf] .
If]qut ;zt{ cg'bfg lgb{]lzsf sfo{ljlw l:js[t
ePsf] .
u|fdL0f If]qdf lgdf{0f ;DkGg ePsf ;8snfO{ afx|} dlxgf :yfgLo oftfoft k"jf{wf/ If]qut sfo{qmdsf]
;~rfng x'g] agfpg % ;o !% lsnf]ld6/ ;8s u|fe]n, # xhf/
lgb{]lzsf ;+zf]wg :jLs[t eO{ lhlj;, gu/kflnsf /
% ;o #@ lsnf]ld6/ ;8ssf] lgoldt dd{t / @ ;o j6f emf]n']
lhNnf k|fljlws sfof{nodf k7fO;lsPsf] .
k'nsf] lgdf{0f ;DkGg ug{ kof{Kt ah]6 ljlgof]hg u/]sf] . ;fy},
u|fdL0f k"jf{wf/sf] nflu & ;o #* lsnf]ld6/ gofF 6ofs vf]Ngsf] $) ls=ld= sRrL ;8s lgdf{0f ;DkGg, *% ls=ld=
;e{] l8hfOg ;DkGg .
nflu klg cfjZos ah]6 Joj:yf u/]sf] .
!)) ls=ld= ;8s dd{t ;Ddf/ ePsf] .
% ls=ld= ;8ssf] :t/f]Gglt ePsf] .
vfg]kfgL of]hgf 5gf}6 r/0fdf /x]sf] .
!& j6f qmdfut emf]n'] k'n lgdf{0f ;DkGg,
qmdfut @$@ emf]n'] k'nx? lgdf{0fsf r/0fdf .

@=@=#=@@ :jf:Yo tyf hg;+Vof dGqfno

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lgMz'Ns cfwf/e"t :jf:Yo ;]jfnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbb}+ o;nfO{ lhNnf pk:jf:Yo rf}sL, k|fylds :jf:Yo s]Gb| / lhNnf
tx;Dd lj:tf/ ul/g]5 . o;sf nflu ef}lts k"jf{wf/, cfjZos
c:ktfn s]Gb|x?af6 ^(!!*%! hgfnfO{ ;]jf k|bfg
hgzlQm / ah]6sf] Joj:yf ldnfO{ ;a}sf] nflu :jf:Yo sf]
ul/Psf] .
cjwf/0ffnfO{ qmdzM sfof{Gjog ul/b} nlug] . ;fy}, hgtfsf]
:jf:Yo aLdf ug{] sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug{sfnflu cfufdL jif{ :jf:Yo aLdfsf] ;+Rffngsf] ;DefJotf cWoogsf]
nflu k/fdz{bftf 5gf}6 eO{ cfly{s tyf k|fljlws
;DefJotf cWoog ug{] Joj:yf ldnfPsf] .
k|:tfj dfu ug{] k|lqmofdf /x]sf] .
;/sf/n] lgMz'Ns?kdf ljt/0f ub}{ cfPsf] cf}iflw ;dod} dlGqkl/ifb\af6 lgb{]lzsf :jLs[lt ePsf] .
lj/fdLnfO{ pknAw u/fpgsf nflu cf}iflwsf]] s]Gb|Lo:t/af6
Psd'i6 7]Ssf k|0ffnLaf6 vl/b ;Demf}tf u/L lhNnf:t/dfg} cfk"lt{ s]Gb|Lo jf]nkq dfkm{t cf}ifwL vl/b ug{ ;Demf}tf
eO;s]sf] .
x'g] / ToxLFaf6} /sd e'QmfgL ug{] k|0ffnL ;'? ul/g] .
u|fdL0f txdf :jf:Yo r]tgf hufpg / k|fylds pkrf/df ;xof]u ljt/0f eO;s]sf] .
lbg dlxnf :jod\;]ljsfsf] e"ldsf dxTjk"0f{ /x]sf] . pgLx?nfO{
ebf} dlxgfdf Psd'i6 ?= # xhf/ k|f]T;fxg eQf lbg] k|:tfj
u/]sf] .
40

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;'/lIft dft[Tj, dlxnf clwsf/ sf] cleofgnfO{ ;fy{s t'Nofpg

lgMz'Ns k|;"tL ;]jfnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lb+b} u}/gfkmfd"ns :jf:Yo
;+:yfx?;Dd lj:tf/ ul/g] . k|;"tL k"j{ x]/rfx / k|;"tL kZrft
x]/rfxsf] k"0f{ pkof]u u/L :jf:Yo ;+:yfdf uO{ k|;"tL ;]jf lng]
dlxnfnfO{ rf}yf] e|d0f l;WofPkl5 rf/;o ?k}ofF eQf lbg] Joj:yf
ldnfPsf] . ;fy}, s0ff{nL c~rnsf ;j} lhNnfsf ue{jtL dlxnf
tyf lzz'x?nfO{ :jf:Yo ;+:yf dfkm{t lgMz'Ns kf]if0fo'Qm cfxf/
ljt/0f ul/g] .
cf v:g] ;d:ofaf6 kLl8t dlxnfsf nflu pkrf/fTds /
lg/f]wfTds ;]jf k|bfg ug{] sfo{qmdnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbOg] . cf
v:g] ;d:of sd ug{ kfFrj6} If]qsf @% j6f b'u{d lhNnfx?df
ljz]if lzlj/ ;~rfng ul/g]

!%&#!# hgfnfO{ lgz'Ns k|;'lt ;]jf k|bfg

ul/Psf] .
k|;'tLk"j{ x]/rfx / k|;'tL kZrft x]/rfx ;DaGwL
lgb{]lzsf :jLs[t eO{ lhNnf :t/sf ;Dks{
JolQmx?nfO{ cled'vLs/0f tfnLd k|bfg .
lgz'Ns kf]if0f cfxf/ ;DaGwL lgb{]lzsf :jLs[t
e};s]sf] .
l;lj/ ;+rfng x'g] @% j6f b'u{d lhNnf 5gf}6
ePsf] .
% j6} If]qLo lgb{]zgfnox?n] lgb{]lzsf jdf]lhd @%
j6f lhNnfdf sfo{ z'? u/]sf] .

;fd'bflos c:ktfn :yfkgf / ;~rfng ug{sf nflu lglZrt ;fd'bflos c:ktfn :yfkgf / ;+rfng ;DaGwL
dfkb08sf] cfwf/df cg'bfg pknAw u/fOg]5 . ;fy}, :jf:Yo
lgb{]lzsf kl/dfh{gsf] qmddf /x]sf] .
;+:yfx?sf] ef}lts k"jf{wf/ ljsf;df hf]8 lbOg] . :jf:Yo ;+:yfsf]
xfn lgwf{0ffwLg / rfn' cfly{s jif{df yk x'g] ;+:yf
ejg lgdf{0f, dd{t tyf k"jf{wf/ ljsf; ul/g] .
klxrfg u/L sfof{Gjog z'? ug{ sfo{qmd tyf
clVtof/L ejg ljefudf k7fOPsf] .
;+qmfds /f]usf] /f]syfd / lgoGq0f sfo{nfO{ cleofgsf] ?kdf cf}nf] tyf sfnfhf/ /f]uaf/] hg;d'bfonfO{
;~rfng ul/g] .
hfgsf/L u/fpg] p2]Zon] $@ hgf kqsf/
;lxtnfO{ lrtjg / l;/fxfdf cled'lvs/0f sfo{
;DkGg .
xfQLkfOn] /f]u lgjf/0f sfo{qmd cGtu{t MDA
sfo{sf] nflu ldlt lgwf{/0f eO{ klxnf] r/0f @)
lhNnfdf @)^^ kmfu'g ! / @ ut] / bf]>f] r/0f !)
lhNnfdf kmfu'g * / ( ut] ;+rfng x'g] u/L to
ul/Psf] .
;a} nf]kf]Gd'v hflt, &% jif{ gf3]sf h]i7 gful/s / !% jif{d'lgsf &% jif{dflysf %% hgf / !% jif{ d'lgsf #(@ hgf
afn aRrfsf] d'6'/f]usf] zNolqmof ;lxtsf] lgMz'Ns pkrf/ tyf
u/L hDdf $$& hgfnfO{ lgMz'Ns d'6'/f]usf] pkrf/
nf]kf]Gd'v hflt / &% jif{ gf3]sf h]i7 gful/ssf] d[uf}nfsf]
ul/Psf] .
lgMz'Ns 8fOlnl;; ug{] sfo{qmdnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbPsf] . o;sf
cltl/Qm cfufdL cfly{s jif{b]lv nf]kf]Gd'v hflt, &% jif{ gf3]sf @)! hgfsf] d'6'sf] eNe lgMz'Ns km'sfO{ pkrf/
ul/Psf] .
Ho]i7 gful/s / !% jif{ d'lgsf afnaRrfsf] e/tk'/ SofG;/
c:ktfnaf6 lgMz'Ns SofG;/ pkrf/ ul/g] . kfFr ;o hgf nf]kf]Gd'v hflt / &% jif{ gf3]sf @! hgf lj/fdLsf]
u/Lax?nfO{ zxLb u+ufnfn x[bo/f]u s]Gb|df lgMz'Ns d'6'sf] eNe
!&^ ;];g 8fOnfOl;; ul/Psf] .
km'sfpg] pkrf/ ul/g] . ;'b'/ klZrdf~rnsf ( lhNnf / s0ff{nL df]ltof ljGb'sf @,$$@ /f]uLsf] zNolqmof tyf
c~rnsf ;a} lhNnfdf rf/ xhf/ df]tLljGb'sf lj/fdLx?sf]
!),(@$ hgfsf] cfFvfsf] pkrf/ ul/Psf] .
lgMz'Ns zNolqmof ug{] k|aGw u/]sf] .

@=@=#=@# >d tyf oftfoft Joj:yf dGqfno

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a]/f]huf/Lsf] tYof+ ;+sng u/L ;Lk cg';f/sf] /f]huf/Lsf] nflu !$ j6f /f]huf/ ;"rgf s]Gb|x?af6 xfn ;Dd !%
l;kmfl/z ug{], /f]huf/bftfx?;Fu cGt/lqmof ug{] / ljB'tLo
xhf/ eGbf a9L j]/f]huf/x?sf] nut ;+sng ePsf] .
dfWodaf6 ;d]t /f]huf/L ;DaGwL ;"rgf k|jfx ug{] p2]Zon]
;~rfngdf /x]sf /f]huf/ ;"rgf s]Gb|x?nfO{ yk ;'b[9 ul/g] . j]/f]huf/x?sf] ;+slnt nut ;km\6j]o/df k|ljli6
ug]{ sfo{ eO/x]sf] .
z'Ns /lxt 6]lnkmf]g / :yfgLo Pkm=Pd= /]l8of]af6 /f]huf/L
;DaGwL lh1f;fx?sf] hjfkm lbg] Joj:yf ldnfOg] .
/f]huf/ ;"rgf s]Gb|af6 k|fKt tYof+sx? ljefusf]
j]a;fO{6df /fVg] sfo{ eO/x]sf] .
/fli6o b}lgsdf ;"rgf k|sflzt ePsf] / z'Ns/lxt
6]lnkmf]gsf] nflu sf/jfxL eO/x]sf] .
j}b]lzs /f]huf/ ljefusf] ;'b[9Ls/0f u/L j}b]lzs /f]huf/nfO{ j}b]lzs /f]huf/ ljefusf] ;'b[9Ls/0f ug{] sfo{
;'/lIft, dof{lbt, kf/bzL{ / :jR5 agfOg] . lghL If]q;Fusf]
ePsf] .
;xsfo{df j}b]lzs /f]huf/Ldf x'g] u/]sf] 7uLnfO{ s8fOsf ;fy
lgoGq0f ul/g] . ljb]zl:yt g]kfnL lgof]u;Fu ;dGjo u/L j}b]lzs /f]huf/ Joj;foLx?sf] ;xof]udf 7uL
lgoGq0f sfo{ eO/x]sf] .
;Demf}tf cg';f/ sfd / kfl/>lds kfP gkfPsf] s'/fsf] cg'udg
u/L ;Demf}tfsf] sfof{Gjog ;'lglZrt ul/g] . sfdsf] nflu ljb]z ljefusf] ;6j]o/ lgdf{0f eO;s]sf] . g]6jls{ ug]{
uO{ cnkq k/]/ kmls{g] AolQmnfO{ ;DjlGwt /f]huf/bftf
sfo{ eO/x]sf] .
Ph]G;Laf6 Ifltk"tL{ pknAw u/fOg] . j}b]lzs /f]huf/Ldf hfg'
ljb]z l:yt s'6g}lts lgof]u / >d ;xr/L;Fu
41

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cl3 clgjfo{?kdf cled'vLs/0f tfnLd lbg'kg{] Joj:yfnfO{

;dGjo ug]{ sfo{ eO/x]sf] .
s8fOsf ;fy nfu' ul/g] . j}b]lzs /f]huf/df hfg] / kms{]sf rfn' cf=j sf] k'; d;fGt;Dd @^ j6f 7uL ;DaGwL
>ldsx?nfO{ cGt/f{li6o ljdfg:yndf ;xhLs/0fsf] Joj:yf
d'2f cbfntdf bfo/ ul/Psf] . cfk;L ;xdltaf6
ul/g] .
k'; d;fGt;Dd ^( j6f ;d:ofx? ;dfwfg
ul/Psf] . kLl8t kIfnfO{ ;DalGwt ;+:yfsf] w/f}6Laf6
?=Ps s/f]8 &$ nfv @^ xhf/pknAw u/fOPsf] .
cled'vLs/0f tfnLd sfo{qmdx?sf] lgoldt ?kdf
cg'udg ug]{ ul/Psf] .
/f]huf/Lsf] cj;/ tyf >ldssf] pTkfbsTj a[l4sf nflu ;Lk @,^$^ hgfnfO{ cfwf/e"t tfnLd lbOPsf] .
l;sf}+ /f]huf/ agf}+ cleofgsf ;fy ;Lkd"ns tyf Jofj;flos
tfnLd sfo{qmdx? ;~rfng ul/g] . :yfgLo, /fli6o / %! hgf dlxnfnfO{ cfjf;Lo tfnLd lbO{ k|df0f kq
tyf xft] d]lzg lbOPsf] .
cGt/f{li6o >dahf/sf] dfusf] cfwf/df k]zfut ;Lk tyf bIftf
clea[l4 x'g] u/L #^ xhf/ hgfnfO{ Jofj;flos tyf ;Lkd"ns ^,$@$ hgfnfO{ cNksfnLg tfnLd lbOPsf] .
tfnLd k|bfg ul/g] . ^ xhf/ hgfnfO{ k|fljlws P;=Pn=;L=
&!( hgfnfO{ cNksfnLg j}b]lzs /f]huf/d'ns
sIff ;~rfng ul/g] . lghL If]q;Fu ;xsfo{ u/L cf}Bf]lus
tfnLd lbOPsf] .
kf]ln6]lSgs ;+:yfx? :yfkgf / ;~rfng ul/g] . Jofj;flos tyf
;Lkd"ns tfnLddf GkLl8t, zxLb kl/jf/, dw]zL, lk58f ju{, !,$$% hgfnfO{ ljz]if ;Lk ljsf; tfnLd lbg
;Demf}tf eO;s]sf] .
blnt, cflbjf;Lhghflt, d';ndfg, dlxnf / lk5l8Psf If]qsf
hgtfnfO{ k|fyldstf lbg'sf ;fy} b'u{d, kxf8L, tyf lxdfnL
If]qdf 3'DtL cNksfnLg ;Lk ljsf; tfnLd sfo{qmd ;d]t
;~rfng ul/g] .
;jf/L rfns cg'dltkqsf] ljB'tLo clen]vsf] Joj:yfkg o;} 8f6f O{G6Lsf nflu ;km\6j]o/ lgdf{0f u/L xfn ;Dd
jif{ ;DkGg ul/g'sf ;fy} cfufdL d+l;/ ! ut]b]lv gofF ;jf/L
s/La ^ nfv 8f6f O{G6L eO;s]sf] .
btf{, ;8s dfu{ cg'dltkq, rfns cg'dltkq ljt/0f tyf
gjLs/0f ljB'tLo dfWodaf6} ul/g] . ;jf/L ;fwgsf] gDa/ oftfoft Joj:yf sfof{no, afudtLdf -;fgf 7"nf
;jf/L_ ;jf/L tyf ?6 Ohfht ljt/0f tyf gjLs/0f
Kn]6df gjLs/0f axfn /xg] ldlt ;d]t pNn]v x'g] u/L
sDKo"6/s[t ug{] sfo{ eO/x]sf] . cGo oftfoft
d]lzgf/f gDa/ clt x'g] k|ljlw cjnDag ul/g]
sfof{nox?df klg ;+rfng ug{ u[x sfo{ eO/x]sf] .
pRr:t/Lo clwsf/ ;DkGg ;ldlt u7g eO{ o;
;DaGwL u[xsfo{ eO/x]sf] .

255

;8s b'3{6gfsf sf/0f d[tssf kl/jf/hgnfO{ tTsfn /fxt t];|f] kIfsf] aLdf /sd ?= kf+r nfv sfod
k|bfg ug{ @)^^ ebf} ! ut]b]lv ;a} ;fj{hlgs tyf lghL
eO;s]sf] . o;sf nflu ;jf/L tyf oftfoft
oftfoftsf ;fwgn] d[ts kl/jf/nfO{ ?= kfFr nfv ?k}ofsf]
Joj:yf lgodfjnL, @)%$ df bf];|f] ;+zf]wg ;d]t
gub /fxt k|fKt x'g] u/L t];|f]kIf jLdf ;d]t ug{'kg{] Joj:yf
eO;s]sf] .
clgjfo{ ul/g] . gofF ;jf/L ;fwg btf{ / gjLs/0f ubf{ t];|f]
kIf jLdf u/fPsf] k|df0f clgjfo{ ?kdf k]z ug{'kg{] Joj:yf gofF ;jf/L ;fwg btf{ / gjLs/0f ubf{ t];|f] kIf
jLdf u/fPsf] k|df0f clgjfo{ ?kdf k]z ug'{kg{]
ul/g]5 .
;DaGwL Joj:yf nfu' ul/;lsPsf] .

@=@=#=@# /fli6o of]hgf cfof]u

73

o'jfx?df :jo+;]jfsf] efjgf hufpFb} lbuf] zflGt tyf ljsf;df lgoldt sfo{qmd tkm{ *** hgf :jo+;]js / o'jf
kl/rfng ug{] gLlt cGtu{t ufpFufpFdf Jofks?kdf o'jf
:jo+;]js sfo{qmd tkm{ &^& hgf :jo+;]jL kl/rfng
:jo+;]js kl/rfng ul/g] .
ul/Psf] . o'jf :jo+;]js kl/rfng sfo{qmd tkm{ egf{
ul/Psf] :jo+;]jsx?sf] nflu cled'vLs/0f tfnLd
;DkGg .

273

/fli6o of]hgf cfof]un] 5fg]sf pRr k|fyldstf k|fKt / 7"nf / pRr tyf hg:t/;Dd k|efj kfg{]
hg:t/;Dd k|efj kfg{] sfo{qmdx?sf] :jtGq cg'udg tyf
sfo{qmdsf] Pp6} ;"rL tof/ u/L sfo{qmdx? 5gf}6
d"Nof+sg ug{] sfo{ k|f/De ul/g] . o;sf nflu u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf,
ul/Psf] .
ljz]if1 kmd{x? jf ljZjljBfnox?nfO{ ;+nUg u/fOg] .
:jtGq cg'udg tyf d"Nof+sgsf nflu lgb{]lzsf
tof/ ug{ sfo{bn u7g ePsf] .

42

lgisif{
cfly{s jif{sf] k|f/Ded} sfo{of]hgf agfP/ sfof{Gjog k|f/De ul/P tfklg w]/} sfo{qmdx? sfof{Gjog k|lqmof / k4ltdfg}
cNdlnPsf] cg'e"t x'G5 . sfo{qmd z'? ug{] k|lqmofdf /x]sf], sfo{ljlwsf] d:of}bf tof/ ePsf], sfo{bn u7g ePsf],
clVtof/L k7fOPsf], sfof{Gjog ug{ ;DalGwt lgsfodf n]vL k7fPsf], d:of}bf tof/ eO{ 5nkmnsf] qmddf /x]sf],
h:tf k4lt / k|lqmofut k|ultn] ah]6n] ck]Iff u/]sf] pknJwL sf] kIfnfO{ ;d]6\g ;s]sf] 5}g . tyflk, rfn' jif{
Joj:yflksf ;+;baf6 ah]6 kfl/t x'g ePsf] l9nfO{, jGb, x8tfn, rSsfrfd h:tf c;'/Iffsf jfjh'b k|fo h;f] gLlt /
sfo{qmdn] d"t{?k lnPsf] b]lvG5 . /fli6o of]hgf cfof]u, cy{ dGqfno / ;DalGwt dGqfno :jo+n] lgoldt cg'udg u/]klg
kl/0ffd eg] ;GGtf]ifhgs b]lvGg . sfo{qmdx?sf] k|ultnfO{ ;;{tL{ d"Nof+sg ubf{ b'Oj6f lgrf]8 lgsfNg ;lsg] b]lvG5 .
Pp6f s'g} sfo{qmdn] sfof{Gjogsf] ult lng s]xL k|lqmofut af6fx? to ug'{kg{] x'G5, h;sf] sf/0fn] k|ultnfO{ 7f]; ?kdf
o:tf] eof] eg]/ b]vfpg ;lsPsf] 5}g . bf];|f] s'/f eg]sf] s'g} gofF gLlt tyf sfo{qmdx? 3f]if0ff x'g] ljlQs} To;nfO{
sfof{Gjog ug{] s'/fdf xfdL cNdlng] /x]5 . tyflk xfdLn] ah]6 aQmAodf k/]sf gLlt tyf sfo{qmdx?sf] k|ultaf6 ;Gtf]if
lng] 7fpmF 5}g, afFsL ^ dlxgfdf cem} klg y'k|} sfd ug{ afFsL g} 5 .

43

kl/R5]b #
rfn' cfly{s jif{df ul/Psf ;'wf/sf k|of;x? / To;sf pknAwLx?
#=! k[i7e"ld M
7"nf cfof]hgfnfO{ rflxg] kof{Kt ah]6 ljlgof]hg gu/L ljQLo ;fwgnfO{ ;j{q 5/]/ cfof]hgfx? ;dodf ;DkGg ug{
g;s]sf] y'k|} b[i6fGtx? xfdL ;fd" 5g\ . h;sf] sf/0f nfut bf]Jj/ ;Dd a[l4 ePsf] 5 . To;}u/L w]/} jif{ nfUg] 7"nf
ef}lts k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f cfof]hgfx?df jx'jifL{o ah]6 k|Tofe"lt / 7]Ssf jGbf]j:t ug{ ;lsPsf] lYfPg . o;af6 k|To]s
jif{ Ps ltxfO{ ;do 7]Ssf kf nufpg dfq} laTg] u/]sf] lyof] / 5 . vfBfGg 9'jfgL, cf}iflw v/Lb, kf;kf]6{ 5kfO{
h:tf cTofjZos j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] cfk"lt{ ;dodf g} ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g . ah]6df 5'6\ofOPsf] /sd vr{ x'g g;sL
cfly{s jif{sf] cGTodf sd dxTjsf sfo{qmdx?df /sdfGt/ x'guO{ ;|f]tsf] b'?kof]usf] ;+efjgfnfO{ a9fPsf] lyof] .
ljutdf ;+rflnt cfof]hgf k"/f geO{ gofF gofF cfof]hgfx? z'?ug]{ k|j[lQn] k|>o kfof] . ljut s]xL jif{sf] Kf"FhLut
vr{sf] k|j[lQ ljZn]if0f ubf{ jflif{s ah]6sf] *) k|ltztsf] xf/fxf/Ldf dfq vr{ x'g ;s]sf] b]lvG5 . o;/L k"FhLut
vr{ ug]{ Ifdtf x|f; ePsf]n] cy{tGqdf k+"hL lgdf{0f, cfly{s a[l4 / /f]huf/L l;h{gfn] jfl~5t ult lng ;s]g .
bf]>f] cGt/f{li6o ljdfg:yn lgdf{0f, sf7df08f}t/fO{ b|'t dfu{, hnfzoo'Qm dflyNnf] ;]tL kl/of]hgf, x'nfsL /fhdfu{
h:tf ;fj{hlgslghL ;fem]bf/Ldf agfpg] elgPsf 7"nf cfof]hgfx?df ljleGg sf/0fx?n] ubf{ lghL If]q / j}b]lzs
nufgL stf{x? cfpg ;s]gg\ . oL cfof]hgfx?sf] sfof{Gjog clglZrt aGb} uof] .
;fj{hlgs vl/b k|0ffnLdf ;'wf/ u/L To;nfO{ ldtJooL, kf/bzL{, k|lt:kwL{ / u'0f:t/o'Qm agfpg ;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g
tyf lgodfjnL sfof{Gjogdf NofOPtfklg 6]08/ k|lqmofdf nfUg] ;do, 7]Ssf kfdf x'g] x'nx'Hht, an k|of]u /
ldnf]dtf]sf sf/0f cg]s lj;+ultx? b]lvP . :yfgLo :t/sf cfof]hgfx?df pkef]Qmfsf] :jfldTjefj ljsf; ug]{
p2]Zon] ?=^) nfv;Ddsf] sfd pkef]Qmf ;ldlt dfk{mt u/fpg] gLltut Joj:yf t ul/of] t/ o:tf] ;ldlt dfk{mt
ePsf] sfo{ / ul/Psf] vr{df g} cg]sf} ljs[lt / lj;+ultx? b]lvP .
cfof]hgfsf] Joj:yfksLo Ifdtfsf] ljZn]if0f ubf{ dfgjLo kIf cToGt sdhf]/ b]lvPsf] 5 . sd{rf/Lx? sfd k|lt
pT;fxhgs 9+un] pTk|]l/t x'g ;s]sf 5}gg eg] r'xfj6 / clgoldttf a9\g uPsf] b]lvG5 . ;fy}, ;dod} ah]6 vr{
ug{ / ef}lts k|ult xfl;n ug{ g;Sg] cfof]hgfsf Joj:yfks / sd{rf/Ln] pQ/bfloTj jxg ug'{ gkg]{ l:ylt l;h{gf
x'g k'Uof] .
cfof]hgf sfof{Gjogsf] cg'udg / d"Nof+sg ug]{ k|lqmof / ;+:yfut Joj:yf ePtf klg sfuhL d"Nof+sgdf dfq x'g],
oyfy{ pknJwL / k|efjsf] d"Nof+sg gx'g] / sfof{Gjog ug]{n] g} d"Nof+sg ug]{ kl/kf6Ln] ubf{ ;+:yfut lgikIftf sfod
x'g ;s]g .
ljBdfg n]vf Pj+ ljQLo ;"rgf k|0ffnL cGt/f{li6o dfkb08 cg'?k gePsf], e'QmfgL s]Gb|x? w]/} ePsf, ;dod} tYof
pknJw g'xg] h:tf sf/0fn] ljQLo kf/bzL{tf, ljQLo cg'zf;g / ljQLo pQ/bfloTj clea[l4 ug{ sl7gfO{ eO/x]sf]
cj:yfdf ljBdfg 5 .
#=@ ;'wf/sf kxnx? / sfof{Gjogsf] cj:yf M
dfly pNn]vLt ;d:of / r'gf}tLsf] ;fdgf u/L ah]6 th'{df, sfof{Gjog / cg'udg tyf d"Nof+sgnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfO{
pknAw ;Lldt ;fwgsf] clwstd pknAwL xfl;n ug]{ p]Zon] rfn' jif{ gLltut, ;+:yfut / k|lqmofut ;'wf/sf
pkfox? cjnDjg ul/Psf] 5 . tL ;'wf/sf pkfox? / ltgsf] xfn ;Ddsf] k|ult lgDg jdf]lhd b]lvPsf] 5 M
#=@=!= lqjifL{o vr{ k|If]k0f

(Three Year Expenditure Projection)/dWosflng

ah]6 ;+/rgf

(Medium-Term

Budget Framework- MTBF)

rfn' cfly{s jif{sf] ah]6 Joj:yflksf;+;bdf k|:t't ubf{ klxnf] k6s lqjifL{o vr{ k|If]k0f cyf{t tLg jif{sf]
ah]6 cg'dfg klg Joj:yflksf;+;bdf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . lg/Gt/ ;+rfng x'g] / nfdf] cjlw;Dd ;+rfng
x'g] cfof]hgfx?df sDtLdf tLg jif{sf] vr{sf] cg'dfg / ;|f]tsf] Joj:yf ePkl5 cfof]hgf sfof{Gjogdf
;|f]tsf] lglZrttf / ;xhtf x'g] p2]Zon] lqjifL{o vr{ k|If]k0fsf] cEof; z'? ul/Psf] xf] . of] jif{ dGqfnonfO{
44

cfufdL cfly{s jif{ @)^&^* sf] ah]6 ;Ldf k7fpFbf To; kl5sf b'O{ cfly{s jif{ @)^*^( / @)^(&)
;d]tsf]] ;|f]t ;lxtsf] ;Ldf k7fOPsf] 5 .
cab]lv cy{ dGqfno / /fli6o of]hgf cfof]udf ah]6 5nkmn ubf{ tLg jif{s} ah]6 5nkmn ug{] /
Joj:yflksf;+;bdf k|:t't ubf{ klg tLg jif{s} ah]6 k|:t't ug]{ k/Dk/fnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbOg] u/L ;+:yfut
Joj:yf ldnfO ;lsPsf] 5 .
#=@=@ ax'jifL{o 7]Ssf aGbf]a:t

(Multi-Year Contract)

lqjifL{o vr{ k|If]k0fah]6 cg'dfgdf pNn]vLt c+ssf] kl/lwleq /xL tLg jif{sf] 7]Ssfkf Ps} k6s ug{ ;Sg]
Joj:yf clVtof/Ldf g} ul/Psf] lyof] . To;nfO{ ce}m :ki6 / Jojl:yt u/L cf}ifwL, vfBfGg, kf;kf]6{ h:tf
;fdu|Lsf] cfk"lt{ / ;8s, k'n, ejg, gx/, nufotsf] lgdf{0f ;DaGwL sfo{x?sf] ax'jifL{o 7]Ssf kf ug{
;xdlt k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 .
clxn];Dd k|fKt hfgsf/L cg';f/ hd'lgof l;+rfO{ of]hgf, ljleGg ;8s cfof]hgfx? / ejg lgdf{0f ax'jifL{o
7]Ssf aGbf]a:tsf] k|lqmof k|f/De u/]sf] a'lemPsf] 5 . jfFsL cjlwdf cGo w]/} cfof]hgfx? jx'jifL{o 7]Ssf
k|0ffnLdf hfg] u/L tof/L e}/x]sf] 5 . t/ cfof]hgf Joj:yfkgdf /x]sf sdL sdhf]/Lsf sf/0f cfzftLt
?kdf jx'jifL{o 7]Ssf jGbf]j:tsf] k|lqmof cf/De ePsf] kfOb}g .
#=@=# ;/sf/L ah]6 Joj:yfkg tyf vr{ k|0ffnL k'/fjnf]sg cfof]usf] u7g M
ljut cf7 jif{b]lv ;fj{hlgs vr{ k|0ffnLdf k'g/fjnf]sg gePsf]n] ;/sf/L ah]6 Joj:yfkg / vr{ k|0ffnLdf
cg]sg ;d:of / ljs[ltx? b]lvPsf 5g\ . To;}n] ljBdfg ;/sf/L ah]6 Joj:yfkg / ;fj{hlgs vr{
k|0ffnLsf] ulDe/ k'g/fjnf]sg5fgjLg u/L ;'wf/sf ljifox? klxrfg u/L l;kmfl/z ug{ Joj:yflksf;+;b
;fj{hlgs n]vf ;ldltsf ;b:o dfggLo >L gf/fo0fk|;fb bfxfnsf] cWoIftfdf ;/sf/L ah]6 Joj:yfkg tyf
vr{ k|0ffnL k'g/fjnf]sg cfof]u u7g ug{ dlGqkl/ifb\df k|:tfj k]z ul/Psf] 5 . of] cfof]un] @)^& c;f/
dlxgf leq k|ltj]bg k]z ug]{ u/L sfo{ljj/0f k|:tfj ul/Psf] 5 .
#=@=$ ljB'tLo af]nkq

(e-bidding/e-tendering) sf]

Joj:yf M

7]Ssf kfdf x'g] x'nx'Hht, ldnf]dtf] / jn k|of]usf] cGTo u/L 7]Ssf Joj:yfnfO{ k|lt:kwL{ / lgikIf agfpg
7"nf k"jf{wf/ cfof]hgfx?df ljB'tLo dfWodaf6 af]nkq (e-bidding/e-tendering) bflnvf ug{ ;Sg] sfo{sf]
z'?jft ul/Psf] 5 . ljB'tLo af]nkq nfu' ug{ g;Sg] lgsfox?df PseGbf a9L :yfgdf af]nkq k]z ug{
kfOg] Joj:yf 5 . clxn] ;8s ljefu cGtu{tsf w]/} cfof]hgfx?df ljB'tLo jf]nkq ul/Psf] hfgsf/L k|fKt
ePsf] 5 / o;jf6 :jR5 k|lt:kwf{nfO{ an k'u]sf] 5 / ;/sf/sf] sfd ldtJooL ag]sf] dx;"; ul/Psf] 5 .
t/ ljB'tLo jf]nkqsf] nflu cfjZos k"jf{wf/ tof/ geO;s]sfn]] cfjZos ;+:yfut / k|lqmofut Joj:yf
ldnfpg] sfo{ klg plQs} r'gf}tLk"0f{ /x]sf] 5 .
#=@=% sfo{;Dkfbgdf cfwfl/t k|f]T;fxg k|0ffnL

(Performance-Based Incentive System) :

cfof]hgfx?df ;dod} ah]6 vr{ ug]{ / ;bfrf/ k4ltdf ;'wf/ Nofpg] p2]Zon] dWo kxf8L nf]sdfu{ -k'iknfn
nf]sdfu{_, /fgL hd/f s'nl/of l;+rfO{ cfof]hgf, ;fgf zx/L vfg]kfgL cfof]hgf, x'nfsL /fhdfu{, k"n
cfof]hgf, hgtf cfjf; sfo{qmd ;d]t hDdf % j6f 7"nf cfof]hgfx?df sfo{/t sd{Rff/Lsf nflu
sfo{;Dkfbgdf cfwfl/t k|f]T;fxg k|0ffnL nfu' ug]{ tof/L eO/x]sf] 5 . o;sf nflu sfo{;Dkfbg ;"rs tof/
ug{ / k|f]T;fxg eQf lgwf{/0f u/L :jLs[ltsf] nflu dlGqkl/ifb\df k|:tfj k]z ug]{ k|lqmof clGtd r/0fdf k'u]sf]
5 . sfo{;Dkfbgdf cffwfl/t k|f]T;fxg k|0ffnL :jLs[t ePkl5 oL cfof]hgfx?df sfo{/t sd{rf/Ln]
cfof]hgfsf] nlIft sfo{k|ultsf] cfwf/df dfl;s ?kdf k|f]T;fxg eQf k|fKt ug{ ;Sg]5g\ . lghfdtL
lstfavfgfdf sfo{ ;Dkfbgdf cfwfl/t k|f]T;fxg k|0ffnL nfu' ug]{ k|:tfj dlGqkl/ifb\df k]z ug{ ;xdlt
lbOPsf] 5 .

45

#=@=^ ljQLo kf/blz{tf tyf pQ/bfloTj k|j4{g M

ljBdfg n]vf Pj+ ljQLo ;"rgf k|0ffnLnfO{ cGt/f{li6o dfkb08 cg's"n agfO{ a9L ;"rgfd"ns / e/kbf{]
dfWodsf] ?kdf ljsl;t ug{ ;fj{hlgs ljQLo Joj:yfkg of]hgf cGtu{t cWoog eO/x]sf] 5 . vr{ /
/fhZjsf zLif{s jlu{s/0f, To;sf] JofVof, k|ltj]bg k|0ffnL / k|lqmofdf ;'wf/sf] nflu cWoog eO k|f/lDes
k|ltj]bgx? k|fKt eO/x]sf 5g\ .
To;}u/L, cy{ dGqfno ljljw zLif{saf6 dlGqkl/ifb\sf] lg0f{o tyf dGqfno tyf lgsfox?sf] dfu adf]lhd
lgsf;f uPsf] ljb]z e|d0fsf] vr{, cfly{s ;xfotfsf] /sdsf] pkof]uaf/] ;j{;fwf/0f / ;/f]sf/jfnfsf]
hfgsf/Lsf nflu ;fj{hlgs ug{ cy{ dGqfnosf] j]j;fO6 www.mof.gov.np df ljj/0f /flvPsf] 5 .
cfly{s jif{sf] aLrdf gofF cfof]hgfx?nfO{ 7"nf] /sd lgsf;f glbg clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]un]
lbPsf] lgb]{zg sfof{Gjog ug]{ l;nl;nfdf To:tf] lgb]{zgnfO{ klg cy{ dGqfnosf] j]a ;fO6df /flvPsf] 5 .
cfly{s jif{sf] jLrdf u}/ah]6/L sfo{qmdx?df lgsf;f lbg] kl/kf6LnfO{ lgoGq0f ul/Psf] 5 .
#=@=& gful/s /fxt, Ifltk"lt{ tyf cfly{s ;xfotf ;DaGwL sfo{ljlw th'{df M
ljutsf] ;z:q Gb / lj:t[t zflGt ;Demf}tf eO;s]kl5sf ljleGg 36gfx?df ePsf JolQmut ;DklQsf]
Ifltk"lt{, 3fOt]sf] pkrf/, d[To' ePsf JolQmsf kl/jf/nfO{ lbOg] cfly{s ;xfotf / /fxt, /fHon] ljleGg
JolQmx?nfO{ cf}ifwL pkrf/ nufot cGo cj:yfdf lbOg] cfly{s ;xfotfnfO{ lglZrt ;Ldf leq /fVg,
kf/bzL{ jgfpg, k|lqmof lgwf{/0f ug{ / ljt/0f k|0ffnLnfO{ Jojl:yt ug{ ljutdf k|rngdf /x]sf ljleGg
dfkb08x?nfO{ Plss[t u/L Pp6f 5'} sfo{ljlw th'{df u/L @)^^ k'; ! ut] b]lv nfu' ul/Psf] 5 .
#=@=* cy{ dGqfnodf k|ult ;dLIff tyf 5nkmndf tLj|tf M
of] jif{ @)^^ d+l;/sf] bf];|f] xKtfdf dfq ah]6 kf; ePsf] sf/0f k"FhLut vr{df k|efj kg{ ;Sg] b]lvPsf]n]
ljsf; sfo{qmdcfof]hgfx?sf] sfof{GjognfO{ tLj|tf lbg dfggLo cy{ dGqLHo"sf] cWoIftfdf cy{
dGqfnodf ;fd"lxs ?kdf / j]Unf j]Un} ?kdf dGqfnosf ;lrjljefuLo k|d'vx?;Fusf] 5nkmn /
;dLIffnfO{ lta|tf lbOPsf] 5 .
sfof{Gjog k|lqmofdf /x]sf ;d:ofx?nfO{ tTsfn ;dfwfg ug{ o:tf ;dLIff / 5nkmnn] of]ubfg k'ofPsf]
cg'ej ul/Psf] 5 . ;fy} cy{ dGqfnoaf6} cfof]hgfx?sf] :ynut cg'udg / k|ult ljj/0f ;+sng u/L
;dLIff ug]{ kl/kf6L klg yflnPsf] 5 .
#=@=( Psn vftf sf]if k|0ffnL sfof{Gjog M
;/sf/L gub Joj:yfkg / ah]6sf] sfof{Gjogdf k|efjsfl/tf Nofpg] p2]Zon] Psn vftf sf]if k|0ffnLsf]
z'?jft ul/Psf] 5 . o; qmddf @)^^ d+l;/ ! ut] b]lv eQmk'/ / @)^^ df3 ! ut] b]lv nlntk'/ lhNnfdf
ljlgof]hg / w/f}6L tkm{ Psn vftf sf]if k|0ffnL nfu' ul/Psf] 5 .
cfufdL b'O{ cfly{s jif{ leq d'Vo d'Vo lhNnfx?df / tLg jif{ leq ;j} lhNnfdf of] k|0ffnL nfu' ug{] p2]Zon]
tof/Lsf] sfo{ tLj|?kdf cufl8 al9/x]sf] 5 .
#=@=!) glthfdf cfwfl/t Joj:yfkg k|0ffnLsf] k|f/De M
xfd|f] cfg} k|of; / ljsf; ;fem]bf/x?sf] ;xof]u Pj+ ;'emfjsf] cfwf/df ah]6 k|0ffnL tyf cfof]hgf
Joj:yfkgdf glthfdf cfwfl/t Joj:yfkgsf] yfngL ul/Psf] 5 . ut gf]e]Dj/ dlxgfdf ePsf] g]kfn /
bftfx?sf] ;+o'Qm ;dLIffTds sfo{zfnf Nepal Performance Portfolio Review df 5nkmn eO{ k|ltj4tf
hgfOP cg';f/ ;8s / lzIff If]qdf glthfdf cfwfl/t ah]6 (Result-based Budget) gd"gfsf] ?kdf
(Piloting) nfu' ug{] p2]Zon] pknJwL;"rs lgwf{/0f nufotsf cfjZos k"jf{wf/ tof/ ug{ Pp6f sfo{bn
u7g eO{ sfd eO/x]sf] 5 . To;}u/L, cfof]hgf Joj:yfkgnfO{ k|efjsf/L jgfpg Quality at entry, Human
resources Management, Monitoring & Evaluation nfO{ glthfd"ns agfpg sfo{of]hgf jgfO{ sfof{Gjog
eO/x]sf] 5 . ;+efJotf cWoog gePsf / l86]n l8hfOg gePSf cfof]hgfsfo{qmd jflif{s ah]6df k/]af6
sfof{Gjogdf b]lvPsf] hl6ntf / l9nfO{sf] cj:yf k'gM gbf]xf]l/of];\ eGgsf nflu x/]s jif{ gofF cfof]hgfsf]
;+efJotf cWoog / l8hfOg u/L Project Bank g} agfpgsf nflu cfjZos to/L ;d]t eO/x]sf] 5 .
46

#=@=!! /fli6o uf}/jsf cfof]hgfx?nfO{ /sdsf] cefj x'g glbg] k|ltj4tf M

clxn] klg 7"nf k"jf{wf/ cfof]hgfdf kof{Kt ah]6 ljlgof]hg gePsf sf/0f ;dod} ;DkGg x'g g;Sg] ;d:of
5 . of] ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{sf nflu sf7df08f}+lghu9 b|'tdfu{, x'nfsL /fhdfu{ / dflyNnf] ;]tL hnljB't
cfof]hgfnfO{ /fli6o uf}/jsf] cfof]hgfsf] ?kdf lgdf{0f ug{ oL cfof]hgfx?df /sdsf] cefj x'g glbg]
k|ltj4tf hgfOPsf] 5 . oL cfof]hgfx?sf nflu rflxg] ah]6 vr{ ck'u x'g uPdf cGo h'g;'s} ah]6
zLif{sx?af6 /sdfGt/ ug{ ;lsg] 5 .

47

kl/R5]b $
/fli6o k|fyldstf k|fKt d'Vo d'Vo cfof]hgfsfo{qmdx?sf] k|ult
$=! k[i7e"ld
If]qut dGqfno cGtu{t ;+rfngdf /x]sf d'Vo d'Vo sfo{qmd tyf cfof]hgfx?sf] sfof{Gjog l:ylt ldl>t
b]lvG5 . ;j} cfof]hgfx?sf] :ynut?kdf lg/LIf0f u/L j:t'ut cfwf/af6 sfof{Gjog l:yltsf] ;dLIff ug{
;dofefjn] ubf{ ;Dej ePg . t;y{ d"ntM If]qut dGqfnox?af6 k|fKt hfgsf/L tyf ;"rgfsf] cfwf/df
sfo{qmd tyf cfof]hgfx?sf] ;dLIff ug]{ sfd ePsf] 5 eg] s]xL cfof]hgfx?sf] :ynut cWoog Pj+
cjnf]sgsf cfwf/df ;dLIff ul/Psf] 5 . o;/L ;dLIff ug]{ qmddf If]qut dGqfno cGtu{t kg]{ d'Vo d'Vo
sfo{qmd tyf cfof]hgfsf] k|ltlglwd"ns 9+un] 5gf}6 u/L ;dLIff ug]{ k|of; ul/Psf] 5 . ljutb]lv ;+rfngdf
/x]sf cfof]hgfx?sf] ut jif{x?df klg ;dLIff ePsf]n] k6s k6s Pp6} cfof]hgfsf] 5gf}6 u/L ;dLIff ug'{
eGbf rfn' cfly{s jif{sf k|ltlglwd"ns cfof]hgf 5gf}6 ug'{ pko'Qm 7fgL To;} cg'?k ;dLIff ug]{ sfd ePsf]
5 . /fli6o dxTjsf s]xL cfof]hgfx?sf] xsdf eg] ljut jif{x?df ;dLIff ePtfklg rfn' cfly{s jif{df ePsf]
ef}lts k|ultsf cfwf/df ;dLIff ug{ pko'Qm 7fgL ;f]xL jdf]lhd ;dLIff ul/Psf] 5 . o;/L ;dLIff ubf{ ljut
jif{x?df 5gf}6 ePsf cfof]hgfx? rfn' cfly{s jif{sf] ;dLIffdf ;d]t k/]sf 5g\ . lglZrt ;dodf k|ltj]bg
tof/ u/L k|sfzg ;d]t ug'{kg]{ ePsf]n] klg o:tf] cj:yf l;h{gf ePsf] xf] . cg'bfg ;+Vofsf] qmd cg';f/ s]xL
k|ltlglwd"ns cfof]hgfx?sf] sfof{Gjog l:ylt b]xfo adf]lhd k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

l;Gw'nL / /fd]5fk lhNnf hf]8\g] v'sf{]6 l:yt ;'gsf]zL k'n lgdf{0fsf] b[Zo

$=@= d'Vo d'Vo cfof]hgfx?sf] k|ult ;dLIff

$=@=! ul/aL lgjf/0f sf]if -@%#$@@)_
ul/jLsf] /]vfd'gL /x]sf / cfly{s ;fdflhs b[li6n] lk5l8Psf ju{sf] ;lqmo ;xefuLtfdf ul/jL Go"gLs/0f
;DaGwL ljleGg sfo{qmd ;~rfng u/L ul/aL 36fpg] p4]Zon] ul/jL lgjf/0f sf]ifsf] :yfkgf ePsf] xf] .
lg/k]If ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lg /x]sf hg;+VofnfO{ nlIft u/L ltgLx?sf] cfly{s ;fdflhs :t/ p7fpg ;fdflhs
kl/rfngsf dfWodaf6 cfjZos ;]jf ;'ljwfdf kx'Fr a9fO{ pkof]u ug{ ;Sg] agfpg], cfly{s ;fdflhs
b[li6n] lk5l8Psf AolQm, kl/jf/ tyf ;d'bfosf] klxrfg u/L ltgLx?sf] Ifdtf clea[l4 ug]{, cfly{s,
;fdflhs, ef}lts k"jf{wf/ ljsf;sf sfo{qmd ;+rfng u/L cfo cfh{gdf a[l4 u/fpg] h:Tff p2]Zo lnO{
48

cfly{s jif{ @)^!^@ b]lv slknj:t', l;/fxf, bfr'{nf, d'u', /fd]5fk / Ko"7fg lhNnfdf gd"gf sfo{qmd z'?
ePsf]df xfn $) lhNnfdf ul/jL lgjf/0f sf]if dfkm{t sfo{qmd ;+rfng eO/x]sf] 5 . g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
bL3{sfnLg nIo cg'?k ul/aL 36fpg] / ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIosf] p2]Zo k'/f ug]{ ;/sf/sf] k|ltj4tfnfO{
k|:t't nlIft sfo{qmdn] klg ;xof]u k'ofpg]] 5 .
sf]ifdfk{mt sfo{qmd ;+rfng ug{ cGt/f{li6o ljsf; ;+:yf (IDA) n] g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ ?=! s/f]8 ! nfv
P;=l8=cf/= cg'bfgsf] ?kdf pknAw u/fpg] u/L klxnf] kN6 ;g\ @))$ df ;Demf}tf ePsf]df sfo{qmdnfO{
@)!@ ;]K6]Da/;Dd lg/Gt/tf lbg] u/L !@ s/f]8 %) nfv 8n/ ;xof]u /fzLsf] ;Demf}tf IDA ;Fu / $)
nfv 8n/ cg'bfg k|fKt ug]{ u/L IFAD ;Fu ;Demf}tf ePsf] 5 . bft[ lgsfoaf6 k|fKt x'g] pNn]vLt ;xof]u
/fzL ul/aL lgjf/0f sf]ifnfO{ pknAw u/fpg] u/L g]kfn ;/sf/ / ul/aL lgjf/0f sf]if aLr ;xfos cg'bfg
;Demf}tf ;d]t ;DkGg ePsf] cj:yf 5 .
rfn' cfly{s jif{df pQm sf]ifsf] nflu ?=@ ca{ &@ s/f]8 #& nfv !& xhf/ ah]6 ljlgof]hg ul/Psf] /
ljlgof]lht ah]6af6 yk !% lhNnfdf sfo{qmd lj:tf/ ul/g], #,*^& j6f cfod"ns sfo{qmd, &&) j6f
;fd'bflos k"jf{wf/ ljsf; sfo{qmd / @)) l;h{gzLn kl/of]hgf ;+rfng ug]{ nIo 5 . o; p2]Zo k|flKtsf]
nflu #,*^& ;fd'bflos ;+:yfx?sf] Ifdtf ljsf; ug]{ sfo{qmd ;+rfng u/L ! nfv %) xhf/ 3/w'/L
nfeflGjt x'g] nIo lnOPsf] 5 .
pNn]vLt jflif{s nIox?dWo] rfn' cfly{s jif{sf] klxnf] ^ dlxgf;Dd yk !% lhNnfx?df sfo{qmd lj:tf/ ug{
5gf}6 ul/Psf !^( ;xof]uL ;+:yfx?nfO{ lhNnf:t/df cled'vLs/0f tfnLd, !,!^@ j6f cfod"ns sfo{qmd,
@*! j6f ;fd'bflos k"jf{wf/ ljsf; sfo{qmd ;+rfng ePsf 5g\ . o;} ;Gbe{df !^ j6f l;h{gzLn kl/of]hgf
;+rfng eO{ %*,$** 3/w'/L nfeflGjt ePsf] tyf pNn]vLt sfo{qmd ;+rfng ubf{ xfn;Dd hDdf ?=^^
s/f]8 $ nfv @! xhf/ vr{ ePsf] ef}lts tyf ljQLo k|ult k|fKt ePsf] 5 .
ul/aL lgjf/0f sf]ifsf] :yfkgfb]lv xfn;Ddsf] k|ultnfO{ x]bf{ o;n] ;+rfng ug]{ sfo{qmd cfgf] p2]Zo
k|flKtdf ;kmn ePsf] b]lvG5 . sfo{qmdsf] z'?b]lv xfn;Dd sl/a ?=% ca{ *^ s/f]8 vr{ e};s]sf] /
;+rflnt sfo{qmdaf6 k/]sf] ;sf/fTds k|efjsf sf/0f bft[ lgsfoaf6 cg'bfg ;xof]unfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbOPsf]
kfOPtfklg lhNnf:t/df o; sf]if dfk{mt ;+rflnt x'g] sfo{qmd g]kfn ;/sf/sf sfo{qmdx?;Fu PsLs[t /
;dGjofTds ?kdf sfof{Gjog ug{ ;s] ul/aL Go"gLs/0f ug]{ ;/sf/sf] bL3{sfnLg nIo k|flKt ;xh x'g]
b]lvG5 .

$=@=@=;fj{hlgs ;+:yfg ;'wf/ sfo{qmd -#%#$$*@_

ax';FVos ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx? ljut s}of}+ jif{b]lv nyfln+u / cnkq cj:yfdf /x]sf 5g\ . To:tf
;+:yfgx?nfO{ k'gM ;+rfng ug{] k|of;n] Psftkm{ ck]lIft kl/0ffd k|fKt x'g g;s]sf] cj:yf 5 eg] csf]{tkm{
To:tf ;+:yfgdf /fHosf] nufgL tyf bfloTj a9\b} hfg] / ;do cGt/fn ;Fu} gf]S;fgL klg a9\b} uO/x]sf]
lj8Djgfk"0f{ cj:yf klg 5 . ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfg;Fu ;Dj4 sfdbf/, sd{rf/L, ToxFfsf] ;DklQ / /fHo dfly
a9\b} hfg] bfloTj ;w}sf nflu l5gf]kmfgf] ug]{ sfo{ lgs} r'gf}tLk"0f{ 5 . ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgsf] Joj:yfkgnfO{
;Ifd / ;'b[9 ug{ ;/sf/L :jfldTjdf /x]sf ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx?sf k|d'v sfo{sf/Lsf] lgo'lQm k|lt:kwf{sf]
cfwf/df ul/g] gLlt lnOPsf] 5 . ;+rfngdf gcfO{ aGb /x]sf / lg/Gt/ 3f6fdf /x]sf ;+:yfgx?sf]
:jfldTjdf /x]sf u}/ Jofj;flos ;DklQnfO{ cfly{s k|ltkmn cfpg] u/L k|of]u ug{] gLlt lnOPsf] 5 .
;fj{hlgs ;+:yfg ;'wf/ sfo{qmd cGtu{t o; cf=j=sf] k'; d;fGt;Dddf ljleGg ( ;+:yfgx?nfO{ (& cj{
*! s/f]8 (( nfv C0f nufgL ePsf] 5 . ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgdf k|efjsfl/tf Nofpg tyf tL ;+:yfgdf x'g]
/fhg}lts lgo'lQmsf nflu dfkb08 tof/ u/L k|ltj]bg k]z ug{ df= cy{dGqLHo"sf] ;+of]hsTjdf df=dGqLHo"x?
;b:o /xg'ePsf] Ps ;ldltsf] u7g ePsf] 5 . x]6f}+8f sk8f pBf]unfO{ k'gM vf/]h ug]{ lg0f{o ul/Psf] 5 .

49

$=@=#= cf}Bf]lus k"jf{wf/ ljsf; sfo{qmd -ljz]if cfly{s If]q cfof]hgf ;d]t_-#*#$^)%_
ljz]if cfly{s If]qx?df k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f ug]{, pbok'/, dsjfgk'/ / bf lhNnfsf ;DefJo l;d]06 pBf]u
:yfkgf :yn;Dd ;8s lgdf{0f / ljB't k|;f/0f nfO{g lj:tf/ ug]{ p4]Zoaf6 cf}Bf]lus k"jf{wf/ ljsf;
sfo{qmd ;+rfngdf /x]sf] 5 .
rfn' cfly{s jif{df pQm sfo{qmdsf] nflu ?= %! s/f]8 #$ nfv %& xhf/ ah]6 ljlgof]hg ul/Psf] /
ljlgof]lht ah]6af6 pbok'/, dsjfgk'/, bf, wflb, ;'v]{t / /f]Nkfsf lgdf{0ffwLg tyf k|:tfljt ;a} l;d]06
pBf]u:yn;Dd kx"+r dfu{ lgdf{0f ;DaGwL sfo{ ug]{, pbok'/, dsjfgk'/, bf, wflb, ;'v]{t / /f]Nkfsf
lgdf{0ffwLg tyf k|:tfljt ;a} l;d]06 pBf]u:yn;Dd ljB't k|;f/0f nfO{g lj:tf/ / ;j :6]zg lgdf{0f ug]{,
ljz]if cfly{s If]q,e}/xjfdf k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f sfo{nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg], aL/u~hdf GPZ(Garment Processing
Zone) sf] k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0fsf] sfo{nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg], kf+rvfn, emfkf / wgu9Ldf ljz]if cfly{s If]qsf]
lj:t[t ;DefJotf cWoog ug]{ Pj+ ljz]if cfly{s If]q h'Dnf / wg'iffsf] k"j{ ;DefJotf cWoog ug]{ sfo{qmd
/x]sf]] 5 .
pNn]vLt sfo{qmdx?dWo] rfn' cfly{s jif{sf] klxnf] ^ dlxgfsf] cjlwdf pbok'/, dsjfgk'/, bf, wflb,
;'v]{t / /f]Nkfsf lgdf{0ffwLg tyf k|:tfljt ;a} l;d]06 pBf]u :yn;Dd kx"+r dfu{ lgdf{0f ;DaGwL sfo{ ;8s
ljefu dfkm{t ug]{ u/L ;8s ljefunfO{ clVtof/L k7fpg] sfo{ ePsf], pbok'/, dsjfgk'/, bf, wflb, ;'v]{t
/ /f]Nkfsf lgdf{0ffwLg tyf k|:tfljt ;a} l;d]06 pBf]u:yn;Dd ljB't k|;f/0f nfO{g lj:tf/ / ;j :6]zg
lgdf{0f ug{sf nflu g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fnfO{ ?=& s/f]8 ^) nfv pknJw u/fOPsf]df ;f] sfo{sf nflu
jf]nkq cfJxfg e};s]sf], ljz]if cfly{s If]q, e}/xjfdf ^))) /lg dL6/ ;8s lgdf{0f tyf @=% ls=dL= ljB't
nfOg lgdf{0f ;DkGg ePsf], GPZ l;d/fdf @))) /=dL= kvf{n lgdf{0f sfo{ ;DkGg ePsf], ljz]if cfly{s
If]q, wg'iffh'Dnfkf+rvfnemfkf / wgu9Lsf] nflu ;DefJotf cWoog eO/x]sf] / pNn]vLt cjlwdf g]kfn
ljB't k|flws/0fnfO{ pknJw u/fOPsf] /sd ;d]t u/L hDdf ?= * s/f]8 ($ nfv ($ xhf/ vr{ ePsf]
ef}lts tyf ljQLo k|ult k|ltj]bg k|fKt x'g cfPsf] 5 .
ljlgof]lht /sdsf] cfwf/df xfn;Dd ePsf] vr{ /sdnfO{ lgofNbf pT;fxL x'g] cj:yf g/x] klg ef}lts
k|ult ;Gtf]ifhgs g} /x]sf] dfGg'kb{5 . vr{ / ef}lts k|ultaLr tfbfTDotf NofO{ nlIft p4]Zo k"lt{sf nflu
sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug]{tkm{ If]qut dGqfnon] yk Wofg lbg' kg]{ b]lvG5 .

$=@=$ ;fd'bflos kz' ljsf; cfof]hgf-$)#$%(!_

;fd'bflos kz' ljsf; cfof]hgf u|fdL0f If]qsf] ul/aL Go"gLs/0f ug]{ d"Vo p4]Zo lnOPsf] ;d'bfo s]Gb|Lt
cfof]hgf xf] . o; cfof]hgfaf6 k|ToIf?kdf ^( xhf/ / ck|ToIf?kdf (% xhf/ u/L s"n ! nfv ^$ xhf/
s[ifs kl/jf/x?sf] vfB ;'/Iff tyf kf]if0fdf ;'wf/ Nofpg'sf] ;fy} cfo cfh{g / /f]huf/Lsf cj;/x? l;h{gf
u/L ul/jL Go"gLs/0fdf 6]jf k'ofpg] ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 . o; cfof]hgf cGtu{t @@ lhNnfdf ;3g kz'
ljsf; sfo{qmd, @! lhNnfdf k|zf]wg, ahf/Ls/0f / Jofkfl/s/0fsf sfo{qmdx? tyf % lhNnfx?df
ax'p4]ZoLo pRr kxf8L kfO{n6 k|f]h]S6 sfo{qmdx? ;+rfng/t 5g\ . cfly{s jif{ @)^!^@ b]lv ;+rfngdf
cfPsf] k|:t't cfof]hgfsf] s"n nfut # s/f]8 #) nfv 8n/-g]kfn ;/sf/ %) nfv 8n/, PlzofnL ljsf;
a}+s @ s/f]8 8n/, n3' ljQLo ljsf; s]Gb| tyf cGo ljQLo ;+:yf ^% nfv 8n/ / nfeflGjt s[ifs !% nfv
8n/_ /x]sf] 5 .
rfn' cfly{s jif{df o; cfof]hgfsf] nflu ?= $$ s/f]8 %* nfv $# xhf/ ah]6 ljlgof]hg ul/Psf] 5 .
ljlgof]lht ah]6af6 ;d'bfosf] ljsf; tyf Ifdtf clea[l4 ug]{ sfo{qmd cGtu{t () k|fO{e]6 kf/fe]6\;nfO{
tfnLd k|bfg ug]{, gd"gf kz' xf6 ahf/ tyf b'Uw kbfy{ ljljwLs/0f ;DaGwL tfnLd k|bfg ug]{, kz'
pTkfbsTj ;'wf/ sfo{qmd cGtu{t (@ j:t'ut ks]6 / Jofj;flos ks]6df Kofs]h sfo{qmd ;+rfng ul/g],
kz'hGo k|zf]wgahf/Ls/0f sfo{qmd cGtu{t *( 8]/L k;n ;'wf/, lghL:yfgLo lgsfosf] ;xof]udf # kz'
awzfnf :yfkgf ul/g] tyf pRr kxf8L lhNnfsf s[ifsx?sf] hLljsf]kfh{gdf ;'wf/ Nofpg !^ :yfgdf
;+rflnt jx'kIfLo kfOn6 sfo{qmdnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbOg] nIo /flvPsf] 5 .

50

rfn' cfly{s jif{sf] klxnf] ^ dlxgfsf] cjlwdf ^) hgf k|fOe]6 kf/fe]6\;nfO{ tfnLd k|bfg ul/Psf], !))
hgfnfO{ gd"gf kz' xf6ahf/ ;DaGwL / !#) hgfnfO{ b"Uw kbfy{ ljljlws/0f ;DaGwL tfnLd k|bfg ul/Psf],
(@ j:t'ut ks]6x? lj:tf/ ul/Psf], !^ j6f kz' k|hgg s]Gb| :yfkgf ul/Psf], & lhNnfdf afv|f >f]t s]Gb|
:yfkgf ul/Psf], !!@! x]S6/ If]qkmndf pGgt hftsf] 3Ff; v]tL lj:tf/ ul/Psf], ^ j6f gd"gf kz'xf6ahf/
:yfkgf ul/Psf] tyf pRr kxf8L lhNnfdf ;~rflnt jx'kIfLo kfOn6 sfo{qmd ;+rfngdf ;xsfo{ ug{
u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf 5gf}6 eO{ sfo{qmd ;~rfngsf] qmddf /x]sf] / ;dLIff cjwL;Dddf hDdf ?= ( s/f]8 @&
nfv && xhf/ vr{ ePsf] ef}lts Pj+ ljQLo k|ult k|fKt x'g cfPsf] 5 .
ljlgof]lht ah]6sf] t'ngfdf cw{jflif{s vr{ k|ult Go"g b]lvP tfklg sfo{qmdsf cfwf/e"t sfo{x? ;dfKt eO{
k"0f{?kdf sfof{Gjogsf] r/0fdf uO{;s]sf] x'Fbf cfly{s jif{sf] cGt;Dddf nIo cg';f/ k|ult xfl;n x'g] ck]Iff
ug{ ;lsG5 .

:ynut cfFvfdfdWokxf8L nf]sdfu{

g]kfnsf] k"jL{ lhNnf kFfry/sf] k"jL{ e]udf kg{] lrof]eGHofb]lv !@ c+rn / @# ljleGg dWokxf8L
lhNnfx? x'Fb} ;'b"/ klZrddf a}t8L lhNnfsf] em'nf3f6;Dd hf]8\g] kl/sNkgfdf cfwfl/t dWokxf8L
nf]sdfu{sf] s/Lj !&## lsnf]ld6/ :jLs[t /]vfg cg';f/ !)#$ ls=ld=;8s lgdf{0f ;DkGg
e};s]sf] / $$@ ls=ld= ;8s ljefusf cGo cfof]hgfx?af6 lgdf{0ffwLg cj:yfdf 5 . jfFsL &$!
ls=ld= dWo] !%) ls=ld= :t/f]Gglt ug'{kg{] 5 eg] %(! ls=ld=df gofF lgdf{0f ug'{kg{]5 . o;
nf]sdfu{n] sl/j @!% j6f j:tLsf &) nfv hlt hg;+VofnfO{ /fli6o ;8s ;+hfn;Fu hf]8\g]5 .
dWokxf8L nf]sdfu{ cGtu{t cfly{s jif{ @)^^.^& sf] k';;Dddf lrof] eGHof;+qmflGt, 3'dL{v'sf{]6,
s'b'huftLk'/j]:t8f / n}grf}/ hDj'sfFwj'lt{jf v08sf] 7]Ssf ;DkGg ug'{kg]{df cf=j= @)^%.^^
df *) ls=ld= / @)^^.^& df !@) ls=ld= gofF 6ofs vf]Ng' kg{] sfo{qmd lyof] . @)^^ k';;Dddf
#% ls=ld= ;Dd 6ofs vf]Ng] sfo{ eO;s]sf] / jfFsL *% ls=ld= cfufdL j}zfv ;Dddf v'ln;Sg]
cj:yf 5 .
cy{ dGqfnon] d'ne"t cfof]hgfx?sf] :ynut?kdf cWoog ug{] l;nl;nfdf ah]6 tyf sfo{qmd
dxfzfvfsf ;x;lrjsf] g]t[Tjdf uPsf] 6f]nLn] ldlt @)^^.!)*= b]lv @)^^.!).!) ;Dd o;
;8ssf] 3'dL{v's{]6 v08 -^# ls=ld_ sf] 6ofs vf]Ng] sfo{sf] :ynut cjnf]sg u/]sf] lyof] .
cjnf]sgsf] qmddf ljikmf]6s kbfy{sf] k|of]u lagfg} eL/ kx/fx? kmf]8\b} 6ofs vf]Ng] sfo{df ePsf]
k|ult pT;fxhgs b]lvof] . o; v08df &=% ld=sf] rf}8fO{df #) ls=ld= ;8ssf] 6ofs vf]Ng] sfo{
;lsPsf] 5 eg] jfFsL ## ls=ld= v08 cfufdL j}zfv ;Dddf v'ln;Sg] k|lta4tf klg JoQm ePsf]
5.

51

dWo kxf8L nf]sdfu{sf] v'sf{]63'dL{ v08sf] rf}8fO{ gfKb} cy{ dGqfno / cfof]hgfsf sd{rf/L

o; nf]sdfu{sf] :jLs[t /]vfg cg'?k ljleGg v08df ljleGg rf}8fO{df ;8sx? jg]sf] kfOof] .
dWokxf8L nf]sdfu{ cfof]hgfn] Double lane sf] ?kdf jgfPsf &=% ld=rf}8fOsf] ;8sx?sf]
bL3{sfnLg b[li6sf]0fn] ;f+u'/f] x'g] b]lvPsf]df alg;s]sf s]xL ;8sx? -pbfx/0fsf nflu lbSt]n3'dL{,
w'lnv]ng]kfnyf]s, kf]v/fjfUn', d+un;]gem'nf3f6_ dfq x}g lgdf{0ffwLg ;8sx?dWo] g]kfnyf]s
v'sf{]6 v08 %=% ld=sf] rf}8fOdf aGg] qmddf 5 eg] d'l;sf]6j'lt{jf klg Single lane df 6ofs
v'Nb}5 .
o;sf cltl/Qm, :jLs[t /]vfg cg';f/ 6ofs vf]Ng jfFsL v08sf] a'lt{jf?s'drf}/hxf/Lsf] sfo{
klg cufl8 a9\g g;s]sf] l:ylt 5 .

dWo kxf8L nf]sdfu{sf] v'sf{]63'dL{ v08sf] le/ kx/fdf jf6f] vGb} u/]sf] b[io

e|d0f 6f]nL :ynut cWoog u/L kms]{kl5 cy{ dGqfnodf u/]sf] k|ltj]bgsf] cfwf/df dfggLo cy{
dGqLHo"sf] ;d'kl:yltdf cy{ ;lrj, ef}lts of]hgf tyf lgdf{0f dGqfnosf ;lrj, /fhZj ;lrj,
nufotsf ;Da4 kbflwsf/L a;L of] of]hgfnfO{ cu|tf lbg] ;Gbe{df, b]xfosf sfdx? tTsfn ug{
lgb]{zg ePsf] 5 .
bL3{sfnLg b[li6n] eljiodf dWo kxf8L nf]sdfu{nfO{ $ n]gsf] Highway agfpg] .
xfnnfO{ dWo kxf8L nf]sdfu{sf] ;a} lgdf{0ffwLg v08sf] rf}8fO{ *=% dL6/ x'g] u/L 6ofs
vf]Ng] .
xfnnfO{ ;8s ljefu cGtu{tsf c? cfof]hgf / g]kfnL ;]gfaf6 lgdf{0f eO/x]sf o;
nf]sdfu{df kg]{ ;8s v08 klg *=% dL6/s} dfkb08df lgdf{0f ug]{ .
dWokxf8L nf]sdfu{ cfof]hgf cGtu{t 6ofs vf]Ng afFsL v08sf] jx'jifL{o af]nkq cfJxfg
u/L o;} jif{ sfof{/De ug]{ / gk'u x'g] /sd jrt x'g] k"FhLut ah]6af6 Joj:yfkg ug]{ .
o; nf]sdfu{df kg]{ ;8ssf] k'n lgdf{0fsf] sfo{nfO{ k'n lgdf{0f sfo{qmd cGtu{t
k|fyldstfdf /fVg] .
plNnlvt :ynut cg'udgsf] qmddf b]lvPsf / hfgsf/Ldf cfPsf ;d:ofx?nfO{ cy{ dGqfnon]
tTsfn ;Daf]wg u/L cfof]hgf k|efjsf/L ?kdf cufl8 a9fpg ljz]if kxn u/]sf] 5 .
52

$=@=% vfg]kfgL cfof]hgfx? -$*#$*)$_

pkef]Qmfx?n] k|fKt ul//x]sf] vfg]kfgL ;'ljwfsf] :t/df u'0f:t/Lotf / r':ttf Nofpg], vfg]kfgL tyf
;/;kmfO{ ;'ljwfaf6 al~rt b'u{d tyf lk5l8Psf u|fdL0f ;d'bfox?nfO{ ;'ne?kdf vfg]kfgLsf] ;]jf k'ofpg]
tyf u|fdL0f hgtfdf vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO{ ;DaGwL hgr]tgf clea[l4 ug{ qmdfut?kdf vfg]kfgL tyf
;/;kmfO{ cfof]hgfsf] sfof{Gjog ug]{ p2]Zo cg'?k &% j6} lhNnfdf lhNnf:t/Lo cfof]hgfsf] ?kdf ljleGg
vfg]kfgL cfof]hgfx? ;+rfngdf /x]sf 5g\ . vfg]kfgL ;'ljwf pknAw gePsf 7f+pdf vfg]kfgL ;]jf pknJw
u/fpg nlIft o; cfof]hgfsf] ah]6 ;fnj;fnL ?kdf g]kfn ;/sf/af6 pknJw x'g] u/]sf] / x/]s cfly{s
jif{df qmdfut cfof]hgf ;DkGg ug]{ / gof+ cfof]hgf yKg] qmd lg/Gt/ /xFb} cfPsf] 5 .
sl/j #! Nffv hg;+VofnfO{ cfwf/e"t:t/sf] vfg]kfgL ;]jf pknAw u/fpg qmdfut ?kdf sfof{Gjog xF'b}
cfO/x]sf %$@ j6f cfof]hgfx?sf] s"n nfut ?=!) cj{ %% s/f]8 /x]sf]df ut cfly{s jif{;Dd oL
cfof]hgfx?df sl/j ?=! cj{ (# s/f]8 vr{ e};s]sf] b]lvG5 .
rfn' cfly{s jif{df o; cfof]hgfsf] nflu s"n ?=! cj{ *% s/f]8 @& nfv &@ xhf/ ah]6 ljlgof]hg
ul/Psf]df ljlgof]lht ah]6af6 qmdfut %$@ j6f cfof]hgfx? / @&( j6f gof+ cfof]hgfx? u/L hDdf *@!
Vffg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO{ cfof]hgfx? sfof{Gjog ug]{ / qmdfut tkm{sf *% j6f cfof]hgf ;DkGg ug]{ nIo
/flvPsf] 5 .
pNn]vLt nIox?dWo] rfn' cfly{s jif{sf] klxnf] ^ dlxgfsf] cjlw;Dddf c4{jflif{s cjlwsf] &* k|ltzt
ef}lts k|ult xfl;n e};s]sf] / ;f] k|ult xfl;n ug{sf] nflu hDdf ?= %$ s/f]8 *@ nfv vr{ e};s]sf] tyf
ljut jif{sf] vr{sf] k|j[lQ x]bf{ ljlgof]lht /sdsf] (% k|ltzt eGbf a9L vr{ x'g ;Sg] Joxf]/fsf] k|ult
k|ltj]bg k|fKt ePsf] 5 .
nfutsf] t'ngfdf vr{ ePsf] /sdsf] cg'kft x]bf{ b'u{d tyf lk5l8Psf u|fdL0f If]qdf a;f]jf; ug]{
t'ngfTds?kdf ul/j hgtfx?nfO{ cfjlws of]hgfsf nIo, ;x>fJbL ljsf; nIo tyf /fli6o nIo cg'?k
cfwf/e"t:t/sf] vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO{ ;'ljwf pknJw u/fpg qmdfut cj:yfdf /x]sf lhNnf:t/sf
vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO{ cfof]hgfx?nfO{ ;dod} ;DkGg u/fpg] tkm{ cfof]hgf ;~rfng ug]{ If]qut dGqfno
rgfvf] x'g' kg]{ b]lvG5 . ;fy}, *@! j6f qmdfut cfof]hgfdWo] ljlgof]lht ah]n] *% j6f cfof]hgf ;DkGg
ug{ dfq k'Ug] cj:yf b]lv+bf cGo vfg]kfgL cfof]hgf / sfo{qmddf rfn' jif{ jrt x'g] /sd oL cfof]hgfx?
;DkGg ug{] k|of]hgfy{ /sdfGt/;|f]tfGt/ ug'{ pko'Qm x'G5 . lgdf{0ffwLg oL cfof]hgfx? ;DkGg geP;Dd
gofF cfof]hgf k|f/De gug{ klg ;DalGwt lgsfo rgfvf] x'g'kg{] b]lvg5 .

$=@=^ ljZj]Zj/ k|;fb sf]O/fnf nf]sdfu{ -ag]kfl;Gw'nLalb{af;_ -$*#$@)@_

sf7df8f}+nfO{ t/fO;Fu hf]8\g] j}slNks dfu{sf] ?kdf ag]kfl;Gw'nLalb{af; ;8snfO{ ljsf; ug]{ ;f]r cg'?k
hfkfg ;/sf/sf] cg'bfg ;xof]udf k|:t't nf]sdfu{sf] lgdf{0f sfo{ cfly{s jif{ )%#%$ b]lv z'? ul/Psf]
xf] . sf7df8f}+nfO{ dWo tyf k"jL{ t/fO;Fu hf]8\g] j}slNks dfu{ ljsf; ug]{, sfe|]knf~rf]s, /fd]5fk / l;Gw'nL
lhNnfsf] leqL efudf oftfoftsf] kx'Fr k'ofO{ cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs ultljlwdf lqmoflzntf Nofpg],
sf7df8f}+af6 dWo tyf k"j{ t/fOdf k'Ug nfUg] b"/L tyf ;dodf art u/fO{ ofq' tyf dfn;fdfg 9'jfgL vr{
36fpg] p2]Zo /fvL z'? ul/Psf] ag]kfl;Gw'nLalb{af; ;8s cfof]hgf cfly{s jif{ @)&)&! df ;DkGg x'g]
ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 .
lgdf{0f sfo{sf] ;Dk"0f{ vr{ hfkfg ;/sf/sf] cg'bfg ;xof]udf tyf 3/hUufsf] d'cfAhf cflb g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
tk{maf6 Aoxf]l/g] u/L s"n ?=!@ ca{ nfutdf !^) ls=dL= nfdf] ;8s lgdf{0f x'g] tyf ;8ssf] nDafO{ tyf
lgdf{0f nfutnfO{ Wofgdf /fvL r/0fj4 ?kdf ;8s lgdf{0f ug]{ gLlt cg'?k rf/ v08df ljefhg u/L lgdf{0f
sfo{ eO{/x]sf] 5 .
rfn' cfly{s jif{ )^^^& df lj=lk=nf]sdfu{ -ag]kfl;Gw'nLalb{af;_ sf] nflu ?=%( s/f]8 $@ nfv ^@
xhf/ ah]6 ljlgof]hg ul/Psf] / ljlgof]lht ah]6af6 @ ls=dL= ;8s lgdf{0f, !$=% ls=dL=;8s :t/f]Gglt,
()) 3=dL= 6]jf kvf{n / #& ls=dL=6ofs ;'wf/ ug]{ jflif{s sfo{qmd /flvPsf] 5 .
53

lj=lk= nf]sdfu{ cGtu{tsf] v'sf{]6 l;Gw'nLu8L v08sf] lgdf{0f e};s]sf] dgdf]xs b[io

pNn]vLt sfo{qmdx?dWo] rfn' cfly{s jif{sf] klxnf] ^ dlxgfdf lgdf{0f sfo{ k|f/De u/fpgsf nflu af]nkq
cfJxfgsf] k|lqmof k"/f u/L 7]s]bf/ kl/rfng eO{ lgdf{0f k|f/De ePsf] ef}lts k|ult k|fKt ePsf] 5 eg] hDdf
?= $ s/f]8 %@ nfv ! xhf/ vr{ ePsf] ljQLo k|ult k|fKt ePsf]5 .
jflif{s ljlgof]hg tyf nIosf] t'ngfdf xfn;Ddsf] ljQLo tyf ef}lts k|ult pNn]Vo gePtfklg lgdf{0f sfo{
k|f/De ug{ 7]s]bf/ kl/rfng ;d]t eO;s]sf] x'+bf cfly{s jif{sf] afFsL cjlwdf jflif{s nIo cg'?ksf
sfo{qmdx? k"/f x'g;Sg] ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 . tyflk, dWokxf8L nf]sdfu{sf] /]vfg;Fu hf]l8g] w"lnv]nv'sf{]6
v08dWo] g]kfnyf]sv'sf{]6sf] Track lj:tf/ ug{] sfo{ k|f/Ded} /x]sf] x'Fbf o;sf] rf}8fO *=% dL6/ x'g] u/L
hUuf clwu|x0f ug{ / ;+ej eP;Dd *=% dL6/sf] Track lj:tf/ x'g cfjZos b]lvG5 .

$=@=& sf7df8f}+t/fO{dw]z b|'t dfu{ -$*#$$)^_

;8s ljefu / UNDP af6 ;g\ !(&$ df sf7df8f}+ pkTosfnfO{ t/fO{dw]z;Fu hf]8\g] j}slNks dfu{sf]
?kdf sf7df8f}+kyn}of b'|t dfu{sf] ;+efJotf cWoog ePsf] lyof] . To;kl5sf ljleGg cWoogx?df lghL
nufgLaf6 ;a} lgdf{0f sfo{ u/fpg] p2]Zo /flvPtfklg b]zsf] ef}uf]lns hl6ntf / cfly{s, ;fdflhs,
/fhg}lts k|lts"ntfsf sf/0f b|'t dfu{ lgdf{0f sfo{sf] k|f/De x'g g;s]sf] b]lvG5 . klxnf] r/0fsf] cWoogaf6
b|'t dfu{sf nflu ljleGg 5 j6f ljsNkx? x'g ;Sg] b]lvPsf] k|fKt k|ltj]bgsf cfwf/df g]kfn ;/sf/n]
sf7df8f}+afudtL gbLl7+ug5ltjglghu9kyn}ofnfO{ pko'Qm ljsNksf] ?kdf 5gf}6 u/L lj:t[t ;+efJotf
cWoog ul/Psf] / ;f] cWoogaf6 b|'t dfu{ tLg v08df ljefhg u/L lgdf{0f ul/g] -vf]sgfa'wg]lghu9 $
n]gsf] &^=@ ls=dL=gofF ;8s lgdf{0f, a'wg]x]6}f8f @ n]gsf] !* ls=dL=gofF ln+s ;8s lgdf{0f, lghu9
kyn}of ;fljssf] !* ls=dL= nfdf] @ n]gsf] ;8sdf @ n]g yk lgdf{0f_,ljleGg nDjfO{sf s/Lj !@) j6f k"n
tyf !=# ls=dL= sf] Ps ;'? lgdf{0f ug]{ u/L k|ltj]bg k|fKt ePsf] b]lvG5 . pQm ;DefJotf cWoognfO{
cfwf/ dfgL k"jf{wf/ ;+/rgf lgdf{0f tyf ;+rfngdf lghL nufgL ;DaGwL P]g tyf lgodfjnL adf]lhd lghL
nufgLdf sfof{Gjogdf hfg cfzokq cfJxfg eO{ ;"lrs[t ;d]t ul/Psf] ePtfklg cfof]hgf lghL nufgLaf6
sfof{Gjog x'g g;s]sf] sf/0faf6 ;/sf/ :jo+4f/f of] dfu{sf] lgdf{0f k|f/De ul/Psf] xf] .
rfn' cfly{s jif{sf] ah]6 aQmAodf b|'t dfu{nfO{ /fli6o uf}/jsf] cfof]hgfsf] ?kdf ;+rfng ug]{ 3f]if0ff eP
d'tfljs @)^^ ;fpg ! ut] b]lv g]kfnL ;]gfn] 6ofs vf]Ng] sfo{ z'? ug]{ u/L hDdf ?= @% s/f]8 @# nfv
ah]6 ljlgof]hg ul/Psf] 5 . ljlgof]lht ah]6af6 6ofs vf]Ng], jftfj/0fLo k|efj d"Nof+sg / hUuf clwu|x0f
k'gM:yfkg k|ltj]bg tof/Lsf sfo{ ul/g] nIo /x]sf] b]lvG5 .

54

sf7df8f}+t/fO{dw]z b|'t dfu{sf] lgdf{0f sfo{ k|f/De ub}{ df= pkk|wfgdGqLHo", df=dGqLHo"x? nufotsf pRr kb:y kbflwsf/Lx?

ldlt @)^^(@! sf] :jLs[t sfo{qmd adf]lhd rfn' cfly{s jif{sf] klxnf] 5 dlxgf;Dddf g]kfnL ;]gfaf6
6ofs vf]Ng] sfo{ k|f/De e};s]sf], PlzofnL ljsf; j}+saf6 k|fKt jftfj/0fLo k|efj d"Nof+sg k|ltj]bg
:jLs[ltsf] nflu jftfj/0f dGqfnodf k7fOPsf] tyf hUuf clwu|x0fsf] nflu hUuf k|flKt P]g cg';f/ k|f/lDes
clwsf/L tf]lsPsf] Pj+ hUuf clwu|x0f k'gM:yfkgf k|ltj]bg cBfjlws eO{x]sf] eGg] k|ult k|fKt ePsf] 5 .
;8ssf] 6ofs vf]Ng] ;Gbe{df h+un If]q klg kg{] / To;sf] ?v s6fgL ug{ 6fFrf nufpg] nufotsf] sfddf
jg tyf e";+/If0f dGqfno;Fu oyfzL3| ;dGjo x'g / rfn'jif{ g} 6ofs vf]Ng] yk sfo{ ug{ ;lsg] cj:yf
/x]sf]n] sfo{qmd :jLs[t u/fO{ jrt x'g] kF"hLut ah]6 of] cfof]hgfsf] sfddf yk /sd lgsf;f lbg cfjZos
b]lvG5 .

$=@=* gd"gf PsLs[t j:tL ljsf; sfo{qmd -t/fO{dw];kxf8lxdfn_ -$*#$&&$_

gu/kflnsf gePsf lhNnf ;b/d'sfdx?sf] PsLs[t k"jf{wf/ ljsf;, gd"gf ufpFm cWoog k|ltj]bgn] O+lut
u/]sf k"jf{wf/ ljsf; of]hgf sfof{Gjog ug{] tyf k"jf{wf/ ljsf; ul/Psf If]qx?df Jojl:yt j;f]jf; u/fpg]
/ o;jf6 ;du| ljsf;df 6]jf k'ofpg] p2]Zoaf6 ut cfly{s jif{b]lv gd"gf Plss[t j:tL ljsf; sfo{qmd
;+rfngdf cfPsf] xf] . ut cfly{s jif{df /f]Nkfsf] yjfdf gd"gf PsLs[t j:tL ljsf; sfo{ z'? ePsf], %
j6f PsLs[t 3gfj:tLsf] k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f sfo{ ;+rfngdf /x]sf], !@ j6f gd"gf ufpmF ljsf; ;ldltsf] of]hgf
cg';f/ k"jf{wf/ ljsf;sf sfo{ z'? u/L qmdfut cj:yfdf /flvPsf] b]lvG5 .
rfn' cfly{s jif{df gd"gf PsLs[t j:tL ljsf; sfo{qmdsf] nflu ?= $( s/f]8 #) nfv ah]6 ljlgof]hg
ul/Psf] / ljlgof]lht ah]6af6 lgDg adf]lhdsf sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug]{ nIo /fv]sf] b]lvG5M
ljleGg ^ :yfgx?df Plss[t 3gfj:tL k"jf{wf/ ljsf; sfo{qmd ;+rfng ug{],
rf/ gd"gf ufpF cWoog k|ltj]bg sfof{Gjog ug{],
!! gd"gf ufpF ljsf; ;ldltsf] of]hgf cg';f/ k"jf{wf/ ljsf; sfo{ ;+rfng ug{],
gu/kflnsf gePsf !! lhNnf ;b/d'sfdsf] PsLs[t k"jf{wf/ ljsf; sfo{ ;+Rffng ug{],
/f]Nkfsf] yjfdf gd"gf Plss[t j:tL ljsf; sfo{qmd ;+rfng ug{],
55

 l;/fxf, ;Kt/L / slknj:t'sf blntx? / ljkGg d';ndfgnfO{ nlIft u/L hgtf cfjf; sfo{qmd ;+rfng
ug,{]
nf]sdfu{df kg{] tLg j:tL Pj+ ;fgf zx/x?sf] ef}lts ljsf; of]hgf th'{df ug{] /
nf]sdfu{df kg{] k|To]s ljsf; If]qsf] !! ;fgf zx/ j:tLsf] k"jf{wf/ ljsf; ug{] .
pNn]vLt jflif{s sfo{qmddWo] rfn' cfly{s jif{sf] klxnf] ^ dlxgf;Dddf s'g} klg sfo{qmd ;+rfng x'g
g;s]sf], @)^^.(.#) df dfq sfo{qmd :jLs[t ePsf] x'Fbf xfn ;DalGwt lgsfonfO{ clVtof/L lbg] qmd /x]sf],
hgtfsf] cfjf; sfo{qmdsf] nflu cfjf; 3/sf] lj:t[t l8hfOg, nfut cg'dfg tof/ ePsf] Pj+ ;f]sf] nflu
sfo{gLlt tof/ ePsf] k|ult k|fKt ePsf] 5 . ;fy}, hgtf cfjf; sfo{qmd ;+Rffngfy{ ;dGjo sfof{no /
sfof{Gjog OsfOsf] nflu rfn' vr{sf] Joj:yf x'g ;s] sfo{qmd sfof{Gjogdf ;xhtf cfpg] ck]Iff ;d]t
ul/Psf] ;Gbe{df sfo{qmdsf nlIft p4]Zox? rfn' cfly{s jif{df k"/f x'g ;Sg] b]lvb}gg\ . o;y{, cfjZos
rfn' vr{ ljlgof]lht ah]6af6} /sdfGt/;|f]tfGt/ jf yk lgsf;f u/L sfo{gLlt cg'?k sfo{of]hgf g} jgfO{
of] sfo{qmdsf] pknJwL rfn' jif{dfg} nlIft ju{df k'ofpg' cfjZos b]lvG5 .

$=@=( ko{6g k"jf{wf/ ljsf; sfo{qmd -$(#$@()_

b]zdf ko{6g ljsf;sf] k|r'/ ;+efjgf /x]sf :yfgx?sf] klxrfg u/L tL If]qx?sf] ko{6g k"jf{wf/ ljsf;sf]
dfWodaf6 ko{6gsf] bLuf] ljsf; ug]{ p]Zo lnO{ g]kfn ;/sf/s} ;|f]taf6 ko{6g k"jf{wf/ ljsf; sfo{qmd
;+rfng ul/Psf] 5 .
k|:t't sfo{qmdsf nflu rfn' cfly{s jif{df jflif{s ? #^ s/f]8 &* nfv @& xhf/ ah]6 ljlgof]hg ul/Psf] /
ljlgof]lht ah]6af6 vKt8 If]qsf] ko{6g ljsf; ug]{, ??/];'f ko{6g If]q ljsf; ug]{, gofF ko{6g u'?of]hgf
tof/ ug]{, c3f{vfFrLsf] 3]/fn]sdf Kof/fUnfO{l8 ;+efJotf cWoog ug]{, wgs'6fsf] leSnfh' 8fF8fdf Eo"6fj/
lgdf{0f ug]{, l;4sfnL 8fF8fdf ko{6sLo k"jf{wf/ ljsf; ug]{, DofUbL lhNnfsf ko{6sLo :ynx?sf] k"jf{wf/
ljsf; ug]{, cf]vn9'f lhNnfdf zxLb :d[tL kfs{sf] ko{6sLo k"jf{wf/ ljsf; ug]{, kf]snL emgf{sf] k"jf{wf/
ljsf; ug]{, kfNkf /fgLdxnsf] qmdfut sfo{ k"/f ug]{, /Def kfgL 8f8fdf ko{6g k"jf{wf/ ljsf;, e}/j:yfg
ko{6sLo ;'wf/, dflnsf 8Ff8fsf] ko{6sLo ;'wf/, /f]Nkfsf] hnhnf ko{6sLo ljsf;, ?s'dsf] ef}/fvf/f 6k
ko{6sLo ljsf;, :ofk'{ tfn ;+/If0f, Onfddf ljleGg ko{6sLo ljsf; :yndf k"FhLut lgdf{0f Pj+ b}n]vsf]
k~rsf]zL tyf ;/:jtL dlGb/ ;lxt kj{tsf] s'Zdfdf ko{6sLo kfs{ lgdf{0f, l;w'nLu9Lsf] ;+/If0f, dgfdf
ko{6sLo k"jf{wf/ ljsf;, lrtjgdf ko{6sLo dfu{sf] ;'wf/ ug]{, l;/fO{ r'nL hfg] dfu{ lgdf{0f ug]{, e/tk'/
/fdgu/ l7d'/fb]j3f6cfk6f/L ko{6sLo dfu{ ;'wf/ tyf l;/fO{ r'nL ko{6sLo kfs{ lgdf{0f, d:of{\bL jFfw
If]qdf ;"rgf s]Gb| :yfkgf, 88]nw'/fdf /x]sf] kz'{/fd 8Ff8fsf] ko{6sLo ljsf;, /;'jfuf];fO{ s'08df ofqL
lgjf;sf] lgdf{0f, hf]d;f]dd'lQmgfy If]q s]j'nsf/ ;+efJotf cWoog, hfh/sf]6sf] Rofv'/] n]sdf Eo"6fj/
lgdf{0f, kf]v/f pkTosfdf lbuf] ljsf;sf nflu km]jftfn jl/k/L ;f}Gbo{ ljsf; ug]{ h:tf sfo{qmdx? ;++rfng
u/L lbuf] ko{6gsf nflu ko{6g k"jf{wf/ ljsf; ug]{ sfo{qmdx? ;+rfng ug]{ nIo /flvPsf] 5 .
rfn' cfly{s jif{sf] klxnf] cw{jflif{s cjlwdf jflif{s ljlgof]hgsf] t'ngfdf #=&! k|ltzt cyf{t hDdf ?=!
s/f]8 #^ nfv %( xhf/ ah]6 vr{ ePsf] 5 . ef}lts k|ulttk{m cfly{s jif{ )^%^^ b]lv ;+rflnt
sfo{qmdx?sf] () k|ltzt lgdf{0f ;DkGg, ^ j6f 6]ls 6]nx?sf] lgdf{0f sfo{sf] nflu lgdf{0f Joj;foL;Fu
;Demf}tfsf] nflu kqfrf/, ^ j6f ljleGg lgdf{0f sfo{sf] nflu ;"rgf k|sfzg ug]{ sfo{ / ljleGg # :yfgsf]
cWoog sfo{tk{m k/fdz{bftfx?af6 k|fKt ePsf] k|:Tffjsf] d"Nof+sg sfo{ k|f/De ePsf] Joxf]/fsf] k|ult k|fKt
ePsf] 5 .
dGqfnoaf6 k|fKt ef}lts tyf ljQLo k|ult ljZn]if0f ubf{ rfn' cfly{s jif{sf]nflu lnOPsf nIox? afFsL
cjlwdf k"/f x'g] cj:yf b]lvb}g . ko{6g k"jf{wf/ ljsf;sf] sfo{qmd th'{df ubf{ ko{6sLo :ynsf cltl/Qm
k'/ftflTjs dxTjsf :ynx?sf] ;+/If0f ;d]t o;} sfo{qmdaf6 ug]{ Joxf]/f pNn]v ePsf] b]lvG5 . o;df
k'/ftTj ljefun] ug]{ sfo{x? / k|:t't sfo{qmddf bf]xf]/f]kg gxf];\ eGg] tkm{ klg plQs} Wofg lbg' kg]{
b]lvG5 . ;fy}, cfufdL jif{b]lv o;/L b]ze/ 5l/Psf sfo{qmdx? th'{df ug'{eGbf k|fyldstfsf] cfwf/df 7f];
sfo{qmdx? th'{df u/L To;nfO{ ;dod} ;DkGg ug{]tkm{ nfUg' pko'Qm b]lvG5 .
56

$=@=!) dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmd -%^#$*)!_

n}ls ;dfgtf k|j4{g ug]{, d"n k|jflxs/0f ug]{, clfy{s lqmofsnfkdf dlxnfx?sf] kx'Frdf a[l4 tyf
k|lt:kwf{Tds Ifdtf a[l4 ug'{sf] ;fy} n}ls ;dfgtfsf] cjwf/0ff cg'?k dfgj ;+zfwg ljsf;df 6]jf k'Ug]
p2]Zon] dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmd ;+rfng ul/Psf] 5 .
lgDg jdf]lhdsf sfo{qmdx? ;+rfng ug{sf] nflu rfn' cfly{s jif{df dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmdsf] nflu ?= $&
s/f]8 @# nfv ($ xhf/ ah]6 ljlgof]hg ul/Psf] b]lvG5 .
ut cfly{s jif{df lj:tf/ ePsf ufpF ljsf; ;ldltx?df sfo{qmd ;3g agfpg] M
o !*,)#) hgfnfO{ ;d"x ;b:o cg'lzIf0f,
o #,^#$ ;d"x u7g / jrt kl/rfng,
o ^)# ;ldlt u7g,
;]jf ljd'v ^)) ufpF ljsf; ;ldltdf If]q lj:tf/ ug{] M
o #,^)) ;d"x u7g / jrt kl/rfng,
o !*,))) hgfnfO{ # lbg] cg'lzIf0f,
o ;fdflhs kl/rfng, ;xhLs/0f / cg'udg ug{],
ljBfno ljd'v lszf]/Lsf] jx' cfoflds ljsf; ug]{ M
o @,!^) hgfnfO{ hLjgf]kof]uL tfnLd,
o &@ :yfgdf lszf]/L ;"rgf tyf k/fdz{ s]Gb| ;+Rffng,
o &@ ;+:yf dfkm{t clt ljkGg lszf]/L ljsf; sfo{qmd,
o !,$$) hgfnfO{ ;Lk ljsf; tfnLd k|bfg,
Joj;foLs dlxnf ;d"x ljsf; sfo{qmd ;+rfng M
o @,#$) hgfnfO{ ;Lk ljsf; tfnLd,
o !) lhNnfdf jfbL dlxnfsf nflu 3/ ljsf; sfo{qmd ;+rfng,
o 3/ ljsf; of]hgf cg'bfg,
!% lhNnfx? 5gf}6 u/L 3/]n' lx+;f k|efljtsf nflu ;]jf s]Gb| :yfkgf ug{],
;femf pkof]usf ahf/ kx'Fr ;'ljwfsf nflu cu| Joj;foLs dlxnf ;+:yfnfO{ cg'bfg lbg] .
pNn]vLt sfo{qmdx?dWo] rfn' cfly{s jif{sf] klxnf] ^ dlxgfdf ?= ^ s/f]8 #$ nfv $) xhf/ vr{ eO{
lgDgfg';f/sf] ef}lts k|ult ePsf] k|ltj]bg k|fKt ePsf] 5 M

ut cfly{s jif{df lj:tf/ ePsf ufpFm ljsf; ;ldltdf sfo{qmdsf] lg/Gt/tfM

o (#! hgtfnfO{ cg'lzIf0f,
o $)( ;d"x u7g / art kl/rfng,
o #$ j6f ;ldlt u7g eO{ %* k6s ;fdflhs kl/rfng, ;xhLs/0f tyf cg'udg ul/Psf] 5 .

;]jf ljd'v ^)) ufpF ljsf; ;ldltdf sfo{qmd lj:tf/ ug{] tkm{ M
o !,!&% ;d"x u7g / jrt kl/rfng,
o $,%#^ hgfnfO{ cg'lzIf0f,
o #!$ j6f ;fdflhs kl/rfng, ;xhLs/0f tyf cg'udg sfo{qmd ;+rfng .
57

 ljBfno ljd'v lszf]/Lsf] jx'cfoflds ljsf;tkm{ M

o #) hgfnfO{ hLjgf]kofuL tfnLd,
o ! j6f ;"rgf tyf k/fdz{ s]Gb| ;+Rffng,
o @) hgfnfO{ ;Lk ljsf; tfnLd,
3/]n' lx+;f k|efljt dlxnfsf] nflu !) j6f ;]jf s]Gb| :yfkgf,
jfbL dlxnfsf nflu 3/ ljsf; sfo{qmdsf] ;Gbe{df k/fdz{ j}7s e}/x]sf] .
k|:t't sfo{qmdsf nflu ePsf] jflif{s ljlgof]lht ah]6, klxnf] cw{ jflif{s ljQLo Pj+ ef}lts k|ultsf]
;dLIff ubf{ nlIft jflif{s p4]Zox? xfl;n x'g sl7gfO b]lvG5 . jif{sf] k"jf{4{df sd{Rff/Lx?sf] l;kmfl/z /
lgo'lQm k|lqmofn] sfddf cj/f]w ePtfklg afFsL cjlwdf ;DkGg x'g jfFsL sfdx? ;d]tsf] sfo{ofhgf agfO
sfd cufl8 a9fPdf eg] nIo xfl;n ug{ ;lsg] b]lvG5 .

$=@=!! sa'lnotL jg tyf kz' ljsf; sfo{qmd -%(#$#!$_

3/fo;L hLljsf]kfh{g / cfosf] cfjZostf k"lt{ Pj+ jftfj/0f ;+/If0fsf] nflu sj'lnotL jgsf] Joj:yfkg
ug]{, 3/fo;L vfBfGg / cfjZostf k"lt{ ug{ kz'kfng dfkm{t of]ubfg a9fpg], sj'lnotL jg ;d"xdf cfj4
ls;fgx?nfO{ lbuf] ?kdf ljQLo ;]jf lbg ;Sg] ;+:yfx?sf] ?kdf sj'lnotL jg ;d"x / u|fdL0f ljQLo
;+3x?sf] :yfkgf ug'{sf ;fy} sj'lnotL jg ljsf; sfo{qmdnfO{ u/LjL Go"gLs/0f ug]{ sfo{qmdsf] ?kdf n}ls
;+j]bgzLn9+un] sfof{Gjog ug{ ;/sf/L Ifdtfsf] ljsf; ug]{ ;d]t p2]Zosf ;fy cfly{s jif{ @)^@^# b]lv
sj'lnotL jg tyf kz' ljsf; sfo{qmd ;+rfngdf /x]sf] 5 . of] sfo{qmd ;g\ !((@ b]lv !) lhNnfx?df
nfu' ePsf] kxf8L sa'lnotL jg tyf r/g ljsf; cfof]hgfsf] lj:tfl/t ?k tyf lg/Gt/tf xf] . k|:t't
sfo{qmd cfof]hgfsf] ?kdf ge} g]kfn ;/sf/sf] lgoldt sfo{qmdsf] ?kdf ;+:yfut u/L s[lif ljsf;sf nflu
cGt/fli6o sf]if -IFAD_ sf] C0f tyf cg'bfg ;xof]udf * jif{sf] nflu dWo kxf8L If]qsf @@ lhNnfx? kfFry/, ef]hk'/, t]x|y'd, vf]6f, cf]vn9'f, l;Gw'nL, dsjfgk'/, lrtjg, wflb, l;Gw'kfNrf]s, sfe|]knfGrf]s,
bf]nvf, /fd]5fk, ndh', tgx'F , uf]/vf, Ko'7fg, ;Nofg, c5fd, 8f]6L, 88]Nw'/f / a}t8L_ df ;+rflnt 5 .
o; sfo{qmdsf] s"n nfut ! s/f]8 @& nfv &$ xhf/ cd]l/sL 8n/ IFAD sf] C0f ! s/f]8 $ nfv ()
xhf/ cd]l/sL 8n/, IFAD cg'bfg !@ nfv @) xhf/ cd]l/sL 8n/, g]kfn ;/sf/ ;|f]t ?= !) nfv %)
xhf/ cd]l/sL 8n/ / nfeflGjt ;d"xsf] of]ubfg !$ xhf/ cd]l/sL 8n/ /x]sf]5 .
rfn' jif{df o; sfo{qmdsf] nflu ?= !) s/f]8 @^ nfv & xhf/ /sd ljlgof]hg ul/Psf] / ljlgof]lht
/sdaf6 ^*% j6f sj'lnotL jg pkef]Qmf ;d"x u7g ug]{, #@** x]S6/ jg If]q sj'lnotL jgsf] ?kdf
x:tfGt/0f u/L %$*) 3/ kl/jf/nfO{ k|ToIf nfe k'ofpg] nIo /flvPsf] 5 .
oL nlIft sfo{qmdx?dWo] rfn' cfly{s jif{sf] klxnf] ^ dlxgf;Dd !)& j6f sj'lnotL jg pkef]Qmf ;d"x
u7g ul/Psf] / %)^$ 3/kl/jf/nfO{ sj'lnotL jg x:tfGt/0f u/L nfe k'u]sf] cg'dfg ul/Psf] ef}lts k|ult
tyf xfn;Dd hDdf ?= ! s/f]8 $% xhf/ vr{ ePsf] ljQLo k|ult k|ltj]bg k|fKt x'g cfPsf] 5 .
;dLIff cjlw;Dd ePsf] vr{ ?= ! s/f]8 $% xhf/sf] ;fk]Ifdf ef}lts k|ult cToGt Go"g /x]sf] 5 . ctM
jflif{s nIo d'tfljssf] k|ult xfl;n ug{ sfo{qmd ;+rfng ug]{ lgsfox?aLrdf lg/Gt/ ;dGjo / yk
k|oTgsf] vfFrf] 5 . cGoyf k|:t't sfo{qmdn] kl/nlIft u/]sf jflif{s sfo{qmdx? ;DkGg x'g g;Sg] b]lvG5 .

$=@=!@ n3' hnljB't tyf j}slNks phf{ sfo{qmd -^!#$@@@_

n3' hnljB't tyf cGo j}slNks phf{ -;f}o{ phf{_ dfkm{t /fli6o ljB't k|zf/0f gk'u]sf If]qx?df ljB't ;]jf
pknJw u/fO{ To; If]qsf hgtfnfO{ 3/fo;L ljB't ;]jf pknJw u/fpg], cfo cfh{g a[l4 u/fpg] tyf ul/jL
36fpg] p2]Zosf ;fy dfu cg';f/ b]ze/sf &% j6} lhNnfdf sfo{qmd ;+Rffng ug{] u/L n3' hnljB't tyf
j}slNks phf{ sfo{qmd ;fnj;fnL ?kdf ;+rfng xF'b} cfO/x]sf]] 5 .

58

rfn' cfly{s jif{df k|:t't sfo{qmdsf] nflu g]kfn ;/sf/sf] >f]ttkm{ ?=!# s/f]8 %$ nfv !* xhf/ /
j}b]lzs cg'bfg ?=$^ s/f]8 ^) nfv ! xhf/ ljlgof]hg ul/Psf] 5 . ljlgof]lht ah]6af6 rfn' cfly{s jif{
lgDg lnlvt sfo{qmd ;DkGg ug{] nIo /flvPsf] 5,
!&)) lsnf] jf6 n3' tyf ;fgf hnljB't pTkfbg,
#%))) j6f ;f}o{ 3/]n' ljB't k|0ffnL h8fg,
!$ j6f ;+:yfut ;f}o{ ljB't h8fg,
@),))) ;f}o{ 6'sL h8fg,
*))) ;'wfl/Psf] kmnfd] r'nf] h8fg /
lhNnf phf{ tyf jftfj/0f OsfOsf] Ifdtf clea[l4 .
dfly pNn]v ul/Psf jlfi{fs nIox?dWo] rfn' cfly{s jif{sf] klxnf] ^ dlxgfdf g]kfn ;/sf/ tkm{sf] ?= $
s/f]8 %( nfv && xhf/ / j}b]lzs cg'bfg ?= @) s/f]8 *^ nfv $# xhf/ u/L s"n ?= @% s/f]8 $^ nfv
@) xhf/ vr{ eO{ lgDgfg';f/ ef}lts k|ult k|fKt x'g cfPsf] 5 .

@&# lsnf]jf6 ljB't pTkfbg ePsf] / !#$^=@ lsnf]jf6 ljB't pTkfbgsf] nflu cfof]hgf lgdf{0ffwLg,
!$@)^ j6f ;f}o{ 3/]n' ljB't k|0ffnL h8fg,
#*)% j6f ;f}o{ 6'sL h8fg,
%&* j6f ;'wfl/Psf] r'nf] h8fg /
lhNnf phf{ tyf jftfj/0f OsfO{sf] Ifdtf clea[l4 .

n3' hnljB't tyf j}slNks phf{ sfo{qmdn] o; cjlwdf xfl;n u/]sf] ef}lts tyf ljQLo k|ult ;Gtf]hgs
g} 5 . sfo{qmdn] lnPsf] jflif{s nIo k|fKt ug{ cfly{s jif{sf] af+sL cjwLdf sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug]{ lgsfon]
yk d]xgt ug'{ kg]{ b]lvG5 . ;fy} ;f}o{ pmhf{ ;DaGwL xfnsf] cg'bfg gLltsf] k'g/fjnf]sg ug'{ klg clt
cfjZos b]lvG5 .

$=@=!# ljBfno If]q ;'wf/ sfo{s|d -^%#$$@* / ^%#$*!%_

ljBfno lzIffdf vf;u/L cfwf/e"t txsf] lzIffsf] kx'Frdf a[l4ug]{, u'0f:t/ ;'wf/ ug]{ / z}lIfs ;]jf k|jfxsf
nflu ;+:yfut Ifdtf ;'b[9 ug]{ p2]Zosf ;fy cfly{s jif{ @)^^)^& b]lv sfof{Gjogdf NofOPsf] ljBfno
If]q ;'wf/ sfo{qmdsf] sfof{Gjog cjlw kfFr jif{ -cfly{s jif{ @)^^)^& b]lv @)&))&!_ sf] /x]sf] 5 .
ljleGg z}lIfs sfo{qmdsf] sfof{Gjogaf6 xfn;Dd k|fKt ul/Psf pknlAwx?nfO{ yk ;'b[l9s/0f ug'{sf ;fy}
kl/jlt{t kl/l:yltdf gofF gofF sfo{qmdx? klg ;dfj]z ePsf] of] sfo{s|d cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, tLg jlif{o
cGtl/d of]hgf, ;a}sf nflu lzIff /fli6o sfo{of]hgf, ;x>fAbL ljsf; nIon] lnPsf ck]Iffxsf] 9fFrfleq
/x]/ tof/ kfl/Psf] 5 .
o; sfo{s|daf6 rfn' cfly{s jif{df jfnljsf;k"j{ k|fylds lzIff, cfwf/e"t txdf lgz'Ns lzIffsf]
;'lglZrt\tfsf nflu kf7\ok':ts, 5fqj[lQ cflbsf] Joj:yf, ;a}sf l;sfO cfjZostfxsf] kl/k"tL{,
lg/If/tfsf] Go"lgs/0f, n}l\us ;dfgtfsf] k|flKt, lzIffsf ;a} kIfdf Uf'0f:t/sf] ;'wf/ / ljBfno tyf
s]Gb|If]qlhNnfdf Ifdtf ljsf;, cg'udg tyf d"Nofgh:tf kIfx?df ljleGg ls|ofsnfkx? sfof{Gjog ug{
vf]lhPsf] 5 . o; sfo{qmdnfO{ g]kfn ;/sf/, ;+o'Qm sf]ifdf hDdf ug]{ / gug]{ bft[ lgsfox?af6 ljQLo ;|f]t
k|fKt 5 . ;+o'Qm sf]ifdf /sd hDdf ug]{ bft[ ;+:yfxdf k|d'v ?kn] PlzofnL ljsf; a}+s, ljZj a}+s,
8]gdfs{, lkmgNof08, gj]{, l8PkmcfO8L, o'P;P8, o"lg;]km, o"/f]kLog o"lgog /x]sf 5g\ eg] sf]ifaflx/ /xL
;xof]u ug]{ hfOsf, o"Pg;Fu ;Dj4 ;F3;+:yf nufot ljleGg cGt/f{li6o ;+3;+:yfx? ;dfj]z 5g\ .
ljBfno If]q ;'wf/ sfo{qmdsf] kfFr jif]{ cjlwsf nflu s'n k|:tfljt ah]6 @^ s/f]8 @% nfv cd]l/sL 8n/
/x]sf] 5 -ljBfno If]q ;'wf/ of]hgf, @))(@)!%_ . s"n ah]6df ;/sf/sf]tkm{af6 @)=)! s/f]8 cd]l/sL
8n/ -&^=@ k|ltzt_ / bft[ lgsfosf]tkm{af6 ^=@$ s/f]8 cd]l/sL 8n/ -@#=* k|ltzt_ k|:tfljt ul/Psf]
5 . rfn' cfly{s jif{sf] /ftf] lstfadf pNn]v ePadf]lhd o; sfo{s|dsf] s'n nfut ? !@ c/a *& s/f]8
59

@$ nfv %& xhf/ /x]sf] 5 . ;f]dWo] g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ? @ c/a %@ s/f]8 @) nfv #% xhf/ / bft[lgsfosf]
? !) c/a #% s/f]8 $ nfv @@ xhf/ /x]sf] 5 .
rfn' cfly{s jif{sf d"Vo d"Vo sfo{s|dx?df @))) yk afnljsf; s]Gb|x? :yfkgf / ;Grfng ug]{, @$* j6f
ljBfno lj:tf/ sfo{s|d / &#! j6f j}slNks z}lIfs sfo{s|d ;Grfng ug]{, cfwf/e"t txdf cWoog ug]{ !)
nfv !% xhf/ %)( hgf blnt ljBfyL{ / * nfv ^^ xhf/ #^* hgf 5fqfsf nflu k|ltjif{ ? $)) sf b/n]
5fqj[lQ k|bfg ug]{, ;f]xL txdf cWoog ug]{ #% xhf/ ckfu ljBfyL{{x?sfnflu 5fqa[lQ k|bfg ug]{, k|fylds
txdf cWoog/t nlIft ;d'xsf *% xhf/ (@& laBfyL{sf nflu 5fqj[lQ -@@ hghftL tyf l;dfGts[t ;d"x,
d'Qm sd}of, xlnof / r?jfsf ;GtltnfO{ ;d]t_ k|bfg ug]{, ljBfno txdf cWoog ug]{ sl/a %^ nfv
ljBfyL{nfO{ lgz'Ns kf7\ok':tssf] Joj:yfug{ ljBfnosf nflu cg'bfg k|bfg ug]{, sl/a @%)) ;fd'bfoLs
ljBfnox?sf] Joj:yfkg tx ;d'bfosf] lhDdfdf n}hfg], * xhf/ &&) gofF sIffsf]7f lgdf{0f ug]{, $ xhf/
%)) ljBfnosf] dd{t;Def/ ug]{, $ xhf/ %)) ljBfnosf] aflx/L jftfj/0f ;'wf/ ug]{ /x]sf 5g\ .

ljBfno vf]Ng] xf]8 !!!

k'/fgf] emfemf]nL uf=lj=;= j8f g+= $ /fd6f/df >L gjHof]tL k|fylds ljBfno v'n]sf]
5 . o;df $ hgf lzIfs / %) hgf ljBfyL{ /x]5g\ . of] ljBfnoaf6 cfwfcfwf 306fsf]
b"/Ldf lg=df=lj= k/]jf 8f+8f / k|ultzLn pRr df=lj= gfdsf @ j6f ljBfno x'Fbf x'Fb} of]
ljBfnonfO{ :jLs[lt lbg ldlt @)^^.(.@* df b=g+= *(@ af6 lhNnf lzIff sfof{nonfO{
c'g/f]w ePsf] /x]5 !!!
xfl;n ePsf d"Vo d"Vo k|ultx
!= rfn' cfly{s jif{df lgdf{0f tyf dd{t ug'{kg]{ ef}lts ;'wf/sf lhNnfut sfo{s|d cfly{s jif{sf] z'?df g}
:jLs[t u/fO{ lj= ;+= @)^^ >fj0f !^ ut]sf] uf]/vfkqdf k|sflzt ul/Psf]df xfn;Dd clwsfFz lhNnfdf
ljBfno 5gf}6sf sfo{x? ;DkGg eO{ lgdf{0f sfo{ eO/x]sf] 5 . ljBfno 5gf}6sf sfo{x? ;DkGg x'g
afFsL /x]sf lhNnfx?df df3d;fGt;Dddf pSt sfo{ ;DkGg x'g] / lgdf{0fsf sfo{ cf/De x'g] b]lvG5 .
lhNnfaf6 k|fKt ljj/0fsf] cfwf/df x]bf{ o; If]qdf xfn;Dd hDdf %) k|ltztsf] xf/fx/Ldf sfd ePsf]
b]lvG5 .
@= ljBfyL{n] kfpg] 5fqj[lQ nufotsf sfo{s|dx? k|yd rf}dfl;sdf /flvPsf]df lhNnf lzIff sfof{nox?n]
pSt 5fqj[lQ /sd tf]lsPsf] rf}dfl;sdf lgsfzf ul/;s]sf]n] o;df xfn;Dd ztk|ltzt k|ult xfl;n
ePsf] b]lvG5 .
#= xfn;Ddsf] ljj/0fsf] cfwf/df o; jif{dfq !,))) eGbfa9L ljBfno txsf] Joj:yfkg ;d'bfonfO{
x:tfGt/0f ePsf] b]lvG5 .
$= u'?s'n lzIffsf] sIff b'O{sf] kf7\ok':ts n]vg ug{ sfo{bn u7g eO{ n]vg sfo{ ;'? ePsf] 5 . o;}u/L,
db/;fsf] sIff Pssf] kf7\ok':ts n]vg ug{ sfo{of]hgf tof/ ePsf] 5 .
%= c+u|]hL, ul0ft / lj1fg ljifosf] P;Pn;L ;xof]u ;fdu|Lsf] ;L=cf/=;L ljsf; ;DkGg e} klqsfdf
k|sfzg ug{ z'? ul/Psf] 5 . xfn;Dd P;Pn;L lbg] k/LIffyL{x?nfO{ nlIft u/L rf}yf] >[v+nf;Dd
k|sfzg ;DkGg ePsf] 5 . %# cf]6f v'nf ljBfnodf %,@)@ laBfyL{x?sf nflu P;=Pn=;L k/LIffdf
;lDdlnt x'g /lhi6];g ug]{ sfo{ ;DkGg ePsf] 5 .
^= v'nf l;sfO{ lgb]{lzsf kl/dfh{g ug]{ sfo{ ;DkGg ePsf] 5 . lbjf vfhf sfo{j|md lgb]{lzsf kl/dfh{g eO{
k|sfzg tyf ljt/0f sfo{ ;DkGg ePsf] 5 . o; sfo{s|daf6 hDdf !( lhNnfdf lbjf vfhf v'jfpg]
sfo{s|d /x]sf]df clwsfFz lhNnfdf ljBfno 5fGg] sfo{ ;DkGg e};s]sf] 5 / ljBfyL{x?nfO{ lbjf vfhf
v'jfpg] sfo{ ePsf] 5 .
60

&= Public Private Partnership cGtu{t s]Gb|Lo ;dGjo ;ldltsf] lg0f{ocg';f/ pSt sfo{qmd ;~rfng x'g]
;ft ljBfnosf k|wfgfWofks / ;DalGwt lhNnfsf zfvf clws[tx?sf] Ps lbg] uf]i7L ;DkGg ePsf] 5 .
;+:yfut tyf lghL ljBfno ;fem]bf/L sfo{qmdsf] 5fqj[lQsf nflu ljBfyL{ 5gf}6 k/LIff ;DaGwL ;"rgf
uf]/vfkqdf k|sfzg ePsf] 5 .
*= lzIfsx?sf] k]zfut ljsf; sfo{qmd / k|wfgfWofks g]t[Tj ljsf; tfnLd -l6lkl8_ ;fdu|Lx?sf] ljsf;
tyf 5kfO{ sfo{;DkGg ePsf] 5 . o;}u/L k|wfgfWofks tfnLd sfo{s|dsf nflu kf7\oqmd ljsf; ug]{ sfo{
;DkGg ePsf] 5 . of] tfnLd sfo{ ;Grfngsf nflu %% hgf d'Vo k|lzIfs 5gf}6 e};s]sf 5g\ .
(= jfGtjf /fO{, lnDa', cjlw, ef]hk'/L, 8uf}/f yf?, d}lynL, cf7kx/Lof /fO{, /fhj+zL, ;GyfnL, p/fj, d}lynL
yf?, /;'jf tfdf, kfNkfnL du/ / /fgf yf? ;d]t !% dft[efiffdf lzIfs tfnLd ;~rfngsf nflu
tfnLd lgb]{lzsf ljsf; ug]{ sfo{ ;DkGg ePsf] 5 .
!)= ljBfno lzIffsf sfo{s|dx?sf af/]df xfn;Dd /]l8of] g]kfnaf6 lzIffsf] rf}tf/L sfo{qmd !@) k6s
k|;f/0f ePsf] 5 . sfo{s|d sfof{Gjog k|ls|of / o;af6 k|fKt x'g] nfesf ;DaGwdf kqsf/, lzIfs, ;+3
;+u7g u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yf, ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t ;+u7g / lzIfs cleefjs ;+3 nufotsf kIf;Fu cGtlq{mof
sfo{s|d ;DkGg ePsf] 5 .
k|yd rf}dfl;s cjlwdf o; sfo{s|dsf] ;du| ef}lts k|ult ^# k|ltzt / ljQLo k|ult ^) k|ltzt /x]sf]
5.

ljBfno Joj:yfkgsf] of] ?k !!!

cy{ dGqfnosf] 6f]nLn] >L sf}lzsf pRr dfWolds ljBfno Ujfn6f/, l;Gw'nLsf] cg'udg ubf{
b]xfosf] cj:yf b]lvof] M
# ljBfyL{sf] ;+Vofsf] cfwf/df l;dfGts[t / blnt 5fqj[lQsf] /sd lgsf;f gx'g]
ePsf]n] bfdf;fxLn] jf8\g] u/]sf] kfOof] . df=lj=txdf l;dfGts[t 5fqj[lQ k|lt
ljBfyL{ jflif{s ?=!$& sf b/n] afF8]sf] hfgsf/L k|fKt eof] .
# ut cfly{s jif{sf] ah]6af6 ljBfnodf yk sIff sf]7f lgdf{0fsf nflu ?=% nfv
lgsf;f eP5, k|fljlws pknJw gePsf]n] sfd z'? ePsf] 5}g .
# ut cfly{s jif{dfg} Ps hgf lg=df=lj= txsf] lzIfs sf]6fsf] kq rfFlx uP5, t/
clxn];Dd g t ;f] jfktsf] /sd g} lgsf;f ePsf] 5, g t lzIfssf] lgo'lQm g} !!!
# of] ljBfnon] q}dflzs ?kdf sIff ^ df ?=#%, sIff & df ?=$%, sIff * df ?=%%,
sIff ( df ?= ^% / sIff !) df ?=&% sf b/n] k9fO{ z'Ns c;"n ubf]{ /x]5 !!!
# pNn]lvt rf/ j6f a"+bfx?sf] ;DaGwdf cfjZos sf/jfxL ug{ ;DalGwt lhNnf lzIff
clwsf/LnfO{ 6]lnkmf]gaf6 hfgsf/L u/fOPsf] 5 .
61

sfo{qmd sfof{Gjogdf /x]sf k|d'v r'gf}tLx M

lzIff ljefuaf6 ;dodf g} sfo{s|d :jLs[lt u/fO{ sfof{Gjogsf nflu lhNnf lzIff sfof{nox?df sfo{s|d /
ah]6 k7fOPsf] ePtfklg ljBdfg /fhg}lts kl/l:ylt / sltko lhNnfdf zflGt ;'/Iffsf] cj:yfn] ubf{
ljBfno lgdf{0fsf sfo{x? ;'rf? ?kdf ;Grfng x'g sl7gfO{ kl//x]sf] 5 . k|lt ljBfyL{ PsfO{ nfutsf
cfwf/df k|bfg ul/g] lzIfs Joj:yfkg cg'bfgsf] lgb]{lzsf :jLs[ltsf] s|ddf /x]sf] 5 . t/fOsf sltko
lhNnfx?df sd{rf/Lsf] cefjsf sf/0f sfo{s|d k|efjsf/L ?kdf sfof{Gjog ePsf] 5}g . 5fqj[lQ ljt/0f,
sIffsf]7f lgdf{0f, k|lt ljBfyL{ cg'bfg h:tf /sdx? k4lt / k|lqmof k'ofpFbfs} r6f/f]n] ubf{ ljBfnodf
pkof]u x'g g;s]sf] l:ylt ;d]t b]lvPsf] 5 . o;sfnflu dGqfno, ljefu:t/af6 lhNnfut?kdf ljleGg
ljBfnox?sf] cg'udg ug{] k|lqmofnfO{ c? k|efjsf/L ?kdf ;+rfng ug{ cfjZos b]lvG5 .

$=@=!$ l;S6f l;+rfO{ cfof]hgf -^*#$$!*_

afFs] lhNnfsf] cu}ofdf /fKtL gbLdf afFw lgdf{0f u/L ##,&^^ x]S6/ e"lddf l;+rfO{ ;'ljwf pknAw u/fpg] tyf
ef/tLo ;xof]u lgof]uf/f ;g\ !(^$ df lgld{t 88'jf l;+rfO{ k|0ffnLnfO{ k'g?Tyfg ug]{ ;d]t p2]Zo lnO{
l;S6f l;+rfO{ cfof]hgfsf] lgdf{0f sfo{ z'? ePsf] kfOG5 . hDdf tLg r/0fdf lgdf{0f sfo{ ;DkGg ug]{ nIo
lnOPsf] k|:t't cfof]hgfn] afFs] lhNnfsf #$ ufpFm ljsf; ;ldlt / g]kfnu~h gu/kflnsfsf] s[lifof]Uo
e"lddf l;+rfO{ ;'ljwf pknAw u/fO{ To; If]qsf] cfly{s ;d[l4df pNn]Vo k|efj kfg]{ b]lvG5 . /fKtL gbLdf
lgdf{0f ul/g] afFwaf6 afofFtk{m /x]sf] /fhs'nf] l;+rfO{ cfof]hgfsf] !*)) x]S6/ e"lddf ;d]t l;+rfO{ ;'ljwf
pknAw u/fpg] k|fjwfg /x]sf] x'Fbf ;du|df l;S6f l;+rfO{ cfof]hgfn] #%,%^^ x]S6/ s[lifof]Uo e"lddf l;+rfO{
;'ljwf pknAw u/fpg]5 .
of] l;+rfO{ cfof]hgf cfly{s jif{ )%(^) df z'? eO{ cfly{s jif{ )^*^( df ;DkGg x'g] nIo /flvPsf]
ePtfklg k6s k6s ;+rfngsf] oyf]i6 k|of; ePklg cfly{s jif{ )^@^# b]lv dfq lgdf{0f sfo{ z'? ePsf]
b]lvG5 . pQm cfof]hgf ;DkGg ug{ ?=& cj{ $% s/f]8 s"n nfut nfUg] k|f/lDes cg'dfg /x] klg cfly{s jif{
)^$^% df ul/Psf] ;+zf]lwt nfut cg';f/ cfof]hgf ;DkGg ug{ s"n nfut ?=!@ ca{ *) s/f]8 nfUg]
cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 . xfn;Dd x]8jS;{sf] lgdf{0f sfo{ () ;DkGg ePsf] 5 eg] d"n gx/sf] !% ls=dL= b]lv
#% ls=dL=v08sf] l8hfOg, nfut cg'dfg tof/ ug]{ sfo{ ePsf] 5 .
rfn' cfly{s jif{df o; cfof]hgfsf] nflu 8fOe;{g :6Sr/ lgdf{0f, l8l;N6L j]l;gnfl; r]gn lgdf{0f, %
ls=ld= d"n gx/ df6f] vGg] sfd, d"n gx/sf] ;e{]If0f sfo{ / k"jL{ gx/ tyf sdf08 If]qsf] ;e{]If0f sfo{
;DkGg ug{ ?=^) s/f]8 ## nfv @) xhf/ ah]6 ljlgof]hg ul/Psf] 5 . pNn]vLt jflif{s sfo{qmdx?dWo]
rfn' jif{sf] klxnf] rf}dfl;s cjlw;Dd %#=$& ef}lts k|ult xfl;n ePsf] tyf ;f] cjlw ;Dd hDdf ?=
@$ s/f]8 (! nfv &$ xhf/ vr{ ePsf] k|ult k|ltj]bg k|fKt ePsf] 5 .
cfof]hgfsf] s"n nfut qmdzM al9 /x]sf] cj:yfdf rfn' cfly{s jif{sf] af+sL cjlwdf b|'t ultdf sfo{qmd
;+rfng ePdf nlIft p4]Zo xfl;n ug{ ;lsg] b]lvG5 . /fli6o dxTj /fVg] k|:t't cfof]hgf ;dod} ;DkGg
ug{sf nflu jx'jifL{o 7]Ssf cGtu{tsf] ;DkGg ePhlt sfdsf] e'QmfgL o;} jif{ ug{ kF"hLut tkm{sf] ah]6sf]
jrtaf6 Joj:yfkg ug'{ pko'Qm b]lvG5 .

$=@=!% ;fdflhs ;'/Iffh]i7 gful/s, czQm, ckf, nf]kf]Gd'v hflt tyf Psn dlxnf ;'/Iff

Joj:yf -^(#!$%_
cf=j=@)%@.%# b]lv &% jif{ dflysf j[4 j[4fx?nfO{ k|ltdlxgf ?= !)) sf b/n] eQf lbg] Joj:yf k|f/De u/L
h]i7 gful/s ;Ddfg sfo{qmd xfn ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsfnflu /fHon] jxg ug'{kg{] k|d'v sfo{qmdsf ?kdf
?kfGt/0f x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 . /fHosf] nf]ssNof0fsf/L dfGotf ;LdfGt ju{sf] ;+/If0f ug{] tkm{ s]lGb|t x'b} cfPsf]
5 . g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# hf/L ePkl5 /f]huf/L tyf ;dflhs ;'/Iff gful/ssf] df}lns xssf
?kdf :yflkt ePkl5 /fHosf gLltx? ;d]t ;LdfGt ju{sf] ljz]if ;+/If0f ug{] tkm{ s]lGb|t x'Fb} cfPsf 5g\ .
j[4, c;xfo, Psn dlxnf, blnt tyf lk5l8Psf] If]qnfO{ ljz]if ;+/If0f k|bfg u/L ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] cg'e"lt
lbnfpg cf=j= @)%@%#, @)%^%&, @)^!^@, @)^%^^ tyf @)^^^& df ePsf ah]6 aQmAox?df
62

h]i7 gful/s nufot cGo ;LdfGt ju{nfO{ nlIft u/L ;'/Iffsf] If]q lj:tf/ u/L eQfsf b/x?nfO{ ;d]t
a9fp+b} nuL o;nfO{ /fHosf] ;fdflhs ;'/Iff sfo{qmdsf ?kdf lj:tf/ ul/Psf] 5 .
o; sfo{qmddf cf=j= @)^^^& ;Ddsf] ah]6 aQmAo cg';f/ ;d]l6Psf nlIft ;d"x, eQf b/ / nfeflGjt
;+Vofsf] ljj/0f o;k|sf/ /x]sf] 5
l;=
g+=
!=
@=
#=
$=
%=
^=

nlIft ;d"x

dfl;s eQf

s0ff{nL c~rnsf blntx? / ^) jif{ eGbfdfly /

cGo If]q / hfltsf &) jif{ dflysf h]i7 gful/s
^) jif{ dflysf Psn dlxnf
nf]kf]Gd'v hfltdWo] /fp6]
cGo nf]kf]Gd'v hflt
k"0f{ czQm
cf+lzs czQm
s0ff{nL c~rn ;a} kl/jf/ / cGo If]qsf ljkGg
blnt kl/jf/sf % jif{d'lgsf @ hgf;Dd
afnaflnsfx?nfO{ afn;+/If0f cg'bfg

nfeflGjt hg;+Vof

500

9,04,600

500M-

3,06,500

1,000M500M-

23,600

1,000M-

15,000

300M-

6,875

200M-

40,000

s}lkmot

@)^^ sflt{sb]lv
nfu" ePsf]

cf=j=@)%@%# df ?=@* s/f]8 ah]6 ljlgof]hg u/L k|f/De ePsf] k|:t't sfo{qmddf ;f] cf=j=sf] ;fwf/0f
ah]6sf] !=@% / s"n ah]6sf] )=%# k|ltzt ah]6 ljlgof]hg ePsf] lyof] . k|:t't sfo{qmddf cf=j=@)^^^&
sf] ah]6df s"n ?=* cj{ %) s/f]8 5'6\ofOPsf] 5, h'g rfn" ah]6sf] %=@( k|ltzt / s"n ah]6sf] sl/j #
k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . k|:t't sfoqmd ;fdflhs ;'/Iff sfo{qmd ;~rfng sfo{ljlw, @)^% cg';f/ ;~rfng
eO/x]sf] 5 .
rfn" cf=j=df ljlgof]lht ah]6af6 dfly pNn]vLt ju{nfO{ eQf ljt/0f tyf nlIft ;d"xsf] gfdfjnL k|sfzg,
eQf ljt/0f ;DaGwL sfo{ljlw tof/ u/L nfu" ug]{ sfo{qmd /x]sf]df @)^^ ;fnsf] k|yd ^ dlxgfdf k|yd
rf}dfl;s /sd ljt/0f ul/;lsPsf] 5 . o;/L x]bf{ rfn" cfly{s jif{sf] k|yd ^ dlxgfdf @% k|ltzt eGbf
a9L k|ult ePsf] b]lvG5 . ;f] cjlwdf ?=@ cj{ ^ s/f]8 $# nfv !) xhf/ eQf ljt/0f ul/;lsPsf] 5 . o;}
cjlwdf afn ;+/If0f sfo{ljlw, @)^^ :jLs[t ePsf] 5 . k|:t't sfo{qmd sfof{Gjogsf ;Gbe{df k"0f{ czQm /
cf+lzs czQm u/L b'O{ k|sf/sf ckf eQfsf] dfq Joj:yf ePsf] t/ dlxnf afnaflnsf tyf ;dfh sNof0f
dGqfnoaf6 hf/L ePsf] ckf ;DaGwL lgb]{lzsfdf ckfsf w]/} juL{s/0f ul/Psf] x'Fbf ckf klxrfg ;DaGwL
;d:ofsf sf/0f pgLx?sf nflu nlIft eQf ljt/0f ug{ sl7gfO{ pTkGg ePsf] b]lvG5 .
o; sfo{qmdsf] cg'udg d'Votof gu/kflnsf, uf=lj=;= tyf lh=lj=;=sf] ;efkltsf] cWoIftfdf ul7t
;ldltn] ug]{ Joj:yf 5 . o;afx]s cfjZostf cg';f/ :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfno / cy{ dGqfnon] ;d]t
cg'udg ug{;Sg] Joj:yf 5 .
nf]kf]Gd'v hftLnfO{ eQf ljt/0f ug{ yfn]kl5 l;Gw'nL lhNnfsf] k'/fgf] emfFufemf]nLdf o;jif{ dfq
*% hgf /fO{ x?n] cfgf] jfj'jfh]sf] k|df0fsf] cfwf/df cfgf] gful/stf ;+zf]wg u/L cfgf]
hft xfo" agfP5g\ / eQf a'e]m5g\ .
gd"gfsf] ?kdf ul/Psf] ;fdflhs ;'/Iff eQfsf ;/f]sf/jfnf;Fu ul/Psf] e]63f6 / 5nkmnaf6
o;sf] ljt/0f kIfnfO{ dfq x]bf{ df]/ lhNnfdf ck]Iffs[t ?kdf a9L u'gf;f] kfOPsf] 5 eg]
l;Gw'nL lhNnfdf sd . uf=lj=;=df /x]sf] clen]v kIf klg df]/df eGbf l;Gw'nL lhNnfdf a9L
b'?:t /x]sf] kfOof] .

63

;fdflhs ;'/Iff ;DaGwL :jLs[t cg'udg cjwf/0ff cg';f/ cy{ dGqfno, ah]6 tyf sfo{qmd dxfzfvfaf6
;d]t k|:t't sfo{qmdsf] cg'udg ug{] qmd k|f/De ePsf] 5 . o; qmddf df]/ lhNnfsf] lzzjgL hxbf /
s6x/L uf=lj=;= tyf lj/f6gu/ pkdxfgu/kflnsf, Pj+ l;Gw'nL lhNnfsf] jf;]Zj/, u'8eGHof Pj+ k'/fgf]
emfufemf]nL ufpF ljsf; ;ldltsf] cg'udg ePsf] 5 . cg'udgaf6 b]lvPsf oyfy{nfO{ b]xfo cg';f/ k|:t't
ul/Psf] 5
!=

d[To'sf] ;"rgf ;dod} k|fKt u/L d[To' btf{nfO{ clen]vj4 ug{ g;lsPsf] cj:yf 5 .

@=

nlIft ju{sf] clen]v kmf]6f] ;lxt b'?:t /x]sf] kfOPg .

#=

k~hLs/0fsf ;Dk"0f{ clen]v Jojl:yt ug{ uf=lj=;=x?df df}h'bf hgzlQm / ;|f]t ;fwgsf] sdL ePsf]
cj:yf 5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu l;Gw'nL lhNnfsf] jf;]Zj/ / 8'8 eGHof uf=lj=;=sf] lhDd]jf/L Pp6}
;lrjn] lnPsf] b]lvG5 .

$= lh=lj=;=sf] n]vf zfvf / k~hLs/0f zfvfsf aLr ;dGjo g/x]sf] .

%=

;fdflhs ;'/Iff eQf kfpg] JolQmx?dWo] clwsf+zn] g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ;|f]taf6 cGo k|sf/sf k]G;g ;d]t
lng] u/]sf] cj:yf 5 .

^=

ut cfly{s jif{sf] kl5Nnf] b'O{ dlxgfsf] eQf rfn' jif{sf] k';;Dd ljt/0f ePsf] 5}g .

&=

nf]kf]Gd'v hftLnfO{ eQf ljt/0f ug{ yfn]kl5 l;Gw'nL lhNnfsf] k'/fgf] emfFufemf]nLdf o;jif{ dfq *% hgf
/fO{ x?n] cfgf] jfj'jfh]sf] k|df0fsf] cfwf/df cfgf] gful/stf ;+zf]wg u/L cfgf] hft xfo"
agfP5g\ / eQf a'e]m5g\ .

gd"gfsf] ?kdf ul/Psf] ;fdflhs ;'/Iff eQfsf ;/f]sf/jfnf;Fu ul/Psf] e]63f6 / 5nkmnaf6 o;sf] ljt/0f
kIfnfO{ dfq x]bf{ df]/ lhNnfdf ck]Iffs[t ?kdf a9L u'gf;f] kfOPsf] 5 eg] l;Gw'nL lhNnfdf sd .
uf=lj=;=df /x]sf] clen]v kIf klg df]/df eGbf l;Gw'nL lhNnfdf a9L b'?:t /x]sf] kfOof] .
;du|df eGg'kbf{ k|:t't sfo{qmdaf6 k|efljt x'g] hg;+Vof k|To]s jif{ a9L/x]sf] x'Fbf ;f] cg'?k ljlgof]hgdf
klg a[l4 eO/x]sf] jt{dfg cj:yfdf k|To]s ufp+ ljsf; ;ldltsf] clen]v 7Ls b'?:t /fVg] / eQf ljt/0fdf
;DalGwt kIfnfO{ a9L lhDd]jf/ agfpFb} hfg' cfjZos 5 . ;fy}, ut cfly{s jif{sf] b'O{ dlxgfsf] eQf r}t
d;fGt;Dd ljt/0f ul/;Sg / ;f] sf] lgoldt cg'udg ug{ klg h?/L b]lvPsf] 5 .

$=@=!^ u|fdL0f k'glg{df{0f tyf k'g:yf{kgf sfo{qmd -^(#$*)(_

lj:t[t zflGt ;Demf}tf ePkl5 ljutsf] nfdf] G cGTo eO{ d'n's ;fdflhs ;lDdng, k'g:yf{kgf / Ifltu|:t
;+/rgfx?sf] k'glg{df{0f ug]{ r/0fdf k|j]z u/]sf] 5 . Gf]Q/ sfndf g]kfn ;/sf/sf ljleGg If]qut
dGqfnox?af6 k"jf{wf/ ljsf;, Ifltu|:t ;+/rgfx?sf] k'glg{df{0f / GkLl8t ju{nfO{ /fxt / k'g:yf{kgf ug]{
sfo{qmdx? sfof{Gjog eO/x]sf 5g\ . o;} kl/k|]Iodf :yfgLo k"jf{wf/x?sf] ljsf; u/L u|fdL0f ;d'bfosf
hgtfsf] ahf/;Dd kx'Fr k'ofO{ pgLx?sf] ;fdflhs cfly{s ljsf;sf ;fy} /f]huf/Lsf] cj;/df a[l4 u/L
hLjg:t/df ;'wf/ Nofpg] d'Vo p2]Zosf ;fy cfly{s jif{ @)^$^% -hgj/L!$, @))*_ b]lv :yfgLo
ljsf; dGqfno cGtu{t u|fdL0f k'glg{df{0f tyf k'g:yf{kgf sfo{qmd k|f/De ePsf] xf] . o; sfo{qmdsf nflu
g]kfn ;/sf/, PlzofnL ljsf; a}+s, cGt/f{li6o ljsf;sf nflu cf]k]s km08 cGt/f{li6o ljsf; ljefu /
:jL; ljsf; ;+:yfaf6 ljleGg r/0fdf ;Demf}tf eO{ ;|f]t Joj:yfkg x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 . DRILP/RAIDP/RAP
nfu' gePsf @) lhNnf / DRILP nfu' ePsf !* lhNnf -lhNnf ;8s sfo{qmd afx]s_ ;lxt #* lhNnfdf
k|:t't sfo{qmd nfu' ePsf] 5 .
rfn' cfly{s jif{df u|fdL0f k'glg{df{0f tyf k'g:yf{kgf sfo{qmdsf] nflu ?=@ cj{ !! s/f]8 $$ nfv @( xhf/
ljlgof]hg ul/Psf] / ljlgof]lht ah]6af6 *)) lsnf]ld6/ ;8ssf] ;+efJotf cWoog ug]{ / ;f] ;8sdf
a;f]af; ug]{ ;j{;fwf/0fsf nflu k'gjf{; of]hgf tof/ ug]{, @^) ls=dL=u|fdL0f ;8ssf] lgdf{0f sfo{ z'? ug]{,
@) j6f df]6/]jn k"nsf] ;e]{,l8hfOg tyf nfut cg'dfg tof/ ug]{, @) j6f df]6/]jn k"nsf] lgdf{0f sfo{ z'?
64

ug]{, *) j6f qmdfut vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO{ cfof]hgf ;DkGg ug]{, &^ j6f vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO{
cfof]hgfsf] lgdf{0f sfo{ z'? ug],{ (^ j6f qmdfut emf]n' u] k'n lgdf{0f ug]{ nIo /flvPsf] 5 .
ljlgof]lht /sddWo] rfn' cfly{s jif{sf] klxnf] ^ dlxgfdf ?=!* s/f]8 & nfv &! xhf/ ( ;o @ vr{ eO{
lgDgfg';f/sf] ef}lts k|ult k|fKt x'g cfPsf] 5 M
!!%^ ls=dL=u|fdL0f ;8ssf] ;+efJotf cWoog ;DkGg,
&(& ls=dL=;8ssf] lj:t[t OlGhlgol/ ;e]{If0f ;DkGg,
#^* ls=dL=;8ssf] l8hfOg ;DkGg,
## j6f ;8ssf] k'gjf{; of]hgf tof/ ug]{ sfo{ k|f/De,
!) ls=dL=u|fdL0f ;8ssf] lgdf{0f sfo{ k|f/De,
% j6f df]6/]jn k"nsf] l8hfOg ;DkGg eO{ ^ j6fsf] ;e]{If0fsf] tof/L,
@ j6f qmdfut vfg]kfgL cfof]hgf ;DkGg eO;s]sf / $( j6f lgdf{0ffwLg,
@ j6f emf]n'u] k'nsf] lgdf{0f sfo{ clGtd r/0fdf /x]sf] / *( j6f emf]n'u] k"nx? lgdf{0ffwLg, /
yk !# j6f emf]n'u] k"nx?sf] ;+efJotf cWoog sfo{ k|f/De .
o; sfo{qmdsf] rfn' cfly{s jif{sf] klxnf] ^ dlxgfsf] ljQLo tyf ef}lts k|ult Tolt ;Gtf]ifhgs b]lv+b}g .
ljQLo k|ult !) k|ltzt eGbf sd /x]sf] b]lvG5 . o;f] x'g'df sfo{qmd ;~rfngdf k|z:t ;d:of pTkGg
ePsf] b]lvG5 . dgf / d':tf lhNnfsf] u|fdL0f ;8ssf] k|f/lDes jftfj/0fLo k/LIf0f u/L lgdf{0f sfo{
k|f/De ug{ :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfnoaf6 ;dod} lg0f{o x'g g;Sbf lgdf{0f sfo{ ;~rfng x'g ;s]sf] b]lv+b}g .
;8ssf] lgdf{0f sfo{ z'? ug{ k'g:yf{kgf of]hgf tof/ u/L g]kfn ;/sf/sf gfddf ;8ssf] clwsf/ If]qsf]
hUuf gfd;f/L x'g lhNnf:t/df dfnkf]t sfof{no, gfkL zfvf / k|:t't sfo{qmdsf jLrdf plrt ;dGjo /
;xof]u k|fKt gePsf] cj:yf b]lvPsf] 5 . o;sf nflu resettlement plan klxn] g} ug'{ cfjZos b]lvG5 .
To:t} lhNnfdf sfo{/t k/fdz{bftfx? kl/jt{g eO/x]sf] cj:yfn] ;d]t sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug{ l9nfO{
eO/x]sf] b]lvG5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf sfo{qmdn] lnPsf] jflif{s nIo k"/f x'g s7Lg x'g] b]lvG5 .

$=@=!& :jf:Yo dGqfno cGtu{tsf ejg -:jf:Yo rf}sL, c:ktfn, k|fylds :jf:Yo s]Gb|, hg:jf:Yo
sfof{no cflb_ lgdf{0f sfo{qmd -a=p=zL=g+=&)$*%%,&)$&%^,&)$^@)_
:jf:Yo tyf hg;+Vof dGqfno cGtu{t k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0fdf ljleGg :jf:Yo rf}sL, c:ktfn, k|fylds :jf:Yo
s]Gb|, hg:jf:Yo sfof{nosf] cfg} ejg lgdf{0f ug{] p2]Zon] :jf:Yo If]qdf ljlgof]hg ePsf] ah]6af6} cfly{s
jif{ @)^!.^@ b]lv ejg tyf zx/L ljsf; ljefu cGtu{tsf l8lehg sfof{no dfkm{t lgdf{0fsf] sfd cufl8
a9]sf]df ut cfly{s jif{;Dd !$) j6f ejg lgdf{0f eO{ x:tfGt/0f eO;s]sf *) j6f ejg lgdf{0f ;DkGg
eO;s]sf / && j6f ejgsf] sfo{ clGtd r/0fdf k'u]sf] l:ylt lyof] .

+
lhNnf cfo'j]{b :jf:Yo s]Gb| ejg, dgfsf] b[Zo
65

rfn' cfly{s jif{df a=p=zL=g+=&)$*%% cGtu{t !%# j6f gofF x]Nykf]i6 lgdf{0f, !@# j6f x]Nykf]i6 cku|]8,
&# j6f k|fylds :jf:Yo s]Gb|, @( j6f ljleGg c:ktfn, ^# j6f Maternity Room nufot %%! j6f
ejgx?, a=p=zL=g+= &)$&%^ cGtu{t !@ j6f cfo'j{]b x]Ny ;]G6/ / @# j6f cfo'j{]b x]Nykf]i6 Pj+
a=p=zL=g+= &)$^@) cGtu{t Pp6f Sjf6/ k'glg{df{0f ;d]t u/L %*& j6f sfo{qmd ;+rfng eO/x]sf 5g\ .
rfn' jif{ o; k|of]hgsf nflu ?=@ ca{ @ s/f]8 ^% nfv #) xhf/ ljlgof]lht 5 .
pQm /sdaf6 @(* j6f 6]08/ ul/;Sg'kg{]df rfn' jif{sf] kf}if d;fGt;Dddf sf:sL lhNnfdf ^ j6f, kfNkf
lhNnfdf % j6f, s}nfnL lhNnfdf * j6f / Onfd lhNnfdf ^ j6f ejgsf] 6]08/ :jLs[t eO;s]sf] 5 eg]
jfFsL ejgx? l8hfOg ;DkGg eO{ 6]08/sf] k|lqmofdf 5g\ .
lgdf{0ffwLg %*& j6f sfo{qmd dWo] ;j} ejgx?sf] lgdf{0f eO/x]sf] 5 . rfn' cfly{s jif{sf] cGTo;Ddf %)
j6f gofF x]Nykf]i6sf] lgdf{0f sfo{, @^ j6f Maternity Room, $( j6f k|fylds :jf:Yo s]Gb|, !# j6f
c:ktfn, !% j6f cfo'j{]b x]Nykf]i6 ;lxt @!$ j6f sfo{qmd ;DkGg x'g] ck]Iff /flvPsf] 5 . ck]Iff ul/P
jdf]lhd oL sfo{qmdx? ;DkGg ug{sf nflu ?=^! nfv $* xhf/ /sd gk'u gx'g] b]lvG5 h'g :jf:Yo tyf
hg;+Vof dGqfno cGtu{ts} ah]6af6 Joj:yfkg ug{ ;lsG5 .

k|fylds :jf:Yo pkrf/ s]Gb| ejg, d':tfsf] b[Zo

:jf:Yo dGqfno cGtu{t lgdf{0f x'g] ejgx?sf] l8hfOg / Oi6d]6df Ps?ktf gkfOg', l8hfOgdf klg
ck]Iffs[t dx+uf] x'g', ;|f]t pknJwtfsf] l:yltg} ljrf/ gu/L gofF ejgx?sf] l8hfOg / 6]08/ x'g',
lgdf{0f eO;s]sf ejgx? x:tfGt/0fdf ;d:of /xg' h:tf ;d:ofx? b]lvPsf 5g\ . o;sf nflu
/fli6o of]hgf cfof]u, cy{ dGqfno, :jf:Yo tyf hg;+Vof dGqfno / ef}lts of]hgf tyf lgdf{0f
dGqfnosf ;Da4 kbflwsf/Lsf] Ps sfo{bng} jgfO jfFsL ejgx?sf] sfo{of]hgf jgfP/ dfq
sfof{Gjog ug{ pko'Qm b]lvG5 .
$=@=!* s'n]vfgL t];|f] hnljB't cfof]hgf -*&$&@%_
a9\bf] cf}Bf]uLs/0f, zx/Ls/0f / hg;+Vofsf sf/0f ljB'tsf] dfu cTolws a9\b} uPsf] / ljB'tsf] pRr
dfusf ;dodf ljB't cfk"lt{df ;xof]u k'ofpg g]kfn ;/sf/ / g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fsf] ;+o'Qm nufgLdf
;+rflnt !$ d]ufjf6 Ifdtfsf] s'n]vfgL t];|f] hnljB't cfof]hgf s'n]vfgL cfof]hgfsf] lg/Gt/tfsf] clGtd
cfof]hgf xf] . s'n]vfgL t];|f] hnljB't cfof]hgfsf] klxrfg ;g\ !(** df eO{ hfkfgsf] cGt/f{li6o ;xof]u
lgof]un] !$ d]ufjf6, @^ d]ufjf6, #* d]ufjf6 / &% d]ufjf6 u/L ljleGg hl8t Ifdtfsf] j}slNks
;DefJotf cWoog u/]tfklg g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fn] !$ d]ufjf6 hl8t Ifdtfo'Qm s'n]vfgL t];|f] hnljB't
cfof]hgfsf] sfof{Gjog ;DefJotfsf] k'g/fjnf]sg cWoog u/L !$ d]ufjf6 hl8t Ifdtfo'Qm cfof]hgf
cfly{s tyf k|fljlws ?kdf ;DefJo /x]sf] k'li6 u/] kZrft pQm cfof]hgf sfof{Gjogdf cfPsf] xf] .
66

cfof]hgf sfof{Gjogsf] nflu ;g\ @))* df cfof]hgfsf] lgdf{0f ;'k/Lj]If0f tyf lgdf{0f Joj:yfkgsf nflu
:jb]zL k/fdz{bft[ jf6/ l/;f];{]; sG;N6 k|f=ln=, l;N6 sG;N6\ofG6 / xfO8f] Ol~hgLol/ P08 8]enkd]G6
sDkgL k|f=ln= ;lDdlnt HjfO{G6e]Gr/ sdkgLnfO{ lgo'Qm ul/g'sf;fy} @))* df g} cfof]hgfsf] l;len lgdf{0f
sfo{sf nflu 7]s]bf/ sDkgL l;gf]xfO8f] skf]{/];g, rLg;Fu ;Demf}tf ePsf] 5 . ;Demf}tfdf pNn]v ePcg';f/
7]s]bf/n] sfof{/De cfb]z k|fKt u/]sf] ldltaf6 $$ dlxgf -!#@) lbg_ leq cfof]hgfsf] lgdf{0f sfo{ ;DkGg
ul/;Sg] u/L ;Demf}tf ePsf] x'+bf dfr{ @)!@ df k|:t't hn ljB't cfof]hgf ;DkGg ug]{ nIo /x]sf]] 5 .
lgwf{l/t ;dofjlwleq lgdf{0f sfo{ ;DkGg u/L ljB't pTkfbg ul/g] nIo /flvPsf] o; cfof]hgfsf]
cg'dflgt nfut s/La =@ cj{ $# s/f]8-cfof]hgfsf] s'n nfutsf] &% k|ltzt g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fn] /
afFsL @% k|ltzt g]kfn ;/sf/n] Joxf]g]{_ /x]sf] 5 . pNn]vLt cg'dflgt nfut cg'dfgsf] cfwf/df
k|ltlsnf]jf6 h8fg nfut s/La ?=! nfv &) xhf/ x'g cfpg] b]lvG5 .
rfn' cfly{s jif{df s'n]vfgL hnljB't cfof]hgfsf] nflu hDdf $* s/f]8 ah]6 ljlgof]hg ul/Psf] /
pNn]vLt ljlgof]lht ah]6af6 @=% ls=dL k|j]z dfu{ sfnf]kq] ug]{, /fKtL gbLdf k'n lgdf{0f sfo{ ;DkGg ug]{,
cfjf;, ljB'tu[x tyf k|j]zdfu{sf] hUuf clwu|x0f ug]{, !#@ s] eL k|zf/0f nfO{gsf] yk jftfj/0fLo cWoog
ug]{, cfof]hgfsf] kl/dflh{t jftfj/0fLo cWoog ug]{, d"Vo l;len ;+/rgfsf] lgdf{0f sfo{ hf/L /fVg], xfO{8f]
d]sflgsn, O{n]S6f]d]sflgsn tyf k|zf/0f nfO{g lgdf{0fsf] nflu ;Demf}tf ug]{, cfof]hgfsf] lj:t[t O{lGhgLol/
l8hfO{g ug]{, ljB't u[x, cfjf; u[x lgdf{0fsf] sfo{nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg] h:tf sfo{qmdx? /x]sf 5g .
pNn]vLt sfo{qmdx?dWo] rfn' cfly{s jif{sf] klxnf] ^ dlxgfsf] cjlw;Dd /fKtL gbLdf k'n lgdf{0f sfo{
nueu ;DkGg e} yk sfdsf] :jLs[ltsf] nflu k7fOPsf], hUuf clwu|x0fsf] sfo{ k"/f ePsf], d"Vo l;len
;+/rgfsf] lgdf{0f sfo{ lg/Gt/ e}/x]sf], xfO{8f] d]sflgsn, O{n]S6f]d]sflgsn tyf k|zf/0f nfO{g lgdf{0fsf] nflu
k"j{ of]Uotf d"Nof+sg clGtd r/0fdf /x]sf], cfjf; u[xsf] lgdf{0f sfo{ hf/L /x]sf] tyf xfn;Dd ?= ^ s/f]8
@% nfv *& xhf/ vr{ ePsf] ef}lts tyf ljQLo k|ult k|ltj]bg k|fKt x'g cfPsf] 5 .
ef}ule{s cj:yf, :yfgLo ;d:ofx?af6 l;lh{t aGb, x8\tfn tyf cGo sf/0fn] x'g] aGb, x8\tfn h:tf s]xL
lgoGq0feGbf aflx/sf sf/0fx?n] cfof]hgfsf] lgdf{0f k|ultdf s]xL l9nfO{ ePsf] tyf k"j{ lgwf{l/t ;do
tflnsf leq g/x]sf] ePtfklg o; cfof]hgfsf] lgdf{0fn] :yfgLo hgtfsf] cfly{s Pj+ ;fdflhs :t/df ;'wf/
x'g] tyf /fli6o :t/df ljz]if u/L pRr dfusf] ;dodf ljB't cfk"lt{ ug{ ;xof]u k'Ug] xF'bf o; cfof]hgfnfO{
lgwf{l/t ;dofjlw leq} ;DkGg ug]{ u/L sfof{Gjogdf tLj|tf lbOg' kg]{ b]lvG5 .

67

kl/R5]b %
cw{jflif{s vr{ ljZn]if0f
%=!

vr{ ug]{ clVtof/L / sfo{qmd :jLs[lt

ljlgof]hg ljw]os, @)^^ kfl/t ePkl5 ;f]xL adf]lhd vr{ ug]{ u/L k]ZsL vr{ P]g, @)^^ cg';f/ ;+lrt sf]if dfly
Aooef/ x'g] vr{sf] k'/} ah]6 / ;+lrt sf]ifaf6 ljlgof]hg x'g] ah]6sf] Ps t[tLof+z /sd vr{ ug]{ clVtof/L ;a}
dGqfnox?nfO{ @)^^ ;fpg ! ut] g} k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 . To;}u/L ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt, gu/kflnsf / lhNnf ljsf;
;ldltx?df lgzt{ cg'bfgdf 5'6\ofOPsf] ah]6sf] clVtof/L klg :yfgLo lgsfox?nfO{ ;f]e}m ;fpgsf] klxnf] xKtf
leq} k7fOPsf] 5 .
o;/L k7fOPsf] clVtof/L kqdf @)^^ ;fpg !% ut]leq /fli6o of]hgf cfof]uaf6 sfo{qmd :jLs[t u/fO{ cfgf]
dGqfno cGtu{tsf sfof{no tyf cfof]hgfx?df sfo{qmd / clVtof/L k7fpg pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .
:jLs[t sfo{qmdsf] 7]Ssfkf @)^^ kmfu'g;Dddf ;DkGg ul/;Sg' kg]{ / lqjifL{o vr{ k|If]k0fdf k/]sf Ps jif{eGbf
a9L cjlw;Dd ;+rfng x'g] cfof]hgfx?sf] lgdf{0f sfo{ / j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] cfk"lt{sf] jx'jifL{o 7]Ssf nufpg ;lsg]
Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .
dGqfnox?nfO{ cfgf] jflif{s sfo{qmd / sfo{ of]hgf ;fpg dlxgf leq} ;fj{hlgs ug{, 7"nf 7]Ssf kfsf] ljj/0f
;fj{hlgs ug{, n}ls ljZn]if0f u/L k|ltj]bg k|sfzg ug{, lhNnfdf uPsf] ah]6 ;fj{hlgs ug{ ;d]t cg'/f]w
ul/Psf] 5 .
ljlgof]lht ah]6sf] kl/lwleq} /x]/ vr{ ug{, k"FhLutaf6 rfn'df /sdfGt/ gug{, vr{df ldtJolotf ckgfpg, ljQLo
kf/blz{tf sfod /fVg, pQ/bfloTj jxg ug{ u/fpg / cfof]hgfx?sf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog ug{ hf]8 lbOPsf] 5 .
;fj{hlgs vr{nfO{ k|efjsf/L agfO{ tf]lsPsf] nfut / ;dodf cfof]hgf ;DkGg ug{ ah]6 aQmAodf pNn]vLt gLlt
tyf sfo{qmd / klxnf] k|fyldstf k|fKt cfof]hgfx?sf] k|To]s b'O{ dlxgfdf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] cfly{s tyf k"jf{wf/
;ldltdf ;dLIff ug]{, k|To]s dlxgfsf] & ut] leq ljefuLo dGqLHo"sf] cWIftfdf ;dLIff u/L k|ult ljj/0f / sfd
;DkGg x'g g;s]sf]df ;d:of, To;sf] sf/0f / lhDd]jf/ kbflwsf/L / lgsfo ;d]t pNn]v u/L k|wfgdGqL tyf
dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no / cy{ dGqfnodf k7fpg] Joj:yf ;d]t ldnfOPsf] 5 . cy{ dGqfnodf dfggLo cy{
dGqLHo"sf] cWoIftfdf ;a} dGqfnosf ;lrjx?sf] pkl:yltdf b'O{b'O{ dlxgfdf ;dLIff ug]{ k|jGw ldnfPsf] 5 .

%=@ cw{jflif{s vr{

@)^^ k'; d;fGt;Dddf jflif{s ah]6 ?=@*% va{ (# s/f]8dWo] ?= *) ca{ %% s/f]8 !# nfv cyf{t @*=!&
k|ltzt vr{ ePsf] 5 . of] vr{ ut cfly{s jif{sf] ;f]xL cjlwsf] t'ngfdf @^=!@ k|ltzt a9L xf] .
s"n vr{dWo] gub vr{ ?=&^ ca{ !! s/f]8 !$ nfv / u}/ gub -j:t'ut ;xfotf tyf ;f]e}m e'QmfgL_ vr{ sl/a
?=$ ca{ $# s/f]8 (( nfv b]lvPsf] 5 .
rfn' / k"FhLut vr{sf] cj:yf x]bf{ qmdzM ?=^! ca{ ( s/f]8 !( nfv / ?=!$ ca{ %# s/f]8 %) nfv /x]sf]
b]lvG5 . oxL cjlwdf ?=$ ca{ (@ s/f]8 $$ nfv cfGtl/s tyf afXo C0fsf] ;fjfF e'QmfgL ul/Psf] 5 . s"n
vr{df rfn', k"FhLut / ;fjfF e'QmfgL vr{sf] cg'kft qmdzM &%=*$ k|ltzt, !*=)% k|ltzt / ^=!! k|ltzt /x]sf]
5.

68

tflnsf %=!
;dli6ut vr{sf] t'ngfTds l:ylt

ah]6

-? nfvdf_
ah]6sf]] t'ngfdf vr{
%

@)^^^&

@)^%^^

@)^^^&

1,285,165

1,606,324

437,337

610,919

39.69

34.03

38.03

k"FhLut

913,101

1,062,848

107,190

145,350

35.60

11.74

13.68

;fjfFF e'QmfgL

161,893

190,128

94,163

49,244

-47.70

58.16

25.90

hDdf

2,360,159

2,859,300

638,690

805,513

26.12

27.06

28.17

gub
j:t'ut ;xfotf
tyf ;f]em} e'QmfgL

2,138,044

2,580,601

605,412

761,114

25.72

28.32

29.49

222,115

278,699

33,278

44,399

33.42

14.98

15.93

hDdf

2,360,159

2,859,300

638,690

805,513

26.12

27.06

28.17

ljj/0f
rfn"

@)^%^^

klxnf] ^ dlxgfsf] vr{

ut cfly{s
jif{sf]
t'ngfdf
vr{ %

@)^%^^ @)^^^&

ut jif{sf] oxL cjlwsf] t'ngfdf rfn' vr{ #(=^( k|ltzt / k"FhLut vr{ #%=^ k|ltztn] a[l4 ePsf] 5 . ;fjfF
e'QmfgL vr{ eg] ut jif{sf] eGbf $&=& k|ltztn] 36]sf] cj:yf 5 .
jflif{s ljlgof]hg;Fu t'ngf ubf{ klxnf] 5 dlxgfdf rfn' vr{ jflif{s ah]6sf] #*=)# k|ltzt, k"FhLut vr{ !#=^*
k|ltzt / ;fjfF e'QmfgL @%=( k|ltzt vr{ eO{ ;s]sf] b]lvG5 .
vr{sf] k|j[lQ ljZn]if0f ubf{ ljut jif{x?df h:t} klxnf] 5 dlxgfdf rfn' vr{ pRrb/ / k"FhLut vr{ Go"g b/df a[l4
ePsf] 5 . sd{rf/Lsf] tna, eQf / lgj[lQe/0fdf a[l4, ljz]if ;'/Iff of]hgfdf ePsf] yk vr{, cfly{s ;xfotf tyf
k|ltlglwd08nsf] ljb]z e|d0fsf] vr{, af9LkLl8t p4f/ tyf k'g:yf{kg / emf8f kvfnf lgoGq0f tyf /fxt vr{,
;fdflhs ;'/Iff vr{, ;xsf/L / ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgsf sd{rf/Lsf] ljutsf] bfloTj e'QmfgL cflb sf/0fn] rfn' vr{df
pRr a[l4 ePsf] b]lvPsf] 5 .
Joj:yflksf;+;baf6 ah]6 l9nf] kf; ePsf] sf/0f sfo{qmd :jLs[lt / 7]Ssf kf klg :jtM l9nf] x'g uPsf]n]
k"FhLut vr{n] lta| ult lng g;s]sf] kfOPsf] 5 . To;}u/L, zflGt ;'/Iffdf ck]lIft ;'wf/ x'g g;s]sf], ljB't tyf
OGwgsf] lgoldt cfk"lt{ gePsf], w]/}h;f] x'g] aGb x8tfn / rSsfhfdsf] c;/ klg k"FhLut vr{ sd gx'g'sf] sf/s
tTjsf] ?kdf b]lvPsf 5g\ . sltko 7"nf cfof]hgfx?df :yfgLo :t/af6 ePsf] cj/f]w / lj/f]wn] klg cfof]hgfsf]
lgdf{0f sfo{ cufl8 a9\g ;s]sf] 5}g . s]xL 7"nf cfof]hgfx?sf] lj:t[t ;e]{, ;+efJotf cWoog, l8hfOg Pj+ cfjZos
tof/L k'/f gePsf sf/0fn] klg sfof{Gjogdf l9nfO{ x'g k'u]sf] 5 . s]xL sfo{qmdx?sf lhNnfx?df Psd'i6 /sd
ljlgof]hg ul/Psf] t/ lhNnf leqsf cfof]hgfx?df /sd afF8kmFf8 gul/Psf] sf/0f ;dLIff cjlwdf k"FhLut vr{sf]
k|ult sd b]lvPsf] 5 .
;Demf}tf x'g] qmddf /x]sf jf ;Demf}tf ePklg ;xfotf k|efjsf/L gePsf j}b]lzs ;|f]t ah]6df /flvPsf] t/ To:tf]
;|f]tsf] clglZrttfsf] sf/0f klg vr{ x'g l9nfO{ ePsf] b]lvPsf] 5 .
xfd|f] ah]6 tyf ;fj{hlgs vr{sf] k|0ffnL, k"FhLut vr{sf] df};dL k|j[lQ, h:tf sf/0fn] ubf{ cfly{s jif{sf] kl5Nnf] ^
dlxgfsf] t'ngfdf cl3Nnf] ^ dlxgfdf vr{sf] kl/df0f sd x'g] u/]sf]5 . vf;u/L clGtd rf}dfl;s / To;df klg
clGtd b'O{ dlxgf h]7 / c;f/df cl3Nnf bz dlxgfsf] eGbf a9L k"FhLut vr{ x'g] u/]sf] 5 . sfd 9Lnf] z'? x'g] /
sfd eO;s]kl5 e'QmfgL k|zf]wg ug{ ;do nfUg] ePsf]n] cfly{s jif{sf] cGtlt/ k"FhLut vr{ XjfQ} a9\g] x'G5 .
of] jif{sf] k|j[lQ x]bf{ cl3Nnf] jif{eGbf s]xL ;'wf/ b]lvPtf klg 7"n} kl/jt{g x'g] nIf0f 5}g . of] jif{ NofOPsf ;'wf/sf
sfo{qmdx? vf;u/L lqjifL{o ah]6 k|If]k0f / ax'jifL{o 7]Ssfsf] ;sf/fTds k|efj cfufdL jif{x?df kb}{ hfFbf l:yltdf
;'wf/ x'Fb} hfg] ck]Iff ug{ ;lsG5 .
69

k"FhLut vr{sf] eGbf leGg} k|j[lQ ePsf] rfn' vr{df eg] ;/sf/sf] k|ltj4 / lgoldt vr{sf sf/0f df};dL
ptf/r9fj sd x'g] u/]sf] 5 . tyflk rfn' ah]6af6 ;+rfng x'g] s[lif, jg / :jf:Yo ;DaGwL sfo{qmdx?df eg]
kl5Nnf] 5 dlxgfdf a9L vr{ x'g] ub{5 . klxnf] 5 dlxgfdf #* k|ltzt dfq vr{ x'g ;s]sf] rfn' ah]6sf] afFsL ^@
k|ltzt dWo] clwsf+z kl5Nnf] cjlwdf vr{ x'g] lglZrt 5 . cem tna eQf a[l4 nufotsf vr{sf] rfksf sf/0f
rfn' vr{ ljlgof]lht ah]6eGbf dfly hfg] cj:yf 5 .
;fjfF e'QmfgL tk{m tflnsf adf]lhd e'QmfgL x'g] / g]kfnL ?k}ofFsf] cd]l/sL 8n/;Fusf] ljlgdo b/df g]kfnL d'b|f
alnof] x'Fb} uPsf]n] j}b]lzs C0fsf] e'QmfgL ut jif{sf] t'ngfdf 36]sf] b]lvPsf] xf] . j}b]lzs C0f e'QmfgLdf
5'6\ofOPsf] ah]6 art x'g] ;+efjgf / ahf/df b]lvPsf] t/ntf cefjnfO{ s]xL xb;Dd ;lhnf] agfpg] p2]Zon] df3
dlxgfsf] klxnf] xKtfdf % ca{ ?k}ofF ;Ddsf] 6]h/L jLnsf] e'QmfgL ug{ dxfn]vf lgoGqs sfof{nonfO{ lgb]{zg
lbOPsf] 5 .
%=#

If]qut vr{sf] l:ylt

rfn' cfly{s jif{sf] klxnf] 5 dlxgfdf lzIff If]qdf ;a}eGbf a9L ?= !^ ca{ (# s/f]8 ^$ nfv vr{ ePsf] 5 . of]
ut cf=j=sf] ;f]xL cjlwsf] t'ngfdf #(=#( k|ltzt a9L xf] . To;kl5 /Iff, k|x/L, ;8s oftfoft / ljB'tdf qmdzM
?=& ca{ ^$ s/f]8 &* nfv, ?=& ca{ $$ s/f]8 ^$ nfv, ?=$ ca{ @( s/f]8 *( nfv / ?=# ca{ $ s/f]8 @%
nfv vr{ ePsf] b]lvG5 .
cfGtl/s C0fsf] ;fjfF Jofh e'QmfgLdf ?=# ca{ !* s/f]8 %( nfv / jfXo C0fsf] ;fjfF Jofh e'QmfgLdf ?=^ ca{
@% s/f]8 ^) nfv vr{ ePsf] 5 . If]qut vr{sf] ljj/0f cg';"rL @ df pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .

%=$ k|fyldstfsf] cfwf/df vr{sf] l:ylt

;dLIff cjlwdf klxnf] k|fyldstfsf] cfof]hgfx?df ?=^( ca{ *@ s/f]8 *) nfv, bf];|f] k|fyldstfdf ?=( ca{ #)
s/f]8 %( nfv / t];|f]df ?=! ca{ $! s/f]8 &$ nfv vr{ ePsf] b]lvG5 .
tflnsf %=@

k|fyldstfsf] cfwf/df t'ngfTds vr{ l:ylt

-? nfvdf_

k|fyldtf

ah]6 ljlgof]hg
@)^%^^

klxnf]

(P1)

bf];|f]

(P2)

vr{

@)^^^&

@)^%^^

ah]6sf] t'ngfdf vr{ k|ltzt

@)^^^&

@)^%^^

@)^^^&

2,481,505

560,174

698,280

26.23

28.14

338,954

68,107

93,059

32.56

27.45

15,404

38,841

10,409

14,174

67.57

36.49

2,360,159

2,859,300

638,690

805,513

27.06

28.17

2,135,590
209,165

t];|f] (P3)
hDdf

%=% vr{ zLif{s cg';f/sf] vr{sf] l:ylt

klxnf] 5 dlxgfsf] vr{sf] zLif{sut ljZn]if0f ubf{ ;a}eGbf a9L tnadf ?= !* ca{ !% s/f]8 ^% nfv vr{ ePsf]
5 . bf];|f]df ;fdflhs ;]jf lgzt{ cg'bfgdf ?=!@ ca{ $# s/f]8 !@ nfv vr{ ePsf] b]lvG5 . To;kl5 qmdzM
;fdflhs ;]jf ;zt{ cg'bfg / ;]jf lgj[Q ;'ljwfdf vr{ ePsf] 5 .

70

tflnsf %=#

vr{ zLif{s cg';f/sf] vr{sf] l:ylt

-?= nfvdf
vr{ zLif{s
g+=

jflif{s ah]6

klxnf] ^ dlxgfsf]
vr{

ah]6sf] t'ngfdf
vr{ k|ltzt

1.01

tnj

335,955

181,565

54.04

3.03

;fdflhs ;]jf - lgzt{ cg'bfg

227,132

124,312

54.73

3.05

;fdflhs ;]jf - ;zt{ cg'bfg

224,574

64,641

28.78

1.07

;]jf lgj[Q ;'ljwf

107,713

52,002

48.28

jfx\ C)fsf] ;F_jf e'QmfgL

112,840

48,990

43.41

6.05

;fj{hlgs lgdf{)f

321,820

32,387

10.06

11.01

cfGtl<s C)fsf] Jofh e'QmfgL

64,303

31,605

49.15

8.05

;fdflhs ;]jf - ;zt{ cg'bfg

196,472

30,728

15.64

1.05

vfBfGg tyf cfxf<

74,616

28,248

37.86

3.04

;fdflhs ;'<Iff cg'bfg

93,051

24,215

26.02

7.02

C)f nufgL

114,144

23,231

20.35

1.02

eQf

58,948

20,078

34.06

8.06

:yfgLo lgsfo ;zt{ cg'bfg

114,701

16,520

14.40

11.02

jfx\o C)fsf] Jofh e'QmfgL

32,581

13,571

41.65

8.03

;fdflhs ;]jf - lgzt{ cg'bfg

25,835

12,684

49.10

1.06

cf}iflw pkrf<

14,713

12,331

83.81

3.02

:yfgLo lgsfo - lgzt{ cg'bfg

34,715

11,766

33.89

7.01

z]o< nufgL

41,734

11,385

27.28

10.02

%=^

vr{ zLif{s

;fwf/0f / ljsf; vr{sf] l:ylt

klxnf] 5 dlxgfsf] s"n vr{ ?=*) ca{ %% s/f]8 !# nfvdWo] ;fwf/0ftkm{ ?=%^ ca{ #! s/f]8 ^) nfv / ljsf;
tk{m ?=@$ ca{ @# s/f]8 %# nfv vr{ ePsf] 5 . of] kl/R5]b / kl/R5]b & df ljj]rgf u/] h:t} cfly{s jif{sf]
kl5Nnf] 5 dlxgfdf k"FhL lgdf{0f vr{ a9L x'g] k|j[lQ /x]sf]n] kl3Nnf] 5 dlxgfdf ljsf; vr{ sd b]lvPsf] xf] .
tflnsf %=$

;fwf/0f / ljsf; vr{sf] t'ngfTds l:ylt

-?=
nfvdf_
ljj/0f
cfly{s jif{

ah]6 ljlgof]hg

vr{
@)^%^^

ah]6sf] t'ngfdf vr{

k|ltzt

@)^%^^

@)^^^&

@)^^^&

@)^%^^

@)^^^&

1,118,250

1,355,825

472,738

563,160

42.27

41.54

1,241,909

1,503,475

165,952

242,353

13.36

16.12

2,360,159

2,859,300

638,690

805,513

27.06

28.17

;fwf/0f
ljsf;
hDdf

71

%=& ;fj{hlgs vr{sf] k|efj ljZn]if0f

cfly{s If]qsf ljfg, cfly{s kqsf/, bft[ lgsfo tyf cfd ;+rf/sf dfWodx?df rfn' vr{ lgs} dfly / k"FhLut
vr{sf] lzlyntfsf] sf/0f k"FhL lgdf{0f,cfly{s a[l4 / /f]huf/L l;h{gfdf k|lts"n k|efj kg]{ eGb} lrGtf JoQm ul/Psf]
kfOG5 . o;af6 /fhZj ;+sngdf ;d]t k|lts"n c;/ kg]{ / ;dli6ut cfly{s :yfloTj Pj+ cfly{s :j:ytfdf g/fd|f]
k|efj kg]{ ljZn]if0f / l6sf l6Kk0fL x'g] u/]sf] 5 .
;fdfGo ?kdf x]bf{ k"FhLut vr{sf] Go"g j[l4b/ / rfn' vr{sf] pRr j[l4b/nfO{ /fd|f] cj:yf dflgb}g . t/, rfn' vr{
/ k"FhLut vr{sf] ;dli6ut k|efjnfO{ j:t'ut ?kdf ljZn]if0f ubf{ To:tf] lgisif{df ;xdt x'g ;lsb}+g .
;fdfGotof k"FhL lgdf{0fdf x'g] vr{ jf vr{ eO;s]kl5 eljiodf dfq nfe k|fKt x'g] vr{nfO{ vr{ ug]{ lgsfon]
k"\FhLut vr{sf] ?kdf juL{s/0f ug]{ cy{zf:qLo jf n]vfsf] dfGotf xf] . h:t} k'n lgdf{0f ug{ ul/Psf] vr{ jf l;+rfO{
gx/ lgdf{0f vr{sf] nfe vr{ eO{ lgdf{0f ;DkGg ePkl5 dfq k|fKt x'G5 . o;sf] ljkl/t vr{ x'g' cl3 jf vr{sf]
e'QmfgL ubf{ v]/L nfe k|fKt eO;Sg] / To:tf] nfenfO{ ;~ro u/]/ /fVg g;lsg] k|s[ltsf vr{ cy{zf:qLo dfGotfdf
rfn' vr{ x'g . lbgel/ u/]sf] sfdsf] Hofnf ;fFem e'QmfgL ul/of] eg] Tof] rfn' vr{ xf] lsgsL sfdsf] nfe Hofnf
e'\QmfgL cl3 g} k|fKt x'G5 . tna vr{ klg To:t} xf] . ;fdfGotof pkef]uhGo vr{x? rfn' vr{sf] juL{s/0fdf
kb{5g\ . juL{s/0fdf :ki6tf 5 . t/ oL vr{sf] cy{tGqdf k|efjsf cfwf/df x]g]{ xf] eg] g]kfn h:tf] d'n'sdf
k"\FhLut vr{ eGbf sd e"ldsf rfn' vr{sf] 5 eg]/ eGg ldNb}g .
lzIff / :jf:Yosf] If]qdf 7"nf] kl/df0fdf rfn' vr{ x'G5 . of] vr{n] dfgjk"FhL l;h{gf ub{5 h'g\ cfly{s j[l4 /
;d[l4sf nflu cTofjZos 5 . s[lif If]qdf ul/g] jLpljhg, s[lif k|;f/ vr{ rfn' vr{df kb{5, t/ of] g} s[lif
pTkfbsTj j[l4 ug]{ k|d'v cfwf/ xf] .
csf]{lt/ ;/sf/n] ef}lts k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0fdf ug]{ vr{ ;/sf/sf nflu k"FhLut vr{ xf] eg] To:sf] cy{tGqdf bf];|f]
r/0fsf] k|efj rfn' vr{sf] h:tf] x'G5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu Ps lsnf]ld6/ ;8s agfP jfkt 7]s]bf/nfO{ ?=! s/f]8
e'QmfgL ul/of] eg] ;/sf/sf nflu ?=! s/f]8 k"\FhLut vr{ eof] . 7]s]bf/n] kfPsf] ?=! s/f]8af6 p;n] ?=^) nfv
dhb"/sf] Hofnfdf, ?=!) nfv pks/0fsf] ef8fdf / ?=@) nfv O{Gwgdf vr{ uof] eg] p;sf nflu ?=!
s/f]8dWo]sf] ?=() nfv t rfn' vr{ eof] . dhb"\/n] kfPsf] Hofnfsf s/Lj s/Lj k"/} c+z pkef]udf hfG5 . o;/L
x]bf{ ;/sf/n] k"FhLut vr{sf ?kdf n]vfg u/]sf] vr{sf] t];|f] txdf b]lvg] k|efj pkef]uhGo x'G5 .
t;y{, cy{tGqdf kg]{ k|efjsf] b[i6sf]0faf6 x]bf{ s'g vr{ a9\of], s'g a9\bf /fd|f] / s'g a9\bf g/fd|f] eGg' eGbf klg
vr{sf] pTkfbgzLntf slQsf] /x\of] / To;n] cfly{s j[l4 jf ;d[l4nfO{ ;sf/fTds of]ubfg k'ofof] ls k'ofPg eGg]
s'/f dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 .
pk/f]Qm b[li6sf]0faf6 x]bf{ k|yd 5 dlxgfsf] cjlwdf lzIff / :jf:Yosf] If]qdf ut jif{sf] ;f]xL cjlwsf] t'ngfdf
qmdzM #(=$ k|ltzt / #$=* k|ltztsf] j[l4 5 . /, ;8s oftfoftsf] j[l4 b/ $#(=& k|ltzt 5 . oL If]qdf vr{sf]
j[l4b/ cf};n j[l4b/ @^=! eGbf w]/} dfly /x]sfn] rfn' cfly{s jif{sf] k|yd 5 dlxgfsf] ;/sf/L vr{sf] k|efjsfl/tf
/fd|f] /x]sf] eGg ;lsg] kof{Kt cfwf/ b]lvG5 .

72

kl/R5]b ^
;fj{hlgs vr{ Joj:yfkgsf r'gf}tLx?
^=!= k[i7e"ld
vr{ Joj:yfkgsf ljleGg kIfx?nfO{ ;'Id?kdf j:t'lgi7 tl/sfn] d"Nofg ubf{ cg]s k|sf/sf gLltut, k|lqmofut,
;+/rgfut / Jofjxfl/s ;d:of tyf r'gf}tLx? phfu/ ePsf 5g\ . k|:t't d"Nofg cy{ dGqfnon]] ;+ufn]sf cg'ej
/ ef]u]sf ;d:of tyf em]n]sf r'gf}tLsf] cfwf/df ul/Psf] lgtfGt df}lns d"Nofg xf] . oxfF pNn]vLt ;d:of tyf
r'gf}tLx? s'g} sfNklgs syf xf]Ogg\ . s]jn oyfy{ cj:yfsf] lrq0f ug{] k|oTg xf] . jf:tljs ;d:ofsf] jf/]df
;Dj4 ;j}nfO{ hfgsf/L u/fO{ To:tf ;d:of bf]xf]l/g glbg] tkm{ ;hu u/fpg] k|of; :j?k of] ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] 5 .
eljiodf ;fj{hlgs vr{ Joj:yfkgnfO{ k|efjsf/L jgfpg / s/bftfsf] k};fsf] d"No (Value for money) xfl;n
u/L u0ftGq g]kfndf cfly{s ljsf;nfO{ tLj|tf lbg jn ldNg] ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 .
ah]6 tyf sfo{qmd dxfzfvfsf] hgzlQmn] ;fj{hlgs vr{ Joj:yfkgsf] d"Nofg ubf{ b]xfosf ;d:of tyf
r'gf}tLx? k|d'v ?kdf b]lvPsf 5g\ .
^=@= k|d'v ;d:of tyf r'gf}tLx?
^=@=!= @)^^ c;f/df k|:t't ul/Psf] ah]6 @)^^ d+l;/df dfq kfl/t M sfof{Gjog k|efljt
;fdfGotof c;f/df k]z ul/Psf] ah]6 Joj:yflksf;+;bn] c;f]h leq kfl/t ug{] kl/kf6L lyof] . ut jif{ ah]6
g} 9Lnf k]z ePsf]n] kfl/t x'g s]xL l9nfO{ ePsf] lyof] . t/ of] jif{ c;f/df g} ah]6 k|:t't eP klg d+l;/sf] !)
ut] dfq kfl/t eof] .
cfly{s jif{sf] kfFr dlxgf Joltt eO{ ;s]kl5 ah]6 kfl/t x'Fbf sfo{qmd :jLs[lt, 7]Ssf kf ;Demf}tf nufotsf
;Dk"0f{ sfo{x? klg l9nf] x'g uP . klxnf] rf}dfl;s ;lsg' cl3 g} PsltxfO{ vr{ ul/;s]sf lgsfox?n] /sd
lgsf;f kfpg g;Sbf sfo{qmdx? /f]Sg'k]{ cj:yf klg cfof] . o;n] ubf{ s]xL k"\FhL lgdf{0f vr{x?df l9nfO{ x'g
uof] .
^=@=@=

ah]6 k|:t'ltkl5sf] tna a[l4af6 em08} bz ca{sf] yk bfloTj M Joj:yfkg ug}{kg]{ r'gf}tL
ah]6 th'{df ubf{ eQf a[l4sf] nflu s]lx /sdsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] ePtfklg tnj a[l4 tyf ;dfof]hgsf] nflu
ah]6 5'\ofOPsf] lyPg . ah]6 k|:t't eO;s]kl5 tnj a[l4, s]xL >]0fLsf] tnj ;dfof]hg / dx+uL eQf lbg]
lg0f{o eof] . tnj / dx+uL eQfjf6 sl/j gf} cj{sf] bfloTj ylkPsf] 5 . o;sf ;fy} lgj[Qe/0f nufot cjsf;
kl5sf] cGo bfloTj klg a9]sf] 5 . clxn] eO/x]sf] rfn' vr{sf] ah]6af6 of] Joj:yfkg ug{ ;+ej 5}g . k"/s
ah]6 Nofpg] jf k"FhLut vr{df art x'g;Sg] /sdnfO{ /sdfGt/ ug]{ clwsf/ k|fKt ug]{ oL b'O{ ljsNkdWo]
Pssf] rog ug'{kg]{ cj:yf cfOk/]sf] 5 .

^=@=#

ah]6 k|:t'ltsf] kGw| lbgkl5 em08} rf/ ca{sf] ljz]if ;'/Iff of]hgf 3f]if0ff M Joj:yfkgdf sl7gfO{
ah]6 cfPsf] sl/j !% lbgkl5 u[x dGqfnoaf6 b08lxgtfsf] cGTo, dfgj clwsf/sf] k|j4{g / zflGt ;'/Iffsf]
;'b[9Ls/0f ;DaGwL ljz]if sfo{qmd 3f]if0ff eof] . of] sfo{qmd cGtu{t g]kfn k|x/L, ;z:q k|x/Ljn, /fli6o
cg';Gwfg ljefu / u[x dGqfno :jo+sf] nflu em08} yk $ cj{ ?k}ofF vr{sf] k|:tfj klg tof/ eof] .
ljlgof]hg ah]6df Joj:yf gul/Psf] o:tf] /sd lgsf;fsf nflu ;'/Iff lgsfo / To;sf] ;+rfng ug{] u[x
dGqfnoaf6 jf/Djf/ ljleGg txdf cg'/f]w / tfs]tf cfOg} /Xof] .
dlGqkl/ifb\af6 :jLs[t sfo{qmdsf nflu cy{ dGqfnon] ;|f]t h'6fpg' kg{] ePsfn] k6s k6ssf] 5nkmn kl5
s/La $) s/f]8 ?k}ofF lgsf;f e};s]sf] 5 . clxn]sf] ah]6sf] kl/lwleq} /x]/ ;'/Iff sfo{qmdsf] nflu cfjZos
/sd jGbf]j:t ug{ ;lsg] ;Defjgf k6Ss} 5}g . olt 7"nf] /sdsf] sfo{qmd kGw|aL; lbgcl3 to ePsf] eP
ah]6df ;dfj]; x'g ;Dej x'GYof] / clxn] sfof{Gjog ug{ ;xh x'GYof] . Joj:yflksf ;+;baf6 ah]6 k|:t't
eO;s]kl5 g]kfn ;/sf/sf lgsfox?n] ce"tk"j{ gofF sfo{qmd kl/sNkgf gf}nf] xf]Og . cy{ dGqfnon] hlxn] klg
/ hlt;'s} klg ah]6 lgsfNg ;S5 eGg] dfGotfdf sdL Nofpg ;lsPsf] 5}g .
73

^=@=$

sfd / Dofb slxNo} g;lsg] cglulGt cfof]u / ;ldlt M ah]6sf] nflu jf]lemnf
;/sf/sf :yfoL ;+oGq / hgzlQmnfO{ k"0f{?kdf pkof]u ug{ g;lsPsf] jt{dfg cj:yfdf tLgsf] j]jf:tf ub{}
ljleGg sfd / ;d:of b]vfpFb} Ps kl5 csf{] cfof]u, pRr:t/Lo ;ldlt, sfo{bn jf ljsf; ;ldlt jf o:t}
k|sf/sf c:yfoL ;+oGq u7g ug{] k|j[lQ a9\b} uPsf] 5 . clxn] bh{gf}+ o:tf ;+u7g sfo{/t 5g\ . o;af6
;/sf/nfO{ 7"nf] cfly{s ef/ ylkg uPsf] 5 . o:tf ;+oGqx? z'?df 5f]6f] ;dosf nflu eg]/ v8f u/LG5 . t/ g
logn] cfgf] sfd slxNo} ;S5g\ g t oLgsf] Dofb g} ;lsG5 . oLgn] s] sfd u/]sf 5g\, slxn] ;Dd sfd
;S5g\, To;sf] cQf]kQf] 5}g . logLx? sf]] k|lt pQ/bflo 5g\ s;}nfO{ yfxf 5}g . sfdsf] kl/0ffd s] eof] s]xL
n]vfhf]vf 5}g .
km]l/, o:tf ;+oGqdf sfd ug{] kbflwsf/Lsf] of]Uotf, cg'ej / lbOg] ;'ljwfsf] klg s'g} dfkb08 lgwf{/0f ePsf]
5}g . To:tf kbflwsf/Lsf] Wofg lgwf{l/t lhDd]jf/L k'/f ug'{ eGbf ;'ljwf s;/L a9fpg] eGg]lt/ s]lGb|t x'g]lt/
b]lvPsf] 5 .
e"ld;'wf/ cfof]u, ;'s'Djf;L ;d:of ;dfwfg cfof]u, k|zf;g k'g;{/rgf cfof]u, zxLbsf] dfkb08 lgwf{/0f
cfof]u, pRr:t/Lo cg'udg ;ldlt, z'SnfkmfF6f hUuf ;d:of ;dfwfg ;ldlt, r'nfr'nL If]qsf] hUuf ;d:of
;dfwfg ;ldlt, ljleGg 36gfsf 5fgljg ;ldlt, hfFrj'em cfof]ux?, oftfoft Joj:yf ;'b[9Ls/0f pRr:t/Lo
;ldlt o;sf s]xL pbfx/0f x'g\ . @)^^ k'; dlxgf;Dddf o:tf ;+u7gsf gfddf em08} % s/f]8 vr{ e} ;s]sf]
5.

slxNo} g;lsg] e"ld;'wf/ cfof]usf] sfd

g]kfndf e"ld;'wf/ cfof]u u7g u/L hUuf hldg ;DaGwL ;d:of ;dfwfg ug]{ elgPsf] w]/} jif{ eof] . of] sfo{qmd
x/]s ;/sf/n] 3f]if0ff u5{g\ / cfof]u agfpF5g\ . t/ To;sf] k|ltj]bg slxNo} sfof{Gjog x'Fb}g . Pskl5 csf]{ cfof]u
u7g ub}{ l/kf]6{ lng] sfd dfq ul/G5 . kl5Nnf] k6s @)^% ;fndf u7g ePsf] pRr:t/Lo e"ld;'wf/ cfof]unfO{
@)^^ c;f]h @! ut] k'gu{7g u/L j}1flgs e"ld;'wf/ ;DaGwL pRr:t/Lo cfof]u jgfO ^ dlxgf Dofb klg ylkPsf]
5 . of] cfof]usf] nflu rfn' cfly{s jif{df ?=! s/f]8 !! nfv 5'6\ofOPsf]df tnj, eQf jfx]s cGo zLif{sx?df
/flvPsf] clwsf+z /sd @)^^ d+l;/ dlxgf leq} vr{ u/L;lsPsf] k'gu{l7t cfof]un] ?=!# s/f]8 @$ nfv %* xhf/sf]
sfo{qmd th'{df u/L /sd lgsf;f dfu u/]sf] 5 . o;dWo] dlGqkl/ifb\n] :jLs[t u/]sf] ?=! s/f]8 tTsfn cfjZos egL
n]vL cfPsf]n] 5nkmn kl5 ?=&^ nfv yk lgsf;f uPsf] 5 . @)^^ k'; ;Ddsf] sfo{k|ult dfu ul/Psf]df xfn;Dd
s]xLklg k|fKt ePsf] 5}g . of] cfof]un] klg slxn];Dd s] sfd u5{ / pknlAw s] x'g] xf] s]xL yfxf 5}g .
pgflGt; jif{ k'/fgf] z'SnfkmfF6f hUuf ;d:of ;dfwfg ;ldlt
s~rgk'/ lhNnfl:yt z'SnfkmfF6 jGohGt' cf/If lj:tf/ ug{] qmddf lj:yflkt kl/jf/x?nfO{ hUuf ;f egf{
ljt/0f u/L hUuf ;DaGwL ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ xfn u7g ePsf] ;ldlt @$ cf}+ ;ldlt xf] .
o; cl3 @)#& ;fn b]lv @)^^ c;f/ ;Dd @# j6f ljleGg cfof]u tyf ;ldltx?n] @( jif{ ;Dd sfd ubf{ klg
;d:of Ho"Fsf To"F 5 . cj slxn] sfd ;lsG5 Tof] klg cQf]kQf] 5}g . x/]s k6s ljefuLo dGqL km]l/Pkl5 cfof]u klg
k'gu{7g x'g] u/]sf] 5 . cfof]ulkR5] kLl8t kl/jf/sf] nut km/s /x]sf] 5 . sfdsf] dfkb08 klg km/s km/s b]lvG5 .
hUuf ljt/0fsf] clen]v klg cBfjlws 5}g . of] jif{sf nflu dlGqkl/ifbsf] lg0f{o jdf]lhd ?=!% nfv lgsf;f ePsf]
5.

74

cfof]usf kbflwsf/Ln] sfd gu/]sf] cjlwsf] klg ;'ljwf lnP

s}nfnLsf kqsf/ hut k|;fb hf]zLsf] c1ft JolQmx?f/f xTof ul/Psf] eGg] ;DaGwdf 36gfsf] sf/0f, 36gfdf ;+nUg
JolQmx?sf] ;DaGwdf hfFra'em u/L ;To tYo kQf nfO{ bf]ifL pk/ sf/jfxL / kLl8t kIfnfO{ plrt /fxt pknJw
u/fpg !% lbg leq k|ltj]bg k]z ug{ @)^%.(.& b]lv sfd z'? u/]sf] xf] . cfof]un] tf]lsPsf] ;do ;Ldf leq sfd
;DkGg ug{ g;sL k6s k6s u/L rf/ k6s Dofb yk eO{ clGtd Dofb @)^^.@.& ;Dd sfod ePsf] xf] . of] cjlwdf
b'3{6gf :yndf km]nf k/]sf d[tssf s+sfnsf] 8LPgP k/LIf0fsf nflu snsQf k7fOPsf] hfgsf/L k|fKt ePsf] 5 .
k/LIf0fsf] nflu 8LPgP k7fO{ ;s]kl5 To;sf] k|ltj]bg k|fKt geP;Dd hfFrj'em cfof]usf] s]xL sfd b]lvb}g . t}klg
cffof]usf] k|ltj]bg j'emfpg] sfd jfFsL g} /x]s]fn] k'gM Dofb yksf] k|lqmof cuf8L a9]sf] / dlGqkl/ifb\sf] @)^^.@.@@ sf]
lg0f{on] 8LPgP k/LIf0f k|ltj]bg k|fKt ePkl5 Dofb yksf] cjlw k|f/De x'g] u/L b'O{ xKtfsf] nflu Dofb yk ePsf]
b]lvG5 . t/ ;f]xL lbg -@)^^.@.@@_ g} k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/fib\sf] sfof{non] u[x dGqfnonfO{ n]vL cy{ dGqfnonfO{
af]wfy{ lbPsf] kqdf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] lg0f{odf ;'wf/ ul/Psf] egL cfof]usf] Dofb 8LPgP k/LIf0f k|ltjb]g k|fKt ePsf] b'O{
xKtf leq k|ltj]zg k]z ug{] u/L Dofb yk ug{ / o;sf nflu cfjZos kg{] /sd cy{ dGqfnon] u[x dGqfnonfO{
lgsf;f lbg] pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .
@)^^.^.#) ut] 8LPgP k/LIf0f k|ltj]bg k|fKt ePsf] / To;sf] !% lbg cyf{t @)^^.&.!$ df k|ltj]bg a'emfPsf]
b]lvG5 . of] aLrdf cfof]uaf6 kbflwsf/Lsf] ;'ljwf / vr{ jfkt k6s k6s /sd lgsf;f dfu ePsf]df k|wfgdGqL tyf
dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{nosf] klxnf] kqf/f 8LPgP k|ltj]bg k|fKt ePkl5 dfq Dofb yksf] u0fgf x'g] eGg] pNn]v ePsf] /
aLrsf] cjlwdf cof]usf] sfd gx'g] ePsf]n] o:tf] cjlwsf] vr{ / ;'ljwfsf] /sd dfu ePtf klg lgsf;f lbOPg . t/
k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{nosf] ;+zf]lwt kqsf] cfwf/df /sd lgsf;f dfu u/L k6s k6s tfs]tf ePsf]n]
k|ltj]bg a'emfO;s]kl5 k'/} cjlwsf] ;'ljwfsf] /sd lgsf;f ePsf] 5 .
o;/L @)^^.(.& df !% lbgsf nflu sfd z'? u/]sf] cfof]un] k|ltj]bg j'emfpg !) dlxgf ;ft lbg nufof] . @)^^.!@.&
b]lv @)^^.^.#) ;Dd em08} & dlxgf @$ lbg ;Dd 8LPgP k/LIf0f ug{ k7fPsf] cjlw b]lv ;f] sf] k|ltj]bg k|fKt ePsf]
cjlw ;Dd cfof]usf kbflwsf/Ln] sfd} gu/]sf] cjlwsf] klg lg/Gt/ Dofb yk u/fO{ ;'ljwf lnPsf] b]lvPsf] 5 .
of] cfof]unfO{ k6s k6s u/L ?=#! nfv @^ xhf/ ^)! lgsf;f ePsf] b]lvPsf] 5 .
hfFrj'em cfof]usf] k|ltj]bg slQsf] pkof]uL eof] / To;sf] sfof{Gjogsf] cj:yf s] s:tf] 5 eGg] jf/]df s]xL hfgsf/L
k|fKt ePsf] 5}g .

^=@=%

cfly{s bfloTj l;h{gf x'g] sfo{sf] lg0f{o ug'{ cl3 cy{ dGqfnosf] k"j{ ;xdlt lng'kg]{ Joj:yf M ;j{q pNn+3g
:jLs[t ah]6 tyf sfo{qmddf gk/]sf sfd, dfkb08df gk/]sf cfly{s ;xfotf, ljb]z e|d0f, gofF b/jGbL l;h{gf
ubf{ clgjfo{ ?kdf cy{ dGqfnosf] k"j{ ;xdlt lng' kg{] Joj:yfsf] pNn+3g ePsf] 5 . of t ;xdlt g} dflub}g
of c;xdltsf] hfgsf/L u/fpFbf u/fFpb} klg lg0f{o x'g] u/]sf] 5 . vr{ wfGg] ;fdYo{ 5 5}g eg]/ cy{ dGqfnosf]
k"j{ ;xdlt lng' kg{] Joj:yf ul/Psf] xf] . t/ klxnf lg0f{o u/]/ kl5 ah]6 lgsf;fsf] nflu ljleGg sf]0faf6
bjfj l;h{gf ul/G5 . o:tf] k|j[lQaf6 cfly{s cg'zf;g, ljQLo kf/blz{tf sfod /fVg / ljQLo pQ/bfloTj jxg
u/fpg sl7g x'G5 .

^=@=^

wfGg} g;Sg] cfly{s ;xfotf / cf}ifwL pkrf/ vr{ M ;|f]t h'6fpg] ;d:of
cfly{s ;xfotf, pkrf/ vr{ / Ifltk"lt{sf] af9L g} cfPsf] 5 . gful/s /fxt, cfly{s ;xfotf / Ifltk"lt{ lbg]
;DaGwL sfo{ljlw to ePklg ;bf ;j{bf o;sf] j]jf:tf dfq ug]{ ul/Psf] 5 . s'g} j:t'lgi7 cfwf/ljgf g} cfly{s
;xfotf / pkrf/ vr{ ljt/0f ug]{ ul/Psf] 5 . clwsf+z ;xfotf /sd lbg] lg0f{odf cy{ dGqfnosf] ;xdlt
lnO{Psf] 5}g . cfly{s ;xfotfnfO{ clwsf/sf] ?kdf a'emL ;xfotf kfpg] JolQm cy{ dGqfnodf cfP/ bafj lbg],
3]/fp ug]{ u/]sf 5g\ .
o; cfly{s jif{e/L o; k|of]hgsf nflu 5'\ofOPsf] ;ft s/f]8 ?k}ofFn] 5 dlxgf klg wfGg ;lsPg . yk b'O
s/f]8 vr{ eO;Sof] . cj jfFsL cjlwdf slt vr{ x'g] xf] To;sf] s'g} n]vfhf]vf 5}g . ah]6sf] ;fdYo{ gePsf]n]
sltko lg0f{o sfof{Gjog ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g . o;/L c;Lldlt cfly{s ;xfotfn] ah]6 sfof{Gjog emg emg
r'gf}ltk"0f{ jGb} uPsf] 5 .
75

^=@=&

slxNo} g;lsg] ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgsf] bfloTj M 5'ofOPsf] ah]6 5 dlxgf klg k'u]g
g]kfnsf ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfg ;]tf xfQL x'g; oLgdf ug{] nufgL jfn'jfdf kfgL xfn] h:t} xf] eGg] egfO{ rl/tfy{
ePsf] 5 .
ljutdf lj36g ul/Psf, aGb ul/Psf, ;+rfngdf g/x]sf / xfn ;+Rfngdf /xL /x]sf ;+:yfgx?sf] bfloTj r'Qmf
ug{ sl7g ePsf] 5 . @)%& ;fndf lj3l6t g]kfn oftfoft ;+:yfgsf sd{Rff/Lsf] bfloTj slxNo} g;lsg] eof] .
Ps kl5 csf{] df+u, cfb]z, km};nf cfpg] qmd hf/L 5 . hgsk'/ r'/f]6 sf/vfgf ;+rfng ug{ / sd{rfl/sf]
bfloTj r'Qmf ug{ ?=@^ s/f]8, j'6jn wfuf] sf/vfgfsf sd{rf/LnfO{ cjsfz ;'ljwf lbg ?=$& s/f]8, g]kfn
cf}iflw lnld6]8sf sd{rf/LnfO{ tnj v'jfpg ?=^ s/f]8 nufgL ul/;lsPsf] 5 . klxnf vf/]h ug{] lg0f{o ePsf]
x]6f}8f sk8f pBf]u k'gM ;+rfng ug{ ut jif{ ?=* s/f]8 eGbf a9L vr{ ul/of] t/ Tof] ;+rfng eg] x'g ;s]g .
clxn] km]/L vf/]h ug{] lg0f{o ul/Psf] 5 .
;+:yfg ;+rfng ;DaGwL ;/sf/L gLltdf c8fg lng g;lsPsf] / ;+ul7t bjfj ;d"xx?sf cuf8L em'Sg' k/]sf
sf/0fn] klg bfloTj a9\b} uPsf] cj:yf 5 . ljut s]xL jif{b]lv lghLs/0f sfo{qmd sl/j sl/j 7Kk} 5 .

^=@=*

ljb]z e|d0f vr{df cTolws a[l4 M dfkb08 / cfrf/ ;+lxtfsf] cfjZostf

ljb]zdf cfof]hgf x'g] ;ef, ;Dd]ng, jftf{, a}7s, ;]ldgf/, tfnLd tyf s'6gLlts e|d0fdf hfg] g]kfnL k|ltlglw
d08nsf] e|d0f vr{sf nflu ?=* s/f]8 %) nfv 5'6\ofOPsf]df sl/a ?=!) s/f]8 vr{ eO;s]sf] 5 . dGqfnosf]
:jLs[t jflif{s sfo{qmddf ljb]z uPsf] vr{ o;df ;dfj]z 5}g . clxn] klg ljb]z e|d0fsf] qmd hf/L 5 .
e|d0fdf c;DalGwt JolQmx? klg ;+nUg x'g] u/]sf 5g\ . e|d0f ;do klg cgfjZos nDJofOPsf] b]lvG5 . s'g
sfo{qmddf s'g txsf] kbflwsf/Ln] efu lng], s:tf]df dfq efu lng], slt hgfsf] k|ltlglwTj /xg] eGg]af/] s'g}
dfkb08 ls6fg ul/Psf] kfOPg . sd dxTjsf d]nf, cjnf]sg, tfnLd, ;]ldgf/df klg pRr:t/Lo k|ltlglwTj
x'g] u/]sf] 5 .
ah]6 tyf sfo{qmd dxfzfvfdf ;a}eGbf a9L kmf]g ljb]z hfg] kbflwsf/Lsf] / ;jf/L ;fwg
lsGg] ljifosf] cfpF5 / ;xdlt dfusf] lrL cy{ dGqfno gcfO{ k'Ub} ;xdltsf] lrL lng dflg;
ah]6 dxfzfvfdf cfO;s]sf x'G5g\ . tL kbflwsf/Ln] dGqfnosf] sfo{qmd sfof{Gjogdf klg o:t}
hfFu/ b]vfP slt /fd|f] x'GYof] xf]nf
cfly{s jif{sf] afFsL cjlwdf clxn]s} cg'kftdf vr{ gx'g] ePtfklg e|d0f vr{sf] Joj:yfkg sl7g aGb} uPsf]
5 . e|d0f vr{sf] lj:t[t ljj/0f klg cy{ dGqfnodf k|fKt x'Fb}g . xr'jfs} e/df /sd lgwf{/0f x'g], lg0f{o x'g] /
lgsf;f x'g] u/]sf] 5 .
ljb]z e|d0fsf] l6s6sf] d"Nodf 7"nf] ljrng b]lvPsf] 5 . o;sf] s'g} dfkb08 lgwf{/0f x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . 6fen
Ph]G;L / sd{rf/Lsf] ldnf]dtf]df ;/sf/n] 7"nf] cfly{s ef/ axg ul//xg' k/]sf] 5 . o;nfO{ ;dod} Jojl:yt
gug]{ xf] eg] eljiodf o;n] cem ljs/fn ?k lng ;S5 . Pp6} sfo{qmddf em08} Ps} ;dodf uPsf
kbflwsf/Ln] k|of]u u/]sf] xjfOhxfhsf] l6s6 d"Nodf 7"nf] leGgtf kfOPsf] 5 . vr{nfO{ kf/bzL{ jgfpg
j]e;fO6df /flvof], oxL ;"rgfsf] cfwf/df ;+Rff/ dfWoddf l6sf l6Kk0fL cfP . t/ klg ljb]z hfg] qmd / km/s
km/s l6s6 d"Nosf] qmd /f]lsPg .

^=@=(

u}/ah]6/L sfo{qmddf lgsf;f df+usf] tLa| bjfj M :jLs[t sfo{qmd cnkq

jflif{s ah]6df k/]sf :jLs[t sfo{qmd sfof{Gjogdf Wofg glbg] a? vr{ ug{ ;lhnf vfnsf gofF gofF sfo{qmdx?
agfO{ To;sf] hf]8tf]8n] k'i6\ofO{ u/L u}/ah]6/L lgsf;f dfu ug]{ k|rng tLa| ?kdf a9L/x]sf] 5 . @)^^ k';
d;fGt;Dddf o:tf] dfu sl/a #@ ca{ ?k}ofF k'u]sf] 5 .
o;af6 ah]6 sfof{Gjog emg\ emg\ sl7g / r'gf}tLk"0f{ x'Fb} uPsf] 5 . ;fy}, /sdfGt/sf] rfk klg a9\b} uPsf] 5 .
t/ :jLs[t sfo{qmd eg] l9fnf] ultdf ;+rfng x'G5g\ .

76

;DalGwt dGqfnon] lhDd]jf/L lnPgg\, cy{ dGqfnodf le8 !

hgtfn] JolQmut jf ;d"xut ?kdf ;'ljwf tyf ljsf;sf] nflu ljifout dGqfnox?df cfgf df+u
/fVg' / tbg'?k ah]6 dfUg' :jefljs} xf] . hgtfn] df+u]sf oL ljifox? dGqfnosf] gLlt, jflif{s
sfo{qmd tyf ah]6df k/]sf] 5, 5}g To;nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ slQsf] h?/L 5 / of] jif{ To;nfO{
sfof{Gjog ug{ ;lsG5 ls ;lsb}+g eg]/ ;DalGwt dGqfnon] ulDe/?kdf 5nkmn u/]/ dGqfno:t/df
g} 6'+uf] nufg' kg{] xf] . clt h?/L ljifox? h'g of] jif{ gu/L gx'g] x'g\ t/ dGqfnosf] ah]6
sfo{qmdn] ;Daf]wg ug{ ;ls+b}g eg] cy{ dGqfnodf k7fpg' klg hfoh} xf] . To;/L cy{ dGqfnodf
k7fPsf ljifox?sf] cfkm}n] :jfldTj lnP/ dGqfnox?n] cy{ dGqfno tyf of]hgf cfof]u;Fu 5nkmn
u/L lgisif{df k'Ug' kb{5 .
t/ xfdL sxfF b'vMb\ oyfy{tf eg] j]Un} 5 . xfdLn] lttf] ;To jf}Ng} k5{ . G kLl8tsf] dfl;s eQf
j[l4 / ufpFsf] Pp6f ;fgf] vfg]kfgL of]hgfdf rflxg] krf; xhf/ ?k}ofF h:tf ;;fgf ljifo b]vL
s/f]8f}+ ?k}ofFsf] nfutsf 7"nf ljsf; cfof]hgf / bL3{sfnLg?kdf jif{]gL cjf{}+ ?k}ofF bfloTj kg{]
b/jGbL yk nufotsf ljifox?df ;d]t dGqfnox?af6 JolQm jf ;d"xsf] df+unfO{ h:tfsf] t:t}
/sd lgsf;f ul/lbg' x'g cg'/f]w 5 egL k7fpg] ul/Psf] 5 . o;kl5 tL dflg;x? cy{ dGqfnodf
cfpg], le8ef8 hDdf ug{], x'nx'Hht ug{], sd{rf/LnfO{ ufnL ug{], 3]/fp ug{] qmd z'? x'G5 . ljleGg
dGqfnox?n] k7fPsf o:tf dflg;x?sf] le8nfO{ s] yfxf 5}g eg] ah]6df gk/]sf 7"nf sfo{qmd /
bL3{sflng bfloTj l;h{gf x'g] ljifodf uxg 5nkmn / ljZn]if0f gu/L cy{ dGqfnon] t'?Gt} df+u k'/f
ug{ ;Sg] l:ylt x'Fb}g .
of] jf:tljstfnfO{ ;j} dGqfnox?n] j'emLlbP cy{ dGqfnodf sfd ug{ c;xh l:ylt cfpg] lyPg .
ah]6 cfO{;s]kl5 cfgf] k|lti7f / dgf]ut 9+un] gofF sfo{qmd Nofpg vf]Hg] k|j[lQsf] cGTo u/L,
gu/L gx'g] ljifox?nfO{ k|fyldstfdf kf/]/ gofF ah]6 th'{dfsf jvt k|:t't u/L 5nkmndf cfpg
ah]6 dxfzfvf ;j}df xflb{s ckLn ub{5 .
^=@=!) k|x/L / lghfdtL ;]jfdf yk b/aGbL l;h{gf M sfd eGbf k|lti7fsf] xf]8jfhL
Psflt/ rfn' vr{nfO{ jflG5t ;Ldfleq /fVg ldtJolotf ;DaGwL gLlt ckgfOPsf] 5 eg] csf{lt/ bL3{sfnLg
bfloTj l;h{gf x'g] u/L g]kfn k|x/L, ;z:q k|x/L, /fli6o cg';Gwfg ljefu / lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] b/aGbL
a9fpg] lg0f{o eO/x]sf] 5 .
;z:q k|x/Lsf] kfFr xhf/ rf/ ;o Ps b/aGbL yk ug{ k|lqmof cufl8 a9L ;s]sf] 5 . g]kfn k|x/Lsf] bz xhf/
b/aGbL yk ug{ 5nkmn eO/x]sf] 5 . ;z:q k|x/Lsf] bf]>f] r/0fdf csf]{ kfFr xhf/ ;+Vof yk ug]{ tof/L
eO/x]sf] 5 . /fHo k'g;{+/rgfsf] ;+3f/df /x]sf] cj:yfdf ;+3Lo ;+/rgfdf k|fGtsf] cfjZostf / k|fyldstf gx]/L
clxn] g} s]Gb|df gofF b/aGbL yk ubf{ ef]nLsf] Joj:yfkgdf ;d:of pTkGg x'g ;S5 . csf]{lt/ lzlj/df /x]sf
dfcf]jfbL n8fs"x?sf] ;dfof]hgsf] k|lqmof g6'+luPsf] cj:yfdf ;'/Iff lgsfox?df hgzlQm yk ug{] gug{]
ljifodf ulDe/ ax; ePsf] 5}g .
k"j{3f]lift gLlt cg';f/ g]kfnL ;]gfdf l/Qm /x]sf b/aGbL vf/]h jf k|mLh ul/Psf] hfgsf/L k|fKt ePsf] 5}g .
lghfdtLtkm{ :yfoL sd{rf/Ln] :j]lR5s cjsfz lnPkl5 jf clgjfo{ cjsfz ePkl5 tL kbx?df k]m/L s/f/ jf
o:t} k|lqmofaf6 k'gM sd{rf/L egf{ ul/Psf] 5 .
Ps cg'dfg cg';f/ lghfdtL ;]jfdf ;]jf s/f/df /x]sf sd{rf/Lsf] ;+Vof lgs} 7"nf] eO;s]sf] 5 . s;sf]
kfnfdf stL ;+Vofdf b/jGbL yk ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] k|lt:kwf{ rn]sf] h:tf] b]lvG5 .
^=@=!!

ah]6 cg'zf;g sfod ug]{ sl7gfO{ M ljQLo pQ/bfloTj sdhf]/

:jLs[t sfo{qmd / ah]6 leq} /x]/ cfly{s sfo{ljlw sfg"gx? adf]lhd vr{ ug]{, cgfjZos /sdfGt/ tyf
;|f]tfGt/ gug]{, :jLs[t gD;{ / dfkb08sf] kfngf ug]{, yk bfloTj l;h{gf gug]{ h:tf cfly{s cg'zf;gsf
;"rsx?sf] sfof{Gjog kIf sdhf]/ aGb} uPsf] 5 . cfly{s hjfkmb]lxtf / pQ/bfloTjsf] kIf ;an b]lvPsf]
77

5}g . dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] k|ltj]bgn] j}b]lzs ;xfotfsf] ;f]wegf{ x'g afFsL /sd / k]ZsL vr{ a9]sf] b]vfPsf] 5 .
dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] jflif{s k|ltj]bg @)^^ adf]lhd km5\of}{6 ug{ afFsL s"n a]?h" ?=@* ca{eGbf a9L 5 . of]
/sd ut jif{sf] eGbf ?= @ ca{ a9L 5 .
^=@=!@

aGb x8tfn gfsfaGbL / 3]/fpm M kl/0ffd k"FhL lgdf{0f vr{df cj/f]w

;w}+ h;f] s'g} g s'g} If]qdf x'g] aGb, x8tfn, wgf{, 3]/fp, gfsfjGbL, lj/f]w sfo{qmdn] k"FhL lgdf{0f vr{df
lzlyntf NofPsf] 5 . o:tf lqmofsnfkn] ;'/Iff vr{ x\jfQ} j9fPsf] 5 .
o;n] ;/sf/L nufgL dfq xf]Og lghL nufgLnfO{ klg g/fd|f] k|efj kf/]sf] 5 . ;du| cfly{s lqmofsnfk ;+s'rg
ePsf] 5 . ;fj{hlgs / lghL b'j} kIfsf] nufgL a9\g g;s]sf] / cfly{s lqmofsnfk v'lDrPsf]n] cfly{s a[l4,
/f]huf/L l;h{gf / ;fj{hlgs ljt/0f k|f0ffnLdf ;d:of pTkGg ePsf] 5 .

^=@=!#

:yfgLo :t/df x'g] u/]sf ljleGg cj/f]w M cfof]hgf sfof{Gjog cnkq

:yfgLo hgtf, u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yf / /fhg}lts bnsf cj/f]wsf sf/0f cfof]hgf sfo{Gjogn] ult lng ;s]sf]
5}g . pbfx/0fsf] nflu cfof]hgf z'? ePsf] !) jif{ ljlt;Sbf klg d]nDrL cfof]hgfsf] eljio clglZrt jGb}
uPsf] 5 . cfof]hgf sfof{nodf tfnfjGbLsf] >[+vnf a9]sf] a9\o} 5 . ;'? vGg] / k|j]z dfu{ jgfpg sfd cl3
a9\g ;s]sf] 5}g . o:t} ;d:of hnljB't cfof]hgfx?df klg b]lvPsf] 5 .
k|efljt hgtfnfO{ lbg] Ifltk"lt{, ;'ljwf, k'gjf{; ;DaGwL of]hgfgLltsf] cefjsf] sf/0f klg g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
cfof]hgfx? o:tf] ;d:ofaf6 h]lng] u/]sf 5g\ . ;fy}, 7"nf cfof]hgf sfof{Gjogdf /fhgLlts ;xdlt klg sfod
x'g ;s]sf] 5}g .

^=@=!$ tYof / ;"rgf ;+k|]if0fdf l9nfO{ M lg0f{odf sl7gfO{

;fj{hlgs ljQLo Joj:yfkgdf tTsfn / e/kbf{] ;"rgf tyf tYof ;+k|]if0f x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . tYofsf] cefjdf
ah]6 Joj:yfkgsf l;nl;nfdf ljleGg lsl;dsf lg0f{ox? ug{ sl7gfO{ pTkGg eO/x]sf] 5 .
vr{sf] ljj/0f, jrt /sdsf] l:ylt 7]Ssf kfsf] cj:yf jf/]df ;dod} ;xL hfgsf/L k|fKt ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g .
To;}u/L, g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ah]6 k|0ffnLdf gub k|jfxsf] cfjlws k|If]k0fsf] :yfoL ;+oGqsf] cefj r'gf}tLsf] ?kdf
/x]sf] 5 .
^=@=!^

j}b]lzs ;|f]tsf] clglZrttf M cfGtl/s >f]t pk/ yk rfk

;Demf}tf jdf]lhdsf] k|lqmof k"/f u/L ;xfotfsf] /sd rfF8f] pkof]u ug{ Wofg lbg'sf] ;f lgsfox?n] ;|f]tfGt/
u/fP/ vr{ ug{ a9L Wofg lbg] u/]sf 5g\ . o;n] ubf{ cfGtl/s ;|f]tdf 7"nf] rfk kg{ uPsf] 5 . t;y{ j}b]lzs
;xfotfsf] clglZrttf r'gf}ltsf] ?kdf b]lvPsf] 5 . j}b]lzs ;|f]t tkm{ jflif{s cg'dfgsf] ===k|ltzt dfq k|fKt
x'g' lrGtfsf] ljifo xf] .

^=@=!&

:ynut cg'udg ePg M d"Nofg ;txL dfq /Xof]

ljut jif{b]lv g} cfof]hgfsf] cg'udg tyf d"Nofg k|0ffnLdf ;'wf/sf k|ofzx? x'Fb} cfPsf x'g . of] jif{
hg:t/;Dd k|efj kfg{] 7"nf cfof]hgfx?sf] d"Nofg of]hgf cfof]uaf6 ljz]if ?kdf ug{] / ljZjljBfno h:tf
:jtGq lgsfox?af6 klg d"Nofg u/fpg] gLlt lnOPsf] 5 . of]hgf cfof]uaf6 cg'udg tyf d"Nofgsf] gofF
;"rs tyf lgb{]lzsf klg hf/L e};s]sf] 5 . gLltut / ;+:yfut Joj:yf x'Fbf x'Fb} klg cfof]hgfsf] d"Nofg
s]Gb|df g} a;]/ sfuhL ?kdf dfq} ug]{ ul/Psf] 5 . cfof]hgfsf] sfo{:yn / To;af6 k|efljt If]qx?df :ynut
e|d0f yf]/} dfq ul/Psf] 5 . cy{ dGqfnodf pknJw ePsf ^ dlxgfsf] k|ult ljj/0f x]bf{ o; ;dLIffsf] kl/R5]b
@ df pNn]v ePem}+ clwsf+z k|lqmofdf /x]sf], sf/jfxL eO/x]sf], ;ldlt jf sfo{bn u7g ul/Psf], kqfrf/
ul/Psf] eGg] h:tf cd"t{ ljj/0fx? /x]sf] kfOPsf] 5 . sfof{Gjogaf6 k|fKt 7f]; kl/0ffd / efjL /0fgLltsf
jf/]df sd} pNn]v ug]{ ul/Psf] 5 . glthfdf cfwfl/t ah]6 lgsf;f, vr{ k|0ffnL / To;sf] cg'udg tyf
d"Nofg klg pknlAwd"ns aGg g;s]sf] jt{dfg cj:yfdf ;/sf/L vr{sf] ;b'kof]u x'g ;s]sf] 5}g .

78

^=@=!* cGt/lgsfo ;dGjosf] cefj M cfof]hgf sfof{Gjogdf l9nfO

Pp6f 7"nf] cfof]hgf sfof{Gjog ug{ ;DalGwt ljifout dGqfno, of]hgf cfof]u, cy{ dGqfno, jg dGqfno,
jftfj/0f dGqfno, ;'/Iff lgsfoh:tf ljleGg lgsfox? jLrdf k|efjsf/L ;dGjo ;+oGqsf] h?/L kb{5 . t/
;j}sf] cfcfg} ;+:yfut k|fyldstf, dxTj, sfo{ k|0ffnL, sfo{ Jo:ttf h:tf sf/0fn] ubf{ s'g} lgsfon] klg
cfof]hgfsf nflu ;xof]lu e"ldsf lgefpg ;s]sf 5}gg . Psn] csf{nfO{ bf]if yf]kg]{ k'/fgf] k|rng cem} sfod
5 . o;n] ubf{ sltko cfof]hgfx? ^ dlxgf ljlt;Sbf klg sfof{Gjogsf] k|f/lDes cj:yfsf sfd klg ePsf
5}gg .
ah]6 5l/Psf] / clxn];Dd klg cfof]hgfdf ah]6 jfF8kmfF8 gul/Psf] of] ?k !
s]Gb|Lo :t/sf qmdfg'ut ;8s cfof]hgfx?df of] jif{ (% s/f]8 -a=p=zL=g+= $*$@$(_ ljlgof]hg
ul/Psf] 5 . /fli6o of]hgf cfof]un] o;nfO{ &! lhNnfdf afF8]sf] 5 . cfof]uaf6 k|sflzt of]hgfsf]
efu @ df &! lhNnfsf s'g s'g ;8s qmdfg'ut ;8s x'g / tLgdf of] zLif{saf6 slt slt /sd
afFl8g' kb{5 egL s/Lj !,*!$ ;8ssf] gfd klxrfg ul/Psf] 5 . t/ s'g ;8sdf slt k};f eGg]
afF8kmfF8 ul/Psf] 5}g . g t o;nfO{ clxn];Dd ef}lts of]hgf tyf lgdf{0f dGqfnon] g} 5'ofpg
;s]sf] 5 . kmn:j?k clxn];Dd s'g} klg ;8sdf sfd z'? ePsf] 5}g . lhNnfaf6 k|ltlglwTj ug{]
;ef;b\, bnsf g]tf / cGo ;/f]sf/jfnfx?n] rf;f] b]vfpFb} cy{ dGqfnodf ;Dks{ u/]sf 5g\ . t/
of]hgf cfof]u / ef}lts of]hgf tyf lgdf{0f dGqfnon] ug{] sfd cy{ dGqfnon] sxfF ug{ ;S5 / <

^=@=!( pkef]Qmf ;ldlt :j+odf ljs[lt M ah]6sf] ;b'kof]u x'g ;s]g

:yfgLo :t/df ;+rfng x'g] ;8s, l;+rfO{, vfg]kfgL, ;fd'bflos ejg, sGe6{, emf]n'] k'n, ljBfno lgdf{0f h:tf
sfdx? :yfgLo hg;xeflutfdf sd nfut, u'0f:t/Lo / ;dod} ;DkGg ug]{ p2]Zon] :yfgLo pkef]Qmfx?f/f
ul7t pkef]Qmf ;ldlt dfk{mt u/fpg] Joj:yfdf w]/} ljs[ltx? b]lvPsf 5g\ . pkef]Qmf ;ldltn] cGo JolQmnfO{
7]Ssf nufpg], ;ldltsf kbflwsf/Lsf aLrdf /sd efu j08f ug]{, k]ZsL lnP/ sfd klg gug]{ k]ZsL km5\of}{6
klg gug]{ / Pp6} sfdsf] bf]xf]/f] Oli6d]6 u/fO{ /sdsf] b'?kof]u x'g] u/]sf] kfOPsf] 5 . o:tf] ljs[ltsf] cGTo ug{
pkef]Qmf ;ldltaf6 sfd u/fpg] cjwf/0ffdf g} kl/jt{g ug{' kg]{ l:ylt cfPsf] 5 .

lgisif{
dfly b]vfOPsf ;d:of tyf r'gf}tLx? k|ltlglw dfq x'g . cj:yf of] eGbf cem sl7g 5 . t/ oL r'gf}tL ;fdgf ug{}
g;lsg] eGg] xf]Og . of]hgf / sfo{qmdsf] k"j{ cg'dfg, vr{ ug]{ ;fdYo{sf] cfwf/df lg0f{o ug{] kl/kf6Lsf] ljsf;, cfly{s
cg'zf;gsf] kfngf / gLltut ?kdf ljrng cfpg glbg] xf] eg] eljiodf o:tf ;d:of cfpg] 5}gg / r'gf}tLx?;Fu h'Wg'
kg{] cj:yf cfpg] 5}g .

79

kl/R5]b &
/fhZj tyf cGo cfosf] ;dLIff / ;+zf]lwt cfo Joo cg'dfg
&=!

/fhZj gLlt tyf sfo{qmdsf] sfof{Gjog ;dLIff M

cf=a= @)^^)^& nfO{ xfdLn] lt/]sf] s/ xfd|} nflu cfw'lgs / ;d[4 g]kfn lgdf{0fsf] nflu eGg] gf/fsf ;fy
s/ ;xeflutf aif{ sf] ?kdf cleofg ;+rfng ul/Psf] 5 . o; cleofg cGtu{t @)^^ k'; d;fGt;Dd
%),&^^ hgfn] AolQmut :yfoL n]vf gDa/ k|fKt ul/;s]sf 5g\ .
sf7df8f}+ pkTosf nufot b]zsf ljleGg zx/ tyf zx/pGd'v ufpF ljsf; ;ldltx?df x'g] 3/hUufsf]
sf/]faf/nfO{ Jojl:yt u/L s/sf] bfo/fdf Nofpg] gLlt cg'?k %) nfv ?k}of eGbf a9Lsf] 3/hUuf jf hUufsf]
sf/f]af/af6 @)^^ k'; d;fGt;Dddf ?= !( s/f]8 @% nfv k"FhLut nfes/ ;+sng ePsf] 5 . o;af6 s/sf]
bfo/f a[l4 x'g'sf ;fy} /fhZj ;+sngdf ;d]t ;sf/fTds k|efj k/]sf] 5 .
sf] ;DefJotf af/] lghL If]qaf6 cWoog eO/x]sf] 5 eg] sdf]l86L o"r/ dfs]{6sf] sf/f]af/nfO{
Jojl:yt u/fO{ s/sf] bfo/fdf Nofpgsf nflu sfo{ljlw th'{df eO/x]sf] 5 .
High Sea Sale

o;}u/L s/;DaGwL ljifodf :gfts tx pQL0f{ u/]sf jf ;f]xL ljifodf ljZjljBfnoaf6 OG6g{l;k ug{ O{R5's
ljBfyL{x?nfO{ /fhZj;DaGwL sfof{nox?df :jo+ ;]js lgo'Qm u/L s/sf] bfo/fdf gcfPsf AolQmnfO{ bfo/fdf
Nofpg ;xof]u k'ofpg] / d"No clea[l4 s/sf] ljn ljhs hf/L ug{ nufpg cfGtl/s /fhZj sfof{nox?af6
:jo+;]jsx? lgo'lQm u/L kl/rfng ul/Psf] 5 .
o; cfly{s aif{af6 nfu' ul/Psf] Ps k|ltzt ;fdflhs ;'/Iff s/sf] ;+sng tyf ;d'lrt pkof]u Pj+ ;fdflhs
;'/Iff of]hgf ;+rfng ;d]tsf] nflu g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ cfjZos ;'emfj lbg /fhZj ;lrjsf] ;+of]hsTjdf 6]8
o"lgogsf kbflwsf/L, pBf]uL Joj;foL k|ltlglw / ;/sf/L kIf ;d]t /x]sf] Ps lqkIfLo pRr:t/Lo sfo{bn u7g
ul/Psf] 5 . o; sfo{bnn] g]kfn ;/sf/n] cfufdL lbgdf ;+rfng ug]{ ;a} lsl;dsf ;fdflhs ;'/Iff of]hgf tyf
sfo{qmdx?sf] ;+rfng tyf Joj:yfkgsf] nflu pko'Qm ;'emfj k]z ug]{5 .
o;}u/L eG;f/ hfFrkf;df k|0ffnLdf 5gf}6 k/LIf0f k|0ffnLsf] sfof{Gjog / eG;f/ k|1fkg kq sDKo'6/sf]
dfWodaf6 Joj;foLPh]06 :jo+n] cgnfOg k|ljli6 ug{;Sg] u/L lqe'jg cGt/fli6o ljdfg:yn eG;f/ sfof{no,
lj/f6gu/, e}/xjf / lj/u~h eG;f/ sfof{nox? h:tf b]zsf 7"nf eG;f/ gfsfx?af6 Broker Module sf]
z'?jft ul/;lsPsf] 5 .
/fhZj k|zf;gnfO{ ;dofg's"n ;'wf/ u/L ;an, ;Ifd / s/bftfd}qL agfpg] gLlt cg'?k eG;f/ ljefu /
cGtu{tsf sfof{nox?nfO{ sfo{af]em / /fhZj ;+sngsf] cfwf/df k'g;{+/rgf ul/Psf] 5 . eG;f/ hfFrkf; k/LIf0f
sfof{nosf] :yfkgf u/L ;+rngdf NofO;lsPsf] 5 . /fhZj cg';Gwfg ljefu / cfGtl/s /fhZj ljefusf] ;+u7g
tyf Joj:yfkg ;j]{If0f ;DkGg eO;s]sf] 5 . cGtMz'Ns / d"No clea[l4 s/nfO{ Aojxfl/s / a}1flgs agfpg]
ljifodf cWoog ug{ sfo{bnx? u7g ul/Psf] 5 . slGb|Lo /fhZj af]8{ u7g ug]{ ;DaGwdf ;'emfj lbg ul7t
pRr:t/Lo sfo{bnn] k|ltj]bg k]z ul/;s]sf] 5 . s/ k|zfzgdf O{= l6=l8=P;=, O{=kmfO{ln Pj+ P;=Pd=P;=
h:tf ;]jfnfO{ cem lj:tf/ ub{} nluPsf] 5 .
&=@

klxnf] ^ dlxgfsf] /fhZj ;+sngsf] k|j[lQ

rfn' cfly{s jif{df ?=!&^ ca{ %) s/f]8 #& nfv /fhZj ;+sng ug]{ nIo /x]sf] 5 . of] /sd ut cfly{s jif{sf]
v'b c;"nLsf] t'ngfdf @#=)@ k|ltztn] a9L xf] . rfn' cfly{s jif{sf] k'; d;fGt;Dd /fhZj ;+sng nIo ?= &$
ca{ (& s/f]8 !* nfv /x]sf]df ?= &( ca{ ^* s/f]8 # nfv /fhZj ;+sng e};s]sf] 5 . of] /sd jflif{s
nIosf] $%=!$ k|ltzt x'g cfp5 eg] k'; d;fGt;Ddsf] nIosf] !)^=@* k|ltzt x'g cfpF5 . o;}u/L ut
cfly{s jif{ @)^%^^ sf] o;} cjlwdf ;+sng ePsf] /sd ?=%( ca{ $* s/f]8 !& nfv eGbf ##=(^ k|ltzt
a9L x'g cfp+5 .

80

o;/L ;+slnt s"n /fhZjdWo] s/ /fhZjtk{m ?= &! ca{ @# s/f]8 && nfv / u}/ s/ /fhZjtk{m ?=* ca{ $$
s/f]8 @^ nfv ;+sng ePsf] 5 . s"n /fhZjdf s/ /fhZjsf] of]ubfg *(=$) k|ltzt / u}/ s/ /fhZjsf]
of]ubfg !)=^) /xg uPsf] 5 .
&=#

zLif{sut /fhZj c;"nL tyf afFsL cjlwsf] cg'dfg

&=#=! eG;f/
rfn' cfly{s jif{df ?=## ca{ !@ s/f]8 %& nfv eG;f/ /fhZj ;+sng ug]{ nIo /x]sf] 5 . o;dWo] klxnf]
^ dlxgfdf ?=!# ca{ ^* s/f]8 @! nfv ;+sng ug]{ nIo /x]sf]df ;f] cjlwdf ?=!^ ca{ !@ s/f]8 !!
nfv c;"nL ePsf] 5 . of] /sd jflif{s nIosf] $*=^& x'g cfp+5 eg] cw{jflif{s nIo eGbf !&=*#
k|ltzt a9L x'g cfp+5 . o;}u/L, ut cfly{s jif{sf] klxnf] cw{jflif{s cjlwdf ?=!! ca{ !) s/f]8 ^& nfv
c;"nL ePsf]df rfn' cfly{s jif{sf] ;f]xL cjlwsf] c;"nL !$%=!% k|ltztn] a[l4 ePsf] 5 . o;k|sf/ e+;f/
/fhZjdf pT;fxhgs a[l4 ePsf] / oxL ta/n] ;+sng x'g ;s]df jfFsL cjlwdf ?= !( ca{ *# s/f]8 !@
nfv ;+sng eO{ cfly{s jif{sf] cGTodf s"n ?=#% ca{ (% s/f]8 @# nfv ;+sng x'g] ;+zf]lwt cg'dfg
ul/Psf] 5 . of] /sd nIo eGbf ?= @ ca{ *@ s/f]8 ^^ nfv a9L x'g] b]lvG5 .
&=#=@ d"No clea[l4 s/
d"No clea[l4 s/ /fhZjtk{m rfn' cfly{s jif{ ?=%! ca{ %^ s/f]8 ;+sng ug]{ nIo /flvPsf] 5 . o;dWo]
klxnf] ^ dlxgfdf ?=@# ca{ ^& s/f]8 $) nfv ;+sng ug]{ nIo /x]sf]df oyfy{ ;+sng ?=@$ ca{ ^!
s/f]8 %( nfv k'u]sf] 5 . of] c;"nL jflif{s nIosf] $&=&$ k|ltzt x'g cfp+5 eg] cw{jflif{s nIo eGbf
@!=!^ a9L 5 . o;}u/L, ut cfly{s jif{df c;"n ePsf] ?=!& ca{ !% s/f]8 #% nfvsf] t'ngfdf #&=@*
k|ltztn] a[l4 ePsf] 5 . o;/L d"No clea[l4 s/ tk{m xfn;Ddsf] c;'nLsf] k|j[lQ x]bf{ afFsL cjlwdf ?=#)
ca{ #* s/f]8 &^ nfv c;'n eO{ cfly{s jif{sf] cGTo;Dddf ?=%% ca{ #% s/f]8 ;+sng x'g] ;+zf]lwt
cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 . of] /sd jflif{s nIoeGbf ?=# ca{ $$ s/f]8 #% nfv a9L x'g] b]lvG5 .
&=#=# cGtM z'Ns
cfly{s jif{ )^^^& df cGtz'Ns /fhZjtk{m ?=!( ca{ ^$ s/f]8 !( nfv ;+sng ug]{ nIo /flvPsf]
5 . o;dWo] klxnf] ^ dlxgf ;Dddf ?= & ca{ (% s/f]8 !& nfv cGtz'Ns /fhZj ;+sng ug]{ nIo
lnOPsf]df ?= !! ca{ ^ s/f]8 & nfv c;'nL ePsf] 5 . of] cGtz'Ns /fhZj tk{msf] jflif{s nIosf]
%^=#! xf] / ;dLIff cjlwsf] nIo eGbf #(=!) a9L xf] . o;}u/L, ut cfly{s jif{sf] ;f]xL cjlwdf c;"n
ePsf] /sd ?=^ ca{ %( s/f]8 *$ nfv sf] t'ngfdf ^&=^# n] a[l4 /sd xf] . o; k|sf/ cGtz'Ns
/fhZj nIosf] t'ngfdf pNn]vgLo a[l4 eO{ s'n ?= @@ ca{ (& s/f]8 @^ nfv k'Ug] ;+zf]lwt cg'dfg
ul/Psf] 5 . of] /sd jflif{s nIoeGbf ?=# ca{ ## s/f]8 & nfv a9L x'g] b]lvG5 .
&=#=$ lzIff ;]jf z'Ns
cfly{s jif{ )^^^& b]lv nfu' ePsf] lzIff ;]jf z'Ns rfn' jif{df ?=!@ s/f]8 ;+sng ug]{ nIo lnOPsf]
5 . o; zLif{s cGtu{t ;dLIff cjlwe/ ?=^ s/f]8 ^% nfv ;+sng ug]{ nIo lnOPsf]df oyfy{ c;"nL
?=* s/f]8 %$ nfv k'lu;s]sf] 5 . of] c;"nL jflif{s nIosf] &!=!& k|ltzt / cw{jflif{s nIosf]
!@@=*& x'g cfpF5 . oxL k|sf/af6 lzIff ;]jf z'Ns ;+sng x'+b} uPdf jflif{s nIoeGbf ?= ^) nfv a9L
;+sng x'g;Sg] b]lvPsf] 5 .
&=#=% cfo s/
rfn' cfly{s jif{df cfos/ /fhZjtk{m ?=#^ ca{ @( s/f]8 *) nfv ;+sng ug]{ nIo /flvPsf] 5 . @)^^
k';;Dddf ?=!$ ca{ () s/f]8 ^$ nfv c;"n ug]{ nIo lnOPsf]df ?=!$ ca{ (@ s/f]8 $$ nfv c;"nL
eO{ jflif{s nIosf] t'ngfdf $!=!@ c;"nL x'g k'u]sf] 5 eg] k';;Ddsf] nIosf] t'ngfdf !))=!@ /sd
c;"nL ePsf] 5 . o;}u/L ut cfly{s jif{sf] ;f]xL cjlwdf c;"n ePsf] ?=!! ca{ #) s/f]8 #% nfvsf]
t'ngfdf #@=)# k|ltztn] a[l4 ePsf] 5 . o; k|sf/ eG;f/ / d"No clea[l4 s/ /fhZjsf] t'ngfdf cfos/
;+sngsf] a[l4b/df s]xL sdL b]lvPtfklg clwsf+z s/bftfsf] dgf]j[lQ cfly{s jif{sf] cGtlt/ dfq} s/ ltg]{
81

ePsfn] cfly{s jif{sf] cGt;Dddf nIo eGbf ?= # ca{ %( s/f]8 #* nfv a9L g} ;+sng x'g ;Sg]
b]lvG5 .
&=#=^ /lhi6]zg b:t'/
cfly{s jif{ )^^^& df /lhi6]zg b:t'/tk{m ?= ^ ca{ ;+sng ug]{ nIo /x]sf] 5 . h;dWo] k';;Dddf ?=
@ ca{ ^) s/f]8 # nfv ;+sng ug]{ nIo lnOPsf]df ?= @ ca{ *! s/f]8 !^ nfv c;"nL ePsf] 5 . of]
/sd jflif{s nIosf] $^=*^ xf] eg] k';;Ddsf] nIosf] !)* xf] . ut cfly{s jif{sf] ;f]xL cjlwdf
c;"n ePsf] /sd ?=@ ca{ @& s/f]8 *% nfvsf] t'ngfdf !@#=$) k|ltztn] a[l4 /sd xf] . ;dLIff
cjlwsf] c;"nLsf] l:yltnfO{ b[li6ut ubf{ /lhi6]zg b:t'/ klg nIo d'tfljs ;+sng x'g] b]lvPsf] 5 .
&=#=& ;jf/L ;fwg s/
rfn' cfly{s jif{df ;jf/L ;fwg s/tk{m ?=# ca{ %) s/f]8 ;+sng ug]{ nIo /flvPsf] 5 . h;dWo]
k';;Dddf ?=! ca{ ($ s/f]8 *^ nfv ;+sng ug]{ nIo /x]sf]df ?=! ca{ ^! s/f]8 *^ nfv ;+sng x'g
;s]sf] 5 . of] /sd jflif{s nIosf] $^=@% x'g cfp5 eg] k';;Ddsf] nIosf] t'ngfdf *#=)& x'g
cfp5 . ut cfly{s jif{sf] ;f]xL cjlwdf c;"n ePsf] ?=! ca{ %% s/f]8 %# nfvsf] t'ngfdf $=)^
k|ltztn] a[l4 /sd xf] . rfn' cfly{s jif{sf] k';;Dddf /fhZj ;+sng ug]{ nIo lnOPsf ljleGg /fhZj
lzif{sdWo] ;jf/L ;fwg s/df nIo ul/P adf]lhd /sd ;+sng x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . aGb, x8tfn, ;Ldf
gfsfaGbL h:tf cjfl~5t lqmofsnfkn] ;jf/L ;fwg s/ c;"nLdf gs/fTds c;/ kg{ uPsf] b]lvG5 .
tyflk, cfufdL lbgdf To; k|sf/sf cjfl~5t ultljlw /f]lsPdf nIo d'tfljs /fhZj ;+sng x'g ;Sg] g}
b]lvG5 .
&=#=* u}/ s/ /fhZj
cfly{s jif{ )^^^& df u}/ s/ /fhZjtk{m ?=@^ ca{ @% s/f]8 *! nfv ;+sng ug]{ nIo /flvPsf] 5 .
o;dWo] k';;Dddf ?=!) ca{ !# s/f]8 (! nfv ;+sng ug]{ nIo lnOPsf]df ?= * ca{ $$ s/f]8 @^
nfv ;+sng ePsf] 5 . h'g jflif{s nIosf] t'ngfdf &^=^( c;"nL ePsf] 5 eg] cw{jflif{s nIosf]
t'ngfdf &*=(* k|ltzt c;"nL ePsf] 5 . o;}u/L ut cfly{s jif{sf] ;f]xL cjlwdf c;"n ePsf] ?=( ca{
$* s/f]8 %$ nfvsf] t'ngfdf *( k|ltzt dfq c;"nL ePsf xf] . u}/ s/ /fhZj nIosf] t'ngfdf s]xL
sdL eP tfklg cfly{s jif{sf] cGt;Dddf yk k|of; u/L nIo d'tfljs ;+sng x'g ;Sg] k|If]k0f ul/Psf]
5.
&=$

;d:of tyf r'gf}tLx? M

/fhZj k|zf;gsf] cys k|of;, /fhZj gLltsf] ;d'lrt ?kdf sfof{Gjog tyf /fhZj k|zf;gdf kf/blz{tf,
sfo{;Dkfbgdf lz3|tf Pj+ ;bfrf/ k|j4{g ul/Psf sf/0f /fhZj ;+sngdf pT;fxhgs a[l4 Nofpg ;lsPsf]
ePtfklg lzIff ;]jf s/sf] sfof{Gjog k|efjsf/L Pj+ ;xh x'g g;Sg', :jf:Yo ;]jf z'Ns k|efjsf/L ?kdf c;"nL
x'g g;Sg', eG;f/ d"Nof+sg k4ltnfO{ a}1flgs / jf:tljstfdf cfwfl/t agfpg g;Sg', d"No clea[l4 s/tkm{ k'/}
sf/f]jf/sf] ljn ljhs hf/L gx'g', hf/L x'g] ljn ljhsx? klg Go"gljhsLs/0f x'g', cj}w dlb/f / gSsnL
cGtMz'Ns l:6s/ k|of]u x'g', dlb/f a]rljvt sfo{ cem} klg Jojl:yt x'g g;Sg', :yfgLo k|zf;g, ;'/Iff lgsfo /
/fhZj;DaGwL sfof{nox?aLr ;dGjosf] cefjdf /fhZj r'xfj6nfO{ k|efjsf/L ?kdf lgoGq0f ug{ g;lsg' h:tf
;d:ofx? /fhZj k|zf;g ;dIf r'gf}tLsf] ?kdf /x]sf 5g\ .

&=%

afFsL ^ dlxgfsf] s"n /fhZj ;+sngsf] ;+zf]lwt cg'dfg / To;sf cfwf/x?

&=%=!= afFsL ^ dlxgfsf] /fhZjsf] cg'dfg M
;dli6ut ?kdf x]bf{ ;dLIff cjlwe/ s"n /fhZj ?= &$ ca{ (& s/f]8 !& nfv ;+sng ug]{ nIo
/x]sf]df hDdf ?=&( ca{ ^* s/f]8 # nfv c;"nL eO{ jflif{s nIosf] t'ngfdf $%=!$ k|ltzt /fhZj
;+sng e};s]sf] cj:yf 5 . cw{jflif{s nIonfO{ ^=@* k|ltztn] gf3]sf] 5 . o;}u/L, ut cfly{s jif{sf]
;f]xL cjlwdf ;+sng ePsf] s"n /fhZj ?=%( ca{ $* s/f]8 !& nfv eGbf ##=(^ k|ltzt a9L 5 .
rfn' cfly{s jif{df klg ;dLIff cjlwsf] nIoeGbf a9L g} /fhZj ;+sng ePsfn] rfn' cfly{s jif{df
nIo eGbf ?= !# ca{ !) s/f]8 % nfv a9L ;+sng eO{ s'n /fhZj ;+sng ?= !*( ca{ ^) s/f]8 $#
82

nfv k'Ug] ;+zf]lwt cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 . of] /sd jflif{s nIosf] t'ngfdf !)&=$@ k|ltzt / ut jif{sf]
bfFhf]df #@=!$ k|ltzt a[l4 x'g hfg] b]lvG5 .
&=%=@ ;+zf]lwt /fhZj cg'dfgsf cfwf/x? M
-s_

cfly{s jif{sf] kl5Nnf] 5 dlxgfdf cl3Nnf] 5 dlxgfsf] t'ngfdf a9L /fhZj ;+sng x'g] ljutsf]
k|j[lQ of] jif{ klg sfod /xg]5 .

-v_

/fhZj k|zf;gdf ul/Psf ;'wf/ tyf /fhZj ;+sng a[l4 ug{ NofOPsf sfo{qmdx?sf] k|efj afFsL
cjlwdf cem k|uf9 ?kdf b]lvg]5 .

-u_

zflGt ;'/Iffsf] l:yltdf x'Fb} uPsf] ;'wf/ / pRr:t/df aGb} uPsf] /fhgLlts ;xdltsf] kmn:j?k
aGb x8tfnsf] cGTo eO{ b]zdf cfly{s ultljlw lj:tf/ x'g]5 / ;f]xL cg'kftdf ;f]xL cg'kftdf
/fhZj ;+sng klg a9\g]5 .

-3_

;fj{hlgs vr{ Joj:yfkg / cfof]hgf Joj:yfkgdf yflnPsf ;'wf/ sfo{qmdn] ubf{ ;/sf/L
vr{sf] pTkfbsTjdf a[l4 x'g]5, To;sf] ;sf/fTds k|efj /fhZj ;+sngdf klg kg]{5 .

-_

jSof}tf /x]sf s/ tyf u}/s/ /fhZj c;'nLdf tLa|tf cfpg]5 .

&=%=# afFsL 5 dlxgfsf] sfo{of]hgf M

cfly{s aif{ @)^^.^& sf] klxnf] ^ dlxgfdf ;+rfng ul/Psf ;'wf/sf sfo{s|dx?nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg],
cg'udg ug]{ sfo{nfO{ cem k|efjsf/L agfpg] tyf ah]6 aStAodf k/]sf /fhZj a[l4 ug]{ sfo{s|dx?nfO{
sfof{Gjog ug]{ of]hgf /x]sf] 5 . o; cGt/ut lgDg of]hgfx? /x]sf 5g\ M
-s_ kfl/>lds cfo ePsf AolQmx?n] clgafo{?kdf :yfoL n]vf gDa/ (PAN) lng'kg]{ cGoyf ;/sf/L
lgsfosf] eP tna eQf e'QfgL /f]Ssf ug{ ;lsg] / cGosf] xsdf cg'udg u/L s8f sf/afxL
ug]{ .
-v_ /f]huf/bftf Aoj;foL, 6]8 o"lgog tyf ;/sf/sf] ;xdltaf6 Ps k|ltzt ;fdflhs ;'/Iff s/
clgafo{?kdf ;+sng ug]{ u/L Aoj:yf ePsf]df o;nfO{ ;DjlGwt lgsfox?af6 cg'udg u/L ;j}
kfl/>lds cfo ePsf AolQmx?af6 hDdf x'g] Aoj:yf ug]{ .
-u_ cfGtl/s /fhZj laefutkm{ a'6jndf cfGtl/s /fhZj sfof{no vf]nL ;+rfngdf Nofpg] /
sf7df8f}+ pkTosf, wgs'6f, ;'v]{t, afUn' / h'Dnf lhNnfdf s/bftf ;]jf s]Gb| vf]nL s/ k|zf;gsf]
kx'Fr a[l4 ug]{ .
-3_ /fhZj cg';Gwfg laefutkm{ alb{jf;df OsfO{ sfof{no vf]ln;lsPsf]df yfgsf]6 / cQl/ofdf yk
b'O{ j6f OsfO{ sfof{nox? vf]nL /fhZj r'xfj6 lgoGq0ftkm{ tL sfof{nox?af6 kxn ug]{ .
-_ /fhZj r'xfj6sf] ;"rgf lbg] AolQmnfO{ k'/:sf/ lbg] Aoj:yf ug]{ .
-r_ eG;f/tkm{ ev{/} nfu' ePsf] hf]vLddf cfwfl/t 5gf}6 k|0ffnLnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg] / la:tf/ ub}{
n}hfg] .
-5_ sfo{ ;Dkfbgdf cfwfl/t k|f]T;fxg k|0ffnLnfO{ lj:tf/ u/L eG;f/ hfFrkf; k/LIf0f sfof{no /
cfGtl/s /fhZj sfof{no gePsf lhNnfx?df /fhZj ;+sngsf] sfo{ ub}{ cfPsf sf]if tyf n]vf
lgoGq0f sfof{nox?df klg sfo{ ;Dkfbgdf cfwfl/t k|f]T;fxg k|0ffnL nfu' ug]{ .
-em_ jSof}tf ;+sng / a]?h' km5\of}{6nfO{ ljz]if dxTj lbO{ tLq|tf lbOg] .
&=^

j}b]lzs ;xfotf kl/rfng gLltsf] sfof{Gjog ;dLIff M

&=^=!

j}b]lzs ;xfotf kl/rfng gLltsf] sfof{Gjog ;dLIff M

k]l/; 3f]if0ffkq tyf cfqmf sfo{of]hgf ;d]tnfO{ Wofgdf /fvL j}b]lzs ;xfotf gLltsf] kl/dfh{g tyf
;xfotf sfof{Gjogdf k|efjsfl/tf Nofpg] sfo{ of]hgfsf] d:of}bf clGtd r/0fdf k'ofOPsf] 5 . ;a}
k|sf/sf j}b]lzs ;xfotfnfO{ /fli6o ah]6df ;dfj]z u/fpg] tk{m hf]8 lbOPsf] 5 . cGt/f{li6o
83

u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfaf6 k|fKt x'g] j}b]lzs ;xof]usf] kl/rfng /fli6o k|fyldstf / gLlt cg'?k t'Nofpg /
o;nfO{ yk kf/bzL{ agfpg ;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfox?nfO{ k|f]T;flxt ul/Psf] 5 . bft[ lgsfox?;Fu ;dGjo
clea[l4 ug{ lgoldt ?kdf a}7sx? ;DkGg ug]{ ul/Psf] 5 . ;dLIff cjlwdf cGt/f{li6o d'b|f sf]if tyf
ljZj a}+s ;d"xsf] jflif{s a}7sdf g]kfnn] efu lnPsf] 5 . ljleGg cfof]hgfsf] nflu bft[ lgsfox?;Fu
;Demf}tf jftf{, ;Demf}tf x:tfIf/, ldzgx?;Fu a}7s, 5nkmn tyf bft[ lgsfox?;Fu ;dLIff a}7sx?
;DkGg ul/Psf]
5 . cy{ dGqfnosf] g]t[Tjdf g]kfndf /x]sf ljleGg :yfgLo bft[ lgsfox?;Fu
;d;fdlos d'4fx?df lgoldt ?kdf cfjlws a}7sx?sf] cfof]hgf tyf ;+rfng u/L ;xfotf
kl/rfngnfO{ ;dGjofTds ?kdf cl3 a9fOPsf] 5 . a}b]lzs ;xfotfsf] kl/rfng j[l4 ug{ o;nfO{
cfly{s s"6gLltsf] k|d'v d'2fsf] ?kdf lnO{ ljb]zl:yt g]kfnL s'6g}lts lgof]ux?n] k|efjsf/L e"ldsf
lgefpg' h?/L b]lvG5 .
&=^=@

j}b]lzs ;xfotf k|ltj4tfsf] l:ylt M

rfn' cfly{s jif{df bft[ lgsfox?af6 k'; d;fGt;Dddf ?=^$ cj{ *& s/f]8 !% nfv ;xfotf lbg]
k|ltj4tf k|fKt ePsf] 5 . o;dWo] cg'bfg tkm{ ?=%! cj{ !( s/f]8 ^^ nfv / C0f tkm{ ?=!# cj{ ^&
s/f]8 $( nfv /x]sf] 5 . ut cfly{s jif{sf] ;f]xL cjlwdf cg'bfg tkm{ ?=#^ cj{ %@ s/f]8 !$ nfv /
C0f tkm{ ?=$ ca{ *& s/f]8 (% nfv u/L hDdf $! ca{ $) s/f]8 ( nfv k|fKt x'g] k|ltj4tf
hgfOPsf] lyof] . o;/L, bftfx?af6 ut jif{eGbf ?=@# cj{ $& s/f]8 ^ nfv cyf{t %^ k|ltzt eGbf
a9L j}b]lzs ;xfotf pknAw u/fpg] k|ltj4tf k|fKt ePsf] 5 . o;}u/L rfn' jif{sf] jfFsL ^ dlxgfdf
cg'bfgtkm{ ?=@# cj{ %( s/f]8 %* nfv / C0ftkm{ ?=!& cj{ $@ s/f]8 $% nfv u/L yk $! cj{ @
s/f]8 # nfv k|fKt x'g] u/L ;Demf}tf x'g] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 . o;/L cg'dfg ul/P adf]lhd ;Demf}tf x'g
;s]df rfn' cf=a=df hDdf ?=! vj{ % ca{ *( s/f]8 !* nfv j}b]lzs ;xof]usf] k|ltj4tf k|fKt x'g]
b]lvG5 .

&=^=#=

j}b]lzs ;xfotfsf] kl/rfngsf] l:ylt M

cfly{s jif{ @)^^^& df cg'bfg ;xfotftk{m ?=%^ ca{ (% s/f]8 %^ nfv tyf C0ftk{m ?=@! ca{ %^
s/f]8 )^ nfv u/L s'n ?=&* ca{ %! s/f]8 ^@ nfv ;xfotf kl/rfng x'g] nIo /x]sf]df klxnf] 5
dlxgfdf gub cg'bfgtk{m ?=!# ca{ ^ s/f]8 *$ nfv / C0f tk{m ?= ! ca{ (& s/f]8 &% nfv u/L
hDdf ?=!% ca{ )$ s/f]8 %( nfv dfq kl/rfng x'g ;s]sf] 5 . dxfn]vf lgoGqs sfof{noaf6 k|fKt
ljj/0f / cy{ dGqfnoaf6 cfof]hgfx?df ;f]em} ;Dks{ u/L k|fKt ePsf ljj/0fsf] cfwf/df ;f]em} e'QmfgL
/ j}b]lzs ;xfotftk{m @)^^ k';;Dddf ?= $ ca{ $# s/f]8 (( nfvsf] ;xfotf k|fKt ePsf] b]lvPsf]
5 . o;/L gub / u}/ gub b'a} ;|f]ttk{m hDdf ?=!( ca{ $* s/f]8 %* nfv cyf{t jflif{s ah]6sf]
@$=*! k|ltzt dfq ;xfotf kl/rfng ePsf] 5 .

&=^=$

j}b]lzs ;xfotfdf kl/rfngdf b]lvPsf ;d:of tyf r'gf}tLx?

;du|df j}b]lzs ;xfotf k|ltj4tfdf pT;fxhgs k|ult b]lvPsf] eP tfklg s]xL cfof]hgfx?df kof{Kt
sd{rf/Lsf] cefj / l56fl56f] ;?jf x'g] u/]sf]n] ;xfotf pkof]udf ;':ttf cfPsf] 5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu
d]nDrL vfg]kfgL cfof]hgfdf !) jif{df ( hgf sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs k]ml/O{ ;s]sf 5g\ . cfof]hgf lgdf{0f
sfo{sf] 7]Ssfkf ;dodf gx'g] / ePsfdf klg k6s k6s :yfgLo :t/af6 afwf lj/f]w v]Kg'k/]sf] 5 .
ljutdf d'n'ssf] sdhf]/ ;'/Iff / b08xLgtfsf] cj:yfn] ubf{ cfof]hgf sfof{Gjogdf k|lts"n c;/
k/]sf] . cg'udg kof{Kt / k|efjsf/L x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . /fd|f] sfo{ ug]{ sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug]{
kl/l:ylt gePsf]n] ;+:yfut ;+oGq sdhf]/ b]lvPsf] 5 . ;fy} s]xL cfof]hgfx?n] ;dod} ;f]wegf{ k|fKt
ug{ g;lssf] l:ylt /x]sf] 5 . ljQLo ljj/0fx? tof/ u/L bft[ lgsfonfO{ ;dod} k7fO{ ;f]wegf{ lng]
sfo{df l9nfO{ x'g] k/+k/f lg/Gt/ 5 . ;dod} ;f]wegf{ k|fKt gx'Fbf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ;|f]tdf rfk kg{ uO{
ah]6 3f6f a9\g hfg]5 .

84

&=& cfGtl/s C0f M

rfn' jif{sf] ah]6df ?=#) s/f]8 (! nfv cfGtl/s C0f p7fpg] nIf /x]sf] 5 . h; cg';f/ k'; dlxgf;Dd
cfGtl/s C0f ?=@^ s/f]8 dfq p7fOPsf] 5 . ut jif{ ;f]xL cjlwdf ?=* ca{ &) s/f]8 cfGtl/s C0f p7fOPsf]
lyof] . of] jif{ /fi6 C0f p7fpg] P]g, @)^^ d+l;/df dfq kfl/t ePsf], @)^^ k'; d;fGtdf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] s]Gb|Lo
vftfsf] df}Hbft ?= # ca{ $@ s/f]8 #^ nfvn] wgfTds /x]sf] sf/0fn] cfGtl/s C0f yf]/} dfq p7fOPsf] xf] . ;fy},
ahf/df t/ntf cefj ePsf]n] lghL If]qdf hfg] shf{ ;+s'rg gxf]; eGg] p2]Zon] klg ;/sf/ cfGtl/s C0f
p7fpg]tkm{ ;r]t /x]sf] 5 .
cfly{s jif{sf] afFsL cjlwdf k"FhLut vr{ a9fpg ul/Psf k|of;sf] kmn:j?k vr{df tLa|tf cfpg] ck]Iff ul/Psf]
5 . s]xL 7"nf cfof]hgfx?df ;|f]tsf] cefj x'g glbg] k|ltj4tf hgfOPsf] 5 . tyflk /fhZj ;+sng nIoeGbf a9L
x'g] / k"FhLut vr{ nIoeGbf sl/a @) k|ltzt sd x'g] b]lvPsf]n] cfGtl/s C0f k"/} gp7fO{P klg vr{ Joj:yfkg
ug{ ;lsg] b]lvG5 . t;y{ cfGtl/s C0f cg'dfg ul/PeGbf ?=% ca{ sd cyf{t ?=@% ca{ (! s/f]8 dfq kl/rfng
x'g] b]lvG5 . of] cfly{s jif{ ahf/df t/ntfsf] cefj b]lvPsf]n] lghL If]qdf hfg] shf{ ;+s'rg x'g glbgsf] nflu
klg cfGtl/s C0fsf] kl/df0f 36fpg' pko'Qm x'g] b]lvG5 .
&=*

;fj{hlgs vr{sf] ;+zf]lwt cg'dfg

&=*=! rfn' vr{sf] ;+zf]lwt cg'dfg / To;sf cfwf/x? M
rfn' vr{tkm{sf] ?=!^) cj{ ^# s/f]8 @$ nfvsf] s"n ah]6dWo] klxnf] ^ dlxgfdf ?=^! ca{ ( s/f]8
!( nfv vr{ e};s]sf] 5 . ;dLIff cjlwdf rfn' vr{ jflif{s ah]6sf] #*=)# k|ltzt x'g uPsf] b]lvPsf]
5 .
@)^^ ;fpgdf tnj eQf a[l4 ePsf] t/ ah]6df kof{Kt /sd g/flvPsf] xF'bf klxnf] ^ dlxgfdf clxn]
b]lvPsf] k|ltzt eGbf a9L g} vr{ x'g' kb{Yof] . To;}u/L, ;'/Iff vr{df ePsf] a[l4, ;xsf/Lsf k'/fgf
sd{rf/L tyf ;+:yfgsf] k'/fgf] bfloTj e'QmfgL, cfly{s ;xfotf / ljb]z e|d0f vr{sf] a[l4n] rfn' vr{
cem} dfly hfg' kg]{ xf] . t/ :yfgLo lgsfox?df hfg] rfn' cg'bfg, :jf:Yo / jgsf rfn' ah]6sf
sfo{qmdx?, lgj[Qe/0f, lzIfssf] tnj eQf cfbLdf k'/} /sd lgsf;f gePsf] sf/0f vr{sf] k|ltzt sd
b]lvg uPsf] xf] . To;}u/L, gub tkm{sf] rfn' vr{ ?=&! cj{ * s/f]8 (@ nfv lgsf;f ePsf] 5 t/ vr{
eg] ?= ^) cj{ ^# s/f]8 *( nfv dfq eO{ ?= !) cj{ $% s/f]8 # nfv df}Hbft /x]sf] 5 . lgsf;f
/sd ah]6sf] $%=#& k|ltzt x'g cfpF5 . clxn] ;Ddsf] vr{nfO{ dfq cfwf/ dfg]/ afFsL cjlwsf]
cg'dfg ubf{ ;xL lgisif{df k'Ug g;lsg] :ki6 5 .
o;sf nflu ut ljut jif{x?sf] vr{sf] k|j[lQ, kl5Nnf] 5 dlxgfdf cl3Nnf] 5 dlxgfsf] t'ngfdf a9L
vr{ x'g] oyfy{tf, ah]6 kl5sf l;lh{t bfloTjnfO{ ;+jf]wg ug'{ kg]{ cj:yf, clxn] ;Ddsf yk lgsf;f
dfusf] kl/df0f h:tf ljifox?nfO{ Wofg lbP/ afFsL cjlwsf] vr{ k|If]k0f ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 .
rfn' vr{sf] cfly{s jif{ @)^@^# b]lv @)^%^^ ;Dd rf/ jif{sf] vr{sf] k|j[lQ x]bf{ ah]6sf] qmdz M
**=#^ k|ltzt, (@=)& k|ltzt, (#=!% k|ltzt / ((=## k|ltzt ;Dd vr{ ePsf] b]lvG5 . ut rf/
jif{sf] cf}ift vr{ (#=@# k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 .
g]kfn ;/sf/sf] :f|f]ttkm{sf] vr{ dfq x]g]{ xf] eg] @)^#^$ b]lv @)^%^^ sf] tLg jif{sf] qmdzM
!)$=## k|ltzt, !)^=#% k|ltzt / !)&=^( k|ltzt b]lvG5 .
ah]6 cfO{;s]kl5sf lg0f{oaf6 a[l4 ePsf rfn' vr{ Pj+ ljleGg dGqfnoaf6 dfu eO{ cfPsfdWo] d'Vo
d'Vo ljj/0f lgDg jdf]lhd 5 M

85

?=nfvdf
!= sd{rf/Lsf] tnj eQfdf gk'u x'g]

9,86,00

@= ljz]if ;'/Iff of]hgf -k|x/L tkm{sf] yk b/jGbL / kl/rfng vr{ ;d]t_

2,50,00

#= ;xsf/Lsf sd{rf/Lsf] k'/fgf] bfloTj

16,00

$= ljleGg cfof]u / sfo{bnsf] u7g tyf Dofb yk

10,00

%= ljleGg 36gfsf] Ifltk"lt{, /fxt / cfly{s ;xfotfdf gk'u x'g]

10,00

^= ;fdflhs ;'/Iff vr{df gk'u

1,37,00

&= sf]zL lkl8tsf] k'g:yf{kgf tyf jfnLgfnL Ifltk"lt{

*= s]Gb|Lo xh sld6L / xhofqLnfO{ cg'bfg

80,40
2,50

(= dlxnf ;Lk ljsf; s]Gb|sf cjsf; k|fKt sd{rf/Lsf] ;]jf lgj[Q ;'ljwf

1,60

!)= g]kfnL ;]gf tk{m Ifltk"lt{, /fzg, cf}iflw, x]lnsK6/ dd{tdf gk'u

50,00

!!= vfBfGg 9'jfgLdf yk ug'{kg]{

70,00

!@= Gdf dfl/Psf kl/jf/nfO{ yk cfly{s ;xfotf

9,17

!#= slknj:t' 36gfsf] Ifltk"lt{

6,00

!$= lzIfs k]G;g zf]wegf{ / cf}ifwL pkrf/ ;d]t

1,00,00

!%= lqe'jg ljZj ljBfnonfO{ yk cg'bfg

40,00

!^ ;fs{ ljZj ljBfno :yfkgfdf of]ubfg

5,00

!&= ;fd'bflos ljBfno cg'bfg

70,00

!*= j}b]lzs 8fFs x'nfs ;]jf ;+rfngdf yk

4,58

!(= Pkm=Pd /]l8of] / 6]lnlehgsf] b:t'/ lkmtf{

86

@)= ;+rf/ dGqfno cGtu{t nf]s sNof0fsf/L lj1fkg, kqsf/ ;xfotf sf]if cflb
@!= c:ktfnsf g;{sf] kf]zfs ;'ljwf a[l4

12,00
7,00

@@= c:ktfnx?df cg'bfg yk ug'{kg]{

14,56

@#= ;fu u]dsf] nflu /fli6o v]ns'b kl/ifb\nfO{ yk cg'bfg

hDdf

6,00
18,88,67

o;/L k|fKt x'g cfPsf df+ux? dWo] dx+uL eQfsf] nflu ah]6df ?= $ ca{ /flvPsf] 5 / s]xL /sd
ljlgof]lht ah]6af6 lgsf;f lbOPsf] 5 . afFsL dfux? ljlgof]lht ah]6sf] kl/lwaf6 Joj:yfkg ug{
;lsg] cj:yf 5}g . rfn' vr{df 5'6\ofOPsf] ah]6 k'/} vr{ x'Fb}g tyflk s'g zLif{sdf sxfF slt /sd
art x'G5 eg]/ clxn] g} yfx gx'g] ePsf]n] 7"nf] /sd oxL leqaf6 h'6fpg ;lsb}+g . tnj, EfQf,
cg'bfg, ;'/IffsdL{sf] kl/rfng vr{, ;fdflhs ;'/Iff vr{, vfBfGg 9'jfgL, Ifltk"lt{ tyf /fxt, /fzg,
cf}iflw h:tf rfn' bfloTjx?nfO{ csf]{ jif{ ;fg{ klg ldNb}g . sd{rf/Lsf] tna eQf / ;fdflhs ;'/Iff
vr{sf] e'QmfgL /f]Sg ;lsb}g . b'u{d If]qsf] vfBfGg 9'jfgL k|efljt x'g' x'Fb}g . g]kfn k|x/L / ;z:q
k|x/Lsf] kl/rfngnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg'kg{] x'G5 . of] jif{sf] bfloTj csf]{ jif{ ;f/]/ csf]{ ah]6df rfk kfg'{
s'zn vr{ Joj:yfkg xf]Og . To;}n] o:tf bfloTjx? ;s];Dd o;} jif{ e'QmfgL ug'{ kb{5 .
dfly pNn]v ul/Psf yk vr{ sl/a ?=!( ca{ dWo] ljj]szLn eP/ sfF65fF6 ubf{ sl/a ?= ! ca{ %)
s/f]8 36fpg ;lsG5 . sl/a ?=%) s/f]8 ljljw zLif{saf6 lgsf;f lbOPsf] 5 . sd{rf/Lsf] eQf a[l4sf]
86

nflu ah]6df ?= $ ca{sf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] /sd ;d]t 36fpFbf v'b bfloTj sl/a ?= !# ca{ ylkg]
b]lvPsf] 5 .
rfn' vr{sf] ljut jif{x?sf] k|j[lQsf] cfwf/df ah]6df ePsf] /sdsf] s/Lj (& k|ltzt vr{ x'g ;Sg]
x'Fbf ?= !%% cj{ *! s/f]8 ## nfv vr{ x'g] k|If]k0f ul/Psf] 5 . yk l;h{gf ePsf bfloTj e'QmfgL ug{
cfjZos kg]{ s/Lj ?= !# cj{ ;dfj]z ubf{ hDdf ?= !^* cj{ *! s/f]8 !! nfv k'Ug] b]lvG5 . of] /sd
ljlgof]hg eGbf %=)( k|ltztn] a9L x'g cfpF5 . of] jif{sf] rfn' vr{ ut jif{sf] oyfy{ vr{eGbf sl/a
#@=@$ k|ltztn] a9\g] cg'dfg 5 .
&=*=@= k"FhLut vr{sf] ;+zf]lwt cg'dfg / To;sf cfwf/x? M
k"FhLut vr{ tk{m jflif{s ah]6 ?=!)^ ca{ @* s/f]8 $& nfvdWo] klxnf] 5 dlxgfdf ?=!$ ca{ %#
s/f]8 %) nfv cyf{t !#=^* k|ltzt vr{ x'g uPsf] 5 . jflif{s ah]6sf] t'ngfdf sd vr{ b]lvPtfklg
of] vr{ /sd ut jif{sf] ;f]xL cjlw eGbf #%=^) k|ltztn] a9]sf] b]lvG5 . of] dWo] gub tk{m ?=!) ca{
%$ s/f]8 *! nfv / ;f]em} e'QmfgL tyf j:t'ut tk{m ?=# ca{ (* s/f]8 ^( nfv 5 .
cl3Nnf] cWofodf rrf{ ul/P h:t} ah]6 l9nf] kfl/t x'g', sfo{qmd :jLs[t klg l9nf] x'g', cfof]hgfsf]
lj:t[t ;e{] l8hfOg cflb gx'g', 7]Ssfkfdf ePsf l9nfO{, aGb, x8\tfn OToflbsf] sf/0fn] klxnf] 5
dlxgfdf ah]6sf] yf]/} c+z dfq vr{ ePsf] b]lvG5 . To;}u/L klxnf sfd ;DkGg ePsf cfof]hgfx?sf]
e'QmfgL kl5 x'g] / e'QmfgL ePkl5 dfq vr{ b]lvg] sf/0fn] kl5Nnf] cjlwdf vr{ a9L x'g] ub{5 . ah]6
tyf vr{ k|0ffnL, ;fj{hlgs vl/b Joj:yf, df};dsf] cg's'ntf h:tf sf/0fn] cfly{s jif{sf] clGtd lt/
dfq k"FhLut vr{df tLa|tf cfpF5 . To;}n] cl3Nnf] 5 dlxgfsf] k|j[lQsf] cfwf/df jif{el/sf] vr{nfO{
k|If]k0f ubf{ ;xL lgisif{df k'Ug ;lsb}g .
k"FhLut vr{sf] cfly{s jif{ @)^@^# b]lv @)^%^^ ;Dd rf/ jif{sf] k|j[lQ x]bf{ ah]6sf] t'ngfdf
vr{sf] k|ltzt qmdzM &(=%@, **=#$, (^=*$ / &*=&$ b]lvG5 . rf/ jif{sf] cf};t vr{ *%=*^
k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 .
of] jif{ ;+rfngdf /x]sf / gofF ljsf; cfof]hgfx?sf nflu yk lgsf;f df+udf tLa|tf cfPsf] 5 .
;8s, k'n, c:ktfn, l;+rfO{, u|fdL0f k"jf{wf/, vfg]kfgL, ljBfno ejg, ;fd'bflos ejg, hn ljB't
cfof]hgf, k'glg{df{0f tyf k'g:yf{kg cfof]hgfx?df o:tf] dfu cTolws /x]sf] 5 .
To;}u/L ljz]if ;'/Iff of]hgf cGtu{t g]kfn k|x/L, ;z:q k|x/L an / /fli6o cg';Gwfg ljefusf] nflu
d]lzg/L pks/0fdf yk lgsf;f lbg'kg]{ cj:yf 5 .
hgsk'/ r'/f]6 sf/vfgf, g]kfn cf}iflw lnld6]8, j'6jn wfuf] sf/vfgf, la/f6gu/ h'6 dLn, g]zgn 6]l8
lnld6]8 nufotsf ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx?df ltgsf] ;+rfng / ljutsf] bfloTj e'QmfgLsf nflu ;/sf/n]
7"nf] /sd nufgL ug'{ k/]sf] cj:yf 5 . of] jif{ ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfg ;'wf/ sfo{qmdsf nflu ?=*) s/f]8
ljlgof]hg ul/Psf]df klxnf] 5 dlxgfdf ?=(& s/f]8 vr{ eO{ ;s]sf] 5 . la/f6gu/ h'6 ldndf yk
?=^) s/f]8 nufgL ug'{kg]{ cj:yf 5 . oL ;a} kIfx?nfO{ s]nfpFbf sl/a ?=& ca{sf] dfunfO{ Joj:yfkg
ug'{kg]{ b]lvPsf] 5 .
cToGt b"/ufdL dxTjsf sfo{qmd / bftfsf] >f]t afx]s g]kfn ;/sf/sf] >f]taf6 ;s];Dd ah]6df
gk/]sf gofF cfof]hgfx? cfly{s jif{sf] jLrdf cfP/ z'? ug]{ gLlt 5}g . t/ rfn' cfof]hgfx?df /sdsf]
cefj x'g lbg' x'Fb}g . /fli6o uf}/asf 7"nf k"jf{wf/ cfof]hgfx?df /sdsf] cefj x'g glbg] k|ltj4tf
ah]6 aQmAodf g} ul/Psf] 5 . To;}n], ljlgof]hg P]gsf] kl/lwleq /x]/ vr{ x'g g;Sg] cfof]hgfaf6 /sd
gk'u]sf cfof]hgfx?df /sdfGt/ u/]/ ah]6 Joj:yfkg ug]{ gLlt lnOPsf] 5 . o;af6 k"FhLut vr{df
tLa|tf cfO{ k"FhL lgdf{0f, /f]huf/L l;h{gf, /fhZj ;+sng tyf cfly{s a[l4df ;sf/fTds of]ubfg k'Ug
hfg]5 .
;+rflnt ljsf; cfof]hgfx?sf] cg'udg d"Nof+sgdf of]hgf cfof]u, cy{ dGqfno / ;DalGwt
dGqfnox?n] b]vfPsf] tTk/tf, lgoldt uxg ;dLIff / pRr /fhg}lts g]t[Tjaf6 b]vfOPsf] rf;f]sf]
kmn:j?k k"FhLut vr{df a[l4 x'g] lglZrt 5 .
87

;fy}, rfn' jif{ sfof{Gjogdf NofOPsf ;'wf/sf sfo{qmd / cjnDag ul/Psf pkfox?af6 klg kl5Nnf 5
dlxgfdf cfof]hgfx?sf] sfof{Gjogdf ;sf/fTds of]ubfg k'Ug] ;+s]tx? b]lvPsf 5g\ . ljz]if ;'/Iff
of]hgfsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogaf6 zflGt ;'/Iffsf] l:yltdf cfPsf] ;'wf/, pRr:t/df ag]sf] /fhLlts
;dembf/L / P}Soj4tfsf] kmn:j?k aGb x8tfnsf] ;+:s[lt cGTo x'g] nIf0f b]lvPsf] 5 . ca ljsf;
cfof]hgf lgjf{w?kdf ;+rfng x'g] ck]Iff ug{ ;lsG5 .
;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf] uxg lhDd]jf/L lng' ePsf ;+ljwfg;efsf dfggLo ;ef;b\Ho"x?n] ljsf; k|lt TolQs}
rf;f] b]vfpg' ePsf] 5 . cfkm}+n] cg'udg u/L hfgsf/L xfl;n ul//xg' ePsf] 5 . /fhgLlts bnx? /
ltgsf eft[ ;+u7gx?n] klg ljsf;df ;xof]uL e"ldsf lgjf{x ug]{ cj:yfsf] l;h{gf ePsf] 5 .
cfdhgtfaf6 klg ljsf; k|lt 7"nf] hfu/0f b]vfO{ ;xeflutf hgfO{ /x]sf 5g\ . To;}n] cfly{s jif{sf]
afFsL cjlwdf klxnf] 5 dlxgfsf] h:tf] c;xh l:ylt gbf]xf]l/g] s'/fdf ljZjf; ug{ ;lsg] l:ylt aGb}
uPsf] cj:yf 5 .
t;y{ dfggLo ;ef;b\, /fhgLlts bn, gful/s ;dfh / cfd gful/ssf] ljsf;sf] rfxgf / To; k|ltsf]
;sf/fTds of]ubfg, pRr:t/Lo /fhgLlts ;xdlt, zflGt ;'/Iffdf ck]lIft ;'wf/, ah]6 sfof{Gjogdf
ul/Psf ;'wf/sf] ;sf/fTds k|efj, ;dLIff cjlwdf ut jif{sf] eGbf pT;fxhgs a[l4, kl/0ffdd'vL
cg'udg / d"Nof+sgdf tLa|tf, /fhZj ;+sngdf b]lvPsf] pT;fxhgs a[l4 nufotsf ;+efjgfx?sf]
cfwf/df ut jif{sf] bfFhf]df k"FhLut vr{df pT;fxhgs a[l4 x'g] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 .
dfly pNn]vLt ;a} cfwf/df k"FhLut vr{ ?= *$ ca{ &! s/f]8 #^ nfv x'g] k|If]k0f ul/Psf] 5 . of]
/sd jflif{s k"FhLut ah]6sf] &(=& k|ltzt x'g cfpF5 . ut jif{sf] z'\? ljlgof]hgsf] &*=&$ k|ltzt
vr{ ePsf] lyof] . of] jif{ k"FhLut vr{ ut jif{sf] bfFhf]df !&=*@ k|ltztn] a9\g] cg'dfg 5 .
&=*=#= ;fj{hlgs C0fsf] ;fFjf e'QmfgLsf] ;+zf]lwt cg'dfg / To;sf cfwf/x?
;/sf/n] ljutdf lnPsf] cfGtl/s tyf jfXo C0fsf] ;fjfF e'QmfgL ug{ ah]6df ?= !( cj{ ! s/f]8 @*
nfv ljlgof]hg ul/Psf]df klxnf] ^ dlxgfdf ?=$ cj{ (@ s/f]8 $$ nfv e'QmfgL ul/Psf] 5 . e'QmfgL
ul/Psf] of] /sd jflif{s ah]6sf] sl/j @^ k|ltzt x'g cfpF5 .
cfGtl/s C0f tyf jfXo C0f e'QmfgLsf] tflnsf cg';f/ dxfn]vf lgoGqs sfof{noaf6 e'QmfgL x'g]
ePsf]n] kl5Nnf] ^ dlxgfdf jfFsL /sd e'QmfgL x'g] lglZrt 5 .
g]kfnL d'b|f cd]l/sL 8n/ ;+usf] ljlgdo b/df dhj't jGb} uPsf]n] ah]6 cg'dfg eGbf s/Lj ?=! cj{
36L /sdn] e'QmfgL ug{ ;lsg] b]lvG5 . o;/L jrt /xg hfg] /sd cfGtl/s C0fsf] Dofb k'u]sf] 6]h/L
ljnsf] e'QmfgL ug{ pkof]u ul/g]5 . @)^^ df3sf] klxnf] xKtfdf dxfn]vf lgoGqs sfof{nonfO{ Dofb
k'u]sf 6]h/L ljnsf] e'QmfgL lbg lgb{]zg lbO;lsPsf] 5 . o;n] ubf{ ;fFjf e'QmfgL ug{ 5'ofOPsf] ?=!(
cj{ ! s/f]8 @* nfv k'/} vr{ x'g] k|If]k0f ul/Psf] 5 .
&=*=$= ;dli6ut vr{ cg'dfg
dfly pNn]v ul/Psf] rfn' vr{ ?= !^* cj{ *! s/f]8 !! nfv, k"FhLut vr{ ?=*$ ca{ &! s/f]8 #^
nfv / ;fFjf e'QmfgL ?= ?=!( cj{ ! s/f]8 @* nfv ;d]t rfn' cfly{s jif{ @)^^.^& df hDdf ?=@&@
cj{ %# s/f]8 &% nfv vr{ x'g] ;+zf]lwt cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 . s"n vr{ cl3Nnf] cfly{s jif{ @)^%.^^ sf]
t'ngfdf @$=&( k|ltztn] a[l4 x'g] b]lvG5 . ljlgof]lht ah]6;Fu t'ngf ubf{ s"n vr{ (%=#@ k|ltzt x'g
cfp+5 .

88

kl/R5]b *
;'emfjx?
rfn' cfly{s jif{sf] ^ dlxgfsf] ;dli6ut cfly{s cj:yf, gLlt tyf sfo{qmd sfof{Gjogsf] l:ylt, cfof]hgfx?sf]
sfof{Gjog:t/, vr{ ljZn]if0f, ;'wf/sf k|of;x?sf ;fy} jfFsL cjlwdf Joxf]g'{kg{] Joj:yfkgsf r'gf}tLx? Pj+ ;+zf]lwt
cfoJoosf] cg'dfg nufotsf ljifox?df dflysf kl/R5]bx?df lj:t[t ljj]rgf ul/Psf] 5 . oL ljifox?df ljj]rgf ug{]
qmddf cfufdL lbgx?df ug'{kg{] ;'wf/nfO{ tt\ tt\ kl/R5]bx?df cf}+NofOPsf] klg 5 . tyflk, ljut ^ dlxgfsf]
sfof{Gjogsf] l:yltaf6 l;lsPsf] kf7nfO{ cfwf/ dfg]/ rfn' jif{sf] ah]6 sfof{GjognfO{ k|efjsf/L agfO{ nlIft p2]Zo
xfl;n ug{ / cfufdL jif{sf] ah]6df ;'wf/ ug{ s]xL d'ne"t ;'emfjx? oxfF ljj]rgf ul/Psf] 5 .
*=!=

rfn' cfly{s jif{sf] jfFsL cjlwdf ug'{kg{] ;'wf/x?

ljut 5 dlxgfsf] cfly{s l:ylt / ah]6 sfof{Gjogsf] cj:yf x]bf{ rfn' cfly{s jif{sf] jfFsL % dlxgfsf] cjwL
cem} r'gf}ltk"0f{ b]lvPsf 5g\ . b]zsf] cfly{s cj:yfdf cfPsf] l;lyntf, ah]6sf gLlt tyf sfo{qmd sfof{Gjogdf
b]lvPsf] ;':ttf Pj+ u}/ah]6/L dfusf] a[l4af6 l;lh{t vr{ Joj:yfkgsf] hl6ntfnfO{ ;Djf]wg ug{sf nflu cfly{s
jif{sf] jfFsL cjlwdf b]xfosf ;'wf/x? cfjZos b]lvPsf 5g\ .

*=!=! ;dli6ut cfly{s kl/;"rsx?df ;sf/fTds k|ult xfl;n ug]{

*=!=!=! cfly{s a[l4b/sf] nIo
s[lif If]qsf] pTkfbgdf x|f; / pTkfbgd"ns pBf]usf] pTkfbg Go"g b/n] dfq a[l4 x'g] sf/0fn] rfn' cfly{s jif{sf
nflu %=% k|ltztsf] nlIft a[l4b/ xfl;n ug{ yk k|oTgsf] cfjZostf b]lvPsf] 5 . df};dL k|lts"ntfsf] sf/0f
s[lif If]qsf] x|f;nfO{ k"lt{ ug{ pBf]u / ;]jf If]qsf] pTkfbg pRrb/df a[l4 ug]{ sfo{qmd Nofpg' h?/L 5 . lghL
If]qsf] nufgL a9fpg] cg's"n jftfj/0f l;h{gf ug'{ kb{5 . k"jf{wf/ tof/, Joj;fosf] nfut s6f}tL, aGb
x8tfnsf] cGTo, pBf]uL / dhb'/jLr pTkGg tgfjsf] cGTo, ljB't / k]6f]lnod kbfy{sf] lgoldt cfk"lt{ ug{
;s]df lghL If]qsf] nufgL a9\g ;Sg]5 .
;/sf/n] ug]{ k"FhL lgdf{0f vr{af6 klg cfly{s a[l4df of]ubfg k'Ug] ePsf]n] k"FhL lgdf{0f vr{nfO{ tLa|tf lbg'
cfjZos 5 . ljk|]if0f cfodf lu/fj6 cfpg glbg j}b]lzs /f]huf/Lsf] cj;/df a[l4, dof{lbt j}b]lzs /f]huf/Lsf]
Joj:yf / ljk|]if0f cfonfO{ b]zdf leq\ofpg] k|oTg ug'{kb{5 .
*=!=!=@ d"Noa[l4 lgoGq0f
jflif{s cf};t d'b|f:kmLltnfO{ &=) k|ltztsf] xf/fxf/Ldf /fVg] df}lb|s gLltsf] nIo xfl;n gx'g] b]lvPsf]n]
d"Noa[l4sf sf/s tTjx?nfO{ lgoGq0f ug'{ h?/L 5 . j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] pTkfbg tyf ljt/0f nfutdf s6f}tL,
;fj{hlgs ljt/0f k|0ffnLdf ;'wf/, cfk"lt{ Joj:yfdf /x]sf cj/f]wx? x6fpg] / lgoldt ahf/ cg'udgf/f
d"Noa[l4nfO{ lgoGq0f ug{ ;lsG5 . ;fy}, pkef]uhGo shf{ lj:tf/df sdL NofO{ pTkfbgd"ns If]qdf shf{
lj:tf/sf nflu df}lb|s pks/0fx?sf] k|of]u cfjZos b]lvPsf] 5 .
*=!=!=# t/ntf Joj:yfkg
of] cfly{s jif{sf] z'?b]lv g} ahf/df t/ntfsf] lj8Djgfk"0f{ l:ylt b]vfkof] . d'b|fk|bfo a9]sf] kl/k|]Iodf a}ls
If]qdf kof{Kt t/ntf x'g'kg]{ xf] . t/ l:ylt 7\ofSs} pN6f b]lvof] . a}ls If]qsf s]xL OsfO{x?n] t/ntf ;+s6
dx;"; u/] / cGt/a}+s Jofhb/ Pj+ l/kf] b/ a9\g uof] . a}+sx?n] lgIf]k j[l4sf] t'ngfdf a9L b/n] shf{ k|jfx ug'{
/ 3/hUuf sf/f]af/ u|fdL0f If]qdf ;d]t tLj| ePsfn] t/ntf cgf}krfl/s If]qdf uP/ a:g k'Uof] .
t/ntfsf] ;d:of ;dfwfgsf nflu ;/sf/L vr{ sf/f]jf/nfO{ Jojl:yt ug]{, b]zsf] j}ls k|0ffnL k|lt
;j{;fwf/0fsf] ljZj;gLotf clej[l4 ug]{, jfl0fHo a}+sx?n] shf{ k|jfxdf cjnDag ub}{ cfPsf] grflx+bf] hf]lvd
Jojxf/df k'g/fjnf]sg ug]{ / ;fwg kl/rfngdf ;fk6LnfO{ eGbf lgIf]k kl/rfngnfO{ k|fyldstf lbg] gLlt
cjnDag ug]{ ;'emfj lbOPsf] 5 . ;fy}, shf{ k|jfxdf cfPsf] cTolws a[l4nfO{ lgoGq0f ug{ xfn} tf]lsPsf] shf{
lgIf]k cg'kftsf] ;Ldf kfngf eP gePsf] k|efjsf/L 9+udf cg'udg ug'{ h?/L 5 .
89

*=!=!=$=ah]6 3f6fnfO{ jflG5t ;Ldf leq /fVg]

xfn;Ddsf] /fhZj j[l4 / vr{sf] k|j[lQ x]bf{ of] ljifodf lrGtf lng'kg]{ b]lvb}+g . t/ ah]6 ;Gt'ng lau|g glbg
;w}+ ;fjwfg /lx/xg eg] cfjZos 5 .
*=!=!=% zf]wgfGt/ l:yltdf ;'wf/ ug]{
pRr Jofkf/ 3f6f / Go"g ljk|]if0f cfo a[l4sf] sf/0f 3f6fdf /x]sf] zf]wgfGt/ l:yltdf tTsfn ;'wf/ x'g' h?/L 5 .
j:t' Jofkf/ 3f6fnfO{ Go"gLs/0f ug{ c;fdfGo ?kn] k}7f/L ePsf j:t'x? klxrfg u/L ;f]sf] cfoft lg?T;flxt
ug'{ cfjZos 5 .
ef/t;Fusf] Jofkf/ 3f6f sd ug{ g]kfnL j:t'x?df nfUb} cfPsf] cltl/Qm z'Ns x6fpg ef/t ;/sf/;Fu s'6g}lts
kxn ug{ ;'emfj lbOPsf] 5 . lgof{t k|j4{g ug{ d'n'sdf nufgL d}qL jftfj/0f l;h{gf ug{ ;a} kIfaf6 kxn ug'{
kb{5 . ;fy} cfGtl/s cf}Bf]lus pTkfbg a[l4 / lgof{t a9fpg pmhf{ ;+s6sf] cGTosf] kxn, cf}Bf]lus zflGtsf]
:yfkgf, >d ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg / g]kfn /fi6 a}+saf6 pTkfbgd"ns / lgof{td"ns lqmofsnfkdf k'g/shf{sf]
Joj:yf ug'{ plQs} 68\sf/f] cfjZostf b]lvPsf] 5 .
ljk|]if0f cfo a9fpg yk d'n'sx?;Fu >d ;Demf}tf ug{ ljk|]if0f cfonfO{ cf}krfl/s dfWodaf6 leq\ofpg
r]tgfd"ns sfo{qmd ;+rfngsf] vfFrf] 5 . j}b]lzs /f]huf/Lsf nflu ljb]z hfg] cbIf tyf cw{bIf sfdbf/nfO{
pko'Qm lsl;dsf] tfnLd k|bfg u/L pgLx?sf] cfo a[l4 ug]{ kxn ug'{ h?/L b]lvPsf] 5 . bL3{sfndf ljk|]if0f
cfk|jfxnfO{ pTkfbgzLn nufgLdf clek|]l/t ug'{ plQs} cfjZos 5 .
*=!=@= ah]6 aQmAodf pNn]vLt gLlt tyf sfo{qmdsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog
ah]6 aQmAodf pNn]vLt gLlt tyf sfo{qmdsf] sfof{Gjogdf ck]lIft k|efjsfl/tf b]lvPsf] 5}g . sltko gLlt /
sfo{qmdsf] k|ult g} 5}g eg] ePsfsf] klg glthf eGbf k|lqmof / k4ltsf] k|ult dfq ePsf] cj:yf 5 . o;y{
o;df tTsfn ;'wf/sf] cfjZostf 5 . o;sf nflu /fli6o of]hgf cfof]u / cy{ dGqfno, cg'udg dxfzfvfsf]
cu'jfOdf ;DalGwt dGqfnosf] gLlt tyf sfo{qmdsf] l:ylt ljZn]if0f u/L ;Dj4 kbflwsf/L;Fu 5'f5'} 5nkmn
u/L jfFsL cjlwsf] sfo{of]hgf g} jgfO{ sfof{GjognfO{ ltj|tf lbg cfjZos 5 .
*=!=#= cfof]hgf sfo{qmdsf] sfof{Gjog
3f]lift gofF cfof]hgfx? -pbfx/0fsf nflu, Joj:yflksf ;+;b ejg lgdf{0f, bf];|f] ;fgf zx/L vfg]kfgL tyf
;/;kmfO{ cfof]hgf, x'nfsL /fhdfu{_ :yfg 5gf}6, ;e{] l8hfOgd} cndlnPsf 5g\ eg] k|:tfljt gofF sfo{qmdx?
-pbfx/0fsf nflu sdn/L ;Lk k|lzIf0f, blnt / ul/j d';ndfg lszf]/LnfO{ cgdL tfnLd, hgtf cfjf;
sfo{qmd_ sfo{ljlw / lgb{]lzsfs} r/0fdf cndlnPsf 5g\ . sfo{qmd klg ePsf] ljlgof]hg klg ePsf] cfof]hgf
-pbfx/0fsf nflu s]lGb|o:t/sf qmdfg'ut ;8s cfof]hgx?j=p=zL=g+= $*$@$(_ sf] /sd jfF8kmfF8df ePsf]
l9nfO{sf sf/0f ljnvjGbdf k/]sf] 5 . o;/L ah]6n] 3f]if0ff u/]sf of]hgf / sfo{qmd ;dodf ;DkGg gug{] /
To;df jrt x'g] /sdaf6 c? sfo{qmd ;+rfng ug{ vf]Hg] k|j[lQ lgs} bx|f];u+ a9]sf] 5 . o;sf nflu b]xfosf
;'wf/x? ck]lIft 5g\ M
/fli6o of]hgf cfof]u, cy{ dGqfno / ;DalGwt dGqfnosf] :ynut cg'udgsf] sfo{nfO{ 7"nf cfof]hgfx?df
s]lGb|t x'g] u/L tTsfn cufl8 a9fpg] .
dGqfno:t/ cGtu{tsf cfof]hgf / sfo{qmdsf] cg'udgnfO{ ltj|tf lbg] .
cfof]hgfutsfo{qmdut ?kdf afFsL cjlwdf ;DkGg x'g g;Sg] sfd / ah]6sf] ljj/0f ;+sng u/L ah]6
ckof{Kt ePsf lgdf{0ffwLg cfof]hgf / rfn' sfo{qmddf /sdfGt/>f]tfGt/ ug{] .
3f]lift cfof]hgf sfo{qmdsf] /sd gofF sfo{qmddf /sdfGt/ gug{] .
*=!=$ vr{ Joj:yfkgsf pkfox?
rfn' cfly{s jif{sf] ah]6 Joj:yflksf ;+;bdf k|:t't ePkl5 /fi6;]js sd{rf/Lx?sf] tna eQf a[l4 ug'{kg]{
cj:yf >[hgf ePsf], zflGt ;'/Iffsf] cj:yfdf ;'wf/ Nofpg ljz]if ;'/Iff of]hgf sfof{Gjogdf cfPsf], b'u{d
lhNnfx?df vfBfGg ;+s6 a[l4sf sf/0f vfBfGg 9'jfgLdf /sd ckof{Kt ePsf], ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx?df
sd{rf/Lx?sf] bfloTj km5\of}{6 ug{ /sd gk'u ePsf], lzIfsx?sf] lgj[lQe/0f jfktsf] ljutsf] bfloTj ;f]wegf{
90

ug'{ k/]sf] ;d]t sf/0faf6 rfn' vr{ tk{m sl/a ?=!* ca{ *( s/f]8 hltsf] bfloTj ylkPsf] 5 . k"FhLut vr{tk{m
eg] ljleGg dGqfnoaf6 k|:tfljt yk sfo{qmdsf nflu /sd lgsf;f lbg l;4fGttM gldNg] x'Fbf lg/Gt/tfsf
cfof]hgf tyf sfo{qmddf gk'u x'g] /sd s"n k"FhLut ah]6sf] ;Ldfleq g} Joj:yfkg ug{ ;lsg] cj:yf 5 .
j}b]lzs C0fsf] ;fFjf e'QmfgLdf ljlgdo b/ clwd"Nof+sg ePsf] jt{dfg cj:yfdf ah]6 kof{Kt x'g] b]lvG5 . o;y{
yk bfloTj jfktsf] rfn' vr{nfO{ / k"FhLut vr{tkm{sf] u}/ah]6/L dfunfO{ b]xfo adf]lhd Joj:yfkg ug]{ ;'emfj
ul/G5 .
ut jif{sf] ah]6 sfof{Gjogaf6 l;lsPsf] kf7
!= g]kfndf ljsf;sf] nflu ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] sld /x]g5 . j? sdL /x]5 sfd ug{] OR5fzlQm / k|ltj4tfsf],
@= /fhgLlts l:yt/tf ljgf ljsf;n] jfl~5t ult lng ;Sbf] /x]g5,
#= ;+qmd0fsfndf cfly{s :yfloTj / l:y/tf sfod ug{ ;ls+bf] /x]g5 . ;fy}, o:tf] cj:yfdf cfly{s cg'zf;g klg
sdhf]/ jGbf] /x]5,
$= ljifout dGqfnox?n] :jfldTj u|x0f gu/]sf gLlt tyf sfo{qmdsf] th'{dfsf] r/0f b]lv g} ;/f]sf/jfnfsf]
;xefuLtf gePdf To:tf gLlt / sfo{qmdx?sf] sfof{Gjog ug{ sl7g kbf{] /x]5,
%= lj:t[t ;DefJotf cWoog, ;j{] l8hfOg, sfof{GjGo of]hgf gjgfOsg gofF sfo{qmd 3f]if0ff ubf{ tLgsf]
sfo{Gjog cnkq kbf{] /x]5,
^= kof{Kt 5nkmn / ;xdlt ljgf gofF gLlt 3f]if0ff ug{ gx'g] /x]5,
&= ;Lldt ;fwgnfO{ w]/} cfof]hgfx?df 5g'{ gx'g] /x]5,
*= nufgL / ;'wf/ k|lqmofnfO{ ;Fu ;Fu} n}hfg' kg{] /x]5, ;'wf/ ljgfsf] nufgLn] dfq k|ltkmn lb+bf] /x]g5,
(= gLltdf lg/Gt/tf / lglZrttf rflx+bf] /x]5,
!)= ;+:yfut ;dGjosf] cefjdf gLlt / sfo{qmdsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjgo ;+ej gx'g] /x]5,
!!= sfo{;Dkfbgdf cfwfl/t k|f]T;fxg k|0ffnL ;'wf/sf] nflu /fd|f] kl/kf6L /x]5 .

*=!=$=! cg'Tkfbs rfn' vr{nfO{ lgoGq0f / Joj:yfkg ug]{ M

rfn' vr{sf] a[l4 cfsfl;g'df ah]6 3f]if0ff eO;s]kl5 /fi6 ;]js sd{rf/Lx?sf] tnjeQfdf a[l4
ul/g' / ljz]if ;'/Iff of]hgfsf] bfloTj ylkg', vfBfGg w'jfgLsf nflu /sd ckof{Kt x'g', ljBfno
cg'bfg j[l4 ug]{ u/L lzIfsx?;Fu ;Demf}tf x'g'nfO{ d"n sf/0fsf] ?kdf cf}NofOPtfklg cfly{s ;xfotf
ljt/0fdf ePsf] j9f]Q/L, cg'TkfbgzLn j}+b]lzs e|d0f k|ltsf] j9\bf] nufj Pj+
cfof]usfo{bn;ldltsf] lg/Gt/tf / a9\bf] ;+Vof h:tf kIfx? klg Tolts} lhDd]jf/ 5g\ . o;sf
nflu cfly{s jif{sf] jfFsL cjlwdf b]xfosf pkfox? cjnDjg ug'{ h?/L b]lvG5 .
-s_

cfly{s ;xfotf dfkb08sf] kfngf M

ljut jif{x?df ljBdfg /x]sf cfly{s ;xfotf ljt/0fsf ljljw dfkb08x?n] vr{df bf]xf]/f]kg b]lvPsf]
/ vr{ kf/bzL{ x'g g;s]sf] k[i7e"lddf g]kfn ;/sf/n] ldlt @)^^ k'; ! ut] b]lv nfu' x'g] u/L
PsLs[t 9+usf] cfly{s ;xfotf ;DaGwL dfkb08, @)^^ jgfO{ sfof{Gjogdf NofPsf] 5 . o;n]
cfly{s ;xfotfsf] ljt/0fdf kf/blz{tf ;'lglZrt u/]sf] 5 . ;fy}, of] sfo{ljlwn] cfly{s ;xfotf
ljt/0f ug{ ;lsg] /sdsf] ;Ldf / e'QmfgLsf] sfo{ljlw klg tf]s]sf] 5 . of] sfo{ljlwsf] ;/f]sf/jfnf
;j} lgsfox?n] 9[9tfk"j{s sfof{Gjog ug'{ cTofjZos b]lvG5 .

-v_

j}b]lzs e|d0f ;DaGwL cfrf/;+lxtf / dfkb08 g} agfpg] M

ljb]zdf cfof]hgf x'g] h:tf] ;'s} k|sf/sf] ;ef, ;Dd]ng, jftf{, j}+7s, ;]ldgf/, tfnLd / s'6gLlts
e|d0fdf ;xefuLtf hgfpg] k|rng clws ?kdf j9]sf] / hfg] k|ltlglw d08nsf] ;+Vof klg clws x'g]
u/]sf] Pj+ c;fGble{s e|d0fdf klg ;xefuLtf x'g] u/]sf] cj:yfnfO{ tTsfn lgoGq0f ug'{ h?/L 5 .
o;sf nflu s'g s'g :t/sf j}7s, ;]ldgf/, tfnLd Pj+ s'6gLlts e|d0fdf ;xefuLtf hgfpg] /
slthgf ;Ddsf] ;+Vofdf ;Lldt /xg] eGg] dfkb08 dlGqkl/ifb\af6} :jLs[t x'g' pko'Qm x'\G5 .
91

o;sf cltl/Qm, j}b]lzs e|d0fdf vl/b xjfO{ l6s6df Pp6} uGtJodf e|d0f ubf{sf] cj:yfdf klg
ljleGg ;+:yfx? jLr km/s km/s b/x?df bfjL x'g] u/]sf] ;Gbe{df o;df ljrng ePsf] l6Ssf
l6Kk0fL eO/x]sf] xF'bf o;df tTsfn ;'wf/sf] vfFrf] b]lvPsf] 5 . o;nfO{ sltko cGt/f{li6o ;+3
;+:yfd'n'sx?df /x]sf] xjfO{ l6s6 jfkt uGtJo :yn cg'?k k|To]s jif{ Psd'i6 ?kdf clwstd
/sd tf]Sg] u/L Jojl:yt ug{ pko'Qm b]lvPsf] 5 . o;sf nflu Pp6f sfo{bn g} agfO{ cWoog x'g /
k|fKt cWoog k|ltj]bgsf] cfwf/df e|d0f vr{ lgodfjnLdf oyf]lrt ;+zf]wg ug{ dgfl;j x'g]5 .
-u_

cfof]u sfo{bn;ldltsf] ;dofjlw / To;sf kbflwsf/Lsd{rf/Lsf] of]Uotf / ;'ljwfnfO{ Jojl:yt

ug]{ M
tTsfn} gu/L gx'g] ckem{6 sfd ug'{ kbf{ c:yfoL k|s[ltsf cfof]usfo{bn;ldlt agfpg] k|rng eP
tfklg j[lQ / ;'ljwfsf] k|nf]egdf w]/} cfof]u sfo{bn / ;ldltx?n] jiff}{;Dd lg/Gt/tf kfPaf6 ;fwg
/ ;|f]tsf] k|efjsf/Ltfdf k|Zg v8f x'g uPsf] 5 . sfd / Dofb slxNo} g;lsPsf o:tf
cfof]usfo{bn / ;ldltnfO{ ;dod} sfo{;DkGg ug{ nufpg cfjZos 5 . o;y{, o;nfO{ Jojl:yt
ug{ b]xfosf ;'wf/x? h?/L b]lvG5 .
o; cl3 u7g ePsf c:yfoL k|s[ltsf cfof]usfo{bn;ldlt cflbnfO{ Dofb leq sfo{ ;DkGg ug{
;/sf/n] lgb]{z ug]{ .
o; k"j{ Dofb ls6]/ u7g ePsf o:tf cfof]usfo{bn / ;ldltsf] Dofb yk gug]{ gLltut lg0f{o ug]{ .
eljiodf, ckem{6 kg]{ sfdsf nflu oyf;+ej lgoldt ;+u7g / :yfoL sd{rf/LnfO{ pkof]u ug]{ .
cfof]usfo{bn;ldltsf kbflwsf/L / sd{rf/Lx?sf] of]Uotf lgwf{/0f u/L of]Uotf k|fKt JolQmnfO{ dfq
lgo'lQm ug{] .
c:yfoL k|s[ltsf cfof]usfo{bn / ;ldltsf kbflwsf/L Pj+ sd{rf/LnfO{ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] :yfoL
;+oGqsf kbflwsf/L Pj+ sd{rf/LnfO{ eGbf a9L ;'ljwf k|bfg gug]{ gLlt s8fO{sf ;fy cjnDjg ug]{ .

-3_

yk bfloTj af]Sg] u/L b/aGbL >[hgf gug]{ M

b]z clxn] /fHo k'g;{+/rgfsf] r/0fdf 5 . /fHo k'g;{+/rgfsf] 9fFrf cg'?k lghfdtL, k|x/L / ;z:q
k|x/Lsf xfn df}h"bf ;j} b/aGbLx? s]Gb|Lo ;/sf/nfO{ cfjZos gkg]{ / To:tf sd{rf/L ;lxtsf
b/aGbL k|b]zdf x:tfGt/0f ug{ klg Tolt ;xh gx'g] :ki6 5 . df}h"bf b/aGbL g} ;d:of x'g ;Sg] of]
cj:yfdf lghfdtL / k|x/Ldf yk b/aGbL >[hgf u/L kbk"lt{ ug]{ xf]8 g} rn]sf] b]lvG5, h;nfO{
tTsfn /f]Sg h?/L b]lvG5 .

-_

cfly{s bfloTj kg{] ljifodf cy{ dGqfnosf] k/fdz{nfO{ clgjfo{ ug{] M

rfn' jif{sf] ljlgof]hgdf gk/]sf] /sd / eljiodf g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ cfly{s bfloTj kg{] ljifodf
lg0f{osf nflu clgjfo{ ?kdf dlGqkl/ifb\df k]z ug{] / k]z ug'{k"j{ cy{ dGqfnosf] k"j{ ;xdlt lng'kg{]
Joj:yfnfO{ s8fOsf ;fy kfngf ug'{u/fpg' cfjZos b]lvG5 .

-r_

gk'u x'g] rfn' vr{sf nflu Joj:yflksf ;+;bdf k'/s ah]6 k|:t't ug{] M
dfly kl/R5]b & df ljZn]if0f eP cg';f/ o; jif{ rfn' vr{tk{m u}/ah]6/L dfu clws /x]sf] cj:yf
5 . ah]6kl5 ylkPsf] /fi6 ;]js sd{rf/Lx?sf] tna eQf, ljz]if ;'/Iff of]hgf, b'u{d If]qdf b]lvPsf]
vfBfGg ;+s6, lzIfsx?sf] lgj[lQe/0f, cf}ifwf]krf/sf] ;f]wegf{ h:tf bfloTjx? Joxf]g]{ rfn' vr{
tk{msf] ljlgof]lht /sd ?= !# cj{n] gk'Ug] :ki6 5 . yk bloTj jfktsf] sl/a ?= !# ca{ dWo] # ca{
hlt ah]6 art x'g] rfn' vr{af6 Joxf]g{ ;lsP tfklg rfn' tk{m sl/a ?= !) ca{ yk vr{ x'g] l:ylt
5 . k"FhLutaf6 rfn'df /sdfGt/ ug{ gldNg] sfg"gL k|fjwfg /x]sf] ;Gbe{df rfn' tk{m gk'u x'g] /sd
k"FhLut ah]6af6 Joxf]g{ klg ldNb}g . o;y{ rfn' tk{m sl/a ?= !) ca{ yk ah]6 k|:tfj u/L
Joj:yflksf;+;bdf k"/s ah]6 k]z ug'{[ cfjZos b]lvG5 . ljlgof]hgtk{m eg] pQm /sd j=p=zL=g+=
()#(#@ df ?=^ ca{ / j=p=zL=g+= (%#($% df ?= $ ca{ yk x'g]u/L ah]6 k|:tfj ug{ pko'Qm
92

x'G5 . kl/R5]b & df ul/Psf] ljZn]if0f / k|If]k0fsf] cfwf/df yk ljlgof]hgsf nflu cfjZos ;|f]t
/fhZj ;+sngaf6 Joxf]g{ ;lsg] cj:yf b]lvPsf] 5 .
-5_

u}/ah]6/L dfudf lgoGq0f M

ljleGg dGqfnox?af6 xfn;Dd rfn' vr{ tk{m ?= @$ cj{ & s/f]8 / k"FhLut vr{tk{m ?= * cj{ *^
s/f]8 u/L hDdf ?= #@ cj{ (# s/f]8 sf] yk /sd dfu eO{ cfPsf] 5 . o;/L /sd dfu eO{ cfpg]
qmd /f]lsPsf] 5}g, lg/Gt/ 5 . o;y{, rfn' vr{ tk{m dfly kl/R5]b & df pNn]v eP cg';f/sf] sfddf
afx]s s'g} klg k|sf/sf] u}/ah]6/L lgsf;f glbg] u/L lgoGq0f ug'{ cfjZos 5 . k"FhLut vr{tk{m eg]
rfn' jif{sf nflu 3f]lift cTofjZos sfo{qmd ;DkGg ug{ ah]6 gk'u ePdf art x'g] k"FhLut
zLif{saf6 /sdfGt/ u/L vr{ Joj:yfkg ug{ pko'Qm x'G5 . t/, yk sfo{qmdsf nflu eg] k"FhLut
tk{msf] u}/ah]6/L dfunfO{ ;Daf]wg gug]{ gLlt clVtof/L ug{ dgfl;j b]lvG5 .

-h_

lgj[lQe/0f vr{sf] jSof}tf olsg ug{] M

/fi6;]js sd{rf/Lx?n] kfpg] lgj[lQe/0f /sd /fli6o jfl0fHo j}+s tyf g]kfn j}+s lnld6]8af6 e'QmfgL
u/L ;f] jfktsf] ;f]wegf{ g]kfn ;/sf/n] tL j}+sx?nfO{ lbb} cfPsf] 5 . j}+sx?n] e'QmfgL u/]sf]
;f]wegf{ lbg jfFsL /sd sf}lztf]iffvfgfn] olsg gu/]sf] sf/0faf6 e'QmfgL lbg'kg{] /sd :ki6 x'g
;s]sf] 5}g . o;sf nflu Pp6f sfo{bng} jgfO{ j}+sx?nfO{ ;f]wegf{ lbg jfFsL /sd Plsg ug{] /
cfufdL lbgx?df o:tf] /sd :jtM Plsg x'g] u/L ljB'QLo k|0ffnLsf] z'?jft ug{ cfjZos b]lvPsf]
5.

*=!=$=@=k"FhLut vr{df a[l4 ug]{

ut jif{eGbf k"FhLut vr{df sl/a #% n] a[l4 eP tfklg o; jif{ /fhg}lts sf/0fn] Joj:yflksf ;+;baf6
;dodf ah]6 kfl/t x'g g;Sg', ufpmF / lhNnf ljsf; kl/ifb\sf] a}7s ;dodf a:g g;Sg', ;dodf
sfo{qmd :jLs[t gx'g', ah]6df k|If]lkt j}b]lzs ;|f]t kl/rfng gx'g', 7]Ssfkf h:tf k|lqmofx?df ljnDa x'g'
h:tf sf/0fx?n] rfn' jif{ k"FhLut vr{ ug]{ Ifdtfdf yk ;'wf/ cfpg] b]lvb}g . o;y{, ljlgof]lht k"FhLut
ah]6nfO{ k|efjsf/L ?kdf vr{ ug{ b]xfosf ;'wf/sf sfdx? tTsfn cufl8 a9fpg h?/L b]lvPsf] 5 .
-s_

art x'g] k"FhLut ah]6 lg/Gt/ sfo{qmddf /sdfGt/ ug]{ M

ljut jif{x?df cfly{s jif{sf] bf]>f] rf}dfl;s cjlw;Dd vr{ gePsf] k"FhLut /sd :yfgLo
lgsfosf] dfu adf]lhd :yfgLo :t/sf gofF sfo{qmdx?df klg k|jflxt ul/of] . k"FhLut vr{ a[l4sf]
of] k|lqmof dfly Joj:yflksf ;+;bsf] ;fj{hlgs n]vf ;ldlt, cfly{s ;ldlt, clVtof/ b'?kof]u
cg';Gwfg cfof]u h:tf lgu/fvL /fVg] lgsfox?af6 k|Zg ;d]t p7]sf] / o;nfO{ lg/Gt/tf glbg
;'emfj ;d]t k|fKt ePsf] 5 . o;y{, rfn' jif{ k"FhLut vr{ a[l4 ug{sf nflu ljleGg dGqfnox?df
vr{ x'g g;Sg] k"FhLut ah]6sf] oyfy{ ljj/0f ;+sng u/L ;|f]t ck'u eO{ sfof{Gjog cj?4 x'g
uPsf :jLs[t cfof]hgfx?df dfq /sdfGt/ ug{' pko'Qm x'G5 . cfly{s jif{sf] cGTo;Dd vr{ gePsf]
o:tf] /sd k|:tfljt k"jf{wf/ sf]ifdf hDdf ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfpg' dgfl;j b]lvG5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu
;8s cGtu{t x'nfsL /fhdfu{sf] ef/t ;/sf/af6 pknAw x'g'kg]{ cg'bfg /sd k|lqmof gk'u]sf
sf/0f vr{ x'g g;Sg] l:yltdf pQm ah]6 g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ;|f]tdf ;|f]tfGt/ u/L k"j{klZrd
nf]sdfu{ / lhNnf ;b/d'sfd hf]8\g] lgdf{0ffwLg k'nx?df vr{ ug{ ;lsG5 .

-v_

:yfgLo lgsfo cg'bfg /sd vr{ ug{ cfAxfg ug]{ M

:yfgLo lgsfosf] kl/ifb\sf] a}7s ga;]sf sf/0f :yfgLo lgsfosf] k"FhLut vr{tk{m ljlgof]lht /sd
?=& ca{ ^* s/f]8 *% nfv -lhNnf ljsf; ! cj{ !# s/f]8, ufpmF ljsf; ^ cj{ @^ s/f]8 $)
nfv, gu/kflnsf @( s/f]8 $%nfv_ k"/} vr{ x'g] l:ylt 5}g . ljutdf jif{sf] k"jf{4{df vr{ gePsf]
o:tf] /sd pQ/f4{df cGwfw'Gw lsl;dn] vr{ ePsf] / o;/L vr{ gePsf] k"FhLut /sd ufpmF ljsf;
;ldltsf] a}+s vftfdf ;f/]/ ;d]t /flvPsf] lyof] h'g ljQLo cg'zf;gsf b[li6n] :j:y k/Dk/f
xf]Og . o;y{ o:tf] ah]6af6 rfn' jif{ r}q d;fGt;Dd k|lqmof k'ofO{ sfo{qmd k|f/De ul/;Sg
93

cfJxfg ug]{ / pQm ;dfofjlwdf vr{ gePsf] :yfgLo lgsfo cg'bfg /sd k|:tfljt k"jf{wf/ sf]ifdf
hDdf ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfpg' dgfl;a b]lvG5 .
-u_

art x'g] k"FhLut ah]6 k"jf{wf/ sf]ifdf hDdf ug]{ M

k|To]s cfly{s jif{df ljlgof]hg ePsf] k"FhLut ah]6sf] *)*% k|ltzt dfq vr{ ePsf] ljutsf]
cg'ej Psflt/ 5 eg] csf{]lt/ ;|f]tsf] cefjdf pRr k|fyldstf k|fKt s]xL /fli6o uf}/jsf
cof]hgfx? ck]lIft ?kdf cufl8 a9fpg ;lsPsf] 5}g . s'g} vr{ geP/ lk|mh x'g] / st} ;|f]t
kof{Kt gx'g] of] lj;+ultk"0f{ vr{ Joj:yfkg k|0ffnLdf tTsfn ;'wf/sf] vfFrf] b]lvPsf] 5 . o;sf
nflu /fli6o uf}/jsf b|'t dfu{, dWokxf8L nf]sdfu{, klZrd ;]tL, l;S6f l;+rfO, /fgLhd/f l;+rfO
h:tf cfof]hgfx?sf nflu ;|f]tsf] cefj k6Ss} x'g glbg k"jf{wf/ sf]if ;DaGwL sfg"gL Joj:yf u/L
art ah]6 To:tf] sf]ifdf hDdf ug]{ / Tof] sf]ifaf6 sfd ug]{ k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f cfof]hgfx?nfO{ sfdsf]
e'QmfgL ug{ lgsf;f lbg] Joj:y fug{ pko'Qm x'G5 . o;n] pRr k|fyldstf k|fKt cfof]hgffnfO{
ah]6sf] ;Ldf gf3]/ ePklg sfd ug{] :jtGqtf k|bfg eO{ cfof]hgf ;dod} ;DkGg ug{ d2t k'Ub5 /
cfof]hgfx?aLr sfd ug]{ k|lt:kwf{ eO{ k"FhL lgdf{0f vr{ k|efjsf/L x'g ;Sb5 .

*=!=$=# ;fFjf e'QmfgL sfo{tflnsf cg';f/ ug]{

cd]l/sL 8n/sf] ljlgdo b/df cfPsf] x|f;n] j}b]lzs C0fsf] ;fFjf e'QmfgLsf nflu ljlgof]lht ah]6df
sl/a ?= ! cj{ art x'g] b]lvPsf] 5 . of] /sd tTsfn cfGtl/s C0ftk{m 6]h/L ljnsf] e'QmfgLdf pkof]u
u/]df efjL bfloTj 36\g'sf ;fy} a}+sx?df b]lvPsf] xfnsf] t/ntfsf] ;+s6 sd ug{ ;d]t ;xof]u k'Ug
;Sg] b]lvG5 .
*=@

cfufdL jif{sf] ah]6 th'{df / sfof{Gjogdf ug'{kg]{ ;'wf/

g]kfnsf] ah]6 sfof{Gjog k4ltnfO{ ;du|df x]bf{, k|To]s cfly{s jif{df k"jf{4sf] cjlwdf clt sd vr{ x'G5 .
sf]ifsf] cj:yf cg's"n /xG5 . ;/sf/n] vr{ ug{ g;s]sf] xNnf dlRrG5 . vr{ x'g g;s]sf] gfddf gofF gofF
sfo{qmdx?n] hGd lnG5g\ . pQ/f4{df :jLs[t sfo{qmdn] klg ult lnG5 . gofF sfo{qmddf klg /sd vr{ x'G5 .
ljut dlxgfx?df ;DkGg ePsf] sfdsf] klg cfly{s jif{sf] cGTosf] dlxgfdf uP/ e'QmfgL x'G5 . clg sf]ifsf]
cj:yf klg ;w} gs/fTds x'g k'U5 . bzsf}+b]lvsf] srlN6Psf] of] b'Zrqmsf] /f]unfO{ h/}b]lv pGd"ng ug'{ clt
h?/L 5 . o;sf nflu b]xfosf ;'wf/x? cfjZos b]lvG5 .
*=@=! cfly{s jif{ z'? x'g'cl3g} ah]6 kfl/t ug]{
cfly{s jif{ z'? x'g Ps xKtf klg afFsL gx'Fbfsf] cj:yfdf ah]6 k]z ug]{ k|0ffnLn] ah]6 sfof{GjognfO{
g/fd|f];Fu k|efljt u/]sf] 5 . kmntM klxnf] rf}dfl;s d'ntM sfo{qmd :jLs[lt / clVtof/Ld} laT5 eg]
bf]>f] rf}dfl;s sfo{ljlw :jLs[lt / 6]08/sf] k|lqmofd} cNdlnG5 clg kl5Nnf] rf/ dlxgfdf sfo{qmd
;DkGg ug]{ rfkn] o;sf] u'0f:t/df ;w} k|Zg p7\g] ub{5 . o;y{, sDtLdf h]7sf] bf]>f] xKtfleq
Joj:yflksf ;+;bdf ah]6 k]z ug]{ / rf}dfl;s ljefhg ;lxtsf] sfo{qmd / clVtof/L kq c;f/
d;fGt;Dddf sfo{:yndf k'ofpg] Joj:yf ldnfpg' cfjZos 5 . df}h"bf cfly{s sfo{ljlw P]gdf ;+zf]wg
u/]/ jf ah]6 ;DaGwL c? ljifosf cltl/Qm of] ljifonfO{ ;d]t ;dfj]z u/L ah]6 P]g g} gofF th'{df
u/L ;do tfnLsf P]gaf6 g} tf]Sg h?/L eO;s]sf] 5 . of] Joj:yf gx'Gh]n cfufdL jif{sf] ah]6 h]7sf]
bf]>f] xKtfdf k]z ug]{ / c;f/ d;fGt;Dddf Joj:yflksf ;+;baf6 kfl/t ul/;Sg] k|ltj4tfsf ;fy sfd
cl3 a9fpg pko'Qm x'G5 .
*=@=@ lqjifL{o vr{ k|If]k0f / jx'jifL{o 7]SsfnfO{ kl/dfh{g ;lxt lj:tf/ ub}{ n}hfg]
cfufdL cfly{s jif{sf] ah]6 tof/Lsf nflu l;ln k|bfg ubf{ tLg jif{s} l;ln lbg] Joj:yf ldnfpg],
tLg jif{s} sfo{qmddf cfwfl/t eO{ ah]6 5nkmn ug]{ / cfufdL jif{sf] cg'[dfg / kl5Nnf] b'O{ jif{sf]
k|If]k0f ;lxtsf] lqjifL{o vr{ cg'dfg Joj:yflksf ;+;baf6 cg'df]bg ug]{ k|0ffnLnfO{ ;+:yfut ug{
cfjZos 5 .
94

;fy} klxnf] k|fyldstfdf k/]sf l;+uf] sfo{qmd jf cfof]hgf ;d]6\g] ah]6 pkzLif{ssf cfof]hgf jf
sfo{qmd -Pp6} ah]6 zLif{s t/ ljljw sfo{qmd ePsf xf]Og . pbfx/0fsf nflu j=p=zL=g+=$*$@$(
sf ;8sx?, j=p=zL=g+= $*$@(& sf If]qLo ;8sx? h:tf afx]s_ nfO{ kl5Nnf] b'O{ jif{sf] ah]6
k|If]k0fsf] ;Ldfleq /xL cfjZostfg';f/ tLg jif{sf] 7]Ssf Ps}k6s nufpg] k|0ffnLnfO{ ;+:yfut ug'{ klg
Tolts} cfjZos 5 . lqjifL{o ah]6 / jx'jifL{o 7]Ssf k|0ffnLn] ah]6 sfof{Gjogdf b]lvPsf] l9nf;':tLnfO{
sd u/L vr{df ;d]t k|efjsfl/tf Nofpg] ck]Iff ug{ ;lsG5 .
*=@=# ;|f]tsf] lglZrttf u/]/ dfq ah]6 ljlgof]hg ug]{
If]qut dGqfnox?n] bft[ lgsfox?;Fu ePsf] k|f/lDes 5nkmnsf] cfwf/df / rfF8} ;Demf}tf x'G5 eGg]
c8\snsf] e/df ah]6 k|:tfj ug]{ k|rng 5 . ;|f]t / sfo{qmdsf] 9fFrf lglZrt geO;s]sf] o:tf]
ljlgof]hgn] ah]6sf] cfsf/ a9fpg] dfq xf]Og, vr{ sd ePsf] b]lvg uO{ ah]6 sfof{Gjogsf] ;fvnfO{ g}
r'gf}tL lbG5 . o;y{, cfufdL cfly{s jif{b]lv klxnf] ^ dlxgfleq ;+emf}tf x'g] u/L ;xdlt ePsf] b]lvPsf
afx]s ;|f]tsf] ;'lglZrttf gePsf] ah]6sfo{qmd k|:tfj ub}{ gug]{ Joj:yf ldnfpg' kb{5 .
*=@=$ ah]6 5nkmnnfO{ u'0f:t/Lo agfpg]
/sd ljlgof]hgsf nflu If]qut dGqfno;Fu /fli6o of]hgf cfof]u / cy{ dGqfnon] w]/} r/0f 5nkmn
ug]{ clg Joj:yflksf ;+;bdf ah]6 tyf sfo{qmd k|:t't ePkl5 k|:tfljt ah]6sf] kl/lwleq /xL cfly{s
jif{ z'? eO{ clVtof/L k|fKt ePkl5 rf}dfl;s ljefhg ;lxtsf] sfo{qmd agfO{ :jLs[t ug]{u/fpg]
k|rng 5 . of] k|lqmofn] ah]6 sfof{Gjogdf l9nfO{ ePsf] dfq xf]Og, 5nkmndf to ePsf] eGbf km/s
9+usf] sfo{qmd :jLs[t ePsf] cj:yf klg 5 . o;y{, cfufdL jif{b]lv ah]6 5nkmn x'Fbfs} r/0fdf
ah]6nfO{ clGtd ?k lbPkl5 rf}dfl;s ljefhg ;lxtsf] sfo{qmd agfO{ /fli6o of]hgf cfof]u / cy{
dGqfnodf k|:t't ug]{ / o;/L k|:t't ePsf] sfo{qmdnfO{ ah]6 k]z x'gf;fy /fli6o of]hgf cfof]un]
:jLs[lt lbg] Joj:yf ldnfPdf sfof{Gjogdf zL3|tf cfpg] lglZrt 5 .
*=@=% ljB'tLo 6]08/ k|lqmof cjnDag / v/Lb P]g lgoddf ;d;fdlos ;'wf/
;fj{hlgs v/Lb k|0ffnLdf b]lvPsf lj;+ultx?df ;'wf/ ug{ rfn' jif{sf] ah]6n] 7"nf k"jf{wf/sf
cfof]hgfx?df clgjfo{ ?kdf ljB'tLo dfWodaf6 bflvnf ug]{ Joj:yf pb\3f]if u/] tfklg of] k4lt ;8s
ljefu cGtu{tsf cfof]hgfx? afx]s cGoq k"0f{ ?kdf sfof{Gjogdf cfPsf] b]lvPg . o;y{, sDtLdf !
s/f]8eGbf dflysf cfof]hgfx?sfo{qmdx?sf] ;fj{hlgs v/Lbsf] k|:tfj ljB'tLo dfWodaf6 ;"rgf
k|sfzg ug]{ / bflvnf ug]{ sfg"gL Joj:yf x'g' cfjZos 5 .
*=@=^ k|f]h]S6 a}+s agfpgsf nflu 5'} ah]6 Joj:yf ug]{
;DefJotf cWoog gePsf / lj:t[t l8hfOg gePsf cfof]hgfsfo{qmdx? k|:tfj x'g] k'/fgf] /f]un]
ah]6 rqmnfO{ g} k|efljt u/]sf] 5 . of] ljifonfO{ bft[ ;d'bfon] klg ulDe/tfsf ;fy p7fPsf 5g\ .
o;y{ gofF cfof]hgfsfo{qmdsf] k|To]s jif{ ;DefJotf cWoog / lj:t[t l8hfOg ug{sf nlfu / If]qut
?kdf k|f]h]S6 j}+sg} jgfpgsf nflu s]Gb|Lo ah]6df 5'} zLif{s v8f u/L jflif{s ?kdf sDtLdf ?=@%
s/f]8 ljlgof]hg ug{' pko'Qm b]lvG5 .
*=@=& pkef]Qmf ;ldlt dfk{mt x'g] clgoldttf lgoGq0f ug]{ M
pkef]Qmf ;ldlt dfk{mt ePsf sfdx?df cg]s ljs[ltx? b]lvPsf]n] of] cjwf/0ffsf] p2]Zo k'/f x'g
;s]sf] 5}g . :yfgLo pkef]Qmf ;ldltnfO{ k|efjsf/L 9+udf kl/rfng ug{ :yfgLo lgsfo, /fhg}lts bn,
gful/s ;dfh, hgk|ltlglwx? a9L rgfvf] eO{ lgu/fgL ug'{kg]{ h?/L b]lvPsf] 5 . pkef]Qmf ;ldltaf6
;+rflnt sfd, To;sf] nfut, k|fKt ah]6, vr{sf] k|lqmof, k|fKt pknlAw cflbsf] af/]df ;a} ;"rgfx?
;fj{hlgs ug]{ Joj:yfnfO{ yk k|efjsf/L agfpg' kb{5 . pkef]Qmf ;ldltsf sfdnfO{ lgoldt u/fpg
g;Sg] xf] eg] of] cjwf/0ffdf g} kl/jt{g ug]{ tk{m ;f]Rg] cj:yf cfO;s]sf] 5 . o;sf nflu xfnsf] ^)
nfvsf] ;LdfnfO{ 36fpg] / d]zLg k|of]u gx'g] >dd"ns sfdsf nflu dfq pkef]Qmf ;ldltdfk{mt sfd
u/fpg] u/L lgodfjnLsf] k|fjwfg ;+zf]wg ug'{ pko'Qm b]lvG5 .
95

*=@=* cg'udgd"Nof+sgnfO{ k|efjsf/L jgfpg]

rfn' jif{sf] Nepal Portfolio Performance Review (NPPR) n] cg'udg / d"Nof+sgsf] k|efjsfl/tf
gePaf6 ljsf; cfof]hgf k|efljt x'g k'u]sf] kIfnfO{ u+le/tf;fy p7fPsf] 5 . /, of] kIfdf ;|f]t /
;fwg kof{Kt gePsf] 7x/ u/]sf] 5 . o;y{, cfufdL cfly{s jif{b]lv lzIff, :jf:Yo, ef}lts of]hgf, s[lif,
:yfgLo ljsf;, zflGt tyf k'glg{df{0f, l;+rfO{ h:tf cfof]hgfsfo{qmd a9L ePsf dGqfnox?df
cg'udgd"Nof+sgsf] sfo{qmdsfo{of]hgfg} jgfpg] / ;f] sf nflu 5'} zLif{sdf cfjZos ah]6
ljlgof]hg ug{] Joj:yf ug'{ pko'Qm b]lvPsf] 5 .
*=@=( glthfdf cfwfl/t ah]6 k|0ffnL

(Result-Based Budgeting)

sf] sfof{Gjog M

cfufdL cfly{s jif{b]lv gd"gfsf] ?kdf lzIff tyf ;8ssf] If]qdf PsPs j6f cfof]hgf 5gf}6 u/L tL
cfof]hgfdf glthfd'vL ah]6 jgfpg] / ah]6 th'[{df, sfof{Gjog, cg'udg / d"Nof+sg k4ltdf g} k|ltkmn
x]g{ ;lsg] k4lt ljsf; ug{] u/L NPPR df ;xdlt ePsf] 5 . o;y{, o; k|of]hgsf nflu o; jif{
cWoog u/L k"jf{wf/ tof/ ug{ oyfzL3| Pp6f ;ldlt agfpg] / ;f] ;ldltsf] ;'emfjsf] cfwf/df @ j6f
cfof]hgfdf cfufdL jif{b]lv glthfd'vL ah]6sf] k|f/De ug'{ pko'Qm x'G5 . plNnlvt @ j6f cfof]hgfdf
ePsf] k|ult / b]lvPsf] pknJwLnfO{ b[li6ut u/L o;nfO{ qmdzM lj:tf/ ug'{ pko'Qm x'g]5 .
*=@=!) ;fj{hlgs ;DklQsf] clen]vg / lnnfd
g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ljleGg lgsfon] pkof]u ul//x]sf sltko 3/hUufsf] ;DalGwt lgsfosf gfddf
hUufwgL k"hf{ 5}g . sltko lgsfosf] gfddf hUufwgL k"hf{ 5, t/ tL lgsfon] k|of]u gu/]sf] dfq
xf]Og, To;sf] clen]v ;d]t tL lgsfo;Fu cBfjlws 5}g . ;jf/L9'jfgL ;fwg Pj+ d]lzg/Lsf] cj:yf
To:t} 5 . ;dodf lnnfd gx'Fbf ;8]/un]/ uPsf 5g\ . s;}n] lhDd]jf/L lnPsf] b]lvGg . ;fj{hlgs
k|of]hgsf nflu lgld{t ;8s, ljdfg:yn, l;+rfO{ljB't cfof]hgfsf] gfddf cl3u|x0f ePsf hUufx?sf]
d'cfJhf ljt/0f u/]/ klg hUufwgL k"hf{ cBfjlws g/fv]af6 bf]xf]/f] d'cfJhf e'QmfgL x'g] cj:yf >[hgf
gxf]nf eGg ;lsGg . o;y{, g]kfn ;/sf/sf] cjf}{+sf] ;DklQsf] s]Gb|Lo clen]vg ug{] / o;sf] lnnfdLnfO{
Jojl:yt ?kdf ;+rfng ug{] k|of]hgfy{ s]Gb|Lo :t/df ;fj{hlgs ;DklQ clen]vg / kl/rfng ljefu
v8f ug'{ pko'Qm b]lvG5 .
*=@=!! ;jf/L ;fwgsf] ;'ljwfnfO{ Jojl:yt ug]{
g]kfn ;/sf/n] /fhkqflt k|yd >]0fL / ;f]eGbf dflysf kbflwsf/LnfO{ ;jf/L ;fwg pkof]u ug{ kfpg]
;'ljwf lbPsf] 5 . sfo{/t lgsfodf of] ;'ljwf k|To]s kbflwsf/Ln] 5'f5'} pkef]u u/]sf 5g\ . sfof{no /
uGtJo Ps} 7fpF eP klg Pp6} ;jf/L ;fwg pkof]u u/]/ r9\g] k|j[lQ 5}g . gofF / :t/Lo ;jf/L ;fwg
pkof]u ug]{ xf]8 g} rn]sf] 5 . OGwgsf] vkt / dd{tsf] /sdnfO{ ;Ldfleq /fVg ;lsPsf] 5}g . ;'ljwf
pkof]u ug]{ kbflwsf/L :jo+n] cfTd cg'zf;gdf a:g'kg]{ / lgoGq0f ug'{kg]{ of] kIf Hofb} cf]em]ndf k/]sf]
5, h;sf sf/0f ;fj{hlgs vr{sf] ;w} b'?kof]u eO/x\of] . o;nfO{ Jojl:yt ug{ b'?kof]u lgoGq0f
x'g;Sg] gofF cjwf/0ff ljsf; ug'{ cfjZos b]lvPsf] 5 .
*=@=!@ sfo{ ;Dkfbg k|f]T;fxg k|0ffnLdf lj:tf/
5flgPsf % j6f 7"nf k"jf{wf/ cfof]hgfx?df rfn' jif{b]lv sfo{ ;Dkfbgdf cfwfl/t k|f]T;fxg k|0ffnL nfu'
ug]{ sfo{ tbf?stfsf ;fy cufl8 a9]sf] 5 . oL cfof]hgfx?sf] nflu th'{df ul/Psf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg
;"rsx? ltgsf] sfof{Gjog / b]lvPsf] k|ltkmnnfO{ cfwf/ dfg]/ cfufdL jif{ c? yk cfof]hgfdf klg of]
k4lt lj:tf/ ug{ pko'Qm b]lvG5 . of] k|0ffnLnfO{ lj:tf/ ub}{ nfg ;lsPdf ;dod} ah]6 vr{ ug]{ /
;bfrf/ k4ltdf ;'wf/ cfpg] ljZjf; lng ;lsG5 .
*=@=!#;+:yfgx?sf] bfloTj ;lsg] u/L km/kmf/s ug]{
;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx? ;+rfngsf] / lj36gsf] ;DaGwdf :ki6 gLltsf] cefj 5 . Pp6} ;+:yfg slxn]
lj36g x'g], slxn] ;+rfngdf Nofpg], ah]6 ljlgof]hg ug]{ / ;+rfng x'g g;Sg] b]lv k'Mg aGb ug]{,
h:tf c:yL/ gLltsf sf/0f ;/sf/L ;fwg;|f]t afn'jfdf kfgL xfn]h:t} ePsf] 5 . sd{rf/L;Fu
ufFl;Psf ;+:yfgsf cgluGtL bfloTj jfktsf] e'QmfgLdf k|To]s jif{ u}/ah]6/L dfunfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ afWo
96

x'g'kg]{ cj:yfsf] cGTo ug'{ klg h?/L 5 . o;y{, ;+:yfg ;+rfng / lj36gsf] :ki6 gLlt agfO{ lj36gsf]
bfloTj e'QmfgLsf] sfo{of]hgf g} agfO{ ah]6 Joj:yf ug'{ cfjZos b]lvG5 . ;fy}, lj36g ePsf
;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgsf] ;DklQsf] clwstd pkof]u ug{ sfo{of]hgf g} agfO{ sfof{/De ug'{ pko'Qm b]lvG5 .
*=@=!$Psn vftf sf]if k4ltnfO{ lj:tf/ ug]{
vr{ e'Qmfg ug]{ cgluGtL lgsfox?sf sf/0f ;fj{hlgs vr{sf] clen]vg / k|ltj]bg k4ltdf b]lvPsf]
hl6ntfnfO{ Go"g ug]{ p2]Zosf ;fy rfn' jif{ eQmk'/ / nlntk'/df k|f/De ul/Psf] Psn vftf sf]if
k4ltnfO{ lj:tf/ ug{ cfjZos 5 . o;sf nflu cfufdL jif{ vr{sf lx;fan] a9L c+z cf]u6\g] sDtLdf
!) j6f lhNnfdf sf]if tyf n]vf lgoGqs sfof{nodf / cfufdL # jif{ leq b]zsf ;a} lhNnfx?df of]
k4ltnfO{ lj:tf/ ug]{ u/L ;f]xL cg'?k sfo{qmd agfpg / ;|f]t ;fwg pknAw u/fpg' pko'Qm b]lvG5 .
*=@=!% ljQLo Joj:yfkgsf ;'emfjx? sfof{Gjog ug]{
cGt/f{li6o d'b|f sf]ifaf6 k|sflzt Government Financial Statistics (GFS) ;Fu d]n vfg] u/L ;'wf/
ul/Psf] cfo / Joosf clen]v / k|ltj]bgsf 9fFrfx? kl/dfh{g ;lxt nfu' ug{ cfjZos 5 .
*=@=!^ ah]6 tyf sfo{qmd dxfzfvfsf] k'Mg;{+/rgf ug]{
ah]6sf] cfsf/ a9\b} uPsf] 5 . sd{rf/Lsf] lhDd]jf/L ylkPsf] 5 . ah]6 sfof{Gjogdf ;d:of / r'gf}tL
ylkPsf 5g\ . ljleGg JolQm / ;d"x;Fu jftf{ / ;Demf}tf ug'{kg]{ qmd klg a9]sf] 5 . sfo{af]em cg'?ksf]
hgzlQm / ;'ljwfsf] Joj:yf x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . pknAw hgzlQm lgoldt ?kdf ah]6 sfof{Gjog
k|lqmofsf cfjZos / cgfjZos ljifox?df cNdlng' k/]sf] 5 . hgzlQmsf] o; k|sf/sf] Jo:ttfsf]
sf/0f cg'udg d"Nof+sg, cg';Gwfg, gLlt tyf sfo{qmdsf] ljZn]if0f / gofF /0fgLltx? th'{df ug{ yf]/}
;do dfq pknAw x'g] u/]sf] 5 .
t;y{ ah]6 dxfzfvfsf] sfdnfO{ a9L r':t / k|efjsf/L agfpg ah]6 tyf gLlt th'{df / ah]6
sfof{Gjog tyf cg'udg / d"Nof+sg u/L b'O{ efudf 5'6\ofO{ k'gM;+/rgf ug{ h?/L b]lvPsf] 5 . kof{Kt
bIf hgzlQmsf] cfk"lt{ klg Tolts} cfjZos 5 .

97

cg';"rLx?

cg';"rL 1

;+zf]lwt cfo Joosf] cg'dfg

?=nfvdf
lzif{s

2066/67 sf]

z'?

kf}if;Ddsf] oyfy{

ah]^ cg'dfg
s"n <fhZj

2066/67 sf]
;_zf]lwt cg'dfg

1765038

796803

1896043

;_zf]lwt
cg'dfg
k|ltztdf
107.42

1502456

712377

1633462

108.72

u}<-s< <fh:j

222001

84426

222001

100.00

;fjf lkmtf{ k|fKtL

40580

40580

100.00

s< <fh:j

s"n vr{

2859300

805513.07

2725375

95.32

1606324

610919

1688111

105.09

1062848

145350

847136

79.70

190128

49244

190128

100.00

-1094263

-8710

-829332

75.79

569556

168298

427167

75.00

-524707

159588

-402166

j}b]lzs C)f

215607

26560

150925

70.00

cfGtl<s C)f

309100

2600

259100

83.82

188748

7859

rfn' vr{
k"_hLut vr{
;f_jf e'QmfgL vr{
cg'bfgcl#sf] art (+) jf Go"g (-)
cg'bfg
cg'bfgkl%sf] art (+) jf Go"g (-)

Go"g ljQ Joxf]g]{ ;|f]tx?

gub df}Hbftdf kl<jt{g art (+) jf Go"g (-)

98

cg';"rL - 2

@)^^ k'; dlxgf;Ddsf] If]qut vr{

-?= nfvdf_
ah]]^

l;=g++=

sfo{ zLif{s

@)^%.^^

;_j}wflgs c_ux?

;fdfGo k|zf;g

42,444

k|x<L

<fh:j tyf cfly{s k|zf;g

of]hgf tyf tYof

27,152

vr{

@)^^.^&
31,447

j[l4 k|ltzt

@)^%.^^

@)^^.^&

j[l4 k|ltzt

15.82

9,657

11,236

16.35

52,089

22.72

20,634

24,661

19.52

110,286

145,585

32.01

60,571

74,464

22.94

15,883

22,398

41.01

3,493

5,362

53.49

2,362

4,187

77.27

779

780

0.08

<Iff

120,346

153,076

27.20

56,635

76,478

35.04

lzIff

389,773

465,269

19.37

121,506

169,364

39.39

:jf:Yo

155,782

186,775

19.89

25,879

34,887

34.81

vfg]kfgL

79,564

90,453

13.69

16,786

9,829

-41.45

10

:yfgLo ljsf;

204,274

252,440

23.58

20,489

35,211

71.86

11

hg;_Vof tyf jftfj<)f

12

dlxnf, afnaflnsf tyf ;dfh sNof)f

13

o'jf, v]ns'b tyf ;_:s[lt

14

cfjf;

15

cGo - ;fdflhs

16

122

229

87.60

-100.00

7,806

96,682

1,138.59

1,267

23,943

1,790.21

12,813

14,313

11.70

1,730

7,132

312.17

22,058

31,004

40.55

4,172

2,642

-36.66

181,564

166,503

-8.30

28,936

17,869

-38.25

s[lif

59,081

80,644

36.50

12,976

22,834

75.98

17

l;_rfO

58,031

79,520

37.03

8,085

8,243

1.95

18

e"ld;'wf< < gfkL

12,557

14,678

16.89

4,295

4,615

7.43

19

jg

26,973

26.97

10,196

12,678

24.34

20

pBf]u

15,220

14,467

-4.94

2,320

1,954

-15.74

21

;_rf<

20,924

23,556

12.58

8,663

9,641

11.29

22

;s oftfoft

139,146

32.88

7,584

40,929

439.65

23

xjfO{ oftfoft

9,542

32.25

325

-97.64

24

ljB't

126,889

146,880

15.75

33,433

30,425

-9.00

25

ko{^g

3,978

4,552

14.43

181

391

115.52

26

xfjfkfgL

794

947

19.28

267

270

1.10

27

cfk"lt{

4,400

4,940

12.27

2,137

2,424

13.42

28

jfl)fHo

581

666

14.71

221

248

11.78

29

>d

30

cGo - cfly{s

31

34,248

184,899
12,620

1,456

1,914

31.43

512

574

12.23

73,934

58,621

-20.71

6,971

11,968

71.69

cfGtl<s C)f e'QmfgL

130,307

141,591

8.66

63,431

31,859

-49.77

32

jfx\o C)f e'QmfgL

129,330

145,422

12.44

57,161

62,560

9.45

34

ljljw

174,785

196,685

12.53

47,394

70,034

47.77

2,859,300

21.15

638,690

805,513

26.12

hDdf

2,360,159

b|i6AoM cf=j= @)^^.^& sf]] vr{ g]kfn /fi6 a}ssf] ljj/0f cg';f/ k';sf] sf]if cj:yf99/ u}/gub vr{sf] hf]8;+u ldnfO{{ k|If]k0f ul/Psf] .

cg';"rL - 3

@)^^ k'; dlxgf;Ddsf] zLif{sut vr{

vr{ zLif{s

zLif{ssf] gfd

ah]6
cfly{{s aif{
@)^%.^^
@)^^.^&

ah]6 j[l4
k|ltzt

-?= nfvdf_
vr{
cfly{s aif{
@)^%.^^
@)^^.^&

vr{ j[l4 k|ltzt

0
1.01

tnj

328,697

335,955

2.21

152,199

181,565

19.29

1.02

eQf

16,092

58,948

266.31

6,861

20,078

192.65
24.57

1.03

;?jf e|d)f vr{ tyf b}lgs eQf

2,492

2,665

6.95

632

787

1.04

kf]];fs

10,721

11,891

10.92

1,273

1,382

8.61

1.05

vfBfGg tyf cfxf<

53,915

74,616

38.40

25,551

28,248

10.55

1.06

cf}iflw pkrf<

1.07

;]jf lgj[Q ;'ljwf

11,465

14,713

28.33

7,016

12,331

75.75

74,240

107,713

45.09

31,556

52,002

64.79

1.08

tflnd sfo{qmd vr{

2,751

4,373

58.97

388

712

83.55

10.01

cfGtl<s C)fsf] ;fjfF e'QmfgL

62,845

77,288

22.98

46,920

254

-99.46

10.02

jfx\ C)fsf] ;F_jf e'QmfgL

99,048

112,840

13.92

47,243

48,990

3.70

11.01

cfGtl<s C)fsf] Jofh e'QmfgL

67,463

64,303

-4.68

16,511

31,605

91.42

11.02

jfx\o C)fsf] Jofh e'QmfgL

30,282

32,581

7.60

9,918

13,571

36.83

12.01

lkmtf{ vr{

5,430

5,830

7.37

1,711

665

-61.12

2.01

kfgL tyf ljh'nL

6,470

7,691

18.87

1,549

1,591

2.70

2.02

;_rf< dx;'n

3,444

4,177

21.29

1,062

973

-8.38
47.09

2.03

sfof{no ;DaGwL vr{

12,614

15,674

24.27

4,286

6,305

2.04

eff

7,563

8,599

13.70

4,165

4,648

11.61

2.05

dd{t tyf ;Def<

5,689

6,214

9.22

1,463

1,902

30.01

2.06

OGwg tyf cGo OGwg

7,045

7,907

12.23

2,934

3,243

10.56

2.07

k<fdz{ tyf cGo ;]jf z'Ns

12,360

19,692

59.32

1,307

2,329

78.20

2.08

ljljw vr{

3,022

3,709

22.73

1,341

1,776

32.46

3.01

;fj{hlgs ;_:yfgnfO{ cg'bfg

4,916

6,539

33.02

1,855

1,325

-28.56
46.40

3.02

:yfgLo lgsfo - lgzt{ cg'bfg

25,491

34,715

36.19

8,037

11,766

3.03

;fdflhs ;]jf - lgzt{ cg'bfg

231,032

227,132

-1.69

100,815

124,312

23.31

3.04

;fdflhs ;'<Iff cg'bfg

49,550

93,051

87.79

8,378

24,215

189.02

3.05

;fdflhs ;]jf - ;zt{ cg'bfg

125,212

224,574

79.35

29,580

64,641

118.53

3.06

:yfgLo lgsfo - ;zt{ cg'bfg

21,520

29,477

36.98

1,314

2,074

57.78

3.07

%fqj[lQ

9,740

18,668

91.66

1,022

3,124

205.57
21.24

4.01

pTkfbg ;fdfu|L ;]jf

2,429

2,674

10.07

478

580

4.02

cf}iflw

32,393

38,573

19.08

989

1,598

61.63

4.03

k':ts tyf ;fdu|L vr{

107

173

61.17

19

25

36.99

4.04

sfo{qmd vr{

76,672

92,508

20.65

8,948

6,883

-23.08

4.05

sfo{qmd e|d)f vr{

11,746

13,549

15.35

3,995

4,560

14.14

4.06

lgld{t ;fj{hlgs ;DklQsf] ;Def<

549

434

-20.96

185

103

-44.19

414

862

108.39

5.01

hUuf vl<b

7,482

18,372

145.55

5.02

ejg vl<b

121

100

-17.08

6.01

kmlg{r< tyf lkmSr;{

2,174

2,351

8.15

298

364

22.36

6.02

;jf<L ;fwg

7,535

7,324

-2.80

225

1,569

598.48

6.03

d]lzg<L cf}hf<

20,031

25,420

26.90

1,486

942

-36.58

6.04

ejg lgdf{)f

52,949

67,798

28.04

5,342

1,893

-64.55

6.05

;fj{hlgs lgdf{)f

249,985

321,820

28.74

19,518

32,387

65.93

6.06

k"_hLut ;'wf<

3,783

4,077

7.79

327

3,123

855.56

6.07

cWoog tyf k"hLut k|fljlws

12,142

21,551

77.50

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2,695

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22,676

41,734

84.04

12,965

11,385

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C)f nufgL

111,731

114,144

2.16

24,327

23,231

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12,347

14,280

15.66

627

1,777

183.66

8.02

:yfgLo lgsfo - lgzt{ cg'bfg

69,125

76,885

11.23

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5,189

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35,010

25,835

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3,906

12,684

224.75

8.05

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189,553

196,472

3.65

22,498

30,728

36.58

8.06

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99,861

114,701

14.86

6,383

16,520

158.80

9.01
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32,053

37,005
9,984

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2,360,159

2,859,300

21.15

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100

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11

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48.67

114.94

117.83

145.15

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1567737

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11758027

14313002

50.89

114.63

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36.13

128.61

95.24

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27.21

85.85

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47.66

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101.43

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53.80

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109.88

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76.69

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104.84

106.28

133.96

!= ljefux?af6 6]lnkmf]gkm\ofS;af6 k|fKt ljj/0f cg';f/ .

@= s"n c;"nL g]kfn /fi6 a}+ssf] tYof+saf6 lnOPsf] .
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101

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@)^^^& k'; dlxgf;Ddsf] j:t'ut tyf ;f]em} e'QmfgL vr{ ljj/0f

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14

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545

545

109

25

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247

247

109
7

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18,376

993

19,369

4,062

4,062

37

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618

195

813

54

54

38

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535

535

40

s[lif tyf ;xsf<L dGqfno

6,027

346

6,373

1,415

48

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35,988

31,825

67,813

58

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30

30

59

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3,029

3,029

61

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14,107

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65

lzIff dGqfno

67

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4,538

68

l;_rfO{ dGqfno

1,497

69

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2,485

70

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72
87

100

100

1,497

16,187

18,672

10,205

10,327

20,531

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185

111

296

cy{ dGqfno - nufgL ;fj{hlgs ;_:yfg

hDdf

18,910

9,335
115,561

62,739
96,198

10,893

4,444

768

768
5,255

1,087

1,087
-

195
126

6,620

6,815

1,022

1,147

72,074
1,408

15,338

6,000

2,341

8,341

36,206

6,785

44,399

;|f]tM dxfn]vf lgoGqs sfof{no / cy{ dGqfnoaf6 ;f]em} cfof]hgfdf ;Dks{ /fvL k|fKt ljj/0fsf] cfwf/df tof/ ul/Psf]

102

1,415

5,255

100

230,668

cg';"rL 6

dGqfnoutlgsfout yk ah]^ dfusf] ljj<)F

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1

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5

14

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25

k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no

37

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38

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39

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40

s[lif tyf ;xsf/L

45

u[x

48

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49

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50

k//fi6

34,000

66,399

100,399

55

e"ld;'wf/ tyf Joj:yf

53,904

53,904

56

dlxnf, afnaflnsf

35,534

8,530

44,064

57

o'jf tyf v]ns"b dGqfno

3,000

58

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59

jg tyf e";+/If0f

39,230

39,230

60

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613,717

613,717

61

jftfj/0f

4,110

5,404

62

zflGt tyf k'glg{df{0f

63

;+3Lo dfldnf

65

lzIff

66

;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno

67

16,289

16,289

4,271

11,300

15,571

206,265

1,500

207,765

148,107

148,107

3,981

30,000

33,981

4,000

4,000

188,905

158,725

347,630

2,630,893

2,542,893

5,173,786

124,708

5,307,562

5,432,270

836

1,102,191

313,500

1,294

836

3,000
1,415,691

179,246

179,246

33,368

33,368

6,284,626

98,546

6,383,172

8,843

1,004

9,847

;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ dGqfno

147,872

30,000

177,872

68

l;+rfO{

751,895

73,272

825,167

69

:yfgLo ljsf;

70

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71

>d tyf oftfoft dGqfno

72

/fli6o of]hgf cfof]usf] ;lrjfno

90

sd{rf/L ;''ljwf

95

cy{ ljljw

1,468,107

215,600

s"n hDdf

60,000

1,468,107
275,600

7,100

7,100

8,000

8,000

9,862,824

9,862,824

52,648

52,648

24,075,146

8,863,448

103

32,938,594

cg';"rL. - 7
2066 ;fn k'; d;fGt;Dd g]kfn ;<sf<n] p&fPsf]]
cfGtl<s C)f jfktsf] s"n bfloTj
?= nfvdf
l;=g=

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<sd

1=

ljsf; C)fkq

2=

gful<s jrtkq

296,954.15

3=

jf]nsjf]n ^]h<L lan

4=

ljz]if C)f kq

2,041.58

5=

cGt<{<fli^o d'b|f sf]if

79,252.61

hDdf

1,258,994.34

44,336.44
836,409.56

;|f]t. dxfn]vf lgoGqs sfof{no

cg';"rL. - 8
2066 ;fn k'; d;fGt;Dd g]kfn ;<sf<n] p&fPsf]]
j}b]lzs C)f jfktsf] s"n bfloTj
?= nfvdf
l;=g=

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2=

a}b]lzs C)f -

3=

<sd

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2,439,641.50

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273,308.44

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2,712,949.94

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104

cg';"rL (
j}b]lzs ;xfotfsf] cfof]hgfut k|ltj4tf
cfly{s jif{ @)^^.^&
l;=g+=
1
2

;Demf}tf ldlt
h'nfO{ @&, @))(
cui6 #, @))(

bftf
lkmgn}08
PlzofnL ljsf; j}+s

cfof]hgf
g]kfndf jg ;f|]tsf] d"Nof+sg
cfktsflng afl9 gf]S;fg k'g:yf{kg cfof]hgf

-?=nfvdf_
;xof]usf] k|sf/ j}b]lzs d'b|f
g]=?
o"<f] 47.0
5050.00
cg'bfg
cd]l<ls n<
19550.00
cg'bfg
256.0

cui6 @!, @))(

laZj a}+s

hnzlQm ljsf; cfof]hgf

cg'bfg

cd]l<ls n<

12040.00

155.0
4

cui6 @!, @))(

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s[lif Aofkf/Ls/0f tyf Aofkf/

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57260.00

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cg'bfg

cd]l<ls n<

7210.00

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cui6 @!, @))(

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ljZj j}+s

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cg'bfg
cg'bfg

o"<f] 59.5

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155.30

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82797.1

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11

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7789

100.0
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37966.00

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13

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14

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15

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sfo{s|d ljsf; tyf sfo{s|d k|zf;lgs vr{

cg'bfg

cd]l<ls n<

55684.00

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16

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19

Reintegration of Returness and Improving Livelihoods in Rural

Communities in Nepal's Far Western Region

cg'bfg

o"<f] 15.0

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2923.20

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o"<f] 23.0

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Support to mitigate the negative effects of high food prices on

local rural populations in ten districts in the Eastern, Central, MidWestern and Far-Western regions of Nepal.

106

cg'bfg

o"<f] 80.65

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bft[ lgsfout j}b]lzs ;xfotf k|ltj4tf

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hDdf

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16

l;=g+=
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

ax'kIfLo
P=l8=lj
o'/f]lko o'lgog
vfB tyf s[lif ;+u7g
cfOkmf8
cfO=Pn=cf]
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o'=Pg=l8=lk=
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cg'bfg

C0f

hDdf
0.0
0.0
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44008.1

44008.1

5050.0

5050.0
0.0

4217.7

4217.7
0.0
0.0
0.0

33025.3

33025.3
0.0
0.0
2923.2

2923.2

0.0
157234.0

157234.0

246458.3

cg'bfg

0.0

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187323.6

18437.5

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205761.1
15377.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
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62807.2

118311.3

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s"n hDdf

265507.9

136748.8

402256.7

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107

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j}b]lzs ;xfotf k|ltj4tf -If]qut_

cf=j= @)^^.^&
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l;=g_=
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15

16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24

If]q

s[lif
;+rf/
lzIff
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