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pef;vtoGif jzpfapcsio
nff
(pELyrokwef )
zm;atmufawm&q&mawmf
oA'geH "r'geH Zdemwd?

oA&oH "r&aom Zdemwd/
oA&w "r&wd Zdemwd?
wPSua,m oA'kuH Zdemwd/
'getm;vkH;udk "r'geu atmifEdkif\/
t&omtm;vkH;udk w&m;t&omu atmifEdkif\/
arGUavsmfzG,ftm;vkH;udk w&m; arGUavsmfjcif;u atmifEdkif\/
'kutm;vkH;udk wPSmukefjcif;u atmifEdkif\/
pd&H wd|wk o'arm? "ar a[mE K o*g&0g/

bk&m;&Sif\ tqHk;tr omoemawmfonf
t"GefY&SnfpGm wnfygapownf;/
o'roHk;jzm kdaoav;pm;jcif; &SdMuygapukefownf;/
rmwdum
taMumif;t&m
pmrsufESm
ed'geuxm taMumif;jypmwrf;vTm .................. *

cdkifvHkaom tmrcHcsuf&dSaom w&m;awmf .............. *
y#doaEusKd;udk ay;Edkifonfh ocFgkayumrsKd; ........... C
ta&;tBuD;qHk;aom tcsdef ...................... q
aomwmEk*wokwef ........................... Z
pef;vtoGif jzpfapcsifon
nff (pELyrokwef) ............ 1
rdrdESifh yrmwlol ............................. 1
avmulyrmrsm; .............................. 4
vESifh yrmwlaom pdwfxm;[lonf .................. 6
vESifh yrmwlykH wpfrsKd; .......................... 9
tqifhtwef; jrifhrm;aeaom omoemawmf ........... 11
{nfhonfESifh yrmwlpGm ......................... 12
rSefuefaom OD;wnfcsuf ESpfrsKd; ................... 15
orm"d\ tusKd;*kPftif tmedoif ig;rsKd; ............. 17
rax&fnDaemif ESpfyg; ......................... 23
'um 'umrwkdYxHokdY csOf;uyfxkdufaom &[ef; ......... 34
aumif;uifjyif vufawmfudk vIyf&rf; jyawmfrljcif; ..... 36
rpifMu,faom w&m;a'oema[menf; .............. 42
pifMu,faom w&m;a'oema[menf; ............... 46
w&m;*kPfawmf (6)yg; ......................... 57
oDv\tusKd;*kPftif tmedoif ................... 61
orm"d\tusKd;*kPftif tmedoif .................. 61
vm;&m*wdjro
J l ............................. 62
c ] rmwdum
taMumif;t&m
pmrsufESm
0dyemPf\ pGrf;tif .......................

r*fPf zkdvfPfwkdY\ pGrf;tm; ..................
t&Sifr[muyukd twk,lyg ...................
rSwfom;zG,f&m tu&mpOftTef; ..................
62
63
65
67
earm w b*0awm t&[awm ormorK'/
ed'geuxm taMumif;jypmwrf;vTm
cdkifvHkaom tmrcHcsuf&dSaom w&m;awmf
bk&m;&Sif\ w&m;awmfwdkYonfum; oEd|du paom *kPfawmf
taygif;wdkYESifh jynfhpHkawmfrlaom w&m;awmfwkdY jzpfMu\/ om0u
wpfOD;onf bk&m;&Sif\ w&m;awmfwkdYudk --1/ y&d,wd od = oifod
2/ y#da0" od = usifhod
(wpfenf;)
1/ tm*rokw od = oifod
2/ t"d*rokw od = usifhod
todEpS rf sK;d wdYkjzifh aomwmywrd *fPfzv
kd
f PfwYkjd zifh edAm efukd
rsuaf rSmufjyKEidk o
f nfw
h ikd af tmif od&cdS yhJ grlum; xdo
k m0utzdYk tyg,f
wHcg;Bu;D um; tNy;D wdik f ydwo
f mG ;NyjD zpfonf/ tu,f a&SUodYk wpfqifh
wufum IyGm;Ekdifojzifh ou'g*grdr*fPfzdkvfPfwdkYjzifh edAmefudk
rsuaf rSmufjyKEidk o
f nfw
h ikd af tmif BuKd ;yrf;Edik cf yhJ grlum; vlUbHu
k o
hJ aYkd om
umrbkH wpfBudrfom y#doaEtm;jzifh uyfa&mufwnfaecGifh &Sdaeawmhonf/ tu,f xkx
d ufwpfqifw
h ufum BuKd ;yrf;Edik o
f jzifh tem-
C ] zm;atmufawm&q&mawmf
*grdr*fPfzv
kd
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f nfw
h idk af tmif
BuKd ;yrf;Ekid cf jhJ yefygrlum; umrbHo
k Ykd y#doaEtm;jzifh jyefa&mufvmcGihf
r&SdawmhbJ jA[mjynfom y#doaEtm;jzifh uyfa&mufwnfaecGihf &Sad y
awmhonf/ tu,f xdkxufwpfqifhwufum xyfrH BudK;yrf;EdkifcJhojzifh t&[wr*fPfzv
kd
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f nfh
wdkifatmif BudK;yrf;EdkifcJhjyefygrlum; y&dedAmepkwd\ aemufqG,fwGif
rnfonfh bHb
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tu,f om0uwpfOD;onf bk&m;&Sif\ w&m;awmfrsm;udk
xdu
k o
hJ Ykd oifod usio
hf d todEpS rf sK;d jzifh BuKd ;yrf;ygaomfvnf; yg&rDw\
Ykd
EkaYH ES;rIaMumifh t&d,r*fzv
kd o
f Ykd rqdu
k af &mufEikd b
f J ocFgkayumPf
uJhodkYaom 0dyemPfrsm;odkYwdkifatmif qkdufa&mufcJhygrlum; xdk
ocFgkayumwdkYuJhodkYaom 0dyemuHrsm;u ewf&Gmok*wduJhodkYaom
aumif;aom bHb
k 0odYk a&mufatmif ydaYk qmifEikd o
f nft
h jyif xkd ewfjynf
ewfavmu r*fPfzdkvfPfwdkYjzifh edAmefudk rsufarSmufjyKEkdifonfh
wdkifatmif tm;BuD;aom rSD&m Oyed, paom yp,owdwdkYjzifh
&Gufaqmifay;EkdifMuayonf/
y#doaEusKd;udk ay;Edkifonfh ocFgkayumrsKd;

uxH ykxkZe p aou p ocFgkayum, pdw tbdeD[ma&m {uwH a[mwd/ ykxkZe ocFgkayuH tbdeEawm pdwH
udvdwd? bm0em, y&dyaEm a[mwd? y#da0" tE&ma,m
a[mwd? tm,w y#doE,
d m ypa,m a[mwd/ aoumyd ocFgkayuH tbdeEawm pdwH udvdwd? bm0em, y&dyaEm a[mwd?
Ow&d y#da0" tE&ma,m a[mwd? tm,
w y#doE,
d m ypa,m
tm,w
a[mwd/ {0H ykxkZe p aou p ocFgkayum, pdw
tbdeD[ma&m {uwH a[mwd tbdeEea|e/ (y#doH?60/)
ed'geuxm taMumif;jypmwrf;vTm ] i
ykxkZefyk*dKvftm;vnf;aumif; aouyk*dKvftm;vnf;aumif;
ocFgkayum pdwfudk a&S;Iaqmifjcif;\ wlnDonf\ tjzpfonf
tb,f odkY jzpfoenf;[lrl --- ocFgkayumudk ESpfoufaom ykxkZef\
pdwo
f nf npfErG ;f \? 0dyembm0em\ ab;&ef jzpf\? t&d,r*fjzifh
opmav;yg;udk xd;k xGi;f odjcif; = y#da0"\ tE&m,f jzpf\/ aemiftcg
y#doaE\ taMumif;w&m;jzpf\/
ocFgkayumudk ESpfoufaom aouyk*dKvf\vnf; pdwfonf
npfErG ;f \? 0dyembm0em\ ab;&ef jzpf\? txuftxuf r*fPf
jzifh opmav;yg;udk xdk;xGif; odjcif; = y#da0"\ tE&m,f jzpf\?
aemiftcg y#doaE\ taMumif;w&m; jzpf\/ odkYvQif ykxkZef
yk*dKvf\vnf;aumif; aouyk*dKvf\vnf;aumif; ocFgkayum
pdwu
f kd a&S;Iaqmifjcif;onf ESpo
f ufwwfaom oabmtm;jzifh wlnD
onf\ tjzpfonf jzpfayonf/ (y#doH?60/)
k -
tm,w y#doE,
d m ypa,m a[mwDwd
wd ocFgkayumor,w
ur Av0wm awae0 ok*wdy#doE,
d m 'D,rmem, tbdeEeocFgawm avmbudavaom tem*aw umrm0p&ok*wdy#doE,
d m
ypa,m a[mwd/ ,om udavoo[m,H urH 0dyguH Zaewd? wom
urH Zeuypa,m a[mwd? udavaom Oywruypa,m/ y /
tm,w y#doE,
d m ypa,m a[mwDwd
wd aoauok aomwmyEou'g*grDeH te"d*wZsmemeH ocFgkayumuare 'D,rmem, umrm0p&ok*wdy#doEd,m tbdeEeudavaom ypa,m a[mwd? psmevmbDeH ye tem*grd p jA[avmaua,0 y#doEmeawm ypa,m e a[mwd/ tEkavmra*gMwbl[d p 'D,rmem, y#doEd,m
t,ar0 udavaom ypa,m a[mwDwd a0'dwaAm/
(y#doH?|?1?250/)
p ] zm;atmufawm&q&mawmf
ykxkZefyk*dKvf\ ocFgkayumPfESifh,SOfaom apwem[laom
uH\ tm;aumif;onf\tjzpfaMumifh xdkuHonfyifvQif umrok*wd
y#doaEusKd;udk ay;vwfaomf ocFgkayumudk ESpfoufjcif;[k qdktyf
aom avmbudavomonf tem*wf umrok*wdy#doaE\ taMumif;w&m; jzpf\? avmbwnf;[laom udavom taygif;tazmfudk &&dS aom ocFgkayumPfEiS hf ,SOw
f v
JG su&f aSd om apwemuHonf
umrok*wdy#doaE paom tusKd;0dygufudk jzpfapEdkif\? xdkaMumifh
ocFgkayumPfEiS hf ,SOaf om apwemuHonf tusK;d 0dygufukd wdu
k -f
dkufjzpfapwwfaom Zeu taMumif;w&m; jzpf\/ ocFgkayumudk
ESpo
f ufwwfaom avmbudavomonf tm;ay;axmufyw
hH wfaom
Oywru taMumif;w&m; jzpf\/ y /
aouyk*dKvfwdkYwGif psmefudk r&&dS Muukeaf om aomwmyef ou'g*grfy*k Kd vw
f \
Ykd ocFgkayumPfEiS hf ,SOaf om apwem[laom ocFgkayumuHonf tusKd;ay;tyfaom umrok*wdy#doaE\ ocFgkayumudk ESpfoufaom avmbudavomonf tm;ay;axmufyHh
wwfaom OywrutaMumif;w&m;jzpf\? psmef&aom aomwmyef
ou'g*grfwEYkd iS hf tem*grfy*k Kd v\
f jA[mjynfomvQif y#doaE,jl cif;
oabm&daS omaMumifh ocFgkayumudk ESpo
f ufaom avmbudavom
onf ,if;jA[m y#doaEpaom tusKd;0dyguf\ tm;ay;axmufyHh
wwfaom OywrutaMumif;w&m;onf rjzpfEdkifay/ tEkavmr
a*gMwbkPfwEYkd iS hf ,SOw
f v
JG su&f aSd om apwem[laom uHw&m;wdu
Yk
tusK;d ay;tyfaom y#doaE\vnf; ocFgkayumudk ESpo
f ufwwfaom avmbudavomonfyifvQif tm;ay;axmufyHhwwfaom
Oywru taMumif;w&m;jzpfonf[k od&dSygav/ (y#doH?|?1?250/)
owdjyK&ef tcsuw
f pf&yf --- tEkavmrPfEiS hf ,SOw
f v
JG suf
&dSaom ukodkvfapwemuvnf; umrok*wd wpfckaom y#doaE-
ed'geuxm taMumif;jypmwrf;vTm ] q
usK;d udk ay;Edik \

f [laom tqdu
k v
kd nf;aumif; a*gMwbkPfEiS hf ,SOw
f JG
vsuf&dSaom ukodkvfapwemuvnf; umrok*wd wpfckaom y#doaEusK;d udk ay;Edik \
f [laom tqdu
k v
kd nf;aumif; owdjyK rSwo
f m;xm;yg/ tEkavmr = tEkvHkonfvnf; wpfBudrfom jzpfaom pdwf
jzpf\? a*gMwbkonfvnf; wpfBudrfom jzpfaom pdwf jzpf\/ wpfckaom apwemu wpfckaom b0udk jzpfapEdkifonfhxHk; oufao
om"ursm;yifwnf;/ tvm;wlyif ocFgkayumuHuvnf; xdkuJhodkY
tusKd;ay;EdkifyHkudk oabmaygufoifhayonf/
ta&;tBuD;qHk;aom tcsdef
oHo&mc&D;wGif usiv
f nfae&aom ykxZk efvo
l m; wpfO;D twGuf
wpfbufwiG f tyg,f tusK;d ay;jcif;jraJ om ymeE&,
d uHEiS hf aoonfh
wkid af tmif rpGev
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T &f ao;aom ed,wrdpm 'd|u
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H w
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aoonfw
h idk af tmif ravQmusaom psmefw&m;wnf;[laom r[*Kw-f
uH wpfcck v
k nf; r&do
S nfjzpft?hH wpfbufwiG v
f nf; yp,y&d*[
Pf
odkYwdkifatmifaom 0dyemPfrsm;udk atmufxpfqHk;tm;jzifh
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r&PmoEaZmonf tukov
kd af Zm jzpft?hH tyg,fav;bHk wpfbb
kH o
kH Ykd
usdef;aoa&muf\/ aocgeD; r&PmoEaZmonf ukodkvfaZm jzpftHh?
xdu
k o
f nft
h m;avsmpf mG ok*wd wpfbb
kH o
kH Ykd a&muf\/ xdu
k o
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ormoarm"dPf yapuaAm"dPf t*om0uaAm"dPf r[mom0uaAm"dPf[al om aAm"dPfrsm;udk &nf&,
G af wmifw
h xm;ol
r[kwfvQif xdkocFgkayumPfodkYwdkifatmif 0dyembm0em
ur|mef;udk pD;jzef;xm;ol olawmfaumif;rsm;onf a,bk,stm;jzifh
Z ] zm;atmufawm&q&mawmf
aoNyD;aemuf 'kwd,b0wGif t&d,r*fzdkvf edAmef[lonfh w&m;xl;
w&m;jrwfudk &&dSEdkifaMumif;udk aomwmEk*wokwefwGif bk&m;&Sif
udk,fawmfwdkif a[mMum;xm;awmfrlcJh\/ ,if;odkY cdkifvHkonfh tmrcHcsu&f o
Sd nfh bk&m;&Si\
f w&m;awmfrsm;udk tm*rokw[laom oifod
t"d*rokw[laom usifhod --- tod ESpfrsKd;jzifh todBuD; odatmif
todPf&o
Sd nfh vlUb0udk &cdu
k f &[ef;b0udk &cdu
k f txl; BuKd ;yrf;oifhvSayonf/ oHo&mc&D; rqHk;ao;olwdkYtwGuf txufwGif a&;om;cJhonfhtwdkif; aocgeD; r&PmoEtcgonf tyg,f'k*wdESifh
aumif;&mok*wdukd vrf;cGaJ y;onfh ta&;tBu;D qH;k aom tcsed u
f mv
jzpf\/ xdt
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uHrsm;udk xlaxmifxm;Ny;D jzpfzYkd vdak yonf/ oHo&mc&D;udk tqH;k owf
Edkifatmif BudK;pm;xm;NyD; jzpfvQifum; wdkif;xuftvGef wHcGefESifh
bk&m;yif jzpfacsonf/ wGif aomwmEk*wokwef jrefrmjyefudk
qufvuf a&;om;wifjytyfygonf/
aomwmEk*wokwef
&[ef;wdkY ...yom'aomwodkY ouf0if Paomwjzifh
ydik ;f jcm;rSwo
f m;tyfuek af om EIwjf zifh tvGw&f atmif avhusut
f yfNy;D
ukefaom pdwfjzifh tzefzef txyfxyf aphaphikik MunfhI qifjcif
oH;k oyftyfNy;D ukeaf om w&m;ud,
k t
f eufoabmtm;jzifv
h nf;aumif;
taMumif;w&m;tm;jzifv
h nf;aumif; orm'd|
d Pfynmjzifh aumif;pGm
ud,
k w
f ikd rf suaf rSmuf xGi;f azmufojd riftyfNy;D ukeaf om w&m;awmfw\
Ykd
rcRwf{uef &vdrfhrnf[k arQmfvifhtyfukefaom tusKd;qufwdkYonf
av;rsKd;wdkYwnf;/ tb,fav;rsKd;wdkYenf;[lrl ---
ed'geuxm taMumif;jypmwrf;vTm ] ps
1/ &[ef;wdkY ...omoemawmf &[ef;onf --1/ okw

2/ a*,s
= okwtrnf&aom w&m;awmf
= *gxmESifh pum;ajy ESpfaxGa&maeaom w&m;awmf
3/ a0,smu&P = *gxmrzuf oufoufaom pum;ajyw&m;awmf
4/ *gxm
= *gxmw&m;awmf
5/ O'ge
= O'gef; = 0rf;ajrmufpGm usL;&ifhawmfrltyfaom
w&m;awmf
6/ wd0kwu = wd0w
k f = odYk bk&m;&Sio
f nf a[mMum;awmfrltyf\ -- odYk tpcsv
D suf ed'gef;ysK;d xm;aom
w&m;awmf
7/ Zmwu
= Zmwfawmf
8/ tAKw"r = rjzpfpzl; tOD;topf tHMh ozG,&f mwdEYk iS hf qufpyfaeaom w&m;awmf
9/ a0'v
= todxl; Pfxl;udkvnf; &&dS ESpfouf0rf;ajrmufru
I v
kd nf; &&daS om tar; tajz jzpfaom
w&m;awmf --t*Fg (9)wefEiS hf jynfph akH wmfral om w&m;awmfukd oifMum;\/
xd&k [ef;\ oEmef xdw
k &m;awmfwo
Ykd nf yom'aomwodYk ouf0if
Paomwjzifh ydkif;jcm;rSwfom;tyfukef\? EIwfjzifh tvGwf&atmif
avhusuftyfNyD; jzpfukef\? pdwfjzifh tzefzef txyfxyf aphaphikik
MunhfI qifjcif oHk;oyftyfNyD; jzpfukef\? w&m;udk,f teufoabm
tm;jzifhvnf;aumif; taMumif;w&m;tm;jzifhvnf;aumif; orm'd|d
Pfynmjzifh aumif;pGm ud,
k w
f ikd rf suaf rSmuf xGi;f azmufojd riftyfNy;D
jzpfukef\/ (tH?1?504-505/)
] zm;atmufawm&q&mawmf
rSwcf suf --- 'd|,
d m oky# 0d 'd g wd twawm p um&Pawm p ynm,
ok|K y#d0d'g ypuH uwm/ (tH?|?2?364/) --- bk&m;&Sif\
t*Fg (9)wefESifh jynhfpHkawmfrlaom yd#uwfoHk;yHk w&m;
awmf a[mMum;xm;awmfrt
l yfaom w&m;ud,
k f teuf
oabmw&m;wdrYk mS pdwf apwoduf kyf edAm ef - [laom
y&rww&m; (4)yg;wdkYom jzpfMu\/ pwkwy&rwf jzpfaom edAm efw&m;awmfjrwfukd tvd&k aSd om olawmfaumif;
onf a&S;OD;pGm avmuD pdw-f apwodu-f ky[
f al om w&m;
udk,f teufoabmw&m;wdkYudkvnf;aumif; ,if;pdwfapwoduf-kyfw&m;wdkY\ taMumif;w&m;wdkYudkvnf;aumif; orm'd|
d Pfynmjzifh ud,
k w
f ikd rf suaf rSmuf xGi;f
azmufodjrifatmif BudK;pm;&\/ emrlyy&dap'PfESifh
yp,y&d*[Pfwnf;/ wy&dnmwnf;/ tm'd'Dyu
enf;wnf;/ wy&dnm wD&Py&dnm y[mey&dnm[k
y&dnm oHk;rsKd;&dS&m tpjzpfaom wy&dnmudk ,lojzifh
tv,fjzpfaom wD&Py&dnm tqHk;jzpfaom y[mey&dnmwdu
Yk v
kd nf; odr;f usK;H ,l&aom enf;wnf;/ emrlyy&dap'Pfro
S nf ocFgkayumPfoYkd wdik af tmifaom
0dyemPfrsm;ESifh jynhfpHkatmif BudK;pm;tm;xkwf&ef
&nfeT ;f xm;\/ ,if;odYk BuKd ;yrf;&m a&S;OD;pGm ,if; pdw-f
apwoduf-kyfw&m;wdkYudk oifodtaejzifh odatmif BudK;
pm;&\? tm*rokwwnf;/ xdkaemif orm'd|dPfynm
jzifh ud,
k w
f ikd rf suaf rSmuf xGi;f azmufojd rifatmif ocFgkayumPfoYkd qdu
k o
f nfwikd af tmif BuKd ;pm;&\? t"d*rokwwnf;/ ,if;odkY tm*rokw t"d*rokw[laom
okww&m;ESihf jynhpf akH om olawmfaumif;udk txl; &nfTef;xm;onf[k rSwfyg/
ed'geuxm taMumif;jypmwrf;vTm ] #
xdk&[ef;onf owdvGwfuif;onfjzpf aovGef&aomf trSwf

rxm; wpfyg;yg;aom ewfjynf ewfavmu jzpf\/ (tH?1?505/)
rSwfcsuf --- rk|wd umvH ukkrmaem
wd e,d'H Ak'0peH tEk&maemwd
Powd,m tbma0e 0kwH? ykxkZeumvud&d,H ye
oEm, 0kwH/ ykxkZaem [d rk|wd umvH ua&mwd
G u
f if;onf jzpf aovGef
emr/ (tH?|?2? 364/) --- owdvw
&aomf[laom pum;udk bk&m;pum;awmfudk tpOf
avQmuf atmufarhwwfaom owd\ r&dSjcif;aMumifh
a[mawmfrlonfum; r[kwf? ykxkZeftjzpfESifh uG,fvGef
jcif;udo
k m &nf&,
G af wmfr
l a[mMum;awmfrjl cif; jzpf\/
rSefayonf --- ykxkZefonf owdvGwfuif; aovGef&
onf rnfayonf/ (tH?|?2?364/)
xdek wfjynf ewfavmu csr;f omjcif;&daS om xdek wfom;\ oEmef
0,f w&m;yk'ftpkwdkYonf ay:vGifxif&Sm;vmMuukef\/ (vGefcJhaom
b0 &Gwfzwfo&Zsm,fjcif;vQif taMumif;&if;cH&Sdaom EIwfjzifh
avhusux
f m;tyfNy;D ukeaf om orm'd|
d Pfynmjzifh aumif;pGm ud,
k -f
wdik rf suaf rSmuf xGi;f azmufojd riftyfNy;D ukeaf om w&m;tm;vH;k wdo
Yk nf
Munfvifaom aMu;rHjk yif t&dyu
f o
hJ Ykd ay:vGix
f if&mS ; vmMuuke\
f ??)
&[ef;wdkY ...w&m;awmfudk tpOfavQmuf IyGm;oHk;oyfwwf
aom 0dyemPfESifh ,SOfwGJvsuf&dSaom owd\ jzpfay:jcif;onf
EkHYaES;vSao;\? tu,fpifppfrSmrl xdkewfom;jzpfaom ow0gonf
vsijf refpmG omvQif r*fzv
kd ef Ad m ef[o
l nfh w&m;xl; w&m;jrwfukd &&dES ikd f
\/ &[ef;wdkY ...onfum; yom'aomwodkY ouf0if Paomwjzifh ydkif;jcm;rSwfom;tyfukefaom EIwfjzifh tvGwf&atmif
avhusut
f yfNy;D ukeaf om pdwjf zifh tzefzef txyfxyf aphaphiik k Munhf I
qifjcif oHk;oyftyfNyD;ukefaom w&m;udk,f teufoabmtm;jzifh
X ] zm;atmufawm&q&mawmf
vnf;aumif; taMumif;w&m;tm;jzifhvnf;aumif; orm'd|dPfynmjzifh aumif;pGm ud,
k w
f ikd rf suaf rSmuf xGi;f azmufojd riftyfNy;D ukef
aom w&m;awmfwdkY\ rcRwf{uef &vdrfhrnf[k arQmfvifhtyfaom
a&S;OD;pGmaom yxr tusKd;qufwnf;/ (tH?1?505/)
2/ &[ef;wdkY ...aemufwpfrsKd;aomfum; &[ef;onf okw a*,s
a0,smu&P *gxm O'ge wd0kwu Zmwu tAKw"r a0'v
[laom t*Fg (9)wefEiS hf jynfph akH wmfral om w&m;awmfukd oifMum;\?
xd&k [ef;\ oEmef xdw
k &m;awmfwo
Ykd nf yom'aomwodYk ouf0if
Paomwjzifh ydik ;f jcm;rSwo
f m;tyfuek \
f ? EIwjf zifh tvGw&f atmif
avhusuftyfNyD; jzpfukef\? pdwfjzifh tzefzef txyfxyf aphaphikik
MunfhIqifjcif oHk;oyftyfNyD; jzpfukef\? w&m;udk,f teufoabm
tm;jzifhvnf;aumif; taMumif;w&m;tm;jzifhvnf;aumif; orm'd|d
Pfynmjzifh aumif;pGm ud,
k w
f ikd rf suaf rSmuf xGi;f azmufojd riftyfNy;D
jzpfukef\/
xdk&[ef;onf owdvGwfuif;onfjzpf aovGef&aomf trSwfrxm; wpfyg;yg;aom ewfjynf ewfavmu jzpf\/ xdek wfjynf ewfavmu csr;f omjcif;&daS om xdek wfom;\ oEmef0,f w&m;yk't
f pkwYkd
onf ay:vGix
f if&mS ;um; rvmMuukeaf o;? pifppfaomfum; wefc;kd
'dy g'fEiS hf jynfph
kH pdwu
f kd Edik Ef ikd ef if;eif; avhvmEdik jf cif;odYk a&mufNy;D
aom "ruxdu&[ef;awmfonf ewfy&dowf w&m;awmfudk a[mMum;av\/ xdek wfom;\ oEmef0,f ]],ck "ruxdu&[ef;awmf
a[mMum;aeaom w&m;awmfonfum; a&S;,cif ig vljzpfpOf &[ef;
b0wke;f u ig usiMhf uBH uKd ;ukwf yGm;rsm;tm;xkwcf zhJ ;l aom oDv orm"d
ynm odum oH;k &yf tusijhf rwfjzifh odr;f usK;H a&wGut
f yfaom omoejA[p&d, trnf&onfh xd"k r0ed ,yifwnf;}}[k pdwt
f MuH jzpfvm\/
&[ef;wdkY ...w&m;awmfudk tpOfavQmuf IyGm;oHk;oyfwwfaom
ed'geuxm taMumif;jypmwrf;vTm ] !
owd\ jzpfay:jcif;onf EkaYH ES;vSao;\? tu,fpifppfrmS rl xdek wfom;

jzpfaom ow0gonf vsifjrefpGmomvQif r*fPf zdkvfPf edAmef
[lonfh w&m;xl; w&m;jrwfudk &&dSEdkif\/
&[ef;wdkY ...jzpfoifhjzpf&m EdIif;cdkif;zG,f&m avmu Oyrmonf
um; pnfBuD;oH vdrmuRrf;usifaom a,mufsm;onf c&D;&SnfoGm;
vwfaomf pnfBuD;oHudk Mum;av&m\? xdka,mufsm;\ oEmef0,f
xdkpnfBuD;oH ]]pnfBuD;oHavavm pnfBuD;oH r[kwfavavm}}[k
,HkrSm;jcif; awG;awmjcif;onf rjzpfawmhbJ pnfBuD;oH[lomvQif
trSeftwdkif; qHk;jzwfjcif;odkY a&muf&mouJhodkY -- &[ef;wdkY ...
OyrmtwlomvQif &[ef;onf okw a*,s a0,smu&P *gxm O'ge
wd0w
k u
Zmwu tAKw"r a0'v[al om t*Fg (9)wefEiS hf jynhpf kH
awmfral om w&m;awmfukd oifMum;\/ xd&k [ef;\ oEmef xdw
k &m;awmfwdkYonf yom'aomwodkY ouf0if Paomwjzifh ykdif;jcm;
rSwo
f m;tyfuek \
f ? EIwjf zifh tvGw&f atmif avhusut
f yfNy;D jzpfuek \
f ?
pdwfjzifh tzefzef txyfxyf aphaphikik MunfhIqifjcif oHk;oyftyfNyD;
jzpfukef\? w&m;udk,fteufoabmtm;jzifhvnf;aumif; taMumif;
w&m;tm;jzifv
h nf;aumif; orm'd|
k w
f ikd f
rsufarSmuf xGif;azmufodjriftyfNyD; jzpfukef\/
rxm; wpfyg;yg;aom ewfjynf ewfavmu jzpf\? xdek wfjynf ewfavmu csr;f omjcif;&daS om xdek wfom;\ oEmef0,f w&m;yk't
f pkwYkd
onf ay:vGix
f if&mS ;um; rvmMuukeaf o;? pifppfaomfum; wefc;kd
'yd g'fEiS hf jynhpf
kH pdwu
f kd Edik Ef ikd ef if;eif; avhvmEdik jf cif;odYk a&mufNy;D
aom "ruxdu&[ef;awmfonf ewfy&dowf w&m;awmfudk a[mMum;av\/ xdek wfom;\ oEmef0,f ]],ck "ruxdu&[ef;awmf
a[mMum;aeaom w&m;awmfonfum; a&S;,cif ig vljzpfpOf &[ef;
] zm;atmufawm&q&mawmf
b0wke;f u ig usiMhf uBH uKd ;ukwf yGm;rsm;tm;xkwcf zhJ ;l aom oDv orm"d
ynm odum oH;k &yf tusijhf rwfjzifh odr;f usK;H a&wGut
f yfaom omoejA[p&d, trnf&onfh xd"k r0ed ,yifwnf;}}[k pdwt
f MuH jzpfvm\/
[lonfh w&m;xl; w&m;jrwfudk &&dSEdkif\/ &[ef;wdkY ...onfum;
yom'aomwodYk ouf0if Paomwjzifh ykid ;f jcm;rSwo
f m;tyfuek f
aom EIwfjzifh tvGwf&atmif avhusuftyfNyD;ukefaom pdwfjzifh
tzefzef txyfxyf aphaphiik k Munfh q
I ifjcif oH;k oyftyfNy;D ukeaf om
w&m;udk,f teufoabmtm;jzifhvnf;aumif; taMumif;w&m;tm;
jzifv
h nf;aumif; orm'd|
k w
f ikd rf suaf rSmuf
xGi;f azmufojd riftyfNy;D ukeaf om w&m;awmfw\
Ykd rcRw{f uef &vdr-hf
rnf[k arQmfvifhtyfaom ESpfckajrmufaom 'kwd, tusKd;qufwnf;/
(tH?1?505-506/)
3/ &[ef;wdYk ...aemufwpfrsK;d um; &[ef;onf okw a*,s a0,smu&P *gxm O'ge wd0kwu Zmwu tA Kw"r a0'v[laom
t*Fg (9)wefEiS fh jynfph akH wmfral om w&m;awmfukd oifMum;\/ xd&k [ef;\ oEmef xdw
k &m;awmfwo
Ykd nf yom'aomwodYk ouf0if Paomwjzifh ykid ;f jcm; rSwo
f m;tyfuek \
f yfNy;D jzpfuek \
f ? pdwjf zifh tzefzef txyfxyf aphaphiik k Munfh I
qifjcif oHk;oyftyfNyD; jzpfukef\? w&m;udk,f teufoabmtm;jzifh
vnf;aumif; taMumif;w&m;tm;jzifhvnf;aumif; orm'd|dPfynmjzifh aumif;pGm udk,fwdkifrsufarSmuf xGif;azmufodjriftyfNyD;
jzpfukef\/
ed'geuxm taMumif;jypmwrf;vTm ] P

rxm; wpfyg;yg;aom ewfjynf ewfavmu jzpf\? xdkewfjynf ewf
avmu csrf;omjcif;&dSaom xdkewfom;\ oEmef0,f w&m;yk'ftpk
wdkYonf ay:vGifxif&Sm;um; rvmMuukefao;? wefcdk;'dyg'fESifh
jynfhpHk pdwfudk EdkifEdkifeif;eif; avhvmEdkifjcif;odkY a&mufNyD;aom "ruxdu&[ef;awmfonfvnf; ewfy&dowf w&m;awmfukd a[mMum;
awmfrrlao; jzpfae\? pifppfaomfum; "ruxduewfom;onf ewfy&dowf w&m;awmfudk a[mMum;av\/ xdktcg xdkewfom;\
oEmef0,f ]],ck "ruxduewfom; a[mMum;aeaom w&m;awmf
onfum; a&S;,cif ig vljzpfpOf &[ef;b0wke;f u ig usiMhf uBH uKd ;ukwf
yGm;rsm;tm;xkwcf zhJ ;l aom oDv orm"d ynm odum oH;k &yf tusijhf rwf
jzifh odr;f usK;H a&wGut
f yfaom omoejA[p&d, trnf&onfh xd"k r0de,yifwnf;}}[k pdwftMuH jzpfvm\/ &[ef;wdkY ...w&m;awmfudk
tpOfavQmuf IymG ;oH;k oyfwwfaom owd\ jzpfay:jcif;onf EkaYH ES;
vSao;\? tu,fpifppfrmS rl xdek wfom;jzpfaom ow0gonf vsijf refpGmomvQif r*fPf zdkvfPf edAmef[lonfh w&m;xl; w&m;jrwfudk
&&dSEdkif\/
&[ef;wdkY ...jzpfoifhjzpf&m EdIif;cdkif;zG,f&m avmuOyrmonf
um; ckoif;oH vdrm uRr;f usiaf om a,mufsm;onf c&D;&Sno
f mG ;vwf
aomf ckoif;oHudk Mum;av&m\? xdka,mufsm;\ oEmef0,f xdkckoif;oH ]]ckoif;oHavavm? ckoif;oH r[kwfavavm}}[k ,HkrSm;
jcif; awG;awmjcif;onf rjzpfawmhbJ ]]ckoif;oH}}[lomvQif trSef
twdkif; qHk;jzwfjcif;odkY a&muf&mouJhodkY - &[ef;wdkY ... Oyrm
twlomvQif &[ef;onf okw a*,s a0,smu&P *gxm O'ge
wd0w
k u
Zmwu tAKw"r a0'v[al om t*Fg (9)wefEiS hf jynfph kH
awmfral om w&m;awmfukd oifMum;\/ xd&k [ef;\ oEmef xdw
k &m;-
w ] zm;atmufawm&q&mawmf
awmfwdkYonf yom'aomwodkY ouf0if Paomwjzifh ydkif;jcm;
rSwo
f m;tyfuek \
f yfNy;D jzpfuek \
f ?
pdwfjzifh tzefzef txyfxyf aphaphikik MunfhIqifjcif oHk;oyftyfNyD;
jzpfuek \
f ? w&m;ud,
k f teufoabmtm;jzifv
h nf;aumif; taMumif;w&m;tm;jzifv
h nf;aumif; orm'd|
k w
f ikd f
rsufarSmuf xGif;azmufodjriftyfNyD; jzpfukef\/
avmu csrf;omjcif;&dSaom xdkewfom;\ oEmef0,f w&m;yk'ftpk
jynfhpHk pdwfudk EdkifEdkifeif;eif; avhvmEdkifjcif;odkY a&mufNyD;aom "ruxdu&[ef;awmfonfvnf; ewfy&dowf w&m;awmfukd a[mMum;awmfrrlao; jzpfae\/ pifppfaomfum; "ruxduewfom;onf ewf
y&dowf w&m;awmfudk a[mMum;av\/ xdktcg xdkewfom;\
oEmef0,f ]],ck "ruxduewfom; a[mMum;aeaom w&m;awmf
onfum; a&S;,cif ig vljzpfpOf &[ef;b0wke;f u ig usiMhf uBH uKd ;ukwf
yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfcJhzl;aom oDv orm"d ynm odumoHk;&yf tusifhjrwfjzifh odrf;usKH;a&wGuftyfaom omoejA[p&d, trnf&onfh
xdk"r0de,yifwnf;}}[k pdwftMuH jzpfvm\/ &[ef;wdkY ...w&m;awmfudk tpOfavQmuf IyGm;oHk;oyfwwfaom owd\ jzpfay:jcif;
onf EkHYaES;vSao;\? tu,fpifppfrSmrl xdkewfom;jzpfaom ow0g
onf vsifjrefpGmomvQif r*fPf zdkvfPf edAmef[lonfh w&m;xl;
w&m;jrwfudk &&dSEdkif\/ &[ef;wdkY ...onfum; yom'aomwodkY
ouf0if Paomwjzifh ydkif;jcm;rSwfom;tyfukefaom EIwfjzifh
tvGw&f atmif avhusut
f yfNy;D ukeaf om pdwjf zifh tzefzef txyfxyf
aphaphikik MunfhIqifjcif oHk;oyftyfNyD;ukefaom w&m;udk,fteuf-
ed'geuxm taMumif;jypmwrf;vTm ] x
oabmtm;jzifhvnf;aumif; taMumif;w&m;tm;jzifhvnf;aumif;
orm'd|
k w
f ikd rf suaf rSmuf xGi;f azmufo-d
jriftyfNy;D ukeaf om w&m;awmfw\
Ykd rcRw{f uef &vdrrhf nf[k arQmv
f ifh
tyfaom oHk;ckajrmufaom wwd, tusKd;qufwnf;/ (tH?1?506/)
4/ &[ef;wdYk ...aemufwpfrsK;d um; &[ef;onf okw a*,s a0,smu&P *gxm O'ge wd0kwu Zmwu tA Kw"r a0'v[laom
t*Fg (9)wefEiS hf jynfph akH wmfral om w&m;awmfukd oifMum;\? xd&k [ef;
\ oEmef xdw
k &m;awmfwo
Ykd nf yom'aomwodYk ouf0if Paomwjzifh ykid ;f jcm;rSwo
f m;tyfuek \
f yfNy;D jzpfuek \
f ? pdwjf zifh tzefzef txyfxyf aphaphiik k Munhf I
qifjcif oHk;oyftyfNyD; jzpfukef\? w&m;udk,f teufoabmtm;jzifh
vnf;aumif; taMumif;w&m;tm;jzifhvnf;aumif; orm'd|dPfynmjzifh aumif;pGm udk,fwdkifrsufarSmuf xGif;azmufodjriftyfNyD;
jzpfukef\/
rxm; wpfyg;yg;aom ewfjynf ewfavmu jzpf\/ xdkewfjynf ewf
avmu csrf;omjcif;&Sdaom xdkewfom;\ oEmef0,f w&m;yk'ftpk
awmfrrlao; jzpfae\? "ruxduewfom;onfvnf; ewfy&dowf
w&m;awmfukd a[mMum;rI r&Sad o; jzpfae\/ pifppfaomfum; ewfjynf
ewfavmu a&S;OD;pGm ewfom;jzpfEiS ahf om vlUb0u oDwif;oH;k azmf
jzpfcJhzl;aom ewfom;onf aemufjzpfvmaom ewfom;udk ]]tcsif;
ewfom; ...a&S;,cif vljzpfpOf &[ef;b0wkef;u igwdkYusifhMuH
BuKd ;ukwf yGm;rsm;tm;xkwcf zhJ ;l aom oDv orm"d ynm[laom odum
' ] zm;atmufawm&q&mawmf
oHk;&yf tusifhjrwfjzifh odrf;usKH;a&wGuftyfaom omoejA[p&d,
trnf&onfh jrwfaom tusi[
hf al om xdk "r0ed ,udk oif atmufarhavmh (= trSwf&avmh)? tcsif; ewfom; ...oif atmufarhavmh
(= trSwf&avmh)}}[k atmufarhap\ (= trSwf&ap\)/ xdkewfom;
onf ]]tcsif; ewfom; ... igonf atmufarh\ (= trSwf&yg\)?
tcsi;f ewfom; ... igonf atmufarh\ (= trSw&f yg\)}}[k qd\
k /
owd\ jzpfay:jcif;onf EkHYaES;vSao;\? tu,fpifppfrSmrl xdkewfom;jzpfaom ow0gonf vsijf refpmG omvQif r*fPf zdv
k
f Pf edAm ef
[lonfh w&m;xl; w&m;jrwfudk &&SdEdkif\/
&[ef;wdYk ...jzpfoifjh zpf&m EdiI ;f cdik ;f zG,&f m avmuOyrmonfum;
ajrrIefYupm;zuf jzpfukefaom oli,fcsif; ESpfa,mufwdkYonf wpfcg
wpf&H wpfae&m tcsif;csif; awGUqHkaygif;rdMuukef&m\? oli,fcsif;
wpfa,mufu oli,fcsif; wpfa,mufudk ]]taqG ...oifonf
trIudkvnf; atmufarhavmh? oifonf trIudkvnf; atmufarhavmh?}}[k odkY qdk&m\/ xdkoli,fcsif;onf ]]taqG ...igonf
atmufarh\ = trSwf&yg\? taqG ...igonf atmufarh\ = trSw&f yg\}}[k qdak v&m\/ &[ef;wdYk OyrmtwlomvQif &[ef;onf
okw a*,s a0,smu&P *gxm O'ge wd0kwu Zmwu tA Kw"r a0'v[laom t*Fg (9)wefESifh jynfhpHkawmfrlaom w&m;awmfudk
oifMum;\? xd&k [ef;\ oEmef xdw
k &m;awmfwo
Ykd nf yom'aomwodkY ouf0if Paomwjzifh ydkif;jcm;rSwfom;tyfukef\/ EIwfjzifh
tvGw&f atmif avhusut
f yfNy;D jzpfuek \
f ? pdwjf zifh tzefzef txyfxyf aphaphikik MunfhIqifjcif oHk;oyftyfNyD; jzpfukef\? w&m;udk,f
teufoabmtm;jzifhvnf;aumif; taMumif;w&m;tm;jzifhvnf;aumif; orm'd|dPfynmjzifh aumif;pGm udk,fwdkifrsufarSmuf xGif;azmufodjriftyfNyD; jzpfukef\/
ed'geuxm taMumif;jypmwrf;vTm ] "
xdk&[ef;onf owdvGwfuif;onf jzpf aovGef&aomf trSwf

avmu csrf;omjcif;&Sdaom xdkewfom;\ oEmef0,f w&m;yk'ftpk
wdkYonf ay:vGifxif&Sm;um; rvmMuukefao;? wefckd;'dyg'fESifh
awmfrrlao; jzpfae\? "ruxduewfom;onfvnf; ewfy&dowf
w&m;awmfukd a[mMum;rI r&Sad o; jzpfae\? pifppfaomfum; ewfjynf
ewfavmu a&SUOD;pGm ewfom;jzpfESifhaom vlUb0u oDwif;oHk;azmf
jzpfcJhzl;aom ewfom;onf aemufjzpfvmaom ewfom;udk ]]tcsif;
ewfom; ...a&S;,cif vljzpfpOf &[ef;b0wkef;u igwdkY usifhMuH
BuKd ;ukwf yGm;rsm;tm;xkwcf zhJ ;l aom oDv orm"d ynm[laom odum
oH;k &yf tusijhf rwftm;jzifh odr;f usK;H a&wGut
f yfaom omoejA[p&d,
trnf&onfh jrwfaomtusi[
hf al om xd"k r0ed ,udk oif atmufarhavmh (= trSwf&avmh)? tcsif; ewfom; ...oif atmufarhavmh
(= trSwf&avmh)}}[k atmufarhap\ (= trSwf&ap\)/ xdkewfom;
onf ]]tcsif; ewfom; ...igonf atmufarh\ (= trSwf&yg\?)
tcsi;f ewfom; ...igonf atmufarh\ (= trSw&f yg\)}}[k qd\
k /
[lonfh w&m;xl; w&m;jrwfudk &&SdEdkif\/ &[ef;wdkY ...onfum;
yom'aomwodkY ouf0if Paomwjzifh ydkif;jcm;rSwfom;tyf
ukeaf om EIwjf zifh tvGw&f atmif avhusut
f yfNy;D ukeaf om pdwjf zifh
tzefzef txyfxyf aphaphiik k Munfh q
I ifjcif oH;k oyftyfNy;D ukeaf om
w&m;ud,
k f teufoabmtm;jzifv
h nf;aumif; taMumif;w&m;tm;jzifv
h nf;aumif; orm'd|
k w
f ikd rf suaf rSmuf
e ] zm;atmufawm&q&mawmf
xGif;azmufodjriftyfNyD;ukefaom w&m;awmfwdkY\ rcRwf{uef &vdrfh
rnf[k arQmfvifhtyfaom av;ckajrmufaom pwkw tusKd;qufay
wnf;/
&[ef;wdYk ...yom'aomwodYk ouf0if Paomwjzifh ydik ;f jcm;rSwfom;tyfukefaom EIwfjzifh tvGwf&atmif avhusuftyfNyD;
ukeaf om pdwjf zifh tzefzef txyfxyf aphaphiik k Munfh q
I ifjcif oH;k oyf
tyfNyD;ukefaom w&m;udk,fteufoabmtm;jzifhvnf;aumif;
taMumif;w&m;tm;jzifv
h nf;aumif; orm'd|
d Pfynmjzifh aumif;pGm
ud,
k w
f ikd rf suaf rSmuf xGi;f azmufojd riftyfNy;D ukeaf om w&m;awmfw\
Ykd
rcRwf{uef &vdrfhrnf[k arQmfvifhtyfukefaom tusKd;qufwdkYonf
av;rsKd;wdkYwnf;[k rdefYawmfrl\/ (tH?1?506-507/)
um; aomwmEk*wokwef a[mMum;xm;awmfrltyfaom
bk&m;&Sif\ w&m;awmfrsm;udk oifodusifhod tod ESpfrsKd;wdkYjzifh
ocFgkayumPfow
Ykd ikd af tmif yGm;rsm;xm;tyfaom 0dyemuHwu
Ykd
'kw,
d b0 ewfjynf ewfavmu0,f r*fPfzv
kd
f PfwjYkd zifh edAm efukd
vsijf refpmG rsuaf rSmufjyKEikd af tmif &Guaf qmifay;Edik yf kH taMumif;t&m
wdkY jzpfMuonf/
oHo&mc&D;um; tked maoa&; 'kua b;wdjYk zifh Iyaf xG;ayGvv
D suf
&Sdaom uEm&c&D;cJBuD;jzpf\/ ausmfvTm;vGefajrmufzdkY&efum; tvGef
cufcJvS\/ rD;wpfq,fhwpfoD;wdkY\ avmifNrdKufrI'Pfcsufudkom
Burd zf efrsm;pGm xyfumxyfum cHpm;aeMu&aom bHXk mersm; jzpfMu\/
xdkuJhodkYaom 'kut00rS xkwfaqmifu,fwifay;Edkifaom w&m;aumif;rsm;udk raysmufrysuf&atmif xdef;odrf;apmifha&SmufzkdY&ef
bk&m;&Sif y&dedAmefpHvGefawmfrlNyD;aemuf wynfhom0ursm;tay:
wm0efusa&mufvsuf &Sdae\/ xdkwm0ef0w&m;udk taustyGef
xrf;aqmifz&Ykd ef bk&m;&Sif y&deAd m efpv
H eG af wmfrNl y;D aemuf t&Sirf [m-
ed'geuxm taMumif;jypmwrf;vTm ] y
uyrax&fonf w&m;awmfrsm; raysmufysufa&;twGuf o*Fg,emwifz&Ykd ef tkt

d ao tav;*kjyKum pOf;pm;qifjcifawmfrcl ahJ v
onf/ xdo
k Ykd pOf;pm;qifjcifawmfr&l m pELyrokwe w
f iG f a[mMum;
xm;awmfral om taMumif;t&monfvnf; wpfct
k ygt0if jzpfcahJ v
onf/
tmeEaw&ty'gefw&m;awmfrsm;udk a[mMum;&m t&SiftmeEmrax&fjrwf\ bk&m;&Sif y&deAd m efpv
H eG af wmfrNl y;D aemuf &[Em
tjzpfodkY a&mufatmif BudK;yrf;yHkrsm;vnf; yg0ifcJh\/ yxro*Fg,em
wifyJG taMumif;t&mvnf; qufpyfvsuf yg0ifaejyef\/ pELyrokwe u
f m; yxro*Fg,emwifz&Ykd ef t&Sirf [muyrax&f pOf;pm;
qifjcifawmfrlonfh tcsufwpf&yftjzpf yg0ifaeayonf/ odkYtwGuf
tmeEaw&ty'geftaMumif;udk a[mMum;&m okwefudkyg Mum;nyv
f suf a[mMum;cJah yonf/ xko
d w
k e u
f kd emMum;cGihf &&do
S jzifh pmtkyf
tjzpfjzifh ku
d Ef ydS v
f LS 'gef;vdyk gaMumif; 'g,um armifatmifjrifh (ref;NrKd Uawmf)u avQmufxm;awmif;yefojzifh w&m;a[m wdwfacGrS pmtkyf
toGifodkY jyKjyifajymif;vJum xkwfa0vSL'gef;tyfygonf/
pmIol olawmfaumif;taygif;wdo
Yk nf bk&m;&Si\
f w&m;awmfrsm;
udk oifod usio
hf d ESpo
f w
d jYdk zifh od&u
Sd m edAm efukd rsuaf rSmufjyKEidk Mf u
ygapaom0f/ tu,f edAmefudk rsufarSmufrjyKEkdifMuao;cJhaomf
aomwmEk*wokwe f vm&So
d nft
h wkid ;f ocFgkayumPfoYkd wdik -f
atmif usifhMuHBudK;ukwf yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfEdkifMuygapaom0f/
zm;atmufawm&q&mawmf
pef;vtoGif jzpfapcsifonf (pELyrokwef) ] 1
nff
(pELyrokwe )f
(tmeEaw&ty'gef a[mpOfw&m;awmfrS aumufEkwf azmfjyonf/)
rdrdESifh yrmwlol
cspfom;&[ef;wkdY ... igbk&m;onf tmoa0gw&m; (4)yg;wkdY&JU
uke&f mjzpfwhJ tmoa0gw&m; r&S&d mjzpfwhJ t&[wzv
dk f apawm0drw
k d
t&[wzkdvf ynm0drkwdukd rsufarSmufaom ukd,f\tjzpfyifvQif
uk,
d w
f idk f xk;d xGi;f Pfjzifh xk;d xGi;f odNy;D rsuaf rSmufjyKvsuf jynfjh ynfph pHk Hk
uyfa&mufNy;D aexkid Ef idk o
f vkd uy[mvnf; tvm;wlyJ tmoa0gw&m;wk&Yd UJ uke&f mjzpfwhJ tmoa0gw&m; r&Sw
d hJ t&[wzv
dk f apawm0drkwd t&[wzkdvf ynm0drkwdukd rsufarSmufaom ukd,f\tjzpf
yifvQif uk,
d w
f idk f xk;d xGi;f Pfjzifh xGi;f azmufojd rifvsuf rsuaf rSmufjyKvsuf jynfjh ynfph pHk Hk uyfa&mufNy;D aexkid Ef idk yf gayw,fvYdk 'Dvdk bk&m;&Sif
u csD;rGrf;xm;awmfrlygw,f/ tJ'D csD;rGrf;csufu bmajymaewmvJqkd
awmh tEkykA0d[m&vkdY ac:qkdtyfwJh eda&m"ormywftxdayghav ormywfu 9-yg; tbdnmPf 6-yg;qkdMupkdYaemf/ tJ'D ormywfu
9-yg; tbdnmPf 6-yg;qkdwJh 'Dw&m;awGukd Ow&drEk"rvkdY ac:yg
w,f/ vlwkdY&JU omrefukokdvfuryxw&m; 10-yg;xuf ausmfvTm;
vGefajrmufaewJh w&m;awGyJ/ 'Dw&m;awGrSm bmjzpfvJ
2 ] zm;atmufawm&q&mawmf
twem oror|yaee p tEk*[dawm/

bk&m;&Siu
f rdred YJ wef;wlxm;Ny;D awmh ighudk cs;D ajrm ufawmfrcl w
hJ ,f/
'Dvkd tcsD;ajrmufcH&wJh yk*dKvfwpfa,mufonf bk&m;&Sif&JU omoem
qkwf,kwfysufpD;zkdY&ef jrifawGUvmwJh tcsdeftcgrSm vufykdufNyD;awmh
Munfhraeoifhbl;vkdY olu 'Dvkd oabmaygufawmfrlygw,f/ 'Dtcsuf
uawmh o*Fg,emrwifrD o*Fg,emwifzkdY&ef pOf;pm;awmfrlwJh taMumif;t&mawGxJrSm wpfcktygt0if jzpfygw,f/
aemufwpfck --wxm tmumao ygP pmavwGm tv*pdwwm, ap0
paEmyry#dy'g, p yoHodawm/
wxm = xkdYtwl/ tmumao = aumif;uif/ ygP = vufukd/
pmavwGm = ajrmufcsD/ tv*pdwwm, p = pdwfwGif NiduyfwG,fwmaom pdwfxm;r&Sdjcif;jzifhvnf;aumif;/ paEmyry#dy'g, p
= vESiw
hf al om usi0hf wfy#dywfjzifv
h nf;aumif;/ yoHoad wm = cs;D rGr;f
ajrmufpm;cJhavNyD/
tvm;wlyJ - bk&m;&Sifu aumif;uifrSm vufukd ajrmufNyD;awmh
Niu
d yfw,
G w
f mrIpw
d x
f m; r&Sjd cif;qkw
d hJ oabmw&m;? vESiw
hf w
l hJ vukd
pHxm;Ny;D Oyrmay;Ny;D awmh qkq
d ;Hk rtyfwhJ usi0hf wfy#dywfjzifv
h nf; ighudk
jrwfpmG bk&m; cs;D rGr;f ajrm ufpm;awmfrcl w
hJ ,f/ 'Dvdk tcs;D rGr;f tajrm ufpm;cH&wJh yk*dKvfwpfa,mufu bk&m;&SifbufuaeMunfh&if bk&m;omoemukd a<u;wifatmif igrvkyfoifhbl;vkdY olu 'Dvkd oabmaygufw,f/
'Dawmh vufawmfuav;ukd aumif;uifrmS ajrm ufNy;D awmh jrwfpmG
bk&m;u &[ef;awGukd qkdqkH;rw,fqkdwm b,fvkdvJ
tJ'Dokwefuav;wpfckukdawmh emoifhygw,faemf/ pELyrokwe v

f Ydk ac:ygw,f/ ed'ge0*o,
H w
k yf gVdawmfrmS yJ vm&Syd gw,faemf/
jrwfpmG bk&m;&Sio
f nf wpfcsed rf mS om0wjd ynfreG f aZw0efausmif;wku
d af wmf oDwif;ok;H pHaeawmfrcl u
dk f qkMd upkaYd emf/ bk&m;&Siu
f &[ef;awGukd 'Dokwefuav;ukd a[may;awmfrlygw,f/
pELyrm bdua0 ukvmed OyouFrx -- tyua0 um,H
tyu pdwH edpe0um ukavok ty*Am/
bdua0 = cspfom;&[ef;wkdY .../ ukvmed = 'um 'umrwkdYtxHokdY/ pELyrm = vvQif Oyrm&Sdaom pdwfxm;&SdMuukefonfjzpf/
OyouFrx = csOf;uyfMuygukefavmh/
vESiw
hf al ewJh pdwaf epdwx
f m;jzifh 'um 'umrwkt
Yd xHudk csO;f uyf
Muprf;yg/
um,H = ukd,fukd/ tyua0 = xdef;csKyfomvQif/ pdwH =
pdwf"mwfukd/ tyua0 = xdef;csKyfomvQif/ ukavok = 'um
'umrwkt
Yd ay:/ edpe 0um = tjrw
J rf;tm*EK{nfo
h nfozG,&f adS om
pdwf"mwfjzifh/ ty*Am = kdif;ysaewJh um,uH 0pDuH raemuH r&SdbJ
jrjJ rw
H nfMunfaom um,uH 0pDuH raemuH &So
d jzif/h pELyrm = vvQif
Oyrm&Sad om pdw"f mwfjzif/h ukvmed = 'um 'umrwkx
Yd o
H /Ydk OyouFrx = csOf;uyfMuygukefavmh/
'um 'umrawGxu
H dk csO;f uyfwt
hJ ykid ;f uav;rSm uk,
d u
f dk xde;f csKypf rf;yg? pdw"f mwfuav;ukv
d nf; xde;f csKypf rf;yg/ uk,
d u
f dk xde;f csKy-f
NyD;awmh pdwf"mwfuav;ukd xdef;csKyfNyD;awmh b,fvkdpdwfxm;jzifh
csOf;uyf&rvJvkdYar;awmh --- edpe0um = rdrdukd,fukd tjrJwrf; tm*EK
{nfhonfawGjzpfw,fvkdY rdrdukd,fukd rdrd 'Dpdwf"mwfawGukd arG;jrLyg/
tm*EK{nfo
h nfjzpfw,fqw
dk hJ 'Dpw
d "f mwfjzif?h ty*Am = 'um 'umr-
wkdYxH csOf;uyfwJh tcsdeftcgrSm kdif;ysaewJh um,uH r&Sdap&bl;?

kid ;f ysaewJh 0pDuv
H nf; r&Sad p&bl;? kid ;f ysaewJh raemuHvnf; r&Sad p&bl;? veJw
Y w
l hJ vOyrm&Sw
d hJ pdw"f mwfjzifo
h mvQif 'um 'umrawGxHudk csO;f uyfyg/ 'Dtykid ;f ESihf qufpyfaewJh t"dym ,fuav;awGuadk wmh
em&if;eJY oabmaygufvmygvdrrhf ,fxifw,f/ qufvufNy;D em,lMunfh
yg/
avmulyrmrsm;
ao,sxmyd bdua0 yk&daom Zk'ygeH 0g Moavmau,s
yAw0dorH 0g e'D0d'k*H 0g -- tyua0 um,H tyu pdwH
{0ar0 acg bdua0 pELyrm ukvmed OyouFrx -- tyua0
um,H tyu pdwH edpe0um ukavok ty*Am/
bdua0 = cspfom;&[ef;wkdY .../ ao,sxmyd = jzpfoifhjzpf&m
EIdif;ckdif;zG,f&m Oyrmonfum;/ yk&daom = a,mufsm;onf/ Zk'ygeH
0g = a&wGi;f a[mif;ukad omfvnf;aumif;/ yAw0dorH 0g = rnDw
G w
f hJ
awmifukdaomfvnf;aumif;/ e'D0d'k*H 0g = urf;yg;jywfukdaomfvnf;aumif;/ um,H = ukd,fukd/ tyua0 = xdef;csKyfomvQif/ pdwH
= pdwu
f /dk tyua0 = xde;f csKy
f omvQi/f Moavmau,s ao,sxmyd = MunfhI&mouJhokdY/ bdua0 = cspfom;&[ef;wkdY .../ {0ar0
acg = OyrmtwlomvQif/ ukavok = 'um 'umrwkdYtay:/
edpe0um = tjrJwrf; {nfhonfvkd pdwfxm;&SdMuukefvsuf/ ty*Am =
kdif;ysaom um,uHrI 0pDuHrI raemuHrI uif;pifMuukefvsuf/ um,H
= ukd,fukd/ tyua0 = xdef;csKyfomvQif/ pdwH = pdwfukd/ tyua0 = xdef;csKyfomvQif/ pELyrm = vvQif Oyrm&Sdaom
pdw"f mwfjzif/h ukvmed = 'um 'umrwkx
Yd o
H /Ydk OyouFrx = csO;f uyfMuygukefavmh/
cspo
f m;&[ef;wkYd ... Oyrmwpfcak jymNy;D igqk;H rr,f/ NyKd ysuaf ewJh
a&wGif;a[mif;wpfckukd oGm;NyD; MunfhNyD? rnDGwfwJh awmifwpfck
tay:rSm oGm;a&mufNy?D rnDw
G w
f hJ NyKd NyKd ysuaf ewJh oJurf;yg; jrpfurf;yg; wpfcrk mS oGm;Ny;D rwfwwf&yfNy/D tJ'D tcsed t
f cgrSm oifa,mufsm;u
b,fvkdpdwfxm;&Sd&rvJ rdrdukd,fukd xdef;csKyfxm;EkdifwJh pGrf;tm; rdrd
pdw"f mwfudk xde;f csKyx
f m;Ekid w
f phJ rG ;f tm; &S&d r,f/ tJ'v
D dk uk,
d u
f dk xde;f csKyf
xm;EkdifwJh pGrf;tm; pdwf"mwfukd xdef;csKyfxm;EkdifwJh pdwfxm;jzifhom
vQif 'Da&wGi;f a[mif;awGudk oGm;Ny;D awmh Munfo
h ifw
h ,f csO;f uyfoifh
w,f? rnDGwfwJh awmifawGukd oGm;NyD;awmh Munfhoifhw,f csOf;uyf
oifw
h ,f? NyKd NyKd ysuyf suaf ewJh jrpfurf;yg;jywfawGrmS oGm;Ny;D Munfo
h ifh
w,f &yfoifhw,f csOf;uyfoifhw,f/
uk,
d u
f v
dk nf; xde;f csKyrf I r&Sb
d ;l ? pdw"f mwfuv
dk nf; xde;f csKyrf I r&S-d
bJeJY NydKNydKysufysufaewJh a&wGif;a[mif;BuD;awGukd oGm;NyD; Munfhr,f
teD;tem;rSm &yfr,fq&dk if tE&m,fr&Sb
d ;l vm; &Sw
d ,f/ uk,
d u
f v
dk nf;
xdef;csKyfrI r&SdbJ pdwf"mwfukdvnf; xdef;csKyfrI r&SdbJ rnDGwfwJh
awmifawGrmS oGm;Ny;D awmh Munfh rI ,f usupf m;r,fq&dk ifaum ysupf ;D
EkdifwJhoabm r&Sdbl;vm; &Sdw,f/
tvm;wlyJ - NyKd NyKd aewJh urf;yg;jywfBu;D wpfcrk mS rdru
d ,
dk u
f v
dk nf;
xdef;csKyfrI r&Sdbl;? rdrdpdwf"mwfukdvnf; xdef;csKyfrI r&SdbJeJY oGm;NyD;
rwfwwf&yfcJhr,fqkd&ifaum ysufpD;roGm;Ekdifbl;vm; oGm;Ekdifw,f/
tvm;wlyJ - oifcspfom;wkdY ... 'um 'umrwkdYtxHukd
csOf;uyfwJh tcsdeftcgrSm {nfhonfvkd pdwfxm;Mu? {nfhonfuJhokdY
pdwx
f m;Muprf;yg/ kid ;f yswhJ um,uHrI r&Syd gapeJ?Y kid ;f yswhJ 0pDurH aI wG
r&SdMuygapeJ?Y kid ;f yswhJ raemuHraI wG r&SdMuygapeJ/Y rdru
d ,
dk u
f dk xde;f csKy-f
NyD; rdrdpdwf"mwfukd xdef;csKyfNyD;awmh vvQif Oyrm&SdaewJh pdwfxm;jzifh
'um 'umrwkdYtxHokdY csOf;uyfMuprf;yg/ bk&m;&Sifu &[ef;awmf-
awGudk wku
d w
f eG ;f w,faemf/ tJ'aD wmh 'Dae&mrSm vvQif Oyrm&Sad ewJh
pdwf"mwfjzifh 'um 'umrawGukd csOf;uyfykHeJY ywfoufNyD; t|uxm
q&mawmfu enf;enf;uav; xyfrHNyD; &Sif;jyxm;ygw,f/
vESifh yrmwlaom pdwfxm;[lonf

pELyrmwd pEo'dom [kwGm/ (oH?|?2?154/)
pELyrmwd = vvQif Oyrm&Sdaom pdwf"mwf[lonfum;/ pEo'dom = vESiw
hf al om pdwx
f m;&Sd Muukeo
f nf/ [kwmG = jzpfMuuke
f /
vESiw
hf al om pdwx
f m;av;jzifh 'um 'umrawGxu
H dk csO;f uyfMu
prf;yg/ b,fvw
kd o
l vJvaYkd r;awmh --u y&dr@vwm, aem/ (oH?|?2?154/)
vonf jynfjh ynf0h ef;0ef; &So
d vdk rdrd pdwx
f m;awG rdrcd Emud,
k af wG
onfvnf; jynfhjynfhNzdK;NzdK;eJY oGm;NyD; csOf;uyf&rvm;vdkY 'Dvdkawmh
ar;p&m&Sdw,f/ r[kwfygbl;wJh - aemf/
tydp acg ,xm paEm **ewvH yuErmaem e auepd o'
o'
oE0H 0g odae[H 0g tmv,H 0g eduEE 0g yweH 0g y&d,k|meH 0g
ua&mwd? e p e a[mwd r[mZe yda,m remayg? wkarSyd {0H
auepd o'
o' oE0g'DeH tu&aPe A[kZe yd,m remyg pELyrm
[kwGm cwd,ukvm'Ded pwm&d ukvmed OyouFrxmwd tawm/
(oH?|?2?154/)
tydp acg = wu,fpifppftm;jzifhum;/ paEm = vonf/ **ewvH = aumif;uifjyifudk/ yuErmaem = ajy;vTm;cJhonf&Sdaomf/

auepd = wpfpkHwpfckaom yk*dKvfow0gESifh/ o'
o' = twlwuG/ oE0H
0g = aygif;azmfjcif;udkvnf;aumif;/ odae[H 0g = cspfjrwfEdk;jcif;udk
vnf;aumif;/ tmv,H 0g = Niu
d yfw,
G w
f mjcif;ukv
d nf;aumif;/ eduEE
0g = wG,fwmiJhuGuf woufouf&Sd jcif;udkvnf;aumif;/ yweH 0g =
awmifw
h jcif;udv
k nf;aumif;/ y&d,|k meH 0g = x<uaomif;use;f jcif;udk
vnf;aumif;/ e ua&mwd ,xm = rjyKouJhokdY/
vu aumif;uifrmS oGm;Ny/D oGm;vku
d w
f hJ tcsed t
f cgrSm 'Daumif;uifjyifukd ajy;oGm;aewJh 'Dvonf wpfpkHwpfa,mufaom yk*dKvfESifh
twlwuG aygif;azmfaeovm; aygif;azmfrI r&Sdbl;wJh/ wpfpkHwpfa,mufaom yk*dKvfESifh cspfcifjrwfEkd;rI = odae[w&m;aum &Sdaeovm; r&Sb
d ;l / wpfpw
Hk pfa,mufaom yk*Kd vt
f ay: Niu
d yfw,
G w
f maewJh tmv,"mwfaum &Sdovm; r&Sdbl;/ wpfpkHwpfa,mufaom
yk*dKvftay: wG,fwmiJhuGuf woufouf &Sdjcif;qkdwJh eduEdw&m;aum &So
d vm; r&Sb
d ;l / wpfpw
Hk pfa,mufaom yk*Kd vo
f w0gudk awmif-h
wrIaum &Sdovm; r&Sdbl;/ wpfpkHwpfa,mufaom yk*dKvfESifh x<u
aomif;usef;aewJhoabmaum &Sdovm; r&Sdbl;/ b,fhES,fwkH; -[kwfovm; r[kwfbl;vm; [kwfaew,f/
e p e a[mwd r[mZe yda,m remayg/ (oH?|?2?154/)
p = xko
d yYkd if jzpfygaomfvnf;yJ/ r[mZe = ow0gtaygif;\/
e yda,m = rcspfjrwfEdk;tyfonf/ e a[mwd = rjzpfay/ e remayg =
pdwfESvkH;udk rwdk;yGm;apwwfonf/ e a[mwd = rjzpfay/
b,foel rYJ v
S nf; raygif;bl;? b,foel rYJ v
S nf; rcspb
f ;l ? b,foel rYJ -S
vnf; Niu
d yfrI wG,w
f mrI ESpo
f ufrI jrwfE;dk rI awmifw
h rI bmrS r&Sb
d ;l ?
b,foleJYrSvnf; x<uaomif;usef;aewmvnf; r&Sdbl;/ tJ'Dvkd
r&Sad yr,fv
h Ydk vlrsm; taygif;u 'Dvudk rcspb
f ;l vm; cspw
f ,f/ vlrsm;
taygif;u 'Dvudk rESpfoufbl;vm; ESpfoufaew,f/
wkarSyd {0H auepd o'
o' oE0g'DeH tu&aPe A[kZe yd,m
remyg pELyrm [kwGm cwd,ukvm'Ded pwm&d ukvmed OyouFrx/
(oH?|?2?154/)
bdua0 = cspfom;&[ef;wkdY .../ {0H = OyrmtwlomvQif/

wkarSyd = oifcspo
f m;wko
Yd nfvnf;yJ/ auepd = wpfpw
Hk pfa,mufaom
yk*dKvfow0gESifh/ o'
o' = twlwuG/ oE0g'DeH = aygif;azmfjcif;ponf
wku
Yd /kd tu&aPe = rjyKvyk jf cif;jzif/h A[kZe = vlrsm;taygif;\/
yd,m = cspjf rwfE;dk tyfonfh yk*Kd vw
f o
Ydk nf/ remyg = pdwEf v
S ;Hk udk wd;k yGm;
apwwfonfh yk*Kd vw
f o
Ydk nf/ pELyrm = vvQiOf yrm&SdwhJ yk*Kd vw
f o
Ydk nf/
[kwGm = jzpfMuukef/ cwd,ukvm'Ded = rif;rsKd; tp&Sdonfh/ pwm&d
ukvmed = trsKd;av;yg;wdkYodkY/ OyouFrx = csOf;uyfMuygukefavmh/
cspfom;&[ef;wkdY ...OyrmtwlyifvQif oifcspfom;wdkY
wpfawGonfvnf; wpfpkHwpfa,mufaom yk*dKvfESifh aygif;azmf,SOfwGJ
rSD0Jqnf;uyfjcif; rvkyfygeJY/ wpfpkHwpfa,mufaom yk*dKvfeJY cspfjrwfEdk;jcif;vnf; r&SdygeJY/ wpfpkHwpfa,mufaom yk*dKvfeJY NiduyfwG,fwmrI
= tmv,vnf; r&Syd geJ/Y wpfpw
Hk pfa,mufaom yk*Kd vt
f ay: vkv
d m;
iJhuGuf woufouf&Sdjcif;qkdwJh 'Dpdwf"mwfvnf; r&SdygapeJY/ wpfpkHwpfa,mufaom yk*dKvfow0gudk NiduyfwG,fwmrIvnf; r&SdygapeJY/
wpfpkHwpfa,mufaom ow0gESifh x<uaomif;usef;jcif;vnf; rjyKvkyfygeJY/ tJ'Dvkd rjyKvkyfbJ ow0gtaygif;&JU vlrsm;taygif;&JU
cspjf rwfE;kd tyfwyhJ *k Kd vf ESpo
f uftyfwyhJ *k Kd vf veJY yrmwlaewJh yk*Kd vf
awGom jzpfNy;D awmh cw,
d olaX;ol<u,f (= rif;olaX;ol<u,f) ykPm ;
olaX;ol<u,f *[ywdoal X;ol<u,f olqif;&Jqw
dk hJ 'DtrsK;d av;yg;xHoYkd oifcspo
f m;wkYd csO;f uyfMuprf;ygvkYd 'Dvdk bk&m;&Sif wku
d w
f eG ;f awmf
rlygw,f/ vvQif Oyrm&SdwJh yk*dKvfawG taetm;jzifh trsKd;av;yg;odkY
csO;f uyfyg/ Niu
d yfw,
G w
f maewmudk bk&m;&Sif ESpNf cKd uo
f vm; rESp-f
NcdKufbl;aemf/
vESifh yrmwlykH wpfrsKd;

tydp ,xm paEm tEum&H 0d"rwd? tmavmuH z&wd? {0H
udavoEum&0d"raee Pmavmuz&aPe pmyd pELyrm [kwmG
cwd,ukvm'Ded pwm&d ukvmed OyouFrx/ (oH?|?2?154/)
tydp = aemufwpfenf;aomfum;/ paEm = vonf/ tEum&H =
trkdufwkdufudk/ 0d"rwd ,xm = azsmufzsufay;ouJhodkY/ tmavmuH
= va&mifqkdwJh tvif;a&mifudk/ z&wd ,xm = ysHUESH YapouJhodkY/ {0H
= twl/ wkarSyd = oifcspfom;wkdYonfvnf;yJ/ udavoEum&0d"raee p = udavomwnf;[laom trkdufarSmif trkdufwkdufudk
y,fazsmuf ay;jcif;jzifhvnf;aumif;/ Pmavmuz&aPe pmyd
= Pfwnf;[laom tvif;a&mifudk ysHUESHUapjcif;jzifhvnf;aumif;/
pELyrm = vvQif Oyrm&Sdonfh yk*dKvfwkdYonf/ [kwGm = jzpfMuukef/
cw,
d ukvm'Ded = rif;rsK;d tp&So
d nf/h pwm&d ukvmed = trsK;d av;yg;wkdYodkY/ OyouFrx = csOf;uyfMuygukefavmh/
bk&m;&Si&f J U OD;wnfcsuu
f av;yJaemf/ omoemawmfrmS aexkid w
f hJ
&Siaf wG &[ef;awG tm;vk;H yJ/ bk&m;&Siu
f ow0gawGtay: usa&muf
aewJh &m* a'go arm[ tp&Sw
d hJ trdu
k af rSmifawGukd y,fazsmufay;apcsiw
f hJ qE"mwf bk&m;&Sirf mS &Sw
d ,f/ 'Dawmh --- 'um 'umrawGxH
csO;f uyfNy?D trsK;d av;yg;xH csO;f uyfNyq
D &dk if 'DtrsK;d av;yg;wk&Yd UJ oEmef
wnf&adS ewJh udavomwnf;[laom trdu
k af rSmifawGukd ig y,fazsmuf
ay;r,f? Pfwnf;[laom tvif;a&mifawGudk ig jzefYMuufay;r,f
qkw
d hJ 'Dvdk OD;wnfcsujf zifh vvQif ykyH rm&Sw
d hJ pdwx
f m;jzifh trsK;d av;yg;wkdYokdY csOf;uyfMuyg/
vonf trkdufarSmifudk y,fazsmufNyD; rdrd&JU tvif;a&mifudk
wpfavmuvkH;udk jzefYMuufay;ovkd oifcspfom;wkdY oifcspforD;wkdY
wpfawGvnf; ow0gawGtay: usa&mufaewJh &m* a'go arm[

tp&SdwJh udavomtrkdufarSmifawGudk y,fazsmufay;NyD;awmh Pfwnf;[laom vif;a&mifjcnfudk jzefYMuufvsuf vvQif Oyrm&Sdaom
pdwfxm;jzifh trsKd;av;yg;wdkYxHodkY csOf;uyfMuyg/
'um 'umrawGxHudk tvSLcHyk*dKvftjzpfeJY &yfwnfaewJh
omoem0efxrf; &Si&f [ef;wdYk xm;&So
d ifw
h hJ pdwx
f m;yg/ 'um 'umrawGxHu ypnf;av;yg;udk arQmfvifhawmifhwwJh pdwf"mwfjzifh 'um
'umrxH csOf;uyf&rvm; rcsOf;uyfygeJY/ 'um 'umrawGxHrSm
usa&mufwnfaewJh &m*qkdwJh trdkufarSmifawG a'goqkdwJh trkdufarSmifawG arm[qkdwJh trkdufarSmifawGudk igwkdY y,fazsmufay;r,f?
Pfwnf;[laom tvif;a&mifawG&atmif wkdY BudK;pm;tm;xkwfay;r,f --- vufawGUtm;xkwfaewJh yk*dKvfrsm; em;vnfygw,faemf/
orxbm0empdwf 0dyembm0empdwaf wGu tqift
h wef; rDvmNyD
pHcsed rf v
D mNyq
D &dk if vif;a&mifjcnfprG ;f tifawG xGuaf y:rvmbl;vm;
xGuv
f mw,f/ Pfwnf;[laom vif;a&mifjcnfawG omoemawmfudk ,HkMunfvkdY udk;uG,fqnf;uyfvmwJh olawmfaumif;wkdY&JU oEmef
jzpfay:vmatmif wkYd BuKd ;pm;tm;xkwaf y;r,fqw
dk hJ 'Dpw
d "f mwfuav;udk arG;jrLay;Mu&w,f/
tJ'D pdw"f mwfjzifh 'um 'umrawGxH csO;f uyfcrhJ ,fq&dk if tcsO;f uyfcH&wJh 'um 'umrawGqDrSmvnf; tusKd;r&Sdbl;vm; tusKd;&Sdygw,f/ tqift
h wef; tvGef jrifrh m;wJh pdwaf epdwx
f m;awGvYdk rajymEdik b
f ;l vm; ajymEdik w
f ,f/ omoemawmfrmS aeNyq
D &dk if 'Dvdk tqifjh rif-h
aewJh pdwfaepdwfxm;uav;awG &SdzkdY rvkdbl;vm; vkdtyfygw,f/
tifrwef atmufwef;aemufwef;usaewJh &m* a'go arm[ rme
m rp&,
d wd&Yk UJ t&Sed t
f 0gwkaYd Mumifh jzpfay:vmwJh pdwaf epdwx
f m;
uav;awGudk arG;jrLa&; vkyfay;ae&rvm; rvkyfygeJY/
tqifhtwef; jrifhrm;aeaom omoemawmf

omoemawmfrSmae&if --- bk&m;&Sif&JU omoemawmfu tvGef
tqifhtwef;jrifhaewJh omoem jzpfygw,f/ tqifhtwef; jrifhw,f
qkw
d m bke;f Bu;D pD;yGm;a&;rsuv
f ;Hk eJaY jymwJh tqift
h wef;rsK;d r[kwb
f ;l aemf/ ynma&;rsuv
f ;Hk eJY ajymaewJh tqift
h wef;/ ud,
k u
f siw
hf &m;qkw
d hJ
tqifhtwef; orm"dqdkwJh tqifhtwef; ynmqdkwJh tqifhtwef;awGu bk&m;&Si&f UJ omoemawmfeYJ wjcm;wjcm; omoemawGeYJ wkid ;f wmEIdif;pmMunhfr,fqkd&if bkef;BuD;wkdY bk&m;&Sif&JU omoemawmfonf
oDvydik ;f rSmvnf; tvGef tqift
h wef; jrifyh gw,f/ orm"dyikd ;f rSmvnf;
tqift
h wef; jrifyh gw,f/ ynmydik ;f rSmvnf; tqift
h wef; jrifyh gw,f/
yGiyhf iG v
hf if;vif; ajymMupkq
Yd v
dk &Ydk &dS ifawmh bk&m;&Sif a[mawmfrw
l hJ
kyw
f &m;rsK;d rnfonfo
h moemrSmrS a[mMum;xm;wm r&Sb
d ;l / bk&m;&Sif
a[mMum;xm;awmfrw
l hJ emrfw&m;rsK;d rnfonfo
h moemrSmrS a[mMum;
xm;wm r&Sb
d ;l / bk&m;&Sif a[mMum;xm;awmfrw
l hJ aMumif;usK;d qufE,
G f
aewJh y#dporkyg'fqkdwJh w&m;rsKd; rnfonfhomoemrSmrS a[mMum;xm;wm r&Sdygbl;/ bkef;BuD;wkdY bk&m;&Sif&JU omoemawmfrSmyJ &Sdw,f/
bk&m;&Sif a[mMum;xm;awmfrlwJh kyfemrfaMumif;usKd;y#dporkyg'fw&m;wkdY&JU tedptjcif;t&m 'kutjcif;t&m tewtjcif;t&mawGqkdwJh 'DIuGufawG[mvnf; bk&m;&Sifomoemawmf&JU jyifyrSm
&Sdovm; r&Sdbl;/ kyfemrfaMumif;usKd; ocFg&w&m;awG&JU csKyfqkH;&mjzpfwJh tocFw"mwf edAmefqkdwmvnf; bkef;BuD;wdkY omoemawmftwGif;rSmom &Sdw,f/ omoemyrSm &Sdovm; r&Sdygbl;/ 'Davmuf
tqifhtwef;jrifhw,f/
'Davmuf tqift
h wef;jrifah ewJh todx;l Pfx;l awGukd qnf;yl;
&SmazGaewJh olawmfaumif;wpfO;D u 'um 'umrawGxu
H kd csO;f uyfwhJ
tydkif;rSm ypnf;av;yg;udk arQmfvifhawmifhwaewJh pdwfaepdwfxm;-
uav;jzifh rcsO;f uyfMuprf;ygeJ/Y vvQif Oyrm&Sad ewJh pdwaf epdwx

f m;jzifh csOf;uyfyg/ vonf trdkufarSmifudk y,fazsmufay;ovkd? rdrd&JU
tvif;a&mifjzifh wpfavmuvkH;udk jzefYMuufay;ovdk tvm;wlyJ
oifcspfom;wkdYwpfawG oifcspforD;wkdYwpfawGvnf; ow0gawG&JU
oEmefrmS usa&mufaewJh udavomwnf;[laom trku
d af rSmifawGukd
y,fazsmufay;vkw
d hJ pdwx
f m;jzifh Pfwnf;[laom vif;a&mifjcnfukd
jzefv
Y suf vvQif ykyH rm&Sad ewJh pdwaf epdwx
f m;jzifo
h m trsK;d av;yg;wd-Yk
xHodkY csOf;uyfMuprf;yg/
Pfwnf;[laom tvif;a&mifukd jzefMY uufw,fqw
kd mu ckeu
ajymcJhwJhtwkdif;yJ/ 'kuopmudk rodao;wJh yk*dKvfawGudk 'kuopmukd
odatmif? ork',opmudk rodao;wJh yk*dKvfawGudk ork',opmukd
odatmif? eda&m"opmudk rodao;wJh yk*dKvfawGudk eda&m"opmukd
odatmif? r*opmudk rodao;wJh yk*dKvfawGudk r*opmukd odatmif
'Dvkd OD;wnfcsufjzifhomvQif 'um 'umrawGxHudk csOf;uyfMuprf;yg
qdNk y;D awmh bk&m;&Siu
f vudk ykyH rmaqmifNy;D awmh a[mxm;w,faemf/
{nfhonfESifh yrmwlpGm
aemufwpfcu
k edpe 0um = tjrw
J rf; (tm*E K ) {nfo
h nfpw
d af epdwfxm;uav; &SdaeMuprf;ygwJh/
tm*EKaum [d y#dyg#d,m orwa*[H y0dodwGm oap eH
C&omrdum 'doGm ]]trSmuH ykwbmwa&m 0dy0goH *wm {0H
0dp& ol}}wd tEkurrmem edoD'gaywGm abmaZEd/ (oH?|?2?154-155/)
tm*EKaum = {nfo
h nftm*EKonf/ y#dyg#d,m = tdrpf Oftm;jzif/h
orwa*[H = qkdufa&mufwJhtdrfodkY/ y0dodwGm = 0ifa&muf/ eH =
xkt
d m*EK{nfo
h nfu/kd C&omrdum = tdr&f iS w
f u
Ydk / 'domG = awGUjrif/
trSmuH = igwd\
mwa&m = om;i,f armifi,fwo
Yk / ykwb
Ydk nf/ 0dy0 goH
= auGuGif; cGJcGmae&jcif;odkY/ *wm = a&muf&SdcJhMuavukefNyD/ {0H =

odkYvQif/ 0dp& ok = vSnfhvnfusufpm;cJhMuavukefNyD/ wd =
odv
Yk Qi/f tEkurrmem = tpOfoem;apmifah &Smufvadk om pdwx
f m;jzif/h edo'D gaywGm = xkid af p/ oap abmaZEd = tu,f auR;arG;Muukefonf jzpfjim;tHh/
{nfhonftm*E KtjzpfeJY tdrfpOfvSnfhvnfNyD; qkdufa&mufvmNyD/
rdrdtdrfudk qdkufa&mufvmwJh {nfhonfawGudk tdrf&SifawGu jrifNyD/
jrifvdkufwJhtcgrSm wkdYom;awG wkdYarmifawG wkdYeJY cGJcGmae&wm MumNyD/
wkt
Yd rd o
f Ykd qku
d af &mufvmNyq
D w
kd hJ pdwx
f m;jzifh tpOfoem;apmifah &SmufwhJ
pdwfxm;jzifh ae&mxdkifcif;awG ay;NyD;awmh tu,frsm; auR;arG;Mur,fqkd&if --bkwr awma,0 ]]wkrmS uH bmZeH *PSxm}}wd O|m, yurwd/
(oH?|?2?155/)
bkwr awma,0 = pm;Ny;D umrQyifvQi/f wkrmS uH = oifw\

Ykd /
bmZeH = td;k cGuyf ef;uefu/kd *PSx = ,lMuayawmh/ wd = odYk
ajymqd
k / O|m, = x/ yurwd = z,fomG ;\/
cPacwvmwJ{h nho
f nfu pm;Ny;D wmeJY bmjzpfovJ pm;Ny;D wmeJY
uJ - oifwkdY&JU yef;uefawG ,lMuayawmhqkdNyD;awmh csufcsif; ae&mu
xoGm;w,f/
e aw[d o' oE0H 0g ua&mwd? e udpu&PD,med 0g
oH0d'[wd/ (oH?|?2?155/)
aw[d = xkt
d rd &f iS w
f EYkd iS /hf o'
o' = twlwuG/ oE0H 0g = aygif;azmfjcif;udkrlvnf;/ e ua&mwd = rjyK/ udpu&PD,med 0g = jyKoifhjyKxku
d w
f hJ trIBu;D i,f toG,o
f ,
G w
f u
Ydk v
kd nf;/ e oH0'd [wd = pDrcH efcY rJG I
r&Sday/
tdrf&SifwdkYeJY aygif;azmf,SOfwGJ rDS0JrIvnf; r&Sdbl;/ tdrf&SifawGrSm

jyKoifhjyKxkdufwJh udpBuD;i,f toG,foG,fawG &Sdw,f/ 'DudpBuD;i,fawGeJY ywfoufNyD;awmhvnf; 0ifa&muf pDrHcefYcGJrIawG 0ifrvkyfbl;/
{0H wkarSyd y#dyg#d,m orwC&H y0dodwGm ,H &d,myaxok
yoEm rEkm a'Ed? wH *a[wGm qdEoE0g? awoH udpu&PDa,
tAsm0#m [kwGm edurxmwd 'Daywd/ (oH?|?2?155/)
]]{0H = odkYvQif/ wkarSyd = oifcspfom;wkdY oifcspforD;wkdYonf &H = qdu
vnf;yJ/ y#dyg#d,m = tdrpf Oftm;jzif/h orwC
k af &mufvmwJh
d mG = 0if/ &d,myaxok = &d,mykxw
tdro
f /Ykd y0dow
f Ykd / yoEm
= MunfndKMuukefaom/ rEkm = vl'um 'umrwdkYonf/ ,H =
tMuifvLS zG,0f wKu/kd a'Ed = ay;vSLMuuke\
f / wH = xkad y;vSLwJh vSLzG,f
0wKudk/ *a[wGm = ,laqmifMuukef/ qdEoE0g = jywfpJaom
aygif;azmfjcif; &SdMuukefvsuf/ awoH = xkd'um 'umrwdkY\/ udpu&PDa, = udpBuD;i,f toG,foG,f/ tAsm0#m = aMumifhMurJhpdwfxm; &SdMuukefonf/ [kwGm = jzpfMuukef/ edurx = xkdtdrfrS
xGufcGmMuygukefavmh/}} wd = odkY/ 'Daywd = xif&Sm;jyawmfrl\/
bk&m;&Sif xm;&SdapcsifwJh pdwfxm;yJ/ tjrJwrf; rdrdudk,fudk
{nfhonf = tm*EKuJhodkY pdwfuav; xm;prf;ygwJh/ {nfhonf tm*EKpdwfxm;jzifh 'um 'umrawGudk csOf;uyfyg/ {nfhonftm*E Ku
tdrfwpftdrfudk 0ifa&mufvmNyDqkd&if MunfMunfjzLjzLeJY auR;arG;w,f
qkd&if pm;NyD;wmeJY 'DtdrfrSm &if;&if;ESD;ESD;eJY aygif;azmfjcif; qufqHjcif;
rjyKbJeJY udpBuD;i,f toG,foG,fawGvnf; 0ifa&mufNyD; pDrHcefYcJGrI
rjyKbJ csufcsif; xGufcGmoGm;ovkd oifcspfom;wkdY oifcspforD;wdkYwpfawGonfvnf; tdrpf Oftwdik ;f qku
d af &mufvmwJh tdru
f kd tu,frsm; 0ifcJhr,fqkd&if &d,mykxfawG MunfndKaewJh 'um 'umrawGu vSLzG,0f wKwpfcck u
k kd vSLr,fq&dk if xkv
d LS wef;wJh vSLzG,0f wKukd
,laqmifNy;D awmh 'D'um 'umrawGeYJ aygif;azmfjcif;udk jzwfawmufvku

d yf g/ 'Dtrd rf mS vSLNy;D &if 'Dtrd u
f 'um 'umrawGeYJ aygif;azmfjcif;vkyif ef; rjyKygeJ/Y xk'd um 'umrawG&UJ udpB u;D i,f toG,o
f ,
G af wG
0ifa&mufNyD;awmh aMumifhMurIawGvnf; rvkyfygeJY/ aMumifhMurJhwJh
pdwaf epdwx
f m;awGeYJ xkt
d rd rf S xGucf mG ygwJ/h 'Dvdk bk&m;&Siu
f TeMf um;ay;awmfrlygw,f/
rSefuefaom OD;wnfcsuf ESpfrsKd;

bmjzpfvkdYvJ rdrdwkdY&JU OD;wnfcsufu 'D'um 'umrawGeJY
a&ma&maESmaESm aezdkY omoemabmifudk 0ifa&mufNyD; &Sif&[ef;jyKMuwm [kwfovm; r[kwfbl;/ 'g wpfcsufaemf/ 'um 'umrawG&JU udpBuD;i,f toG,foG,fawGudk aqmif&Gufay;zkdYqkdwJh OD;wnfcsuef YJ omoemabmifukd 0ifa&mufNy;D &Si&f [ef;jyKvmMuwm [kwMf uovm; r[kwMf ubl;/ odaYk omf wcsKUd wcsKUd 'um 'umrrsm;u todPf r&Sb
d ;l / todPfr&Sad wmh olw&Ykd UJ udpB u;D i,f toG,o
f ,
G af wGudk 0ifa&mufNyD; aqmif&Gufay;rS olwdkYu auseyfMuw,f/ tu,f
olw&Ykd UJ udpB u;D i,f toG,o
f ,
G u
f kd 0ifa&mufNy;D aqmif&u
G rf ay;bl;qk&d if 'Dbek ;f Bu;D pmrwwfb;l eJY wlw,fw/hJ [kwo
f vm; udpB u;D i,f
toG,foG,fudk 0ifa&mufNyD; aqmif&Gufay;wJh bkef;BuD;qdk&ifawmh
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kd mvQif bk&m;&Sif
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1/ 'd|"rokc0d[m&medoHo (0dok'd?1?368/)
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aemufwpfckuawmh --2/ 0dyemedoHo (0dok'd?1?368/)
wcsKUd yk*Kd vaf wGusawmh 'Dpsmefukd 0dyem&JU tajcyg'utjzpfeYJ
xlaxmifw,f/
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u ay;apcsifygw,faemf/ opfoD;av; ay;vkduf? yef;av; ay;vkduf?
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dk "f mwfqifav; ay;vku
d ?f cseJ yH gwfav; ay;vdu
k ef YJ 'Dvdk
ykHpHrsKd;udk bk&m;&Sif ESpfNcdKufovm; rESpfNcdKufbl;/ 'gaMumifh 'um
'umrawG&JU udpBuD;i,f toG,foG,f aMumifhMupdkufNyD;awmh 'um
'umrawGeYJ a&ma&maESmaESm aexdik jf cif;qkw
d hJ vkyif ef;&yfukd bk&m;&Sif
rESpNf cKd ub
f ;l / veJY OyrmwlaewJh pdwaf epdwx
f m;jzifo
h mvQif omoemawmfrmS aexkid yf g/ 'Dvdk bk&m;&Siu
f tqk;H tr ay;oem;awmfryl gw,f/
'Dae&mrSm ---
rax&fnDaemif ESpfyg;
r ye edpe0ubm0 tm0dbm0wH a'Gbmwdu0wK
uaxwAH/ (oH?|?2?155/)
r ye edpe 0ubm0 = tjrw
J rf; tm*EKu {nfo
h nfozG,f jzpfaeaom pdwx
f m;jzifh ae&jcif;\/ tm0dbm0wH = oabmw&m;udk xif&Sm;jyjcif;iSm/ a'Gbmwdu0wK = a'Gbmwdu trnf&wJh
nDaemifrax&fEpS yf g;wd&Yk UJ 0wKu/dk uaxwAH = ae&m ajymqko

d ifh
ajymqkdxdkufay\/
nDtpfudk &[ef;awmfESpfyg; &S Md uygw,f/ tm*E K {nfhonftjzpf
aexkid yf eHk YJ ywfoufNy;D b,fvdk aexkid o
f ifw
h ,fqw
dk hJ oabmw&m;uav;awG ay:vGizf &Ydk mtwGuf nDaemifrax&fEpS yf g;wk&Yd UJ 0wKuav;udk
'Dae&mrSm ajymjyoifhw,fwJhaemf/
0omVe*&*grawm ud& a'G bmwdum edurdwGm yAZdwm/
(oH?|?2?155/)
0omVe*&*grawm = 0omVe*&trnf&wJh &GmrS/ a'G bmwdum

d mG = tdr&f mwnfaxmif vlaY bmif
= nDtpfuEkd pS af ,mufwo
Ykd nf/ edur w
rS xGufcGmMu/ yAZdwm = omoemabmifokdY 0ifa&muf &Sif&[ef;
jyKvmMuavukef\/
0omVe*&*grqkw
d &hJ mG u nDtpfuEkd pS af ,muf omoemabmifoYkd
0ifa&mufNyD; &Sif&[ef;jyKMuNyD/
aw plVem*awa&m p r[mem*awa&m pmwd ynm,ok/
(oH?|?2?155/)
aw = xkdnDaemifESpfyg;wkdYonf/ plVem*awa&m p = plVem*rax&f[

l vnf;aumif;/ r[mem*awa&m p = r[mem*rax&f[
l
vnf;aumif;/ wd = odkY/ ynm,ok = omoemawmf xif&Sm;awmfrlMuavukef\/
xdkrax&fESpfyg;onf plVem*rax&f? r[mem*rax&fqkdNyD;
omoemawmfrSm xif&Sm;w,fwJh/
aw pdwv
yAaw wo 0med 0odwmG t&[wH ywm ]]rmw&H
ydmrm}}wd tm*Em 0omVe*&0d[ma& 0odwGm yke'd0ao
rmwk*grH yd@m, y0dook/ (oH?|?2?155/)
aw = xkdnDtpfudkESpfyg;wdkYonf/ pdwvyAaw = pdwvawmifausmif;/ wo 0med = ESpfokH;q,fwkdYumvywfvkH;/ 0odwGm =

oDwif;okH;awmfrlMuNyD;aemuf/ t&[wH = t&[wzkdvfodkY/ ywm =
qkdufa&mufawmfrlMuukefonfjzpf/ rmw&H = r,fawmftm;/ ydmr = awGUjrifMuukeftHh/ wd = odkY ESvkH;ykduf/ tm*Em =
<uvmawmfrlMuavukef/ 0omVe*&0d[ma& = 0omVe*&&Gmausmif;wdkuf/ 0odwGm = oDwif;okH;awmfrlMuukef/ yke'd0ao =
aemufwpfaeY/ rmwk*grH = rdcif&SdwJh &GmtwGif;odkY/ yd@m, = qGrf;tvkdYiSm/ y0dook = <u0ifawmfrlMuavukef\/
oD[dkVfuRef;rSm xif&Sm;wJh pdwvawmifausmif;qkdwJh awmifausmif;wpfck &SdcJhzl;ygw,f/ wpfcsdefu &[Emrax&fjrwfaygif;
(12000)wkYd oDwif;ok;H Ny;D awmh ur|mef;w&m;awGukd usiMhf uBH uKd ;ukwf
tm;xkwfoGm;wJh ausmif;wkdufBuD;wpfckvdkY pmrSmawmh azmfjyxm;ygw,f/ rsuaf rSmufacwf tcsed rf mS uawmh ausmif;wdu
k af wG r&Sad wmhbJ
axmifaygif;rsm;pGmaom *luav;awGtoGief o
YJ m wnf&adS ewJh awmausmif;wpfck jzpfygw,f/ wdapwDqkdwJh apwDawmfwpfqlvnf;
xifxif&mS ;&Sm; wnf&adS eygao;w,f/ om;&Jw&d pmefawG tvGeaf ygrsm;
aewJh awmawmifxlxyfwJh a'owpfckyJ/ vlwdkYa'oeJY tenf;qkH; 4
5 6-rdkifcefY uGma0;aewJh awmBuD;xJrSm wnf&Sdaeygw,f/
'Dae&mrSm pum;pyfrdwJhtwGuf wdapwDawmftaMumif;udk
tenf;i,f ajymvkdygw,f/ ]wdapwDawmf}qdkwmuawmh &[Em
jzpfawmfral om wd &Sio
f mraP\ "mwfawmfrsm;udk Xmyem wnf
xm;udk;uG,fxm;aom apwDawmfwpfql jzpfygw,f/ a&S;a&S;ynm&Sd
olawmfaumif;wd[
Yk m e0urac:wJh omoemawmf jyKoifh jyKxu
kd w
f hJ
vkyif ef;&yftrIopfawGukd jyKvyk u
f m rdrw
d Ykd oEmef jzpfay:aewJh umr
0dwufpwJh MuHpnfpdwful;rI trsKd;rsKd;awGukd y,fazsmufawmfrlMuwJh
xH;k a[mif;wpf&yfukd rZrd edum,f rlvyPmoygVdawmf 0dwuoPmeokwef t|uxm (r?|?1?395/)rSm azmfjyxm;ygw,f/

wpfcsed w
f ek ;f u wdtrnf&w
dS hJ &Sio
f mraPwpfyg;[m oD[Vdk -f
uRef;rSm wpfcsdefu tvGefxif&Sm;ausmfMum;awmfrlcJhzl;wJh wdr[m0d[m&ausmif;wku
d Bf u;D rSm OyZm,fq&m rax&f jrwfBu;D ESit
hf wl
oDwif;oHk; aexdkifcJhygw,f/ wdr[m0d[m&ausmif;wkdufqkdwm
wpfcsdefu &[Emrax&f jrwfaygif; aomif;ESifhcsD oDwif;oHk;awmfrlcJhzl;wJh ausmif;wku
d Bf u;D wpfck jzpfygw,f/ wpfcsed rf mS wd omraP[m
omoemawmfrmS raysmaf rGUbJ Ni;D aiGUvmwJt
h aMumif;udk OyZm,fq&m
awmftm; wifjyavQmufxm;cJyh gw,f/ tJ't
D cgrSm wd omraPudk
OyZm,fq&mawmfu --- ]]'D wdr[m0d[m&ausmif;rSm csK;d a&&zd&Yk ef
cufcw
J ,fu,
G ?f 'gaMumifh ighukd ac:aqmifNy;D pdwv
awmifausmif;udk
oGm;yg}}[k trdefY&Sdawmfrlvdkufygw,f/ 'Dvdk trdefY&SdvdkufwJhtcg
&SifomraPuvnf; q&mOyZm,f trdefY&SdwJhtwkdif; vdkufemjyKusifh
aqmif&u
G af y;vdu
k yf gw,f/ pdwv
awmifausmif;udk q&mwynfh ESpyf g;
wkYd a&muf&o
dS mG ;MuwJt
h cg OyZm,fq&mawmfu xyfrH trde&Yf dSjyefw,f/
]]at; ... 'D pdwvawmifausmif;uawmh oHCduppfppf jzpfw,fuG,f? ightwGuf yk*vduae&mwpfckavmuf pDrHaqmif&Gufay;yg/}}[k
xyfrH trde&Yf dSjyefw,f/ tJ't
D cgrSmvnf; wd ud&k ifuav;u ]]om"k
baE = aumif;ygNyD t&Sifbk&m;}}[k wifjyavQmufxm;um vdkPf*l
wpfckudk oyg, rQrQww aevdkY&atmif pwifum aqmif&Gufay;ygw,f/ OyZm,fq&mawmfuvnf; wdomraPudk awaZmuodP
k ;f
yGm;rsm;tm;xkwyf akH wGuv
kd nf; oifjyay;awmfryl gw,f/ oH,w
k e u
d m,f
udkvnf; pwif oifMum;ay;awmfrlygw,f/ oH,kwedum,fqkdwmuawmh 0dyemIuu
G af wGukd jynfjh ynfph pkH kH Iuu
G pf akH tmif a[mMum;xm;
awmfrlwJh a'oemawmfawG jzpfMuygw,f/ twdwf tem*wf ypKyef
tZw A[d' MoVm&du (tMurf;) okckr (tEk) [De (t,kwf) yPDw

(tjrwf) 'l& (ta0;) oEu
d (teD;) qdw
k hJ wpfq,fw
h pfrsK;d aom tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh wnfaewJh Oyg'geuEmig;yg; 'kuopmw&m;awGudk
IaxmifhtrsKd;rsKd;rS 0dyem IyGm;oHk;oyfyHkawGudkvnf; xkdedum,frSm
jynfhjynfhpHkpHk a[mMum;xm;awmfrlcJhygw,f/
wpfzef ed'ge0* oH,w
k yf gVdawmfwpfavQmufv;kH rSmvnf; t*kw
F Kd &f
ygVdawmf wduedygwf wdwm ,weokwe f (tH?1?174/)rSm a[mMum;xm;awmfro
l nft
h wkid ;f ork',opm trnf&wJh aMumif;usK;d qufE,
G rf I
y#dpo
rkyg 'f oabmw&m;awGukd Iaxmift
h rsK;d rsK;d rS 0dyem IymG ;
oH;k oyfyakH wGuv
kd nf; om0uwd\
Yk tvdt
k BuKd uf tZmo,"mwfEiS hf
tnD jynfjh ynfph pkH kH a[mMum;xm;awmfrcl yhJ gw,f/
tJ'D oH,kwedum,f wpfckvHk;udkvnf; wd omraPtm;
OyZm,fq&mawmfu oifMum;ay;awmfrlygw,f/ a&S;wkef;uawmh
q&morm;u EIww
f u
dk cf say;w,f? wynfu
h vnf; EIww
f u
kd o
f if,&l wJh
pepfrsK;d jzpfygw,f/ 'Dvkd EIww
f u
kd o
f if,El ikd w
f t
hJ wGuf cEm 5-yg;enf;
tm,we 12-yg;enf; "mwf 18-yg;enf; y#dporkyg'fenf; opm
4-yg;enf; pwJh 0dyemIenf;tzHkzHkawGudk EIwfwdkuftm*Hk oif,l
xm;NyD; jzpfaeygw,f/
wpfaeYrmS awmh q&mOyZm,ftwGuf rQrQww oDwif;oH;k Ekid zf &Ydk m
pDraH qmif&u
G af ewJh vdP
k *f jl yKjyifa&;vkyif ef;wpfcv
k nf; Ny;D pD;atmifjrifoGm;NyDjzpfw,f/ tyempsmeform"dodkY qkdufonfhwdkifatmif awaZmuodP
k ;f yGm;rsm;tm;xkwyf kH tpDt&ifvnf; Ny;D pD;atmifjrifomG ;NyD jzpfw,f/ oH,w
k e u
d m,fwpfcv
k ;kH udk EIww
f uftm*Hk oif,jl cif;udpv
nf;
Ny;D pD;atmifjrifomG ;NyjD zpfw,f/ tJ't
D cgrSm vdP
k *f jl yKjyifa&;udp Ny;D qH;k oGm;NyD jzpfaMumif;udk OyZm,fq&mawmftm; wifjyavQmufxm;vku
d -f
ygw,f/
tJ'DtcsdeftcgrSm OyZm,fq&mawmfu bmtrdefY&SdovJ -

]]'kaue aw omraP& uwH? tZ wm0 wGHa,0 0om[D}}wd
tm[/ (r?|?1?395/)
omraP& = omraP .../ aw = oifonf/ 'kaue = yifyif
yef;yef; qif;qif;&J&Jjzifh/ avPH = vkdPf*ludk/ uwH = jyKpD&iftyfcJhNyD;
kd w
f idk yf ifvQi/f
avNy/D tZ = ,aeY/ wm0 = a&S;OD;pGm/ wHaG ,0 = oifu,
0om[d = oDwif;oH;k aexdik yf gOD;/ wd = od/Yk tm[ = rdeMYf um;awmfrl
vdkufavNyD/
uJ - udk&if ... rif;udk,fwdkif yifyifyef;yef;jzifh jyKjyifpD&if
aqmif&GufcJh&wJh vdkPf*lwpfck jzpfygw,f/ 'gaMumifh rif;udk,fwkdifyJ
acgifq;kH pwifNy;D oDwif;oH;k ay;yg/ 'Dvkd OyZm,fq&mu trde&Yf v
dS u
kd -f
w,f/
aom wH &w avaP 0oaEm Owkoyg,H vbdwGm 0dyeH
0awGm t&[wH ywGm waw0 y&dedAm,d/ (r?|?1?395/)
aom = xdk&SifomraPonf/ wH &w = xdknOfhywfvHk;/ 0oaEm
= oDwif;oH;k awmfrcl o
hJ nf&adS omf/ Owkoyg,H = rQwaom Owkoyg,udk/ vbdwGm = &&SdonftwGufaMumifh/ 0dyeH = 0dyemPfudk/
0awGm = PfpOftwdkif; tqifhqifhwdk;yGm;atmif BudK;pm;tyfonf
&Sdaomf/ t&[wH = t&[wzdkvfodkY/ ywGm = qkdufa&mufawmfrl/
waw0 = xdv
k P
kd *f t
l wGi;f yifvQi/f y&deAd m ,d = y&deAd m efpaH wmfrcl -hJ
avNyD/
udk&ifwd[m tJ'Dn wpfnvHk; vdkPf*ltwGif;rSm oDwif;oHk;Munfhvdkufawmh Owkoyg, odyfrQwaewm awGU&w,f/ Owkoyg,
rQwrIukd rS0D &J wJt
h wGuf rdrd &&Sx
d m;Ny;D jzpfwhJ awaZmuodP
k ;f bm0em
vkyfief;&yfudk jyefvnfyGm;rsm;tm;xkwfvkdufwJhtcg vG,fvG,fululeJY
tyempsmeform"doYkd jyefvnfqu
dk af &mufcyhJ gw,f/ orm"d&w
dS hJ &[ef;-
[m opmav;yg;ukd [kwfwkdif;rSefpGm odjrifEdkifaMumif;udk bk&m;&Sif

ud,
k af wmfwikd f opo,
H w
k f orm"dow
k e f (oH?3?363/) a[mMum;xm;awmfro
l nft
h wkid ;f rdrd &&Sx
d m;Ny;D wJh psmeform"dukd 0dyem\ tajcyg'ujyK --1/ twdwf tem*wf ypKye f tZw A[d'- pwJh (11)rsK;d aom tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh wnfaewJh Oyg'geuEm ig;yg; 'kuo
pmw&m;wku
Yd kd
vnf;aumif;?
2/ ork',opm trnf&wJh aMumif;usKd;qufEG,frI y#dporkyg'f
oabmw&m;wkdYudkvnf;aumif;?
ocFg&w&m;awGudk Pfjzifh ydkif;jcm;,lNyD; odrf;qnf;NyD;awmh
tedp 'ku tew vuPma&;oHk;wefodkYwifum 0dyemPfpOf
twdkif; tqifhqifh BudK;pm;tm;xkwfawmfrlvkduf&m aemufqHk; tJ'D
nrSmyJ tJ'DvdkPf*ltwGif;rSmyJ t&[wzkdvf qdkufa&mufawmfrlNyD;aemuf y&dedAmef pHvGefoGm;awmfrlcJhygw,f/
y&dedAmefpHNyD;awmh bmvkyfMuovJ/
w "mwka,m *a[wGm apwd,H tuHok/ tZmyd wdaw&apwd,Ed ynm,wd/
w = xdk&[Em jzpfawmfrlaom wd&SifomraP\/ "mwka,m = "mwfawmfwdkYudk/ *a[wGm = ,laqmifMu/ apwd,H = apwD
udk/ tuHok = jyKMuavukefNyD/ tZmyd = ,aeYvnf;yJ/ wdaw&apwd,Ed = wdaw&apwD[l/ ynm,wd = xif&Sm;wnf&Sdaeay
\/
y&dedAmefpHvGefawmfrlNyD;onfhtcg "mwfawmfwdkYudk ,laqmifum
apwDwnfxm;udk;uG,fMuygw,f/ ,aeYtxd pdwvawmifausmif;
twGif;rSm wdapwDawmfqdkNyD;awmh xif&Sm;wnf&Sdaeygao;w,f/
'guawmh wdapwDawmf&UJ ordik ;f tusO;f csKyjf zpfygw,f/
,ck rax&f naD emif ESpyf g;wk&Yd J U 0wKZmwfaMumif;udk jyefqufMu&atmif -rax&fnDaemif ESpfyg;wkdY[m tJ'D pdwvawmifausmif;rSm tESpf
oH;k q,fausmw
f u
Ykd mvywfv;kH oDwif;ok;H Ny;D awmh --- wpfaeY t&[wzkdvf qdkufoGm;MuNyD/ t&[wzdkvfqkdufatmif ESpfaygif;b,favmuf
tm;xkwf&ovJ (ESpfokH;q,fyg bk&m; ...) 'umBuD;awG 'umrBuD;awG w&m;tm;xkwfwm b,fESpfESpf &Sd NyDvJ pdwfaepdwfxm;
aysmhnHhvGef;vdkY bkef;BuD;u ajymwmyg/
ESpaf ygif;ok;H q,favmuf 'Dw&m;udk tjyif;txef tm;xkwNf y;D awmh
t&[wzv
kd f qdu
k o
f mG ;MuNy/D qdu
k Nf y;D awmh wkrYd ,fawmfuakd wmh oGm;Ny;D
Munfh I Mupd/Yk nDtpfuEkd pS yf g; wkid yf ifMuw,f/ wkid yf ifNy;D awmh <uvmw,f/ r,fawmf&w
dS hJ 0omVe*&&GmrSmvnf; &Gmausmif;wpfck &Syd gw,f/
xk&d mG ausmif;rSm oDwif;ok;H Ny;D awmh aemufwpfaeY r,fawmf&w
dS hJ &GmxJukd
qGr;f cH<uMuw,f/ qGr;f cH<uvdu
k af wmh bmjzpfvmvJ
rmwmyd awoH OVKauFe ,m*kH eD[&dwmG {u yaw tmud&/d
(oH?|?2?155/)
rmwmyd = r,fawmfonfvnf;yJ/ OVKauFe = ZGef;a,mufrjzifh/

,m*kH = ,m*kudk/ eD[&dwGm = xkwaf qmif/ awoH = xkdrax&fESpfyg;
wkdYwGif/ {u = rax&fwpfyg;\/ yaw = oydwfwGif;/ tmud&d =
avmif;vSLcJhavNyD/
OVKuFuawmh a,mufcsKdZGef;yJ/ tkef;rIwfeJY jyKvkyfxm;w,f/
a&S;wke;f uawmh ZGe;f uav;awGtjzpf tok;H jyKy&Hk w,f/ tJ't
D ek ;f rIw-f
cGuw
f pfcek YJ jyKvyk x
f m;wJh ZGe;f qkad wmh awmfawmfBu;D ykH &ygw,f/ ZGe;f xJ
rSm ,m*kawG tjynhx
f nfNh y;D awmh rax&fwpfyg;&JU oydwx
f J avmif;vSL
vdkufw,f/
wm wH Moavmu,rmem, ykwodaea[m OyZd/

(oH?|?2?155/)
wH = xkdrax&fudk/ Moavmu,rmem, = MunfhIaeaom/

wm = xkdr,fawmf\ oEmef/ ykwodaea[m = om;[laom
cspfjrwfEdk;jcif;onf/ OyZd = xif&Sm;jzpfay: vmcJhayonf/
r,fawmfuvnf; 'D,m*kqGrf;udk tvSLcHaewJh &[ef;awmfudk
MunfhvdkufwJh tcsdeftcgrSm om;[laom cspfjcif; jzpfay:vmw,f/
jzpfay:vmawmh --- bmajymvJ
tx eH tm[ -- ]]wGH wmw r,SH ykawm r[mema*g}}wd/
(oH?|?2?155/)
tx = xdktcg/ eH = xkdrax&fudk/ rmwm = r,fawmfu/ tm[

= ar;jref;avQmufxm;avNyD/
r,fawmfu ar;Munfhw,f/ b,fvkdvJ
]]wGH wmw r,SH ykawm r[mema*g}}wd/ (oH?|?2?155/)
wmw = cspfom;/ wGH = oifonf/ r,SH = ig\/ r[mema*g =
r[mem*trnf&Sdaom/ ykawm = om;avavm[k/ wd = odkY/
tm[ = ar;jref;av\/
cspfom; ...oif[m igh&JUom; r[mem*avvm;vkdY ar;Munfhw,f/ ar;Munfhvdkufawmh --axa&m ]]yprd H ax&H ykp Oygodau}
u}}}wd 0wGm yumrd/ (oH?|?2?155??)
axa&m = ra[mem*rax&fonf/ Oygodau = Oygodum 'g,dumrBuD;/ ypdrH = aemufuvkdufvmwJh/ ax&H = rax&fudk/ ykp =
ar;jref;avavmh/ wd = odkY/ 0wGm = ajymqkd/ yumrd = z,fcGm<uoGm;awmfrlav\/
Oygodum 'umrBuD; aemufu udk,fawmfudk ar;Munfhayawmh/

tJ'Dvdk ajymNyD;awmh rax&f jrwfBuD;uvnf; a&SUc&D;qufoGm;w,f/
yprd ax&yd ,m*kH 'wGm ]]wmw wGH r,SH ykawm plVema*g}}wd
ykpd (oH?|?2?155/)
ypdrax&yd = aemufawmfu vkdufygwJh rax&ftm;vnf;/
,m*kH = ,m*kudk/ 'wGm = ay;vSLNyD;/ wmw = cspfom;/ wGH =
oifonf/ r,SH = ig\/ plVema*g = plVem*trnf&SdwJh/ ykawm =
om;avavm/ wd = odkY/ ykpd = ar;jref;avQmufxm;av\/
aemufuvkdufvmwJh rax&fudkvnf; 'umrBuD;u ,m*kav;vSLNy;D awmh --- cspo
f m; ... oif[m igh&JUom; plVem* r[kwb
f ;l vm;vdYk
ar;Munfhw,f/
axa&m ]]u Oygodau yk&drH ax&H e ykpoD}}wd 0wGm yumrd/
(oH?|?2?155/)
axa&m = plVem*rax&fuvnf;yJ/ Oygodau = Oygodum

'umrBu;D / u = tb,ftaMumif;aMumif/h yk&rd H ax&H = a&SUu rax&fBuD;udk/ e ykpod = rar;jref;avoenf;/ wd = odkY/ 0wGm =
ajymqkd/ yumrd = z,fcGm<uoGm;awmfrl\/
aMomf - 'umrBu;D a&SUu rax&f Bu;D udak wmh bmaMumifh rar;jref;
vkdufavoenf;vkdY ajymNyD; c&D;qufoGm;w,f/
{0H rmw&myd o'
o' qdEoEa0g bduK edpe0aum emr a[mwd/
(oH?|?2?155/)
{0H = od/Yk rmw&myd o'

Ea0g
o' = rdcifEiS ahf omfrv
S nf;yJ/ qdEo
= jywfpJaom aygif;azmfjcif;&Sdaom/ bduK = &[ef;onf/ edpe0aum
emr = tjrJwrf; tm*EK{nfhonfESifh wlwJh &[ef;rnfonf/ a[mwd
= jzpf\/
tjrJwrf; tm*E K{nfhonfeJY wlwJholqkdwm tJ'Dvkd ae&w,fwJh/

b,fhES,fvJ 'umBuD; 'umrBuD;awG raumif;bl;vm; aemufu
'umrBuD;awGa&m - aumif;ovm; raumif;bl;vm; rajzMubl;/
bmjzpfvv
Ykd J om;qkw
d m tifrwef csp&f wmud;k / ud,
k o
hf m;u 'Dvo
dk m
jyKrrl ,fq&dk if rsu&f nfawG awmufawmuf rusb;l vm; usuek rf ,f/
rdcif&JUoabmu tifrwef aysmhaysmif;wJhoabm &Sdwmudk;/ odkYaomf
bk&m;&Sifu rdcifeJYaomfvnf; jywfpJwJh aygif;azmfjcif; &Sdapcsifw,f/
Niu
d yfw,
G w
f maewJh pdwx
f m; bk&m;&Sirf mS &Sad pcsio
f vm; r&Sad pcsi-f
bl;/ tjrw
J rf; tm*EKvdk oabmxm;Ny;D awmh qufqyH gwJ/h 'g bk&m;&Sif
xm;&Sad pcsiw
f hJ pdwx
f m;/ omoemabmifrmS aeNyq
D v
dk &Ydk &dS if 'Dpw
d x
f m;uav;awG &Sd&rvm; r&Sd&bl;vm; &Sd&r,f/
b,fhES,fvJ bkef;BuD;awG ... omoemrSm aevkdY&Sd&if 'Dpdwfxm;rsK;d &S&d rvm; r&S&d bl;vm; (&S&d ygr,fb&k m;) oDv&Siaf wG ...'Dvkd
pdwfxm;rsKd; &Sd&rvm; r&Sd&bl;vm; ratrvmvdkY&Sd&if arQmfaewJh
pdwx
f m;rsK;d &S&d rvm; r&S&d bl;vm; trsK;d rsK;d ajzaew,f/ omoemrSm
aeNyq
D v
dk &Ydk &dS if bk&m;&Sib
f ufu jywfpaJ pcsiw
f ,f/ 'Dvjdk ywfpw
J hJ pdw-f
xm;uav;awG &S&d r,f/ tJ'pD w
d x
f m;eJY omoemabmifrmS aeNyq
D &dk if
bmjzpfovJ kid ;f yswhJ um,uHraI wG r&Sad p&bl;/ dik ;f jywJh 0pDurH aI wG
r&Sdap&bl;/ kdif;yswJh raemuHrIawG r&Sdap&bl;/ rdrdwkdY&JU udk,ftrl
t&mawGukd xde;f csKyx
f m;Edik w
f hJ pGr;f tm; &S&d r,f/ rdrw
d &Ykd UJ pdw"f mwfukd
xdef;csKyfxm;EdkifwJh pGrf;tm; &Sd&r,f/ tJovkd xdef;csKyfNyD;awmh 'um
'umrawGtay: tjrJwrf; tm*EK{nfhonfozG,f pdwfaepdwfxm;
jzifh tjrJwrf; csOf;uyfygwJh/ 'gaMumifh bk&m;&Sifu --uayg bdua 0 pELyarm ukvmed OyouFrwd -- tyua0
um,H tyu pdwH edpe0aum ukavok ty*aAm/ (oH?1?402/)
bdua 0 = cspo
f m;&[ef;wdYk .../ uayg = uyonfum;/
pELyarm = vESifh Oyrmwlaom pdwfxm;&Sdonf/ [kwGm = jzpf/

ukvmed = 'um 'umrwkx
Yd o
H /Ykd OyouFrwd = csO;f uyfav\/ um,H
= udk,fudk/ tyua0 = xdef;csKyfomvQif/ pdwH = pdwf"mwfudk/
tyua0 = xdef;csKyfomvQif/ edpe0aum = tjrJwrf; tm*EK
{nfhonfozG,f pdwfxm;&Sdonfjzpf/ ukavok = 'um 'umrwdkY
tay:/ ty*aAm = kid ;f ysaom um,uHrI 0pDurH I raemuHrI r&So
d nf
jzpf/ ukvmed = 'um 'umrwkx
Yd o
H /Ykd OyouFrwd = csO;f uyfav\/
t&Sifr[muyBuD;udk bk&m;&Sifu MunfndKw,f/ MunfndKwJh
twGuf t&Sifr[muyBuD;&JU pdwfaepdwfxm;uav;awGuvnf;
MunfndKxkdufwJh *kPfawG&SdvdkY &[ef;awG twk,lNyD; usifhapcsifwJh
qE"mwfjzifh bk&m;&Siu
f t&Sirf [muyudk pHxm;Ny;D awmh a[mMum;
aeawmfrlygw,f/
cspo
f m;&[ef;wdYk ...t&Sirf [muy[mvnf; vvQif Oyrm
&SdaewJh pdwfxm;jzifhomvQif 'um 'umrwkdYxHudk csOf;uyfw,f/
rdru
d ,
kd u
f kd xde;f csKyEf ikd w
f hJ pGr;f tm;jzifh xde;f csKyNf y;D awmhrS 'um 'umrawGxHudk csOf;uyfw,f/ rdrd&JU pdwf"mwfudk xdef;csKyfNyD;awmhrS 'um
'umrawGxHukd csOf;uyfw,f/ tjrJwrf; tm*E K{nfhonfozG,f
pdwaf epdwx
f m;jzifo
h mvQif 'um 'umrawGxu
H kd csO;f uyfw,f/ 'um
'umrawGtay: tjrJwrf; tm*E K{nfhonfozG,f pdwfaepdwfxm;
&Sw
d hJ dik ;f yswhJ um,uHrI 0pDurH I raemuHraI wGukd tjrw
J rf; y,f&mS ;xm;w,fwJh/
'um 'umrwkdYxHokdY csOf;uyfxkdufaom &[ef;

wH u rnx bdua0 uxHlayg bduK t&[wd ukvmed
OyouFrdwHk/ (oH?1?402/)
bdua 0 = cspo
f m;&[ef;wdYk .../ wH = igbk&m;ar;r,fah r;cGe;f ud/k
wkarS = oifcspfom;wkdYonf/ u rnx = todkYatmufarhrSwfxif

,lqMuukefoenf;
cspfom;wdkYudk igbk&m; ar;cGef;wpfck ar;r,f/ oifcspfom;wkdY
b,fvkd,lqMurvJ
uxHal yg = tb,foaYkd om oabm&Sad om/ bduK = &[ef;awmfd Hk = csO;f uyftahH omonf/ ukvmed = 'um 'umrwkx
Yd o
H /Ykd OyouFrw
iSm/ t&[wd = xkdufwefygoenf;/
cspfom;&[ef;wdkY ... tb,f&[ef;rsKd;onf 'um 'umrwkYdxHoYkd csO;f uyfz&Ydk eftwGuf xku
d w
f efygovJw/hJ 'Dvakd r;cGe;f ar;Munf-h
w,f/ ar;vdkufwJh tcsdeftcgusawmhrS --b*0Hrlvum aem baE "rm b*0Haewdum b*0Hy#do&Pm/
om"k 0w baE b*0EaH ,0 y#dbmwk {w bmodw tawm/
b*0awm okwGm bduL "ma&ED}}wd/ (oH?1?402/)
baE = bkef;awmfae0ef; xGef;vif;awmufyawmfrlygayaom
jrwfpmG bk&m; .../ aem = bk&m;wynfah wmfwt
Ydk zd/Yk "rm = w&m;awmfl um = bk&m;&Siv
wko
Yd nfum;/ b*0Hrv
f Qif t&if;tjrpfrv
l taMumif;
m = bk&m;&Sio
t&if; &SdMuyguke\
f / b*0Haewdu
f nfom xkwaf qmifrI
&SdMuygay\/ b*0Hy#do&Pm = bk&m;&Sio
f nfom rScD &dk m &SdMuyguke\
f /
baE = bke;f awmfae0ef; xGe;f vif;awmufyawmfryl gayaom jrwfpmG bk&m; .../ 0w = pifppf{uef trSet
f m;jzih/f om"k = awmif;yefyg\/
{w bmodw tawm = pum;awmf\qkdvdk&if; teufoabmw&m;onf/ b*0EHa,0 = bk&m;&Sif\ PfawmfomvQif/
y#dbmwk = xifvmygapownf;/ b*0awm = bkef;awmfajcmufyg;ocif bk&m;&Si\
f xHawmfr/S okwmG = Mum;emMu&ukeo
f nfjzpf/ bduL
= &[ef;awmfwo
Ykd nf/ "ma&Ed = aqmifxm;Muygukev
f rd rhf nf jrwfpmG
bk&m;/
jrwfpmG bk&m; ...w&m;awG[m bk&m;&Siv
f Qif t&if;tjrpf &SMd uygw,f/ 'Dw&m;awGudk bk&m;&SifuomvQif xkwfaqmifawmfrljcif;
jzpfw,f/ w&m;awGonf bk&m;&SifukdomvQif rSDckd&ygw,f/ 'gaMumifh
wynfhawmfwkdY avQmufxm; awmif;yefygw,f/ 'Dpum;&JUqkdvkd&if;
teufoabmw&m;awGudk jrwfpGmbk&m;\ PfawmfomvQif
xif&mS ;awmfryl g/ bk&m;&Six
f rH S wynfah wmfwYkd Mum;em&wJh tcsed t
f cgrSm wynfhawmfwkdY &[ef;awmfwkdYonf Mum;em&onfhtwdkif; aqmifxm;Muygukev
f rd rhf ,f jrwfpmG bk&m; ...qkNd y;D awmh jyefvnf avQmufxm;Muw,f/ tJ'DtcgusawmhrS bk&m;&Sifu ---
aumif;uifjyif vufawmfudk vIyf&rf; jyawmfrljcif;

tx acg b*0g tmumao ygP pmavod/ (oH?1?402/)
tx acg = xkt
d cg/ b*0g = jrwfpmG bk&m;&Sio
f nf/ tmumao
= aumif;uifjyif/ ygP= vufawmfudk/ pmavod = vIyf&rf;
jyawmfrl\/
xkt
d csed t
f cgrSm bk&m;&Siu
f vufawmfav;udk aumif;uifjyifrmS
tomav; vIyf&rf;NyD; jyvkdufw,faemf/
ao,sxmyd bdua0 t,H tmumao ygPd e oZwd e *,Swd
e AZwd? {0ar0 acg bdua0 , upd bduKaem ukvmed
OyouFrawm ukavok pdwH e oZwd e *,Swd e AZwd -- ]vbEK
vmbumrm yknumrm ua&mEK yknmeD}wd/ (oH?1?402/)
bdua0 = cspfom;&[ef;wdkY .../ ao,sxmyd = jzpfoifhjzpf&m
EIdif;ckdif;zG,f&m avmuOyrmonfum;/ t,H ygPd = vufawmfonf/ tmumao = aumif;uif/ e oZwd = NiduyfrIr&Sd/ e *,Swd
= pGJNidrIr&Sd/ e AZwd = aESmifzGJUrIr&Sd/

aumif;uifukd vufuav; &rf;Munfyh g/ aumif;uifeYJ 'Dvufonf
NiduyfrI &Sdovm; r&Sdbl;/ 'Daumif;uifudkvnf; ig igh[mqkdNyD;
'Dvufu vSr;f Ny;D pG,
J al erIoabmaum &So
d vm; r&Sb
d ;l / aumif;uifeYJ
'Dvufudk &pfywfaESmifzGJUxm;rI qkdwmaum &Sdovm; r&Sdbl;/
bdua0 = cspfom;&[ef;wdkY .../ {0ar0 acg = OyrmtwlomvQif/ ukvmed = 'um 'umrwkYdxHokdY/ OyouFrawm = csOf;uyfaom/ , upd bduK aem = trSwrf xm; wpfyg;yg;aom &[ef;awmf\/ pdwH = pdwfonf/ ukavok = 'um 'umrwkYdtay:/ e
oZwd = NiduyfrI r&Sdap&/ e *,Swd = pGJ,lrI r&Sdap&/ e AZwd =
aESmifzGJUrI r&Sdap&/
cspo
f m;&[ef;wdYk ... 'DOyrmtwkid ;f yJ/ &[ef;awmf wpfyg;yg;u
'um 'umrwkYdxH csOf;uyfr,fqkd&if 'DcsOf;uyfaewJh &[ef;awmf\
pdwf"mwfonf 'um 'umrwdkYtay: --- e oZwd = NiduyfrI r&Sdyg
apeJY/ e *,Swd = 'gu igh'um igh'umrqkdNyD; 'Dvdk pGJ,lrIvnf; r&Sdyg
apeJY/ e AZwd = 'D'um 'umrawGeJY rdrdwkdY[m aESmifzGJUrI enf;enf;
av;rS r&SdygapeJY/ b,fvkdpdwfxm;rsKd; &Sd&rvJ
]vbE K vmbumrm yknumrm ua&mEK yknmeD}wd/ (oH?1?402??)
vmbumrm = vmbfvmbudk tvkd&SdMuukefaom olwdkYonf/
vbEK = vmbfvmbudk &&SdMuygukeo
f wnf;/ yknumrm = aumif;rIukodkvfudk tvkd&SdMuaom yk*dKvfwdkYonf/ yknmed = aumif;rIukodkvfwku
Yd /kd ua&mE
ua&mE K = jyKvyk Ef idk Mf uygapukeo
f wnf;/ wd = uJo
h aYkd om
pdwx
f m;jzif/h ukavok = 'um 'umrwkt
Yd ay:/ pdwH = rdr\
d pdwu
f /kd
e oZwd = NiduyfrI r&SdygapESifh/ e *,Swd = rpGJ,lygapESifh/ e AZwd
= aESmifzJGUrI r&SdygapESifh/
vmbfvmbudk tvkd&SdwJh yk*dKvfawG tvkd&SdwJh vmbfvmbudk

&Muygap/ aumif;rIukokdvfudk tvkd&SdwJh 'um 'umrawG aumif;rIukov
kd af wGukd jyKvyk Ef idk Mf uygapqkw
d hJ 'Dpw
d x
f m;av;om &Syd gwJ/h rdr\
d
pdw"f mwfonf 'D'um 'umrawGtay:rSm Niu
d yfrI r&Syd gapeJ/Y igh'um
igh'umrqkw
d hJ pG,
J rl v
I nf; r&Syd geJ/Y 'D'um 'umrawGeYJ rdr&d UJ pdw"f mwf
awG[m &pfywfaESmifzUJG xm;rIvnf; r&Syd gapeJ/Y ]]bke;f Bu;D uawmh 'Dae&m
uae oGm;rvkdYawmh &nf&G,faeygw,f/ 'um 'umrawG iJhnmNyD;
bkef;BuD;u roGm;Ekdifjzpfaewm/}} 'Dvkd pdwfxm;rsKd; &Sd&rvm; r&Sd&
ygbl;/ oGm;csiw
f t
hJ csed f csucf si;f om xoGm;? b,foUl iJ&h rvJ b,forl S
riJ&h bl;/ raumif;bl;vm; (aumif;ygw,f) wu,fvm; awmfMumusrS rsuf&nfuav;eJY vmNyD; rsuf&nfcHxkd;Muw,f/ 'DykHpHrsKd; jzpf&rvm; rjzpf&bl;wJh/
,xmoaue vmabe twraem a[mwd okraem? {0H ya&oH
vmabe twraem a[mwd okraem? {0layg acg bdua0 bduK
t&[wd ukvmed OyouFrdwkH/ (oH?1?402/)
oaue = rdrOd pmjzpfaom/ vmabe = &&Sad om vmbfvmbjzif/h
twraem = ESpfvkdaom pdwfxm;&Sdonf/ okraem = 0rf;ajrmufaom
pdwfxm;&Sdonf/ a[mwd ,xm = jzpfouJhokdY/ {0H wxm = xkdYtwl/
ya&oH = olwpfyg;wkdYtm;vnf;yJ/ vmabe = &&Sdaom vmbfvmbjzifh/ twraem = ESpfvkdaom pdwfxm;&Sdonf/ okraem = 0rf;ajrmufaom pdwfxm;&Sdonf/ a[mwd = jzpf\/
rdru
d ayghaemf/ tu,f rdrd vkv
d m;awmifw
h aewJh vmbfvmb
wpfck &&Scd &hJ if 0rf;omw,f? auseyfw,f/ tvm;wlyJ - 'um 'umrvkYd
ac:qkdtyfwJh olwpfyg;awG[mvnf; vmbfvmbudk &&SdMur,fqkd&if
olwkdY &&SdwJh vmbfvmbaMumifh ESpfvkd0rf;ajrmufwJh pdwfxm;om
&Sdw,f/ 'Dawmifhwcsufuav; wpfckyJ &Sdw,f/
{0layg acg bdua0 bduK t&[wd ukvmed OyouFrdw/kH

(oH?1?402/)
bdua 0 = cspo
h -Ykd
f m;&[ef;wdYk .../ {0layg acg bduK = uJo
aom tqift
h wef; jrifrh m;aeaom pdwaf epdwx
f m;&Sad om &[ef;awmfonf/ ukvmed = 'um 'umrwkdYxHodkY/ OyouFrdwkH = csOf;uyftyfaomiSm/ t&[wd = xkdufwefygay\/
'Dvdk pdwfaepdwfxm;&SdaewJh &[ef;awmfawGonfomvQif 'um
'umrawGxHukd csOf;uyfoifh csOf;uyfxkdufygw,f/ 'um 'umrawG
ay;wJh vmbfvmbudk arQmv
f ifah wmifw
h aewJh pdwaf epdwx
f m; wpfc-JG
om;jzifh 'um 'umrawGxH csO;f uyf&rvm; rcsO;f uyfprf;ygeJ/Y 'gu
tvGefnHhzsif;wJh pdwfxm;/ b,fvkdpdwfxm;om &Sd&rvJ vmbfvmb
tvkd&SdwJh 'um 'umrawG tvkd&SdwJh vmbfvmbudk &Muygap/
aumif;rIukodkvfukd tvkd&SdwJh 'um 'umrawG aumif;rIukodkvfudk
&Muygap 0rf;ajrmufMuygap ESpfoufMuygapqkdwJh 'Dpdwfxm;jzifhom
'um 'umrawGxH csOf;uyfyg/ 'D'um 'umrawGxH csOf;uyfNyD;wJh
tcsed t
f cgrSmvnf; 'um 'umrawG oEmefrmS wnf&adS ewJh udavom
trku
d af rSmifawGukd ig y,fazsmufay;r,f/ Pfwnf;[laom tvif;a&mifawG jzpfay:vmatmif ig BudK;pm;tm;xkwfay;r,fqkdwJh 'Dvdk
tqift
h wef; jrifrh m;aewJh pdwaf epdwx
f m;jzifo
h mvQif 'um 'umrawGxHudk csOf;uyfyg/ tJ'Dvdk pdwfxm;&SdwJh &[ef;awmfonfomvQif
'Dvkd pdwaf epdwx
f m;&Sw
d hJ oDv&Sio
f nfomvQif 'um 'umrawGxu
H kd
csOf;uyfoifh csOf;uyfxkdufygw,f/
'umBu;D awG bk&m;&Si&f UJ OD;wnfcsuu
f av;awGukd Munfv
h u
dk rf ,f
qkd&if tvGef MunfndKzkdY raumif;bl;vm; odyfaumif;w,f/ tjypf
ruif;bl;vm; odyu
f if;aew,f/ vmbfvmbudk wG,w
f mrufarmaewJh tvGef ,kwfnHhaewJh pdwfxm;&Sdwmudk jrwfpGmbk&m;&Sif ESpfNcdKuf-
ovm; rESpfNcdKufygbl;/
uy bdua0 ukvmed OyouFrawm ukavok pdwH e
oZwd e *,Swd e AZwd -- ]vbE
]vbE K vmbumrm yknumrm ua&mEK
yknmeD}wd/ (oH?1?402/)
bdua 0 = cspo
Yd o
H /Ykd
f m;&[ef;wdYk .../ ukvmed = 'um 'umrwkx
OyouFrawm = csOf;uyfaom/ uy = uy\ oEmef/
ukavok = 'um 'umrwkdYtay:/ pdwH = pdwf"mwfonf/ e oZwd
= NiduyfrIr&Sd/ e *,Swd = igh'um 'umr[k pGJ,lrI r&Sd/ e AZwd =
'um 'umrwkEYd iS hf &pfywfaESmifzUJG rI r&S/d vmbumrm = vmbfvmbudk
tvdk&SdMuukefaom yk*dKvfwkdYonf/ vbE
vbEK = tvk&d w
dS hJ vmbfvmbudk
&&SdMuygapukeo
f wnf;/ yknumrm = aumif;rIuo
k v
dk u
f kd tvk&d MdS uwJh
yk*Kd vw
f o
Ydk nf/ yknmed = aumif;rIuo
k v
kd w
f u
Ykd /kd ua&mE
ua&mEK = jyKvyk Ef ikd Mf uygapownf;/ wd = odaYk om pdwaf epdwx
f m;jzif/h ukvmed = 'um
'umrwkdYxHodkY/ OyouFrawm = csOf;uyfaeaom/ uy =
uy\/ ukavok = 'um 'umrwdkYtay:/ pdwH = pdwfonf/ e
oZwd = NiduyfrI r&dS/ e *,Swd = igh'um 'umr[k pGJvrf;rI r&Sd/ e
AZwd = 'um 'umrwkdYESifh &pfywfaESmifzGJUrI r&Sd/
odyaf umif;w,f odyaf umif;w,f/ 'Dvkd pdwx
f m;jzifo
h m wu,f
csOf;uyfae&if 'Dvkd yk*dKvfrsKd;awG[m rMunfndKxkdufbl;vm; odyfMunfnKd xu
kd w
f ,f/ vmbfvmbudk tvd&k w
dS hJ 'um 'umrawG tvk-d
&SdwJh vmbfvmbawG &Muygap/ aumif;rIukokdvfudk tvkd&SdwJh 'um
'umrawG aumif;rIukodkvfudk &MuygapqkdwJh 'Dpdwfxm;yJ&Sdw,f/
tJ'aD umif;rIuo
k v
kd x
f rJ mS bmukov
kd af wG ygovJ 'geukov
kd yf gw,f?
oDvukokdvfygw,f? orxukodkvfygw,f? 0dyemukodkvfygw,f?
t&d,r*fuo
k v
kd af wGtxd ygw,f/ tJ'v
D dk tqift
h wef; jrifrh m;aewJh
ukov
dk af wGukd vdv
k m;awmifw
h aewJh yk*Kd vaf wGonf rdrw
d Ydk tvk&d adS ewJh
aumif;rIuo
k v
dk af wG &Muygap/ &atmifvnf; 'D&[ef;awmfu bmvkyf
ay;ovJ jzefYjzL;ay;w,f/ 'um 'umrawG oEmefrSm wnf&SdaewJh
udavomwnf;[laom trdu
k w
f u
dk af wGukd azsmufzsuaf y;w,f/ 'um
'umrawG oEmefrSm Pfwnf;[laom vif;a&mifjcnfpGrf;tifawG
jzpfay:vmatmif a[mMum;jyo qkdqkH;ray;w,f/
,xmoaue vmabe twraem a[mwd okraem? {0H ya&oH
vmabe twraem a[mwd okraem// (oH?1?402/)
oaue = rdrOd pmjzpfaom/ vmabe = &&Sad om vmbfvmbjzif/h
twraem = ESpfvkdaom pdwfxm;&Sdonf/ okraem = 0rf;ajrmufaom
pdwfxm;&Sdonf/ a[mwd ,xm = jzpfouJhodkY/ {0H wxm = twl/
ya&oH = olwpfyg;wkdYtm;vnf;yJ/ vmabe = &&Sdaom vmbfvmbjzifh/ twraem = ESpfvdkaom pdwfxm;&Sdonf/ okraem = 0rf;ajrmufaom pdwfxm;&Sdonf/ a[mwd = jzpf\/
t&Sifr[muyudk Munfhr,fqkd&if yk*dKvfwpfa,mufu rdrd
vmbfvmbudk &Ny/D &cJv
h &Ykd &dS if auseyfrI 0rf;ajrmufrI jzpfovdk tvm;wlyw
J ?hJ olwpfyg;wkYd vmbfvmb&jcif;wnf;[laom taMumif;aMumifh
t&Sifr[muy&JU oEmefrSm olwpfyg;wkdY&JU vmbfvmb&jcif;udk
taMumif;jyKNy;D ESpv
f 0dk rf;ajrmufro
I m jzpfay:aew,f/ olwpfyg;&wmudk auseyf&rvm; rauseyf&bl;vm; auseyf&r,f/ auseyfwphJ w
d -f
xm;[m olawmfaumif;wkdif;rSm &Sd&rvm; r&Sd&bl;vm; &Sd&r,f/
olwpfyg; &wmudk rauseyfbl;qdkwm tvGef tqifhtwef;edrfhwJh
pdwaf epdwx
f m; jzpfw,f/ auseyfw,fqw
dk mu olUqDrmS arQmv
f ifch suef YJ
auseyfwmrsKd;aum [kwfovm; r[kwfygbl;/ olvkdvm;awmifhwaewJh vmbfvmbawG olvkdvm;awmifhwaewJh aumif;rIukodkvfawG
&&Sdwm jrifNyD; bmjzpfovJ 0rf;omrIom jzpfw,f/ aemufwpfck --bk&m;&Sif qufNyD; a[mjyefw,faemf/
rpifMu,faom w&m;a'oema[menf;
wH u rnx bdua0 uxHly bduKaem ty&dok'g
"ra'oem a[mwd/ (oH?1?402/)
a[m ...bke;f Bu;D buf vSnv
hf mNyaD emf/
bdua 0 = cspo
f m;&[ef;wk/Yd wH = xkd igbk&m; ar;r,fah r;cGe;f ud/k
wkarS = oifcspfom;wkdYonf/ u rnx = todkY rSwfxif,lqMuoenf;
igbk&m; oifcspfom;wdkYudk ar;cGef;wpfck xyfar;OD;r,f/ oifwdkY
b,fvkd xifjrif,lqMuovJ
uxHyl bduK aem ty&do'k g "ra'oem a[mwd/ (oH?1?402??)
uxHyl bduK aem = tb,fuo
hJ aYkd om oabm&Sad om &[ef;awmf\oEmef/ ty&dok'g = rpifMu,f roefY&Sif;aom/ "ra'oem
= w&m;a'oemawmfonf/ a[mwd = jzpfay: aeygoenf;/
b,fvdk &[ef;awmfrsK;d &JU oEmefrmS b,fvdk rpifMu,fwhJ w&m;a[menf;qkdwm jzpfay:vmovJ
uxHly bduKaem y&dok'g "ra'oem a[mwd/ (oH?1?402/)
uxHyl bduK aem = tb,fuo
hJ aYkd om oabm&Sad om &[ef;awmf\ oEmef/ y&dok'g = pifMu,foefY&Sif;aom// "ra'oem =
w&m;a'oemawmfonf/ a[mwd = jzpfay:aeygoenf;/
b,fvkd&[ef;awmf&JU w&m;a[mrIu pifMu,fovJ b,fvdk
&[ef;awmf&UJ w&m;a[mrIu rpifMu,fygoenf; 'Dar;cGe;f uav;ukd
ar;Munfw
h ,f/ w&m;a[m&wmaum vG,o
f vm; odyaf wmh rvG,-f
bl;/ bk&m;&Sif ESpfNcdKufwJh pdwfaepdwfxm;eJY a[mMum;EkdifzkYd tykdif;usawmh awmfawmfuav; cufomG ;w,faemf/ tJ't
D cgusawmhrS &[ef;-
awmfwdkYu --b*0Hrlvum aem baE "rm b*0Haewdum b*0Hy#do&Pm/

om"k 0w baE b*0EaH ,0 y#dbmwk {w bmodw tawm/
b*0awm okwGm bduL "ma&ED}}wd/ (oH?1?402/)
baE = bkef;awmfae0ef; xGef;vif;awmufyawmfrlygayaom
jrwfpGmbk&m; .../ aem = bk&m;wynfhawmfwkdYtzkdY/ "rm = w&m;l um = bk&m;vQif t&if;tp rlv&Sd Muyguke\
awmfwo
Ykd nf/ b*0Hrv
f /
b*0Haewdum = bk&m;&Sifonfom xkwfaqmifol jzpfMuygukef\/
b*0Hy#do&Pm = bk&m;&SifonfomvQif rSDcdk&m &Sd Muygukef\/ baE
= bke;f awmfae0ef; xGe;f vif;awmufyawmfryl gayaom jrwfpmG bk&m;/
0w = pifppf{uef trSet
f m;jzih/f om"k = avQmufxm; awmif;yefMuygukef\/ {w bmodw tawm = pum;awmf\ qkdvdk&if;
teufoabmw&m;onf/ b*0EaH ,0 = bk&m;&Si\
f a&TPfawmfomvQif/ y#dbmwk = xif&Sm;apawmfrlyg/ b*0awm = bkef;awmf
ajcmufyg;ocif bk&m;&Sif\xHawmfarSmufrS/ okwGm = Mum;emMu&ukeo
f nfjzpf/ bduL = &[ef;awmfwo
Ykd nf/ "ma&Ed = aqmifxm;
Muygukefvdrfhrnf jrwfpGmbk&m;/
jrwfpGmbk&m; ... w&m;awG[m bk&m;vQif t&if;tjrpf &SdMuygw,f/ 'Dw&m;awmfawGukd bk&m;&Siu
f omvQif xkwaf qmifawmfrjl cif;
jzpfw,f/ bk&m;&Sio
f nfomvQif rScD &dk m &SMd uygw,f/ 'gaMumifh wynf-h
awmfwYdk avQmufxm;awmif;yefygw,f jrwfpmG bk&m; ...? 'Dqv
dk &dk if;
teufoabmw&m;awGudk jrwfpGmbk&m;\ a&TPfawmfomvQif
xif&mS ;apawmfryl g/ bk&m;&Six
f rH S Mum;em&onf&adS omf wynfah wmfwYdk
&[ef;awmfww
Ydk pfawGonf Mum;em&onft
h wdik ;f aqmifxm;Muyguke-f
vdrfhr,f jrwfpGmbk&m; ...qkdNyD;awmh wifjyavQmufxm;Muw,f/
tJ'v
D kd wifjyavQmufxm;wJh tcsed t
f cgrSm bk&m;&Sib
f ufu bmtrdeYf
&SdawmfrlovJ
awe [d bd u a 0 ok P mx? om"k u H reod ua&mx?
bmodmrD}}wd/ (oH?1?402/)
bdua 0 = cspo
f m;&[ef;wdYk .../ awe [d = xko
d jYkd zpfMuyguke-f
rlum;/ okPmx = em,lMuygukeaf vmh/ om"kuH = aumif;rGef akd opGm/
reod ua&mx = ESvkH;oGif;Muygukefavmh/ bmodmrd = igbk&m;
a[mMum;jyo qkdqkH;rawmfrlaytHh/
cspfom;&[ef;wdkY ... 'Dvkdqkd&ifawmh oifcspfom;wkdY dkaopGm
em,lMu/ aumif;rGepf mG ESv;Hk oGi;f Muayawmh/ igbk&m; a[mjyay;r,f/
rSefygh jrwfpGmbk&m; ... qkdNyD;awmh &[ef;awmfawGu bk&m;&Sifudk
jyefNyD; wifjyavQmufxm;Muw,f/ xkdtcsdeftcgrSm bk&m;&Sifu bmtrdefY&SdovJ
a,m [d aumpd bdua0 bduK {0Hpdawm ya&oH "rH a'aowd?
]ta[m 0w ar "rH okaP,sKH? okwGm p ye "rH yoDa',sKH? yoEm
p ar yoEmum&H ua&,sK}Ed? {0ly acg bdua0 bduKaem
ty&dok'g "ra'oem a[mwd/ (oH?1?403/)
bdua 0 = cspo
f m;&[ef;wdYk .../ a,m [d aumpd = trSwrf xm;
wpfyg;yg;aom/ bduK = &[ef;awmfonf/ {0Hpdawm = uJhodkYaom
pdwf"mwf&Sdonfjzpf/ ya&oH = olwpfyg;wkYdtm;/ "rH = w&m;awmfjrwfudk/ a'aowd = a[mMum;awmfrl\/
cspo
f m;&[ef;wdYk ... &[ef;awmf wpfyg;yg;u 'Dvkd pdw"f mwfjzifh
olwpfyg;awGudk w&m;a[mNyD/ b,fvkdvJ
ar = ig\/ "rH = w&m;awmfjrwfudk/ okaP,sKH = emMum;Muygukefrlum;/ ta[m 0w = aMomf ... aumif;avpG/
aMomf ... 'Dpw

d x
f m;uav;/ ]]ighw&m;udk emwJo
h al wG rsm;r,f
qk&d ifawmh odyaf umif;r,f/}} b,fEh ,
S w
f ;Hk 'umBu;D awG "ruxdu
qkw
d m tJ'pD w
d x
f m; &SEd idk o
f vm; r&SEd ikd b
f ;l vm; trsm;tm;jzifh Mum;&
wm wcsKUd "ruxduawG w&m;emy&dowf enf;Nyq
D v
dk &Ykd &dS if a[mawmif
ra[mcsiaf wmhb;l wJ/h bk&m;&Siu
f tJ'pD w
d x
f m;rsK;d &Sad pcsio
f vm; r&Sd
apcsib
f ;l /
okwGm p ye "rH yoDa',sK/H (oH?1?403/)
okwmG p ye = Mum;emNy;D rlvnf;/ "rH = w&m;awmfu/kd yoDa',sKH
= MunfndKMuygukefrlum;/ ta[m 0w = aMomf ... aumif;avpG/
iga[mwJh w&m;emNyD;&if 'Dw&m;udk MunfndKMur,fqkd&if odyfaumif;r,fw/hJ b,fEh ,
S v
f J tJ'pD w
d x
f m;rsK;d u r&SEd ikd b
f ;l vm; &SEd idk -f
w,f/ 'Dpdwfxm;uav; &Sdwmudku bk&m;&Sif ESpfNcdKufovm; igh
w&m;udk MunfnKd &if odyaf umif;r,fqw
dk hJ 'Dpw
d x
f m; bk&m;&Siu
f r&S-d
apcsifbl;/ ol MunfndKwm rMunfndKwmxm;/ rSefwmudk a[m&r,fqdw
k hJ pdwx
f m;awmh bk&m;rSm &Sw
d ,f/ olrsm; MunfnKd atmif a[maewmudk bk&m;&Sif ESpfNcdKufovm; rESpfNcdKufbl;/ bmudk ESpfNcdKufvJ
aemufxyf vmvdrfhr,faemf/
yoEm p ar yoEmum&H ua&,sK}E/d (oH?1?403/)
yoEm p = MunfnKd Muukeaf om olwo
Ykd nfvnf;yJ/ ar = ightm;/
yoEmum&H = MunfnKd aom tjcif;t&mud/k ua&,sKH = jyKMuygukerf -l
um;/ ta[m 0w = aMomf ... aumif;avpG/
a[m ... ighw&m;udk MunfnKd Ny;D awmh ighukd MunfnKd whJ tjcif;t&mawG jyMu&ifawmh odyaf umif;rSmyJwahJ emf/ MunfnKd whJ tjcif;t&mudk azmfjyw,fqw
dk m bmvJ bke;f Bu;D apmif;a[mwm r[kwb
f ;l aemf/ 'DrmS t|uxmu zGix
hf m;w,f/
yoEmum&H ua&,sK Ed pD0&m'a,m ypa, 'a',sK/H (oH?|?2?158??)

MunfnKd whJ tjcif;t&mudk azmfjyw,fqw
dk mu ouFe;f ausmif;
aq; qGr;f tp&Sw
d hJ ypn;f av;yg;awGukd vmNy;D awmh vSL'gef;Mur,fq&dk if
odyaf umif;r,fw/hJ tJ'v
D kd vmbfvmbudk arQmv
f ifah wmifw
h Ny;D awmh
w&m;a[mwmrsK;d udk bk&m;&Sif ESpNf cKd uo
f vm; rESpNf cKd ub
f ;l / w&m;wpfyrJG mS b,favmufqw
dk hJ owfrw
S cf suf &Sad eNy/D bk&m;&Sif ESpNf cKd u-f
ovm; rESpNf cKd uyf gbl;aemf/
{0ly acg bdua 0 bduK aem ty&do'k g "ra'oem a[mwd/
(oH?1?403/)
bdua0 = cspfom;&[ef;wdkY .../ {0ly acg bduKaem =

uJo
h Ykd oabm&Sad om &[ef;awmftm;/ ty&do'k g = rpifMu,faom/
"ra'oem = w&m;a[mjcif;onf/ a[mwd = jzpfay: aeay\/
'Dvdkpdwfxm;eJY w&m;a[mcJh&if 'D&[ef;awmf a[maewJh w&m;awmfonf pifMu,faomw&m; [kwfrvm; r[kwfawmhbl;/ rpifMu,fb;l / 'D&[ef;awmf&UJ w&m;a[mjcif;onf rpifMu,faom w&m;a[mjcif; jzpfaeNyD/
pifMu,faom w&m;a'oema[menf;
aemufwpfck --- pifMu,fwJh w&m;a'oemawmf a[menf;/
bk&m;&Sif wpfbufvSnfhNyD;awmh a[mawmfrljyefw,f/
a,m p acg bdua0 bduK {0Hpdawm ya&oH "rH a'aowd/
(oH?1?403/)
bdua0 = cspfom;&[ef;wdkY .../ a,m p acg bduK = tMuif

trSwfrxm; wpfpkHwpfa,mufaom &[ef;awmfonfum;/ {0Hpdawm
= uJhodkYaom pdwfxm;&Sdonfjzpf/ ya&oH = olwpfyg;wdkYtm;/ "rH
= w&m;awmfjrwfudk/ a'aowd = a[mMum;awmfrlav\/

'Dvdk pdwfxm;jzifh olwpfyg;awGudk w&m;a[mw,f/ b,fvdk
pdwfxm;vJ
]oGmumawm b*0wm "arm oEd|daum tumvdaum {[dydaum Moyae,sdaum ypwH a0'dwaAm 0dnL[D}wd/ (oH?1?403/)
b*0wm = bkef;awmfajcmufyg;ocif bk&m;&Sifonf/ "arm =
r*fav;wef zkv
d af v;wef edAm ef y&d,wf[k qdt
k yfaom q,fwefaom
w&m;awmfjrwfudk/ oGmumawm = aumif;pGm a[mMum;jyo qkdqkH;rawmfrt
l yfygay\/ aom "arm = xkw
d &m;awmfjrwfonfum;/ oE|d -d
aum = rsuaf rSmufb0 vufiif;tusK;d ay;Edik af om pGr;f tm; &Syd gay\/
tumvdaum = tcgrvifh tusKd;ay;Ekdifaom pGrf;tm; &Sdygay\/
{[dydaum = vmvSnfh IvSnfh[k zdwfac:xdkufaom w&m;awmfvnf; jzpfygay\/ Moyae,sdaum = rdrdwkdY\ cEmtdrf kyfemrfoEmef
tpOf xif&mS ;jzpfay:vmatmif uyf aqmifxm;xku
d af om w&m;awmf jzpfawmfrlygay\/ 0dnL[d = ynm&Sd olawmfaumif;wdkYonf/
ypwH = toD;toD;/ a0'dwaAm = odoifhodxkdufaom w&m;awmf
jzpfygay\/
rdrdwkdY w&m;vkdY rjzpfapcsifbl;/ bk&m;a[mwJhw&m; jzpfapcsifw,f/ bmenf; nmenf;? b,fq&mawmfenf; 'Dq&mawmfenf;?
'DvkdrsKd; jzpf&rvm; rjzpf&bl;/ bmom jzpf&rvJ b*0wm "arm
= bk&m;&Si&f UJ w&m;omvQif jzpf&r,f/ tJ'D bk&m;&Sio
f nf w&m;awmfawGukd b,fvdk a[movJ oGmumw = tp tv,f tqk;H ok;H yg;tpkH
aumif;jcif;*kPfawGeJY jynfhpkHpGm a[mxm;wJh w&m;awmfawG jzpfMu
w,f/ oDvusiphf Ofqw
dk hJ tp orm"dusiphf Ofqw
dk hJ tv,f ynmusi-hf
pOfqw
dk hJ tqk;H / 'Do;Hk yg;tpkH aumif;jcif;*kPaf wGeYJ jynfph aHk tmif a[m-
Mum;xm;awmfrlwJh w&m;awmfawG jzpfMuw,f/ 'gudk ay:vGifatmif

bk&m;&Sifu a[mapcsifw,f/
oEd|du = vufiif;tusKd;ay;EdkifwJh w&m;/ tumvdu = tcgrvifh tusKd;ay;EdkifwJh w&m;/ 'gawGuawmh txl;ojzifh t&d,r*fPfukd &nfeT ;f xm;ygw,f/ {[dydu = vmvSnyhf g IMunfyh gvkYd
zdwaf c:Edik w
f hJ w&m;/ oDt&dk o
D abmoufouf [kwo
f vm; r[kw-f
bl;aemf/ vufawGUIvkdY&wJh w&m;awG/ bk&m;&Sifu vmIMunfhygvkdY
tjrJwrf; zdwfac:aew,f/ wcsKdUwcsKdUw&m;awGu vmIvSnfhygvkdY
zdwfac:wJhtwdkif; IwJhtcg IwJhtwdkif; ykHpHrSef jzpfovm; rjzpfbl;/
bk&m;w&m;awmfawGuawmh jzpfukd jzpfap&r,fvYkd 'Dvkd tmrcHcsujf zifh
bk&m;&Sifu zdwfac:xm;w,f/ Moyae,sdu = ynm&Sdolawmfaumif;
jzpfcJhr,fqkd&ifawmh toD;toD; udk,fpD udk,fpD rdrdwdkY&JU kyfemrf
oEmeftpOfrmS xif&mS ;jzpfay:aeatmif aqmifxm;xku
d w
f hJ w&m;awG
jzpfw,fwJh/
bmjzpfvv
Ydk J 'Dr*fPfzv
kd
f Pfqw
kd hJ w&m;awGukd rsuaf rSmufjyKNyD; r*fPfzkdvfPfqkdwJh w&m;awmfawG udef;0yfwnfvmatmif
aqmifxm;Edik rf ,fq&dk if 'Dr*fPfzv
dk
f Pfqw
dk hJ w&m;awmfjrwfawGu
aqmifxm;wJh xko
d w0gvkYd ac:qkt
d yfwhJ kyef mrfoEmeftpOfukd tyg,f
av;bkH tp&SdwJh oHo&m0#fqif;&J 'kutoD;toD;rS xkwfaqmif
u,fwifEidk w
f hJ pGr;f tm; r&Sb
d ;l vm; &Sad ew,f/ 'gaMumifh 'Dvkd tyg,f
av;bkH tp&Sw
d hJ oHo&m0#fqif;&J 'kua wGrS xkwaf qmifu,fwifEidk w
f hJ
pGr;f tm;&Sw
d hJ w&m;rsK;d qk&d if rdrw
d &Ykd UJ cEmtpOf kyef mrfoEmefrmS ude;f 0yf
vmatmif aqmifxm;zkdY raumif;bl;vm; (aumif;ygw,f bk&m;/)
aqmifxm;Murvm; ausmif;zGifh&ifaum jyefrvm; b,fvkdwkef;
tJ'gusawmh rajzawmhbl;aemf/
olu q,f&ufwJh/ awmfawmfuav;awmh 0rf;enf;zkdY aumif;yg

w,faemf/ wcsKdUuawmh wpfvwJh/ bk&m;&Sifacwfuawmh q,f&uf
wpfveJY &Edik w
f w
hJ &m; jzpfaumif; jzpfEikd yf gw,f/ 'gayr,fh ckacwfrmS u
vufa&G;pOfawGu &Sdao;ovm; r&Sdawmhbl;/ vufa&G;pOfawGu
bk&m;&Sief YJ ygoGm;Ny/D aemufyw
d af cG;awGyJ useaf eygw,f/ 'Dawmh "m;r
aemufydwfacG;awGu q,f&ufqkdNyD; vmNyD; aps;qpfaeMur,fqdk&if
awmh 'Dw&m;rsK;d awGu vG,v
f ,
G ef YJ &Edik yf gawmhrvm; r&Ekid af wmhb;l /
'gaMumifh 'Dw&m;awGudkomvQif bk&m;&Sifu a[mapcsifw,f/ a[m
vkdufwJhtcgrSmvnf; ighw&m;qkdNyD; ukd,fykdifjyKvkyfxm;wJh ykHpHeJY a[m
&rvm; ra[m&bl;/ b,fvkdom a[m&rvJ jrwfpGmbk&m; a[m
Mum;xm;wJh tp tv,f tqk;H ok;H yg;tpkH aumif;jcif;*kPef YJ jynfph w
Hk hJ
w&m;ygvkdY 'Dvkd 0efcHNyD;awmh a[mapcsifygw,f/
ta[m 0w ar "rH okaP,sKH? okwGm p ye "rH tmZmae,sKH?
tmZmedwGm p ye wxwm, y#dyaZ,sK}Ed/ (oH?1?403/)
ar = ig\/ "rH = w&m;awmfjrwfudk/ okaP,sKH = Mum;emMuygukefrlum;/ ta[m 0w = aMomf ... aumif;avpG/
'Dpw
d x
f m;uav;awmh &Sw
d ,f/ Mum;emapvkw
d hJ pdwx
f m;uav;awmh &Sdw,f/ 'gayr,fh OD;wnfcsufu ykHpHwpfrsKd;oGm;w,f/ ckeu
OD;wnfcsufeJU rwlbl;/
okwGm p ye = MumemNyD;vnf;yJ/ "rH = w&m;awmfjrwfudk/
tmZmae,sKH = od&Sd Muygukefrlum;/ ta[m 0w = aMomf ...
aumif;avpG/
OD;wnfcsufuav; rdrd a[mwJhw&m;udkvnf; emMum;apvkdwJh
pdwfxm;awmh &Sdwm rSefw,f/ 'gayr,fh OD;wnfcsufu bmjzpfvJ
okwGm = Mum;emNyD;/ "rH = w&m;awmfjrwfudk/ tmZmae,sKH =
od&SdMuygukefrlum;/ ta[m 0w = aMomf ... aumif;avpG/

iga[mwJh w&m; em,laewJh y&dowfawG od&SdMur,fqkd&if
odyaf umif;r,f/ 'Dpw
d x
f m;&Sw
d ,f/ ckeu rpifMu,fwhJ yk*Kd v&f UJ w&m;a[menf; pdwfxm;eJY wlao;vm; rwlawmhbl;aemf/ w&m;a[mNyD
qkv
d &Ydk &dS ifawmh 'Dpw
d x
f m;uav; &S&d r,f/ a[mw,fqw
kd mu -- wpfv;Hk
ajymwmvnf; a[mwmygyJ/ ESpfvkH; ajymwmvnf; a[mwmygyJaemf/
'gayr,fh 'Dw&m;uav; a[mNyD;wJh tcsdeftcgrSm od&Sd MuygapqkdwJh
'Dpdwfxm;uav;onf tvGef rGefjrwfwJh pdwfxm;uav; jzpfygw,f
aemf/
tmZmedwGm p ye wxwm, y#dyaZ,sK}Ed/ (oH?1?403/)
tmZmedwmG = od&MdS um;emukeNf y;D vnf;yJ/ wxwm, = rcRw-f
r,Gif;&eftvkdYiSm/ y#dyaZ,sKH = usifhMuHBudK;ukwf tm;xkwfMuygukefrlum;/ ta[m 0w = aMomf ... aumif;avpG/
pdwx
f rJ mS wpfrsK;d xm;Ny/D a[mwJh w&m;ukd emNy;D Ny/D emNy;D od&NdS y;D wJh
aemuf wxwm, = rcRwfr,Gif; qufvufNyD; usifhMuHBudK;ukwf
tm;xkwaf pcsiw
f ,f/ a[mvku
d w
f hJ w&m; emNy/D bmqkv
d w
dk ,f qkw
d mvnf; odNy/D odvu
kd w
f hJ tcsed t
f cgrSm rusiMhf ubl;qk&d ifvnf; tusK;d &S-d
yghrvm; r&Sdbl;/ 'Dawmh 'DrSm wxwm, = rcRwfr,Gif;&eftvkdYiSm
qkdwmeJY ywfoufNyD; t|uxmq&mawmfu t"dym,fuav; ykd&Sif;atmif zGifhqkdxm;w,f/
wxwm, y#dyaZ,ssKK Ed oDv tm*w|mae oDvH yl&,rmem? orm"d0yd em r*zvmeH tm*w|mae wmed wmed orm',rmem wxmbm0g, y#dyaZ,sKH/ (oH?|?2?158/)
'Dvdk zGix
hf m;w,f/ bmajymwmvJ oDv vm&Sw
d ahJ e&mrSm oDvudk
wu,fvufawGU jzLjzLpifpif jznfhusifhMur,fqkd&if odyfaumif;r,f/
"ruxduudk,fawmfu oDvtaMumif; a[mNyD/ oDvudk b,fykH

b,fyef; b,fenf;vrf;tm;jzifh jznfhusifh&r,fqkdwmawGukd a[mNyD/
a[mvku
d w
f t
hJ cg Mum;emcGihf &Ny?D od&NdS y/D od&w
dS t
hJ cg 'Dov
D udk rusihf
bl;qk&d if tusK;d &Syd ghrvm; r&Sb
d ;l / 'gaMumifh oDvtaMumif; a[mwJh
tcsed t
f cgrSm oDvawGukd jynhjf ynfph pHk Hk jznfu
h siMfh ur,fq&dk if odyaf umif;
r,f/ 'Dpw
d x
f m; &Sw
d ,f/ orm"dtaMumif; a[mvku
d w
f hJ tcsed t
f cgrSm
vnf; 'Dorm"dawGudk wu,fvufawGU jynhfjynhfpkHpkH jznfhusifhMur,f
qk&d if odyaf umif;r,f/ rjynhrf pkH rpdrYk ykYd usiw
hf mudak wmh qkv
d o
dk vm;
rqkdvdkygbl;aemf/ bk&m;&Sifu jynfhjynfhpkHpkHuav; jznfhusifhwmudk
ESpfNcdKufw,faemf/
aemufwpfck -- 0dyemtaMumif; a[mNy/D 0dyemtaMumif;
a[mvku
d w
f hJ tcsed t
f cgrSmvnf; a[mvku
d w
f hJ 0dyemusiphf OfawGukd
jynfjh ynfph pHk Hk jznfu
h siMhf ur,fq&dk if odyaf umif;r,f/ 'Dpw
d x
f m; &Sw
d ,f/
[m - 'Dbek ;f Bu;D a[maewJh w&m;awGuvnf; rjzpfEidk yf gbl;/ om0uawGu b,f 'Dyk f 'DemrfawG od&EdS ikd rf mS vJ ponfjzifh a0zefa&;orm;awGvkyfNyD; a&SmifauGUoGm;wJh ykHpHrsKd; jzpf&rvm; rjzpf&bl;/ bk&m;u
'Dkyf 'DemrfawGudk od&r,f/ 'DtaMumif;w&m; 'DtusKd;w&m;awGudk
od&r,f a[mxm;w,f/
[m - 'Dtwdwf tem*wfu b,fvkdvkyf I&rSmvJ? 'Dkyf (28)yg;
qkw
d muvnf; b,fvv
kd yk f I&rvJ? 'gu oAnKwPft&myJ - ponf
jzifh a0zefa&;orm;awG vkyw
f ,f/ twdwq
f w
dk m jzpfNy;D Ny?D r&Sad wmhb;l /
tem*wfqkdwm jzpfrS rjzpfao;wm? b,fvkdvkyf IrvJ/ twdwfuvnf; r&SdrS r&Sdawmhwm b,fvkdvkyfIrvJ -- ponfjzifh a0zefa&;
orm;awGvkyfNyD; a&SmifauGUoGm;w,f/ tJ'Dvkd a&SmifauGUwJh pdwfxm;uav;awG r&Sb
d J rcRwrf ,Gi;f vufawGUusiMhf ur,fq&dk if odyaf umif;r,fqkdwJh 'Dpdwfxm;jzifh w&m;a[mw,f/ a[mvkdufwJhtwdkif;vnf;
usifhMur,fqkd&if raumif;bl;vm; odyfaumif;w,f/ aemufwpfck r*fPf zkv

d
f PftaMumif;udk a[mjyNy/D a[mjyvku
d w
f hJ tcsed -f
tcgrSmvnf; r*fPf zdkvfPfeJY ywfoufwJhtydkif; a&mufvmNyD
qkd&ifvnf; r*fPf zdkvfPf qkdufonfhwdkifatmif rcRwfr,Gif;
wu,fvufawGU usifhw,f/ a[mvdkufwmu wjcm;? usifhaewmu
wpfjcm; jzpfaecJrh ,fq&dk if rcRwrf ,Gi;f usiw
hf m[kwo
f vm; r[kwb
f ;l
aemf/ a[mvdu
k w
f t
hJ wkid ;f vufawGU rSerf eS u
f efuef wdwu
d sus usiMhf uH
BuKd ;ukwf yGm;rsm;tm;xkwyf grS (wxwm, y#dyaZ,sKH =)) rcRwrf ,Gi;f zdYk
&eftwGuf usifhMuHBudK;ukwf yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfaeonf rnfw,f/ 'D
tcsufuawmh odyfta&;BuD;w,f/ bkef;BuD;uawmh a[mvkdufwmyJ/
usifhwmu wvGJusifhaeNyDqkd&ifawmh ykHpHrSefyghrvm; rrSefbl;/
bkef;BuD;u kyftaMumif; a[mvdkufw,f/ aMomf - 'DkyfawGu
wynfhawmf odNyD;om;awGyJ? awGUNyD;om;awGyJ/ bkef;BuD;u emrftaMumif; a[mvdkufawmhvnf; aMomf - 'DemrfawGu wynfhawmfwkdY
INy;D om;/ 'g tm;vk;H em;vnfaew,f/ bke;f Bu;D a[maezdYk vdak o;vm;
rvkad wmhb;l / olu odNy;D om; jzpfaeNy/D y#dpo
rkyg 'ftaMumif; a[mvdu
k af wmhvnf; wynfah wmf em;vnfNy;D om;yg/ 'gawGukd wynfah wmfudk xnfrh ajymeJ/Y wynfah wmfu 0dyemrSm auseyfaewJh yk*Kd vyf q
J Ndk y;D
rdrdudk,fudk rdrd txifBuD;aew,f/
'Dvq
kd v
kd &Ykd &dS if rcRwrf ,Gi;f zk&Yd eftwGuf vufawGUusiahf ewJyh *k Kd vv
f Ydk
ac:Edik yf ghrvm; rac:Edik yf gbl;/ rac:Edik w
f mu olu wu,fyk ef mrfvnf; rodvYkd ajymwmygaemf/ 'gayr,fh a,m*Dqw
dk mu ykpH aH wmh trsK;d rsKd;&Sdygw,f/ wu,fhpdwfaepdwfxm; rSefrSefuefuef wdwdususjzifh
rodwmudk rodb;l ? rodao;wJw
h &m;udk odatmif vufawGUusiahf ewJh
olawmfaumif;awGvnf; &SMd uygw,f/ odNy;D om; w&m;udv
k nf; todPf oef&Y iS ;f atmifqNkd y;D wifjyavQmufxm;aewJyh *k Kd vaf wGvnf; &SMd u
ygw,f/ wcsKdUyk*dKvfawGusawmh 'Dvdk r[kwfjyefbl;/

[kb
d ufu olu 'g Iaew,fqadk wmh ud,
k u
f rcHcsib
f ;l / igvnf;
'g INyD;NyD/ [kwfovm;/ a&mcsvdkufw,f/ usifhNyD;wm rusifhNyD;wm
rodb;l / ig [kw[
f w
k f r[kw[
f w
k f oif;xuf tom,lNy;D awmh ajymcs
vdkufw,f/ 'DykHpHrsKd;usawmh rcRwfr,Gif;&ef usifhaewJh yk*dKvf[kwfygh
rvm; enf;enf;av; jyefemMunfhyg/ ck w&m;a[maewJh yk*dKvf&JU
OD;wnfcsufuav;u --ar = ig\/ "rH = w&m;awmfu/kd okaP,sKH = Mum;emMuygrlum;/
ta[m 0w = aMomf - aumif;avpG/ okwGm p ye = Mum;emNyD;vQifvnf;yJ/ "rH = w&m;awmfjrwfu/kd tmZmae,sKH = od&dS Muygukerf u
l m;/
ta[m 0w = aMomf - aumif;avpG/ tmZmedwGm = od&SdMuukefNyD;vnf;yJ/ wxwm, = rcRwfr,Gif;&eftvdkYiSm/ y#dyaZ,sKH = usifhMuHBudK;ukwf yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfMuygukefrlum;/ ta[m 0w = aMomf
aumif;avpG/
ig a[mwJhw&m;awGudk emMum;Mur,fqkd&if odyfaumif;r,f?
Mum;emNyD;wJh tcsdeftcgrSm a[mvdkufwJhw&m;awGudk bmqkdvdkw,f
qkw
d mudk wdwu
d sus od&Sd Mur,fq&dk ifvnf; odyaf umif;r,f? odvu
kd -f
wJhtwkdif;vnf; rcRwfr,Gif; rSefrSefuefuef wdwdususjzifh vufawGU
wu,f usiMhf uBH uKd ;ukwf yGm;rsm;tm;xkwMf ur,fq&dk if odyaf umif;r,f
qkdwJh 'Dpdwfxm;&Sdw,f/ tJ'Dpdwfxm;jzifh olu w&m;a[mNyD/ a[mvdkufwJhtcsdeftcgrSm bmjzpfovJ
wd "rok"rwH y#dp ya&oH "rH a'aowd? umknH y#dp
tEk',H y#dp tEkurH Oyg'g, ya&oH "rH a'aowd/ (oH?1?403/)
wd = odkYvQif/ "rok"rwH = w&m;awmf\ aumif;aom
w&m;"rjzpfonf\tjzpfudk/ y#dp = tpGJjyK/ ya&oH = olwpfyg;-
wdkYtm;/ "rH = w&m;awmfjrwfudk/ a'aowd = a[mMum;awmfrl\/

w&m;a[mMum;wJh tcsed t
f cgrSm bk&m;&Sif a[mMum;xm;wJh w&m;
awGudk ("rok"rwH =)) bk&m;&Sif&JU w&m;awGonf aumif;aomw&m;
"rawG jzpfw,fvYdk aumif;aomw&m;"rukd tpGjJ yKNy;D omvQif olwpfyg;
wdt
Yk m; w&m;udk a[mw,f/ rdru
d ,
kd yf ikd w
f &m;taeeJY ud,
k af wGUPfjrif
taeeJY a[mwmrsK;d [kwo
f vm; r[kwb
f ;l / bk&m;a[mxm;wJh w&m;
awGu (ok"r =)) aumif;aomw&m;"rjzpfykHudkomvQif tpJGjyKNyD;awmh
olwpfyg;awGudk w&m;a[mw,f/
umknH = oem;jcif;udk/ y#dp = tpGJjyK/ "rH = w&m;awmfudk/
a'aowd = a[mawmfrl\/ tEk',H = Muifemoem;jcif;udk/ y#dp =
tpGJjyK/ "rH = w&m;awmfjrwfudk/ a'aowd = a[mawmfrl\/ tEkurH = tpOfoem;apmifah &Smufvw
dk hJ pdw"f mwfu/kd Oyg'g, = taMumif;jyK/ ya&oH = olwpfyg;wdkYtm;/ "rH = w&m;awmfjrwfudk/ a'aowd
= a[mMum;awmfrl\/
awmifxyd w
f pfae&muae awmifatmufwpfae&mrSm wnf&adS ewJh vlpkvla0;BuD;udk vSrf;NyD;awmh Munfhvdkufovkd ynm&Sdolawmfaumif;wkdYu txufwef;uswJhae&muae atmufwef;uswJhvlom;
OD;aqmifaewJh ow0gawGukd vSr;f arQmNf y;D Munfv
h u
kd w
f ,f/ Munfv
h u
kd -f
wJh tcsed t
f cgrSm oem;MuifemwJh pdw"f mwfawG xko
d al wmfaumif;wd&Yk UJ
oEmefrSm ay:vmw,f/ bmjzpfvdkY oem;Muifem&ovJ 'Dow0gawGudk MunfhvdkufvkdY&Sd&if wu,fvufawGU rusifhao;bl;qkdvdkY&Sd&if
oHo&mab;BuD;u ruRwfao;bl;qdk&if olwdkYrSm aemufxyfwpfzef
y#doaEwnfae&jcif; qif;&Jukd &ifqidk af eMu&w,f/ td&k wJah b;qd;k udk
&ifqidk af eMu&w,f/ em&wJah b;qk;d Bu;D awGev
YJ nf; &ifqidk af eMu&w,f/
ao&wJah b;qk;d Bu;D awGev
YJ nf; &ifqidk af eMu&w,f/ &m*ruif;ao;wJh
yk*dKvfawG jzpfMur,fqkd&if pdk;&drf&jcif;qdkwJh ab;qkd;BuD;? idka<u;jrnf-
wrf;&jcif;qdkwJh ab;qkd;BuD;? udk,fqif;&J&jcif;qdkwJh ab;qkd;BuD;? pdwfqif;&J&jcif;qdw

k hJ ab;qk;d Bu;D ? jyif;pGmylyef&jcif;qdw
k hJ ab;qk;d Bu;D awGeYJ
&ifqidk af eMu&w,f/ &m*rD;awG&UJ avmifNrKd uw
f 'hJ Pfcsuu
f kd cHaeMu&w,f/ a'gorD;awG&JU avmifNrKd uw
f hJ 'Pfcsuu
f kd cHaeMu&w,f/ arm[
rD;awG&JU avmifNrdKufwJh'Pfcsufudk cHaeMu&w,f/
bk&m;tp&Sw
d hJ t&d,molawmfaumif;awG&UJ rsuv
f ;Hk bufu Munfh
r,fqkd&if 'DvdkrD; (11)oD;&J U avmifNrdKufwJh'Pfcsufudk cHaeMu&wJh
yk*dKvfawG[m oem;p&mow0gawG jzpfraeMubl;vm; jzpfaeMu
w,f/ wpfcsuf/ aemufxyf aojcif;qdkwJh ab;qdk;BuD; &ifqkdif&wJh
tcsdeftcgrSm tyg,foHo&mudk a&muf&SdoGm;r,fh ow0gawGvnf;
'Dow0gawGxJrSm rsm;pGm &Sdaumif;&SdEdkifw,f/ bmaMumifhvJ tyg,f
ab;BuD;rS vGwfatmif rcRwfr,Gif; wu,fwrf; vufawGU rusifhMu
ao;vdkYwJh - aemf/ rusifhMuao;wJhtwGuf tyg,fab;qdk;BuD;rS
rvGwfEdkifao;bl;wJh/ tyg,fa&mufEdkifwJh ow0gawG 'DxJrSm rsm;pGm
&Sdw,fqkdvkdY vSrf;Munfhvdkufawmh jrifaew,f/
jrifvdkufwJh tcsdeftcgrSm 'Dow0gawGtay:rSm oem;MuifemrI
qdkwJh oabmw&m; olawmfaumif;awG&JU ESvkH;tdrfrSm ay:vmw,f/
ay:vmwJh tcsdeftcgusawmh 'Dow0gawGudk ig oem;apmifha&Smufay;rS awmfawmhr,fqw
kd hJ 'Dpw
d x
f m; ay:rvmbl;vm; ay:vmw,f/
tyg,fab;qd;k Bu;D rS vGwaf tmif tdak b;qk;d Bu;D rS vGwaf tmif emab;qk;d Bu;D rS vGwaf tmif aoab;qk;d Bu;D rS vGwaf tmif ig w&m;"rawGukd
a[mMum;jyo qkq
d ;Hk ray;rS awmfawmhr,f/ &m*rD;awG&UJ avmifNrKd uw
f hJ
'PfcsufrS vGwfoGm;atmif a'gorD;awG&JU avmifNrdKufaewJh 'Pfcsufu vGwfoGm;atmif arm[rD;awG&JU avmifNrdKufaewJh'Pfcsufu
vGwfajrmufoGm;atmif aomurD; y&da'0rD; 'ku a'gre Oyg,mo-qdw
k hJ rD; (11)oD;qdw
k hJ rD;awG&UJ avmifNrKd uaf ewJ'h Pfcsuaf wGu
vGwfoGm;atmif ig w&m;"ra[mMum;jyo qkdqkH;ray;rS awmfawmhr,f/ tyg,fab;qkd;BuD;rS vGwfatmif umr (11)bkHu vGwfatmif

(31)bkrH S uGi;f vk;H uRwv
f w
G o
f mG ;atmif -- ig w&m;"r a[mMum;ay;rS
awmfawmhr,fqNdk y;D awmh ow0gawGukd tpOfoem;apmifah &SmufwwfwhJ
pdwf"mwfawGudk tpGJjyKNyD;awmhrS w&m;awGudk a[mNyD/ a[mvdkufwJh
tcsdeftcgusawmhrS bmjzpfovJ
{0ly acg bdua0 bduKaem y&dok'g "ra'oem a[mwd/
(oH?1?403/)
bdua 0 = cspo
f m;&[ef;wdYk .../ {0ly acg = uJo
h aYkd om
pdwx
f m;&Sad om/ bduK aem = &[ef;awmfrsm;\/ "ra'oem = w&m;"r
a[mMum;jcif;onf/ y&do'k g "ra'oem = pifMu,faom w&m;a'oem
a[mMum;jcif; jzpfay\/
'Dvkd pdwfaepdwfxm;&SdaewJh &[ef;wpfyg;&JU w&m;a[mjcif;[m
y&do'k g "ra'oem = pifMu,foef&Y iS ;f aewJh w&m;a[menf;jzpfw,fvYkd
bk&m;&Sifu 'Dvkd trdefY&Sdawmfrlw,f/
tJ'v
D dk trde&Yf SdNy;D wJh tcsed t
f cgusawmh bk&m;&Siu
f aemufqufwJG
&[ef;awGudk bmqkH;rovJ
uayg bdua0 {0Hpdawm ya&oH "rH a'aowd/ (oH?1?403/)
bdua 0 = cspo
f m;&[ef;wdYk .../ uayg = uyonfum;/
{0H pdawm = uJhodkYaom pdwfxm;&Sdonfjzpf/ ya&oH = olwpfyg;wkt
Yd m;/ "rH = w&m;awmfjrwfu/kd a'aowd = a[mMum;jyo qkq
d ;Hk rav\/
uy[m 'Dvdkpdwfxm;&SdNyD;awmh olwpfyg;awGudk w&m;"rawGudk a[mMum;jyo qkdqkH;ray;w,f/ b,fvkdvJ
w&m;*kPfawmf (6) yg;

oGmumawm b*0wm "arm oEd|daum tumvdaum {[dydaum Moyae,sdaum ypwH a0'dwaAm 0dnL[Dwd/
b*0awm = bke;f awmfajcmufpHk wefc;kd *kPEf iS hf jynhpf aHk wmfral om
jrwfpGmbk&m;&Sifonf/ oGmumawm = tp tv,f tqkH; okH;yg;tpHk
aumif;jcif;*kPfESifh jynhfpkHawmfrlaom w&m;awmfjrwfukd aumif;pGm
a[mMum;awmfrltyfygay\/ aom "arm = xkdw&m;awmfjrwfonf
um;/ oEd|daum = udk,fwkdifrsufarSmuf xGif;azmufodjrifEdkifaom
w&m;awmfjzpfygay\/ tumvdaum = tcgrvifh tusKd;ay;wwfwJh
w&m;awmfjzpfygay\/ {[dydaum = vmvSnhf v
I n
S [
hf k zdwaf c:jcif;
iSm xkdufwefaomw&m;vnf; jzpfygay\/ Moyae,sdaum = ynm&Sd
olawmfaumif;wko
Yd nf rdrw
d &Ykd UJ kyef mrfoEmef pdw"f mwftpOf tpOfwpdkuf aqmifxm;xkdufaom w&m;awmfvnf; jzpfygay\/ 0dnL[d =
ynm&Sdolawmfaumif;wdkYonf/ ypwH = toD;toD;/ a0'dwaAm =
odoifhodxkdufaom w&m;awmfvnf; jzpfygay\/
bk&m;&Sif a[mwJw
h &m;udak wmh OD;wnfxm;w,faemf/ bk&m;&Si&f UJ
w&m;awmfawG[m tp tv,f tqkH; okH;yg;tpkH aumif;jcif;*kPfESifh
jynhfpkHpGm a[mxm;wJh w&m;awmfawGjzpfw,f/ tp tv,f tqkH;
t,ltqawGuawmh enf;trsKd;rsKd; zGifhxm;ygw,faemf/
tpydik ;f jzpfwhJ oDvusiphf OfMunfv
h u
kd v
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yk*dKvfwpfa,mufukd --- ]]rif;uGm ... 'DuvmyftrIefuav;awG
b,fvkdrS om0uawG rjrifEdkifygbl;/ uvmyfwpfckwpfcktwGif;rSm

qdw
k muvnf; "mwfBu;D av;yg; b,fvrkd S IvYkd r&Edik yf gbl;/ bmjzpfv-Ydk
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b,fvrdk S rodEidk yf gbl;/}} ponfjzifh wpfbufy*k Kd vu
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f hJ w&m;awG jzpfw,f/ odaYk omf ow0gawGtm;vk;H od&r,fvdkY rqkdvkdbl;aemf/ odEdkifwJh yg&rDrsKd;aph txdkuftavsmuf&SdaewJh
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hf &Ykd wJh w&m;awGvYdk 'Dvdk bk&m;&Siu
f zdwaf c:aewmyg/
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(Moyae,sad um =)) 'Dw&m;awG[m pdwt

f pOfrmS odrYk [kwf kyef mrf
oEmeftpOfrSm udef;0yfaeatmif aqmifxm;xkdufwJh w&m;awGjzpfw,f/ bmjzpfvv
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D ukov
kd f
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D orm'ged,rax&ftavmif;wdkYvkdYayghaemf ---
oDv\ tusKd;*kPftif tmedoif

rdro
d v
D awGukd jyefNy;D qifjcifvu
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a&mufatmif 'Dyk ef mrfoEmeftpOfvYkd ac:qkt
d yfwhJ ow0gudk ydaYk qmif
ray;Edkifbl;vm; ydkYaqmifay;Edkifw,f/
orm"d\ tusKd;*kPftif tmedoif

'Dxufa&SUwpfqifhwufvkdufvkdY rdrdu orm"dusifhpOfudk atmifatmifjrifjrif usifhEdkifNyD/ orm"dusifhpOfudk atmifatmifjrifjrif usifhEdik cf v
hJ Ykd aoonfw
h idk af tmif 'DpsmefawGu ravQmuscb
hJ ;l qk&d if jA[m-h
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k v
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f hJ pGr;f tm; r&Sb
d ;l vm; &Sad ew,f/
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d b
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vm;&m*wdjrJol
0dyemusifhpOfudk wpfcsuful;vdkufNyD/ kyfawG odNyD/ emrfawG
odNyD/ taMumif;w&m; tusKd;w&m;awG odNyD/ yp,y&d*[Pfudk
ydkif;ydkif;jcm;jcm; &NyD/ twdwf-tem*wf-ypKyef umvokH;yg;twGif;rSm
taMumif;w&m;tqufquf tusKd;w&m;tqufqufudk pepfwus
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&&SdoGm;wJh olawmfaumif;jzpfw,f/ bk&m;&Sif&JU omoemawmfrSm
axmuf&mwnf&mudk &&So
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dk hJ vm;&m*wdjro
J mG ;wJh olawmfaumif; jzpfw,f/ tyg,fbu
Hk kd aemufwpfb0rSm usciG &hf adS o;ovm; r&Sad wmhb;l /
rdem ye aPe orEm*awm 0dyaum Ak'omoae
v'maom v'ywda|m ed,w*wdaum plVaomwmyaEm emr
a[mwd/ (0dok'd?2?240/)
plVaomwmyef = aomwmyefnDaxG; jzpfNyDvkdY zGifhqkdxm;w,f/
'Dvq
dk &dk if tyg,fab;rS ckvu
dk ,fwifEikd w
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0dyemPf\ pGrf;tif
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h ufvu
dk Of ;D / 0dyemPfawG &Ny/D kyaf wG emrfawG
odrf;qnf;NyD; taMumif;w&m;ESifh wuGaom 'DkyfemrfawGudk tedp
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pGm r*fzv
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txl;ojzifh ocFgkayumPfavmuftxd &r,fq&dk if 'kw,
d b0rSm
usdef;ao r*fPfzdkvfPf&r,fvkdY bk&m;&Sifudk,fawmfwkdifuvnf;

t*kFwdK&fygVdawmf aomwmEk*wokwef (tH?1?505-507/)rSm tmrcH
xm;ygw,f/ tmrcHw,fqkdwmuawmh 'kwd,b0rSm r*fPf zdkvfPfukd vdv
k m;awmifw
h aewJh olawmfaumif;awGtwGuf jzpfygw,f/
qkBuD;yefawGtwGufawmh rqkdvdkbl;aemf/
t*om0uaAm"dPf r[mom0uaAm"dPf pwJh aAm"dPfawGudk &nf&G,fawmifhwaewJh om0uawGudk rqkdvdkygbl;/ 'Dvkdqdk&if
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r*fPf zkdvfPfwkdY\ pGrf;tm;

'Dxufwpfqifw
h ufvYdk r*fPfzv
dk
f Pf qdu
k Nf y/D edAm efukd rsu-f
arSmufjyKNyD/ aomwmywdr*fPfzdkvfPfudk &&if tyg,fab;BuD;rS
uGif;vkH;uRwf vGwfNyD/ ou'grdr*fPfzdkvfPf &r,fqdk&if vlUbkH
uhJokdYaom umrok*wdbkHrSm wpfBudrfavmufyJ jzpfcGifh&Sdawmhw,f/
tem*grdr*fPfzv
kd
f Pfukd &r,fq&dk ifawmh umr (11)bkrH S uGi;f vk;H
uRwf vGwfNyD/ t&[wr*fPfzdkvfPfudk &&SdcJhr,fqkd&ifawmh
(31)bkHoHo&mc&D;rS uGif;vkH;uRwf vGwfoGm;NyD/ 'Dvdk oHo&mc&D;rS
tqifhqifh vGwfoGm;atmif xkwfaqmifu,fwifEdkifwJh pGrf;tm;&SdwJh
w&m;wpfck xif&Sm;&Sdae&if 'Dw&m;awGudk rdrdwkdY&JU kyfemrfoEmef
tpOfrSm udef;0yfatmif wnfaeatmif aqmifrxm;xdkufbl;vm;
aqmifxm;xkdufw,f/ aemufwpfck --(ypwH a0'dwaAm 0dnL[d =)) ynm&SdwJh olawmfaumif;rSefcJh&if
ud,
k pf u
D ,
kd if toD;toD; od&EdS ikd w
f hJ w&m;awGjzpfygw,fqNdk y;D bk&m;&Sifu tmrcHNyD; a[mxm;w,faemf/ tJ'Dvdk tmrcHcsufawGeJY jynfhpkH
aewJh w&m;"rawGudk uyu a[mw,fuG,f/ olUukd,fykdifw&m;
udk,fawGUPfjrifvkyfNyD; a[movm; ra[mbl;/ aemufwpfck --ta[m 0w ar "rH okaP,sKH? okwGm p ye "rH tmZmae,sKH?
tmZmedwGm p ye wxwm, y#dyaZ,sK}Ed/ wd "rok"rwH y#dp
ya&oH "rH a'aowd/ (oH?1?403/)
ar = ig\/ "rH = w&m;awmfjrwfudk/ okaP,sKH = Mum;emMuyg
ukefrlum;/ ta[m 0w = aMomf - aumif;avpG/ okwGm p ye =
Mum;emNyD;vnf;yJ/ "rH = w&m;awmfjrwfudk/ tmZmae,sKH = od&SdMuygukefrlum;/ ta[m 0w = aMomf - aumif;avpG/ tmZmedwGm p
ye = od&SdMuNyD;vnf;yJ/ wxwm, = rcRwfr,Gif;&eftvkdYiSm/ y#dyaZ,sKH = usifhMuHBudK;ukwf yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfMuygukefrlum;/ ta[m
0w = aMomf - aumif;avpG/ wd = odkYaom pdwfaepdwfxm;jzifh/
"ro"k rwH = w&m;awmf\ aumif;aomw&m;"rjzpfonf\tjzpfu/kd
y#dp = tpGjJ yK/ ya&oH = olwpfyg;wkt
Yd m;/ "rH = w&m;awmfjrwfu/kd
a'aowd = a[mMum;awmfrl\/
iga[mwJhw&m;udk vmNyD; emMur,fqkd&ifawmh odyfaumif;r,f/
emMum;NyD;wJh tcsdeftcgrSmvnf; a[mwJhw&m;udk a[mwJhtwdkif;
odMur,fq&dk if odyaf umif;r,f/ od&dSNy;D wJh tcsed t
f cgrSmvnf; 'Dw&m;awGukd rcRwrf ,Gi;f wdwu
d sus rSerf eS u
f efuef usiMhf uBH uKd ;ukwf yGm;rsm;
tm;xkwfMur,fqkd&if odyfaumif;r,fqkdwJh 'Dpdwfxm;awGeJY uyonf olwpfyg;awGukd 'Dw&m;"rawGukd a[mMum;jyo qkq
d ;Hk ray;ygw,f/
wd "rok"rwH y#dp ya&oH "rH a'aowd? umknH y#dp
tEk',H y#dp tEkurH Oyg'g, ya&oH "rH a'aowd/ (oH?1?403/)
wd = odkYvQif/ "rok"rwH = w&m;awmf\ aumif;aom
w&m;"rjzpfonf\tjzpfudk/ y#dp = tpGJjyK/ ya&oH = olwpfyg;wkdY
tm;/ "rH = w&m;awmfjrwfudk/ a'aowd = a[mMum;awmfrl\/ umknH = oem;jcif;udk/ y#dp = tpGJjyK/ tEk',H = Muifemjcif;udk/ y#dp
= tpGJjyK/ tEkurH = tpOfoem;apmifha&Smufvdkjcif;udk/ Oyg'g, =
tpGJjyK/ ya&oH = olwpfyg;wkdYtm;/ "rH = w&m;awmfjrwfudk/
a'aowd = a[mMum;ay\/
uy[m ("r =) w&m;awmf&UJ (ok"r =) aumif;aom w&m;jzpfykHudk tpGJjyKNyD;omvQif olwpfyg;wkdYtm; w&m;"rawGudk a[mMum;
ay;w,f/ ow0gawGtay: oem;MuifemrIukd tpGjJ yKNy;D awmh tpOfoem;apmifha&SmufvkdwJh pdwfxm;udk tpJGjyKNyD;awmh olwpfyg;awGudk
w&m;"ra[mMum;jyoay;ygw,f/ a[mMum;ay;wJhtwGuf bmjzpfovJ
t&Sifr[muyukd twk,lyg
uaye 0g [d a0g bdua0 Mo0'dmrd a,m 0g ye
uyo'daom? Mo0'daw[d p ye a0g wxwm, y#dyZdwA}}Ed/
(oH?1?403/)
bdua0 = cspfom;&[ef;wdkY .../ a0g = oifcspfom;wdkYtm;/

uaye 0g = uyESifhaomfvnf;aumif;/ a,m 0g = tMuif
yk*dKvfonf/ uyo'daom = uyESifh tvm;wlonf/ t =
jzpfav&m\/ aw[d 0g = xkduyESifh tvm;wlwJh yk*dKvfjzifhvnf;aumif;/ OyrH uwGm = OyrmjyK/ t[H = igbk&m;onf/ a0g =
oifcspfom;wdkYtm;/ Mo0'dmrd = qkdqkH;r&awmhr,f/ Mo0'daw[d
p ye a0g = tqdq
k ;Hk rcHMu&ukeaf om oifcspo
f m;wdo
Yk nf/ wxwm,
= rcRwfr,Gif;&eftvdkYiSm/ y#dyZdwAH = usifhMuHBudK;ukwf yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfxkduf\/
cspfom;&[ef;wkdY ... uyESifhaomfvnf;aumif; uyESifh

tvm;wlaewJh yk*Kd vEf iS ahf omfvnf;aumif; EIid ;f cdik ;f Ny;D awmh oifcspo
f m;
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