"

" PDF .

, .

053

...

. ? , , ?

. ?

. ?

, . ?

054 can, may, must

can, may, must ,

. can, may, must

, can, may, must

have , be ,

be done doing . can, may, must . have be , ,

, , can, may, must . .

have be

 (Auxiliary Verbs) Modal Verbs will do can do may do must do ... Auxiliary Verbs have done ( ) be doing be done ( ) ( )

have be

. have be

( ) ( ) .

055

(Modal Verbs)

, modal verb modal . modal . can, may, must

modal , be going to have to, be supposed to modal . ?

056

modal modal

semi-modal modal . modal .

pure modals can do could do had better do would rather do may do might do must do ought to do shall do should do will do would do (12) (15) (18) (21) (24) plans to appears to is allowed to is forbidden to is sure to (13) (16) (19) (22) (25)

semi-modals (1) is able to do (2) is going to do (3) is supposed to do (4) is to do (5) has to do (6) has got to do (7) used to do (8) hopes to (9) wants to (10) decides to (11) intends to means to seems to is told to is compelled to is quick to (14) (17) (20) (23) manages to pretends to is forced to is lucky to

modal

modal

. can, may, must 3 .

cans, mays, musts

Do you can do it? You don't can do

Can you do it? .

it. You can not do it. . modals . .

modals (1) . (2) 3 . (3) , do, does, did .

057 modal

modal

. (2) (3)

. 3

(2) (3) . (1) modal .

modal .

modal . modal

. modal .

058 modal

modal ? modal . 001 ( ) .

modal . (a), (b), (c) (d) , modal

modal .

(a) You should have seen a doctor yesterday. (b) I am planning to leave here tomorrow. (c) I am supposed to attend the meeting. (d) He has read the book three times.

, modal

. modal

can is planning to, would like to . ,

 pure modal semi-modal modal .

. ,

059 semi-modal ?

, , , modal .

modal

semi-modal

. semi-modal ?

(1) , . (2) , . (3) to . (4) 2 3 . (5) 3 be to be to be to .

060 ?

semi-modal is able to, is going to, has to . pure modal can, will, must

. ,

, , ,

modal .

hopes to, wants to, decides to, intends to, plans to, means to, manages to . , . .

061

want, hope, decide, mean, offer, refuse, wish, mean, plan, agree admit, deny, enjoy, postpone, finish, stop, give up, avoid, mind, suggest

. to .

. . . .

. ?

. . .

to

. .

062

. 10 . . want, hope, decide to . I want to . I hope to

. I decided to

. I tend to , I managed to , I

mean to . I meant to , I didn't mean to .

, . .

. . .

063

can (1) , (2) , (3) ,

situation-approach .

, .

, , .

 3 should

064 You should obey your parents.

should

should . You should obey your parents. . should should .1) should ( ) should .

065 You should see a doctor.

should .2) , : It is good and helpful for you to see a doctor, so I advise you to do so. should , should .3)

. . should .4)

1)

should should

, your parents.

. , You should obey

(patriarchal) . , should

. should should

. should , . should 2) should .

should should . .

3) , . 4) ( ) . . . ? . .

. ? ?

10

066 You should read these examples.

should ( )

(a) A : I think I have flu. (a) B : You should see a doctor. (b) A : Should we go out for dinner or order a pizza? (b) B : There are still a lot of food from the party last night. (c) A : You should get some sleep tonight. (c) B : I still have five more chapters to review before my exam tomorrow. (d) A : I don't feel comfortable in my clothes. (d) B : You should lose some weight. (e) A : Should I take the highway or drive through the city? (e) B: There's definitely less traffic on the city streets. (f) A : You don't need that many pieces of luggage. You're only going for a few days. (f) B: You're right. I should travel light. (g) A: Three people have complimented me in my new jacket. (g) B: You should wear green more often then.

067 You should apologize to him.

, , .

should .

It is important for you to do it because it is right, fair, honest, etc. . .5)

5) should should ? , , . obey your parents. . should You should

11

068 I know I should.

should (

(a) A: You should apologize to him. (a) B: I know I should. (b) A: I don't care what people think. (b) B: You should. (c) He insisted that they should be sent to prison for the rest of their lives. (d) You should obey the speed limit. (e) You shouldn't tell the teacher that Jimmy was cheating on the test because you're not really sure that he was. (f) We should keep an open mind until we find a crucial evidence.

069 Shouldn't we ask how much it costs first?

.6) ? .7) Let's ask how much it costs first. .8) Shouldn't you do it? , Please do it. .

6) , .

7) . 8) , there? . Shouldn't we go Let's go there. ,

We should go there.

Shouldn't we accept her proposal? accept her proposal.

We should accept her proposal. Let's

. , Should we go there?

. . . Should we accept her proposal? ? , . . .

12

070 Shouldn't we read these sentences?

(a) A : It's nearly 3 o'clock. Shouldn't we be leaving now? (a) B : It's still early. Besides, it takes just a few minutes to get to Jane's house. (b) A : I got a bonus from work. Let's take a vacation. (b) B : Shouldn't we put the money towards buying a house? (c) A: We can meet at 5 o'clock and catch a taxi downtown. (c) B: Shouldn't we meet earlier? Traffic at that time of day is terrible. (d) A: Let's celebrate. I just got a check for my student loan. (d) B: Shouldn't you be using that for your tuition? (e) A: Let's watch a late night movie at the campus theater. (e) B: Shouldn't we call and ask what's playing?

071 You'd better see a doctor soon.

had better should

had better

soft

.9)

, , should . had better should .

should

.10)

9)

. should . 10) . should had better should . = . 2 . had better = . should

13

072 You'd better leave right now.

had better

(a) You had better leave before you wear out your welcome.11) (b) A : I think I'm coming down with a cold and I'd like to keep it from getting worse. (b) B : You'd better see a doctor soon. There are a lot of colds going around.12) (c) A : Shall we take a taxi or a bus to the meeting? (c) B : We'd better take a bus. It's almost impossible to find a taxi during rush hour.13) (d) A : I'm afraid we'll be late. (d) B : I'm afraid so. We'd better run not to be late.14) (e) You better bundle up today.15) It's going to be colder than yesterday.16)

11) had better

. (a)

. . . Sentence (a) means Leave here right now, or you will outstay your welcome. 12) ( b ) . . . 13) ( c ) . 14) had better . (d)

had better . 15) ( e ) . 16) had better .

. I had better I'd better . , , , , . I'd, He'd, She'd . ,

14

073 She should do well for herself.

will > should > may

will be going to . may might could . should will may(might, could) . , will .

should ,

.17)

(a) Call me again tomorrow. I should be able to answer your question by then. (b) She is very talented and experienced. She should do well for herself. (c) Have a black coffee. That should sober you up! (d) We will not have any problems winning the game tomorrow. The game should be a walkover. (e) A: How long do I have to wait? (e) B: There's only one car ahead of you. We should be able to get to your car in about 10 minutes. (f) A : Excuse me. I am looking for the bathroom. Can you please give me some directions? (f) B : If you walk straight down the corridor, it should be on your left. (g) Derek has been working at the office all night and morning trying to complete his assignment. He should be tired by now. The soup I have prepared for him should help with his recovery.18)

You had better You better . 17) should (in the normal course of events) . , . . 18) should be tired should must should 075

. should help will should .

15

074 If you study hard, you should pass the test. if +

should

{if } + { } should ? should if . {if } { } P Q .

.19)

(a) The letter should arrive tomorrow if you post it now. (b) If you travel 30 kilometers a day, you should be in New York by the end of the month. (c) If you leave right now, you should be able to avoid the rush hour. (d) This pen should last a lifetime if you look after it. (e) If you pop the pizza in the oven now, it should be ready in 15 minutes. (f) If you burn your hand, you should plunge it into cold water.20) (g) I shouldn't worry about it if I were you. (h) I should leave him alone if I were you.21)

19) ( i )

: If water freezes, it becomes a solid. ( ii ) will : If it rains tomorrow, we

will win the game. We have never lost a game in the rain. ( iii ) should : If it rains tomorrow, we should win the game. As you know, we are really good at playing in the rain. ( iv ) may, might, could : If it rains

tomorrow, we may(might/could) win the game. We sometimes defeated invincible teams in the rain. 20) {if } + { } { } should should . , . (f), (g), (h) , should

16

075 Your socks should be in the drawer.

must > should > may

should . should must may(might, could) . must .22)

(a) Jane should be here by now.23) (b) A: Do you know where my socks are? I can't seem to find them. (b) B: Your socks should be in the bottom drawer. I always keep them there.24) (c) It should be a good movie. My friends said that they had enjoyed it a lot.25)

21) (g) (h) {if } if I were you . him.

{ }

should

. . . (h) . (g) You shouldn't You should leave

worry about it. .

22)

should

. . ,

should

, , . , should . should ,

. , should . , should . , . 30

23) ( a ) "Jane .

. ( ) . ( ) . . ( ) ." 24) (b) .

. ( ) ( ) .

. . .

25) (c) , .

17

076 You should ve been more careful.

should have (1)

should ( ) . . , should have . . .

(a) A : I lost a lot of money on my investment. (a) B : Tough! You should've been more careful.26) (b) I realize that I hurt her feelings. I shouldve been more tactful.27) (c) A: I have to pay off my rent arrears.28) (c) B: You shouldve paid it when it was due.29) (d) You really blew it! You shouldve accepted his offer.30) (e) Allen went to a movie when he shouldve been at work. It was an expensive mistake for him. He lost his job because of it.31)

26) (a)

? !

. , . Tough!

. Tough! , ! . .

27) (b) , ? . . , . tactful . 28) arrears .. 29) (c) ?

. Why didn't you pay it when it was due? . Why didn't you do it? ? , You

should have done it. . . 30) (d)

? ! . Why didn't you accept his offer? . 31) (e) . when

18

076 I had to do it.

had to do should have done

had to do should have done . He should have done it. = He didn't do it, which was his mistake.32) He had to do it. = He did it because it was his responsibility.33) , .34)

077 His train should've arrived an hour ago.

should

have

should have done should do

. 2 .

(1) ( ) . (2) ( ) / ( ) should do 2 should have done (1) ( ) ( 076) (2) . ( 077) 2 .

should have done . ( ) .

should have done . ? 32) . 33) . 34) ? .

had to do

should have done

. He did it. He didn't do it. .

19

078 His train should've arrived an hour ago.

should

have

(a) His train should've arrived an hour ago. I think something causing the delay must have happened.35) (b) She shouldve been here two hours ago. It seems that she has decided not to come after all.36) (c) The alarm shouldve gone off at 6 o'clock. It must be out of order.37)

079 They should be working now.

should be

should be should be doing . should be doing 2 :

(1)

38)

(2) 39)

35) (a) ( ) . . should have done , , , . , (a) Something causing the delay must have happened. ( ) . 36) (b) ( ) . . (b) It seems that she has decided not to come after all. ( ) . 37) (c) ( ) 6 . , . (c) It

must be out of order. ( ) . 38) should be doing (right) now . 39) should be doing . will be doing will be doing ??? . 080 (a), (b)

20

080 You should be studying now.

should be

(a) They should be working now. However, they are playing billiards. They are not doing what they should be doing.40) (b) If you want to get to the station, you should be walking to the east. However, you are walking to the west now. (c) The meeting is almost over. I should be leaving soon.41) (d) They should be arriving tomorrow.42)

081 Should have been doing.

should have be

should have been doing should have be . should have been doing .43) (have/be) .44)

. 40) . . They are playing billiards when they should be working. They are working now. . . . should be doing . 41) (c) I should be leaving soon. I will be leaving soon. . , . . 42) (d) . They will be arriving

, ,

tomorrow. . 43) 3 . should have been doing 20 . 44) should have been doing modal have be : must have been doing /

21

082 You went to a movie when you should ve been working.

(a) They were playing billiards when they shouldve been working.45) (b) Jennifer : I demand to know why I was fired! (b) Jennifer's boss : You went to a movie when you shouldve been working.46) (c) Jake spent his early twenties hanging around bars when he shouldve been studying hard!47) (d) You've missed your vocation as a nurse, Rose! You shouldve been taking care of the patient rather than chatting on the Net!48)

083 She ought to take a break.

should ought to

. ought to should . should ought to . should ought to .

may have been doing / might have been doing / could have been doing / will have been doing. 45) (a) . . 46) (b) ? Jennifer ? .

She was not working. . 47) (c) Jake . 48) (d) Rose .

22

084 She ought to think twice.

ought to

(The Beatles) Ticket to Ride . ought to She ought to do right by me. . (?) . She ought to think twice. She ought to do right by me. . .

. ought to . She ought to do " " . ( ) ( ) , Dailyenglish.com .

085 Should've done = should of done.

should have

should have should've . should have done should of done . . .

, (contraction) . , should have should of . should of . d t .

should've would've, could've, might've . . .

23

24

086 It is going to rain tonight. = It will rain tonight.

will = be going to ? .49) .

will = be going to . .

, , . .

(a) The year 2002 will be a very interesting year. (b) The year 2002 is going to be a very interesting year. (c) John Smith will be the next President. (d) John Smith is going to be the next President.

087 I'm hungry. I'll make you some sandwiches.

will =

50)

, , .

(a) A : I'm really hungry. (a) B : I'll make some sandwiches. ( ) I am going to ... ( ) (b) A : I'm very tired. I'm about to fall asleep. (b) B : I'll get you some coffee. ( ) I am going to ... ( ) (c) A : Will you take out the garbage? (c) B : Yes, I will. ( ) I am going to ... ( )

49) will = be going to

. will = be

going to . . , . 50) volition or willingness at the moment of speaking

25

088 I'm going to be a fire fighter when I grow up.

be going to

.51)

(a) A : Why are you packing up this late? (a) B : I'm going to leave tomorrow.52) (b) A: What do you want to be when you grow up? (b) B: I'm going to be a fire fighter when I grow up.53)

089 I want to be a fire fighter when I grow up.

will be going to ?54) will be going to .

. semi-modal . semi-modal will be going to .55) 088 .

I plan to leave tomorrow. I want to be a fireman when I grow up.56)

51) prior plan to the moment of speaking. 52) ? . . . be going to . will .

53) ( b ) ? . . . be going to . will . 54) , , will be going to

will be going to . 55) .

26

090 The Brown children plan to go bowling tonight.

be going to = plan to, has a plan to, be planning to, intend to, mean to, be willing to, be eager to, be anxious to, be keen to, be determined to hope to, decide to, promise to

I plan to I am planning to

. .

, I am intending to I am meaning to

(a) The Brown children plan to go bowling tonight.57) (b) My wife intends to go back to work after she has her baby.58) (c) I didn't mean to hurt you. ( )59)

56) be going to plan to want to

plan to want to be going to , will . ! 57) (a) . plan to . 58) (b) . intend to be going to . intend to . , intend to . . 59) (c) . . I'm sorry that I hurt you. . mean to , mean to . . .

27

091 She is anxious to go abroad to study.

. . .60) .

(a) She is anxious to go abroad to study. (b) Everybody was eager to know what had happened.61) (c) If you are willing to fly at night, you can get a much cheaper ticket.62) (d) They hope to visit us next year. (e) A: What did you decide to do about it? (e) B: I'm going to sue him for sexual harassment. (f) I'm determined to get this piece of work finished today.63) (g) She promised not to tell anyone.64)

60) . 61) (a) be anxious to (b) be eager to .

really want to do something . . be

, . .

able to be going to . be going to be eager to multi-word verb . 62) be willing to do something (be not

opposed to doing something) . . , 63) decided to is determined to . .

is going to . I'm going to do it.

I decided to do it. I have decided to do it. . I decide to do it. . ??? does .

28

092 I would rather die than submit.

would rather . would rather .65) , . would rather , than .66)

(a) I would rather go out than fix dinner at home this evening.67) (b) I'd rather go to Hawaii than (go) to Florida.68)

64) promise to do something (g)

. . She said, I will not tell

: She said that she would not tell anyone.

anyone. promise to = will , promised to = would . , promise to . 65) , , , . 66) than submitting feeling ,

. than . than . . as than .

67) (a) . go fix . than , , . 68) (b) rather

. go to Hawaii than to Florida.

I want to .

. than to Florida I want to go to Hawaii. . than to Florida want to

would rather

. (b) rather (go) than

(go) , than

29

093 I would rather not go shopping.

would rather would rather not .69) had better had better not hadn't better . wouldn't rather hadn't better .

094 would rather vs. had better

(a) I would rather wash my car than Mom's car. (b) You had better wash her car than your car.

would rather had better

.70)

would rather A B A . would rather prefer . had better A B A . had better should .

. 69) . , , , .

. . : I wouldn't rather go shopping. ( )

70) , . had

rather(= would rather) . ? would sooner, had sooner .

. .

. 2 , would rather had better , .

30

095 I would rather have died.

would rather have

would rather have , would rather have done . would rather do . would rather have done . ? ?71)

(a) I would rather have died. (b) I would rather have gone to Hawaii.

(a) ,

(b) , . , would rather have done .

71)

? . ? ?

31

096 She wanted to have met the king.

have

wanted to have ?72) have .

would rather do wanted to do hoped to do wished to do intended to do would like to do have

would rather have done wanted to have done hoped to have done wished to have done intended to have done would have liked to do

(a) I would rather have spent a holiday at home. (b) She wanted to have met the king. (c) My father hoped to have retired last year. (d) The writer wished to have remained anonymous. (e) He intended to have remained neutral. (f) She would liked to have seen the movie.73)

72)

would rather have

? , , , have

? ( ) . Of course. . , . 73) (b), (c), (d), (e) had wanted to do, had hoped to do, had wished to do, had intended to do . (g) would like to

have done would have liked to do . , have . would rather have done

32

 4 be to vs. be supposed to

33

097 You are to keep off the grass.

. be to .

. . ! . ! . ! . , . .

. . .

. .

! ! ! , !

34

 , be to .

(a) You are not to see him again. (b) You are not to litter. (c) You are to appear in court on December 3rd. (d) You are to play nearby. (e) You are not to touch the hot stove.

(a) .

. , You

must not see him again. . (b) . No littering . (c) . ? be to . (d)

. (e) . .

You are to . , , .

098 be to vs. be supposed to

be to

(a) I am to be at school by 8:45 a.m. (b) I am supposed to be at school by 8:45 a.m.

Somebody is to do it.

(expectation) . , , .

35

 , Somebody is supposed to do it. , be to Somebody is to do it.

. ,

(c) The plane is to arrive at seven tomorrow. (d) The plane is supposed to arrive at seven tomorrow. (e) You are not supposed to smoke here. (f) You are not to smoke here. (g) I am to attend the board meeting tomorrow morning. (h) I am supposed to attend the board meeting tomorrow morning.

(a) (b)

7 . be to be supposed to (c) (d)

. (e) (f) . (g) (h) . , (g) . (e)

strength modal type

weak should be supposed to

strong must be to

pure-modals semi-modals

36

be supposed to be to ? (expectation) be supposed to be

to . semi-modals .

should must ? , should must

. pure-modals .

be supposed to should .

should be supposed to .

be to must .

must be to .

37

 5 (28 )

38

099 I am sure Tim is exhausted now.

must = 95%

, I am sure . , I am sure , must .

(a) I am sure Tim is exhausted now. He has been driving all day. (a) Tim must be exhausted now. He has been driving all day. (b) I am sure he is drunk. He smells of alcohol. (b) He must be drunk. He smells of alcohol. (c) I am sure he knows his way around here. He has lived here for years. (c) He must know his way around here. He has lived here for years. (d) I am sure she likes dogs. She knows everything about dogs. (d) She must like dogs. She knows everything about dogs.

100 Tim must be exhausted now.

95% ?

100% . must must .

must . must 100% 95% .74) must .

must 50% 95% . must .75)

74) 96% 90% . . 75) . Tim 8 . LA

Chicago . . , . Tim

39

101 I am sure = must

must I am sure

, He is crazy. 100% . I am sure .

I am sure he is crazy. . I am sure must . . . must , must . must .

must (a) This book is Henry's. (b) He has more than 100 dollars. (c) She likes ice cream more than any other food. (d) He knows her way around Seoul. (e) She is able to solve this problem. must (a') This book must be Henry's. (b') He must have more than 100 dollars. (c') She must like ice cream more than any other food. (d') He must know her way around Seoul. (e') She must be able to solve this problem.

. . 8 (He has been driving all day.). 12 ? , .

40

102 She must be happy.

must do

be, know, have, like must +

76)

must .

.77) ( ) .78)

, must +

.79)

(a) A: You must know who broke the window. (a) B: No, I don't. (b) She is smiling. She must be happy. (c) Even a very bad situation must have some good results. (d) The gloves must belong to a left-hander. (e) A : I got an A on my psychology paper. (e) B : An A from Prof. Brown? Your paper must be excellent. (f) A : Excuse me. I think you dropped your book. (f) B : Oh, that must be someone else's. Mine's right here. (g) A : Those mountain climbers must be crazy! Would you climb that peak? (g) B : Not in a million years. (h) A : Jane and Rick are going to Wisconsin for their vacation. (h) B : Again? They must really like it there.

76) ?? . 77) . . must + ( , ) ??? . 78) must + ( ) . , yourself to be a good manager. , . 79) must + . .

: You must know how to control

41

103 Gravity must make the apples fall.

must do

, must do . .80)

must . (a) Have you heard Catherine play the piano? She plays brilliantly. She must practice playing the piano for hours every day.81) (b) Why do the apples fall down? Gravity must make them fall.82) (c) A: How do they get up the courage to risk such danger? (c) B: It must come from within. They are really brave. (d) Considering her accent, she must come from China. (e) It must make you feel good to take a deep breath.83) , .84)

80) must be doing must do

. 100% does , must must do 95% . does

??? . 81) (a) . . She plays brilliantly. .

? I am sure she practices playing the piano

for hours every day. must . , Her play was terrible. She must practice more. . 82) (b) ? Newton . ? . . I am sure gravity makes the apples fall down. must . 83) (c) , (d) . (e) , , , .

100% (c) It comes from within. (d) she comes from China. (e) It makes you feel good to take a deep breath.

42

104 It must be raining now.

must be

. I am sure . must .

(a) Anna is walking in with a wet umbrella. Her raincoat is also wet. The windows have raindrops trickling down them. I am sure it is raining now. In other words, it must be raining now.85) (b) All of the lights in Jenny's room are turned off. I am sure she is sleeping now. In other words, she must be sleeping now.86) (c) What? Did Alex win the race? I am sure you are kidding. In other words, you must be kidding! He's too fat and out of shape to outrun a garden slug! (d) A : What's taking the bus so long? It should have been here 15 minutes ago. (d) B : I'm sure all this snow is slowing it down. In other words, all this snow must

84) must do do

. must be doing . 85) must be doing . . . . . It must rain. . . 86) (b) . ? , . , . ( )

, He sleeps in his room. . . He sleeps in his room. . .

, He is sleeping in his room. .

. must , (b) She must be sleeping. , She must sleep. . .

43

be slowing it down. (e) A : That diet program you're on must be working. You look great. (e) B : Thanks, but I dont know if I can keep going. I feel hungry all the time.

must be . is doing 100% must is . , 95% . , It is snowing. It must be snowing. . must do ( ) . must be doing ( ) . . . 95% . .

. must be doing must , must . must be (a) He is taking a shower now. (b) She is listening to music at the moment. (c) He is waiting for her now. (d) It is snowing now. (e) She is talking to herself now. must be (a') He must be taking a shower now. (b') She must be listening to music at the moment. (c') He must be waiting for her now. (d') It must be snowing now. (e') She must be talking to herself now. 44

105 That must have been fun.

must have

, . must .

(a) A : What happened to Fred? His leg is in a cast and he's using crutches. (a) B: That football game yesterday must have been rough. (b) A : You went to the concert last night? You must have had a great time. (b) B: Oh, sure. Only if you consider being pushed and shoved. (c) A : I dropped by your office today to see if you wanted to go for lunch. (c) B : Really? I must still have been in a meeting. It ran longer than usual. (d) A : Ouch! I must have done something to my wrist. (d) B : It looks like its slightly swollen. You should get some ice for it. (e) A : I thought you had an appointment with Prof. Adams. (e) B : I went to his office and waited for a half an hour. He must have forgotten about it. (f) A : I was trying to call you last night. (f) B : I was home all evening. You must have called my old number. (g) A : What a mess here! (g) B : They must have had a party. Look at the bottles and glasses all over the table! (h) A : Jenny's engagement ring is enormous! (h) B : It must have had a bomb. (i) A : Peter's wallet is on the table. (i) B : He must have left it here last night. (j) A : When I was in college, I spent 6 months studying pygmy culture and religion in the Central African Republic. (j) B: That must have been interesting!

45

must have done . He did it. did must have . He must have done it. . must have did . , must have .

must have (a) He passed the test. (b) She was exhausted. (c) They postponed the meeting. (d) Somebody left the door open. (e) He deleted the file. (f) She lied to me. (g) He stole my wallet. (h) I was crazy. (i) He hurt her feelings. (k) There was an accident here.

must have (a') He must have passed the test. (b') She must have been exhausted. (c') They must have postponed the meeting. (d') Somebody must have left the door open. (e') He must have deleted the file. (f') She must have lied to me. (g') He must have stolen my wallet. (h') I must have been crazy. (i') He must have hurt her feelings. (k') There must have been an accident here. 46

106 must have done should have done

(a) A : He must have done it. (a) B : No, he didn't even though he should've.

should have done must have done . I must have done it. ? . . must = .

must have , , . must have done .

must have done

should have done ( )

had to do ( )

did / didn't do

didn't do

did

95%

(hindsight advice)

. have .

47

107 It must have been snowing.

must have be

must have be . (95%) must . have . be . (a) Last night I heard a loud noise from the house next door. A man and a woman were shouting at each other. I also heard some glass breaking. They must have been fighting. (b) When I opened the door, Jennifer was sleeping in her bed. However, I had heard her voice before I entered the room. She must have been talking in her sleep when I knocked on the door. must have been doing . He was doing it. did must have been . must have been .

must have been (a) He was talking to his girlfriend. (b) She was washing dishes. (c) He was trying to open the door. (d) Something was burning.

must have been (a) He must have been talking to his girlfriend. (b) She must have been washing dishes. (c) He must have been trying to open the door. (d) Something must have been burning. 48

108 Summary of "must" used for logical deduction. (1)

1) must do
must must do .

95% . I am sure must .

must (a) He dumped Jane and got married to Maria. I am sure he prefers blondes. (b) I am sure they are sleeping pills. I feel so dozy whenever I have them. (c) His English pronunciation is very good. I am sure she speaks it every day. (d) Clara always gets good grades. I am sure she studies very hard. (e) I am sure he has a complex about being bald. He always gets angry when I talk about his hair. must (a') He must prefer blondes. (b') They must be sleeping pills. (c') She must speak it every day. (d') She must study very hard. (e') He must have a complex about being bald.

2) must be doing
must be must be . must be doing . 95% . I am sure must be doing . 49

must be (f) My ears are burning. I am sure somebody is talking about me. (g) Look at their masks! I am sure they are playing at Batman and Robin. (h) She asked me to lend her some money. I am sure she is having great difficulty finding a job. (i) I am sure you are poking your nose into my personal life. Why should I tell you if I am married or not? (j) Dorothy suspects Jerry of stealing her watch, but I am sure she is barking up the wrong tree. must be (f') Somebody must be talking about me. (g') They must be playing at Batman and Robin. (h') She must be having great difficulty finding a job. (i') You must be poking your nose into my personal life. (j') She must be barking up the wrong tree.

must have done

must have must have .

must have done . 95% . I am sure must have done .

must have (k) There's no money left in my wallet. I am sure I spent it all. (l) I am sure you were very scared when you encountered the ferocious dog. (m) A : I am sure the party was really fun. (m) B : No, it was the antithesis of it. 50

(n) A : I am sure you told her I loved her. (n) B : No, I didn't. (o) I am sure you got a lot of messages on your cell phone. There were a lot of bleeps while you were attending the meeting. must have (k') I must have spent it all. (l') You must have been very scared. (m') The party must have been really fun. (n') You must have told her I loved her. (o') You must have gotten a lot of messages on your cell phone.

must have been doing

must have be must have been . must have been doing . 95% . I am sure must have been doing .

must have been (p) The patrol car was going so fast. I am sure it was chasing someone. (q) A : How do you think she has gotten to know that? (q) B : I am sure she was listening to us talk about that, pretending to be sleeping. (r) A: Why do you think she didn't answer the phone? (r) B : I am sure she was listening to the radio loud. (s) He told me that I was beautiful. I am sure he was pulling my leg. (t) A : Why do you think she made such an error? (t) B : I think she did it absently. I am sure she was thinking of other things.

51

must have been (p') It must have been chasing someone. (q') She must have been listening to us talk about that, pretending to be sleeping. (r') She must have been listening to the radio loud. (s') He must have been pulling my leg. (t') She must have been thinking of other things.

109 Summary of "must" used for logical deduction. (2)

Summary of must used for logical deduction

She is rich. She must be rich. He speaks English very well. He must speak English very well. It is raining. It must be raining. He was nervous. He must have been nervous. She left. She must have left. It was snowing there. It must have been snowing there.

must (must do)

must + be (must be doing)

must + have (must have done)

must + have + be (must have been doing)

52

110 I don't know. It may be in France.

(a) A : Where is Savoie? (a) B : I don't know. It may be in France. must . may .

55% may

. may 55% .87)

111 perhaps, maybe, probably, possibly

must I am sure .

may

may perhaps maybe probably possibly . may It is possible I guess . Perhaps may .

112 may = might = could

might, could may ,

may, might, could ?

, may might, could .

87) 55% ? . . . . Savoie

. , Savoie , . .

53

113 She may be from Thailand.

may do

maybe, perhaps, probably . 55% . may(might/could) .

may(might, could) (a) A : Where is she from? (a) B : I don't know. Maybe she is from Thailand. (b) A : Do you know the answer? (b) B : I don't know. Perhaps Berry knows it. (c) A : I think he deleted the file. (c) B : I'm not sure. Probably you are right. (d) A : Why do you think you were fired? (d) B : I'm not sure. Maybe it is because I am a woman. (e) A : Could you lend me some money? (e) B : I have no money, either. Ask Fred. Perhaps he has some money. (f) A : How's your car working? (f) B : Maybe my car is out-of-date, but it still runs well.

may(might, could) (a') She may be from Thailand. (b') Berry might know it. (c') You could be right. (d') It may be because I am a woman. (e') He might have some money. (f') My car might be out-of-date, but it still runs well.

54

114 It may be raining.*

may be doing

* Sandy is walking in with an wet umbrella. However, her raincoat is dry. The curtains are drawn and so I can't see the windows. It may be raining.

may be doing must be doing . may(might, could) be .

may(might, could) be (a) A : The line is still busy. Who do you think Tim is talking to? (a) B : Maybe he is talking to his wife. (b) A : Look! Rose is standing at the bus stop. What do you think she is doing there? (b) B : Perhaps she is waiting for her husband. (c) A : Why is Sam still not here? (c) B : I'm not too sure. But perhaps he is still working. (d) Andy : Ron has been on the phone for almost an hour now. What could he be talking about for so long? (d) Tom : Perhaps he is asking Jenny out on a date. Who knows? (e) Kate : Do you know where Rob is right now? I really want to see him (e) Bill : Maybe he is playing games at the arcade next to the shopping mall near your place, so you might be able to find him there.

may(might, could) (a) He may be talking to his wife. (b) She might be waiting for her husband. (c) He may be still working. (d) He might be asking Jenny out on a date. (e) He could be playing games at the arcade next to the shopping mall.

55

115 Someone may have deleted the file.

may have done

may have done must have done . may(might, could) have . may have done might have done .88)

may(might, could) have (a) A : Where is the file? (b) B : It is possible that somebody deleted it. (b) A : The book on the desk is Maria's, isn't it? (c) B : Right. Maybe she left it on the desk. (c) A : Why did she get angry at you? (d) B : I don't know. I guess that I said something wrong. (d) A : Why do you think she was crying? (d) B : I'm not sure. Maybe he made her cry.

may(might, could) have (a) Somebody could have deleted the file. (b) She may have left the book on the desk. (c) I might have said something wrong. (d) He might have made her cry.

88) might have done may have done might have done

. . ( )

may have done , .

may have done might have done .

56

116 They may have been backbiting me.*

may have been doing

* They stopped talking as soon as I entered the room. I am not sure why. They seemed to be embarrassed. They may have been backbiting me.

may have been doing must have been doing . may(might, could) have been .

may(might, could) have been (a) She was attending the meeting. (b) He was sleeping when I called him. (c) She was daydreaming when the teacher called on her. may(might, could) have been (a) She may have been attending the meeting. (b) He might have been sleeping when I called him. (c) She may have been daydreaming when the teacher called on her.

117 Difference between "may" and "must"

may, might, could

may(might, could) must (1) be . ( ) (2) have . ( ) (3) have be . ( )

may ( might, could ) must (1) . (2) may ( ) might, could , must have to .

57

118 We will( should, may ) win the game tomorrow.

will do , . will do .

will . will . will should, may, might, could . will (should, may, might, could) .89) will .90) will . ?

(a) If it rains tomorrow, we will win the game. We have never lost a game in the rain.91) (b) If it rains tomorrow, we should win the game. We are really good at playing in the rain.92) (c) If it rains tomorrow, we may(might/could) win the game. We have sometimes defeated good teams when it rained.93)

89) ,

90) will promise to is willing to . 91) (a) ( ) . . will do : 100% . 92) (b) ( ) . . should do : 80% . 93) (c) . . may(might, could) do : 55% .

58

119 We will win the game tomorrow.

100%

will do

100% .

100% .94)

120 We are sure to win the game tomorrow.

will 100% ?

will 100% . be sure to . We are sure to win the game tomorrow. 100% . be sure to semi-modal . be sure to . be bound to . We are bound to win the game tomorrow. 100% . 100% .95)

(a) I am sure that he will get on in the world. (b) He is sure to win the award. (c) We are bound to be late if we don't hurry. (d) I have no doubt that they will support us. (e) I believe that you will make a good doctor.

94) , . . 95) , will , will . . ,

59

121 We may(might, could) win the game.*

may

may, might, could . . will might .

may be likely to semi-modal . , . .

(a) Please remind me later. I think I am likely to forget. (b) It is likely that he will be at the party tonight. (c) There is a likelihood that more jobs will be lost later this year. (d) It is probable that interest rates will come down further.

122 must not / should not / may not

modal not

. , .96) must, should, may, might not . , .

must not 95% should not 80% may(might) not 55%

96) , , , , , .

60

123 You know what I mean.

must, should, may, might . must, should, may, might . have be . . .

have be

. , 124 126 .

124 She must not be at home.

must not

must not . must not .

(a) The phone just kept ringing and ringing. No one's answering the phone. Sam must not be at home. (b) I think you must not brush your teeth regularly. You need to have them scaled and polished.97) (c) Chris is yawning with her eyes closed. She must not be sleeping. She pretends to be sleeping. (d) Ruth didn't show up for the meeting yesterday. Tony must not have told her about the meeting. You know Tony is so forgetful. (e) Lucy broke her arm while riding her bike. She must not have been watching where she was going.

97)

. . . I am

sure that you don't brush your teeth regularly. .

61

125 The ice may not be thick enough.

may not

may(might) not .

(a) Be careful! The ice may not be thick enough to carry your weight. (b) I barely see my husband washing his hair. He may not wash his hair even once a week. (c) Don't hold your breath. Judy might not turn up at the party tonight. (d) Bill may not be using the computer. Let's ask him if we can use his computer. (e) Shall I send out for one more pizza for Michael? He may not have had dinner yet. (f) A : I can't believe that! How were they able to sneak into the building? (f) B : I think the security guards may not have been watching the monitor.

126 I should not be at home tomorrow.

should not

should not . should should .

(a) She shouldn't have any problems with it because she has studied really hard. (b) It shouldn't be difficult to get there. (c) You only have to read a short report. It shouldn't be difficult. (d) You shouldn't have much difficulty lifting that. (e) Tina shouldn't get lost because I gave her very clear directions how to get here. (f) The book shouldn't be on the table. I lent it to Jim yesterday.

62

127 She couldn't be hungry.

could

not . could not . could 55% . , may, might . could not . , can't . not may , not can't , could .

128 She can't be hungry. > She must not be hungry.

must not can(could) not . , can(could) not must not . must not . can(could) not , .

must not can(could) not .

(a) Jane : The baby is not feeding on her milk. She must not be hungry. (a) Steward : She can't be hungry. She had a feed an hour ago.98)

98) . . . . , , . . She can't be hungry. She couldn't be hungry.

63

129 You can't be serious.

can't couldn't

can't couldn't

(a) These gloves can't be a pair because they're both left-handed. (b) A : He can't be dead. I saw him jogging this morning. (b) B : They say he got a heart-attack while he was jogging. (c) Are you telling me that it cost you 10 dollars? You can't be serious! It can't cost more than a dollar. (d) You can't be a female! Your identification number begins with the number 1. (e) He can't have drunk all that on his own.

64

 6 Requests and Permission

65

130

, Jane

. . Jane .

I want you

Jane . , ? . .

to speak more slowly.

Jane , OK. I will speak as slo wly as you do. But I'd like you to speak louder. .

131 (1)

Will you speak more slowly? . ,

? 100 100 Will you ? ? 087 092

(a) Please turn off your cellular phones.

, please

66

(b) A : Could you give me a wake-up call in the morning? (b) B : Of course. What time, sir? (c) A : Would you please do me a favor? (c) B : Sure, what is it? (d) A : Can you lend me 10 dollars? (d) B : I'd like to, but I have no money. (e) A : Will you wait here about 10 minutes? (e) B : Of course, but there's a charge for waiting.

(b) (e)

Could you , Would you , Can you , Will you

? , , . Can you Could you , Will you

Would you

, . Would you ? Will you ? .

, Could you ? ? .

132 (2)

(a) A : Would you mind repeating your name, please? (a) B : Not at all. (b) A : Would you mind if I sat here? (b) B : Of course not.

Would you mind doing something? .

Would you mind

. ,

67

Would you mind doing something? mind . ? Would you mind if I do(did) something? mind if I do(did) .

, .

Would you mind my doing something? ,

Would you mind if I do(did) something?

. .

133 (3)

(a) I want you to speak more slowly. (b) I would like you to come and see my garden. (c) I need you to sign on those three places.

want you to, would like you to, need you to 3 4 , , , .

can, may, must Please

. ,

Will you

want you to, would like you to, need you to .

, please! Will you ?

, .

, .

68

I hope you to do something.

, .

. 3 .

134

(a) Tell me the truth. (b) You must tell them the truth. (c) I expect you to tell me the truth. (d) You are to tell me the truth. (e) I order you to tell me the truth.

, . . .

, , . .

. . . . . ? (a) . ,

. .

. . . , . . . (b) . You have to tell them the truth. ,

. must

. .

. , . (c)

69

(pressure) . (pressure)

. .

, , ! . (d) . . (e) . . .

70

 7 /

71

135 (1) : unwillingly

(a) He was forced to leave New York and return to Boston.

He was forced to do it. He did it.

. , , , , .

He left New York and returned to Boston."

. .99)

(a) I had to take a test before I began training. (b) When I was at school, we were required to wear a uniform. (c) She was forced to give up her job. (d) They were compelled to abandon the submarine. (e) I was obliged to keep house for myself. (f) She was ordered to pay a fine of 100 dollars.

136 (2) : used to / would

(a) She used to live in New Zealand.

used to would 2 .

2 .

used to

would

99) . , S/he refused to do it. .

72

. ?

. / would used to .

He used to read English .

newspapers.

He would read English newspapers.

. used to would

. He often reads English newspapers. .

? ( ) (

) . .

4 .

used to would used to .

would , used to . used to would did .

would used to . .

(b) When my wife was maiden, she would often go to movies. (c) When he was young, he used to walk over 10 miles to school. 73

(d) When I was in college, I would stay up all night studying for exams. (e) His girlfriend used to call him almost every day. (f) I'm not half the man I used to be. (g) I used to like basketball, but I've lost interest in it. (h) There used to be a church on the hill. (i) When a kid, I used not to be allowed to stay up late. (j) Used you to like dancing?

137 (3) : be lucky to / be quick to

(a) He was lucky to survive.

. . Luckily he survived. ? ,

. , luckily was lucky to . Immediately he did it. He was quick to do it. . .

(b) I was lucky to get home without being arrested. (c) She was fortunate to find shelter (d) The goalkeeper was lucky to avoid a red card. (e) I was lucky to get a coat and survive the cold. (f) She was quick to respond to my questions. (g) He was quick to agree with her.

138 (4) : managed to / was able to

manage to . . manage to

74

managed to , , . , was able to .

(a) I managed to sell 50 cars this year. (b) Barry Bonds managed to hit his 71st homerun of the season. (c) As soon as he managed to escape from the building, it collapsed. (d) I was able to get the car into the narrow space. (e) He was able to find the book he was looking for.

139 (5) : forgot to / remembered to

(a) How stupid I am! I forgot to bring my copy of the report.

He forgot to do it. .

forgot to remembered to

. forgot to remembered to .

He forgot to do it. . . , He remembered to do it. . He didn't forget to do it. . . , He remembered to do it. . .

= forgot to do / didn't remember to do = didn't forget to do / remembered to do

? ? .

75

(b) I forgot to take my umbrella with me. (c) I am sorry I forgot to tell you. (d) Are you sure you remembered to send the letter? (e) She is angry because I forgot to give her the message. (f) I remembered to lock the door, but I forgot to shut the windows.

140 (6) : meant to / didn't mean to

(a) I mean to call you.

mean to

meant to

. .

. .

I meant to do it. = I am sorry I didn't do it, but it was not my intention not to do it.

meant to didn't mean to .

. . .

I didn't mean to do it. = I am sorry I did it, but it was not my intention to do it.

? .

76

(b) I didn't mean to hurt you. (c) I didn't mean to step on your foot. (d) I meant to ask you. (e) I didn't mean to trip you up.

77

Exercises (1)
1. A: Would you mind(mail) ________________ this letter for me? B: Not at all. 2. A: Are you coming with us? B: I know I promised to go with you, but I'm not feeling very good. Would you mind (stay) __________________ home? 3. I still don't understand how to work this algebra problem. Would you mind (explain) ________________ it again? 4. A: This is probably none of my business, but would you mind (ask) ________________ you a private question? B: It depends. 5. A: Would you mind (speak) ________________ a little more slowly? I didn't catch what you said. B: I'd be happy to. 6. A person ________________ eat in order to live. 7. A person ________________ eat a balanced diet. 8. If you want to become a doctor, you ________________ go to medical school for many years. 9. You ________________ introduce me to Dr. Gray. We've already met. 10. I'm writing a composition, and there is a word I don't know how to spell. 11. I don't feel good. I think I'm catching a cold. 12. I can't see the blackboard when I sit in the back row. 13. I'm cold. 14. My foot is asleep. 15. I'm homesick. 16. According to my academic advisor, I ________________ take another English course. 17. Everyone ________________ have certain goals in life.

78

18. You are cold because you didn't wear a coat. 19. The room is full of flies because you opened the window. 20. You are broke now because you spent all your money foolishly. 21. You didn't have a cup of coffee. Now you are sleepy. 22. You didn't stop for gas, and then you ran out of gas on the highway. 23. You had to pay a fine because your library book was overdue. 24. Your friends went to New Orleans over vacation. They had a good time. You didn't go with them, and now you are sorry. 25. Ann didn't feel good a couple of days ago. I told her to see a doctor, but she didn't. That was a mistake. Now she is very sick. 26. I didn't invite Sam to my party. That made him feel bad. I'm sorry I didn't invite him. 27. Mary sold her car. That was a mistake because now she can't take trips to see her friends and relatives. 28. A: since this is the first time you've owned a computer, would you mind(give) ________________ you some advice? B: Not at all. I'd appreciate it. 29. A: I need to look up the meaning of the word "stationery." Would mind (borrow) ________________ your dictionary? 30. Tom didn't show up for work yesterday because he and his friend were in an auto accident. Tom was okay, but his friend was badly hurt, so Tom had to stay with him at the hospital. Tom didn't call his boss to tell him he wouldn't be at work. When Tom arrived at work today, his boss fired him immediately, refusing to listen to any of Tom's explanations for missing work.

79

Exercises (2)
1. Restate the following rules in sentences with be to. A) NO SMOKING B) KEEP OFF THE GRASS C) NO EATING OR DRINKING IN THIS ROOM D) DO NOT JOKE WITH AIRPORT PERSONNEL WHILE YOUR HAND LUGGAGE IS BEING INSPECTED E) NO LITTERING F) USE THE STAIRS IN CASE OF FIRE. DO NOT USE THE ELEVATOR.

2. Discuss Speaker B's use of should and could in the following dialogues. In your own words, what is Speaker B saying? 1) A: Ted doesn't feel good. He has a bad stomach ache. B: He should see a doctor. 2) A: Ted doesn't feel good. He has a bad stomach ache. What do you think he should do? B: Well, I don't know. He could see a doctor. He could see Dr. Smith. Or he could see Dr. Jones. Or he could simply stay in bed for a day and hope he feels better tomorrow. 3) A: I need to get to the airport. B: You should take the airport bus. It's cheaper than a taxi. 4) A: I need to get to the airport. B: Well, you could take the airport bus. Or you could take a taxi. Maybe Fred could take you. He has a car. 5) A: I took a taxi to the airport, and it cost me a fortune. B: You should have taken the airport bus. 6) A: I took a taxi to the airport, and it cost me a fortune. B: You could have taken the airport bus. Or maybe Fred could have taken you. 3. A: Have you noticed that Professor Adams wears something green every day? B: I know. He (like) ________________ green. 4. A: Ed just bought his wife a diamond necklace with matching earrings.

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B: That's expensive! He (rich)________________. A: He is. 5. A: Paula feel asleep in class this morning. B: She (stay up) ________________ too late last night. 6. A: George had to give a speech in front of 500 people. B: Whew! That's a big audience. He (be) ________________ nervous. A: He was, but nobody could tell. 7. A: Where's Dorothy? I've been looking all over for her. B: I saw her about ten minutes ago in the living room. Have you looked there? A: Yes, I've looked everywhere. She (leave) ________________ . 8. A: Jim is eating everything in the salad but the onions. He's pushed all of the onions over to the side of his plate with his fork. B: He (like) ________________ onions. 9. A: Do you smell smoke? B: I sure do. Something (burn) ________________ . 10. A: the line's been busy for over an hour. Who do you think Frank is talking to? B: I don't know. He (talk) ________________ to his parents. Or he (talk) ________________ to his sister in Chicago. 11. A: What's all that noise upstairs? It sounds like a herd of elephants. B: The children (play) ________________ some kind of game. A: That's what it sounds like to me, too. I'll go see. 12. A: Did you know that Andy just quit school and started to hitchhike to Alaska? B: What? You (kid) ________________ . 13. A: Did Ed mean what he said about Andy yesterday? B: I don't know. He (kid) ________________ when he said that, but who knows? 14. A: I met Mary's husband at the reception and we said hello to each other, but when I asked him a question in English, he just smiled and nodded. B: He (speak) ________________ much English. 15. A: Who is your teacher? 81

B: I think his name is Mr. Rock, or something like that. A: Mr. Rock? Oh, you (mean) ________________ Mr. Stone. 16. A: Why are you here so early? B: Sam told me that the party started at seven o'clock. A: No, it doesn't start until eight o'clock. You (misunderstand) ________________ . 17. Jack didn't stay home last night. Where did he go? -- What if you overhear him say, " I usually go there to study in the evening because it's quiet, and if I need to use any reference books, they're right there." 18. How did Jack get to school today? -- What if you see him pull some car keys out of his pocket? 19. Jack took a vacation in a warm sunny place. Where do you suppose he went? -- What if you overhear him say, " Honolulu is a nice city." 20. Jack walked into class this morning with a broken arm. What happened? -- Then you overhear him say, "After this I'm going to watch where I'm going when I'm riding my bicycle."

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Exercises (3)
Use a modal or similar expression with each verb in parentheses. More than one auxiliary may be possible. Use the one that seems most appropriate to you.

1. It looks like rain. We (shut) ________________ the windows. 2. Spring break starts on the thirteenth. We (go, not) ________________ to classes again until the twenty-second. 3. Neither of us knows the way to their house. We (take) ________________ a map with us or we'll probably get lost. 4. You (tell, not) ________________ Jack about the party. It's a surprise birthday party for him. 5. Excuse me. I didn't understand. (Repeat, you) ________________ what you said? 6. In the United States, elementary education is compulsory. All children (attend) ________________ six years of elementary school. 7. There was a long line in front of the theater. We (wait) ________________ almost an hour to buy our tickets. 8. A: I'd like to go to a warm, sunny place next winter. Any suggestions? B: You (go) ________________ to Hawaii or Mexico. Or how about Spain? 9. I don't feel like going to the library to study this afternoon. I (go) ________________ to the shopping mall than to the library. 10. A: Mrs. Wilson got a traffic ticket. She didn't stop at a stop sign. B: That's surprising. Usually she's a very cautious driver and obeys all the traffic laws. She (see, not) ________________ the sign. 11. Annie, you (clean) ________________ this mess before Dad gets home. He'll be mad if he sees all this stuff all over the living room floor. 12. I had a good time when I was a teenager. When my friends and I got together, we (do) ________________ anything and everything that sounded like fun. 13. Don is putting on a little weight around his middle. He (get)

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________________ more exercise. 14. I'm sleepy. I (keep, not) ________________ my eyes open. I (go) ________________ to bed before I fall asleep right here. 15. Jimmy was serious when he said he wanted to be a cowboy when he grew up. We (laugh, not) ________________ at him. We hurt his feelings. 16. this is none of his business. He (stick, not) ________________ his nose into other people's business. 17. A: Why didn't you come to the party last night? B: I (study) ________________ . A: You (come) ________________ . We had a good time. 18. A: Should I go to the University of Iowa or Iowa State University? B: Think it over for a few days. You (make, not) ________________ up your mind right now. There's no hurry. 19. A: The phone's ringing again. Let's not answer it. Just let it ring. B: No, we (answer) ________________ it. It (be) ________________ important. 20. Jane's looking at the test paper the teacher just returned. She's smiling. She (pass)_________the test. 21. It's not like Tony to be late. He (be)__________ here an hour ago. I hope nothing bad happened. 22. A: This is a great open-air market. Look at all this wonderful fresh fish. What kind of fish is this? B: I'm not sure. It (be)__________ocean perch. Let's ask. 23. The teacher called on Sam in class yesterday, but he kept looking out the window and didn't respond. He (daydream)____________. 24. A: Did you enjoy the movie last night? B: It was okay, but I (stay)_________ home and (watch)__________ TV. There was a good program on that I wanted to catch. I only went because my wife wanted to see the movie. 25. A: Somebody called you while you were out, but she didn't leave her name. B: Who did it sound like? Anybody you know? 84

A: Well, it (be)__________ Phyllis, but that's just a guess. I (ask)__________ who was calling, but I didn't. B: That's okay. 26. I (be)_________ an anthropology major. Once I was a member of an archaeological expedition. Every morning, we (get)____________ up before dawn. After breakfast, we (spend)__________ our entire day in the field. Sometimes one of us (find)__________ a particularly interesting item, perhaps an arrowhead or a piece of pottery. When that happened, other members of the group (gather)____________ around to see what had been unearthed. 27. Look. Jacks car is in front of his house. He __________ be at home. Let's stop and visit him. 28. A: Who do you think is going to win the game tomorrow? B: Well, our team has better players, so we ___________ win, but you never know. Anything can happen in sports. 29. A: Susie is yawning and rubbing her eyes. B: She _________ be sleepy. Let's put her to bed early tonight. 30. Hmmm. I wonder what's causing the delay. Ellen's plane (be)__________ an hour ago. 31. Jane's looking at the test paper the teacher just returned. She's smiling. She (pass)_________the test. 32. It's not like Tony to be late. He (be)__________ here one hour ago. I hope nothing bad happened. 33. A: This is a great open-air market. Look at all this wonderful fresh fish. What kind of fish is this? B: I'm not sure. It (be)__________ocean perch. Let's ask. 34. The teacher called on Sam in class yesterday, but he kept looking out the window and didn't respond. He (daydream)____________. 35. A: Did you enjoy the movie last night? B: It was okay, but I (stay)_________ home and (watch)__________ TV. There was a good program on that I wanted to catch. I only went because my wife 85

wanted to see the movie. 36. A: Somebody called you while you were out, but she didn't leave her name. B: Who did it sound like? Anybody you know? A: Well, it (be)__________ Phyllis, but that's just guess. I (ask)__________ who was calling, but I didn't. B: That's okay. 37. I (be)_________ an anthropology major. Once I was a member of an archaeological expedition. Every morning, we (get)____________ up before dawn. After breakfast, we (spend)__________ on entire day in the field. Sometimes one of us (find)__________ a particularly interesting item, perhaps an arrowhead or a piece of pottery. When that happened, other members of the group (gather)____________ around to see what had been unearthed. 38. Look. Jacks car is in front of his house. He __________ be at home. Let's stop and visit him. 39. A: Who do you think is going to win the game tomorrow? B: Well, our team has better players, so we ___________ win, but you never know. anything can happen in sports. 40. A: Susie is yawning and rubbing her eyes. B: She _________ be sleepy. Let's put her to bed early tonight. 41. Hmmm. I wonder what's causing the delay. Ellen's plane (be)__________ an hour ago.

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