+U Aung Khin - Who Killed Gen Aung San

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rpPwmrmvfue G f bGwu f m; (Mr. Malcolm Booker) onf 1998 ckEp S /f Zlvi dk f

v (15) &ufae/ touf (82) ESpfwGif rdrdaetdrf uifbm&m-rdY uG,fvGefcJhonf? olZeD; a&mufZmem (Roxana) rSmvnf; xkdaewGifyif aq;kHY a&m*ga0'em -um &Snp f m G cHpm;&_yD; em&Dom apmIaoqk; H oGm;&Smonf? olwE dk p SO f; D pvk; H rSm oHwref0efxrf;rsm;jzpf-uonf? rmvfue G f bGwu f m;onf 1951 ckrS 1953 cktxd jrefrmjynfqi dk & f m oHtrwftjzpf ceft yfjcif;cH&I yxrOD;qk; H -opa-w;vsoH; Hk ukd (88) urf;em;vrf; (Strand Hotel Annex) wGif zGiv hf p S c f a hJ om a-umifh xkdtaqmufttkHY ,aewkdif wnf&Sdvsuf&Sdonf? xkdaemuf tDwvD/ ,l*p dk vm;AD;,m;/ ka d r;eD;,m;ESihf blva f *;&D;,m;jynfrsm;wGif oHtrwf}uD;wm0ef aqmif&u G c fo hJ nf? 1976 ckEp Sw f i G f uifbm&m-rdo dk jyefvm-u_y; D Eki di f jH cm;a&;oHwref
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u|efawmfhZeD;. uG,fvGefav_yD;aomzcif}uD; w&m;ol}uD;a[mif; OD; aomif;pdefonf if;aexdkif&m rJvfbkef;rdr S uGsefawmfwr dk dom;pk. uifbm&mtdrf odk 1989 ck/ Zlvdkifv oluG,fvGefcsdeftxd wESpfwacgufcef vma&mufvnfywf avh&y dS gonf? touf&p Sq f ,fausm_f yD qda k omfjim;vnf; zswv f wf-unfvif trSwf onmaumif;onfh OD;aomif;pdeo f nf olb 0oufwrf;wav#muf tr+xrf;cJo h nfh tawGtuH taxGaxGukd jyefajymif; pm;rHj yefwwfonf? xdt k xJY acwfopf jref rmhordkif;wGif ta&;ygonfh tjzpftysufrsm;udk a&mifjyef[yfaponfh ta-umif; t&mrsm;pGmwdkvnf; ygwwfonf? OD;aomif;pdefonf ,cifwcsdefu vlwef;pm; tv$mwckjzpfaom tdENd, rdjytkyfcsKyfa&; ydnmOfcH0efxrf;tzGJ0if (I.C.S) wOD; jzpfonft h jyif w&m;a&;Xme twGi; f 0eftjzpfvnf;aumif;/ tusOf;axmifrsm; OD; pD;csKyf (axmifrif;}uD;) tjzpfvnf;aumif;/ 1947 ckESpfwGif wydifwnf; wm0ef xrf;aqmifcJh&ygonf? _Adwdo#wdkxHrS 1948 ckESpf jrefrmEdkifiH vGwfvyfa&;&_yD; csdew f i G f w&m;H; k csKyf w&m;ol}uD;tjzpfvnf;aumif;/ aemufyi kd ; f wGif Edi ki fy H i kd f odr; f ydkufa&;aumfr&SifESifh a&G;aumufyGJ t,lcHaumfr&SiftzGJwdk. OuU@tjzpfvnf; aumif; EdkifiHawmftpdk;&tzGJu txl;a&G;cs,fI wm0efay;tyfjcif; cHcJh&onf? OD;aomif;pde. f trSww f &tawGtuHrsm;xJrS ol ESpE fp S f cduf cduf ajymjyavh &Sdaom tjzpftysufwckrSmrl uG,fvGefol u|efawmhfzcif AdkvfcsKyf (&Jwyf) OD;xGef; vSatmifEi S hf wdu k fu kd y f wfoufaeygonf? xdt k cse d u f u|ea f wmhz f cifrm S &mZ0wfr+ h jyif t&Se d t f pHp k rf;ppfaq;a&;Xme t}uD;tuJ ( Dy. Inspector General ) jzpfonft 0g}uD;vSonfh t*Fvef bk&ifh&Jwyfrawmf}uD;. tzGJ0ifwOD;tjzpfvnf; 1940 ck aESmif;ydkif;wGif wm0efxrf;cJh&oljzpfygonf? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh if;.0ef}uD; tzGJ0ifrsm;tm; 1947 ck/ Zlvdkifv (19) &ufaewGif vkyf}uHowfjzwfcJhr+a-umifh OD;apmtm; tif;pdet f usO; f axmifwi G f xde; f odr; f xm;cse dY f 'k=&JcsKyf OD;xGe; f vSatmif ESifh w&m;ol}uD; OD;aomif;pdefwdktm; OD;apm. vHkcHa&;twGuf yl;wGJwm0ef ay;cJhygonf? xdka-umifhvnf; if;wdkESpfOD;onf aepOfvdkvdk &efukefrS tif;pdef axmifodk um;jzifh twloGm;avh&Sd-u&m c&D;wav#mufwGifvnf; ,m,D jynfol
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bmomjzifh xkwa f 0vda k oma-umihf bmomjyeftjzpf wm0ef,r l y d gonf? uHaumif; onfrSm jr0wDOD;&Jacgif -opa-w;vsodk a&muf&Sdvmojzifh pmwnf;jzwfay;&ef OD;&JacgifrS wm0ef,_l y; D / tcef;vdu k f txl;ud;pm;wnf;jzwfay;jcif;twGuf aus;Zl; wifz, G & f mjzpfygonf? txl;ojzifh rar#mv f ifb h J u|ea f wmf. vkyi f ef;qki d& f mtyki d; f wGif wm0efyv d m onfhtcgrsm;Yvnf; u|efawmfhnD a'gufwmat;ausmf (atmifoefausmf) tm; tultnDawmif;_yD; olESihftwl tcsKdtcef;rsm;udk bmomjyefygonf? tcsKdtcef; rsm;rSm a'gufwm at;ausmfbmomjyefqkd_yD;/ u|efawmfu wcsKdae&mY jyifqif jznfp h u G v f suf OD;&JacgifrS xyfrw H nf;jzwfygonf? bmomjyefq& kd mYvnf; t*Fvy d p f mrS wdu k f u dk b f momjyefqr kd u + kd ta&;xm; I trsm;qk; H tok; H yaomfvnf; tcsKdt csuftvufrsm;wGif jrefrmpmzwfy&dowf ESifh ydkrdkqDavsmfap&ef jr0wDOD;&Jacgif. t}uHycsuft& pma&;ol OD;cifatmif. oabmwlnr D j+ zifh tenf;tusOf; yjyifa&;om;cJo h nfrsm; &Sc d o hJ nf? odk jzpfI yl;wGJbmomjyefol a'gufwmat;ausmfESifh u|rf;usifpGm pmwnf; jzwfol jr0wDO; D &Jacgifwt kd m; txl;aus;Zl;wif&y dS gonf? bmomjyefq& kd mY trSm; t,Gi; f &Sc d y hJ gv#if u|efawmfw h i Go f m wm0ef&y dS gonf?
a'guf w mwif h a 0 qpf ' eD r/ =opa=w;vs (9/ 9/ 99) yl ; wG J b momjyef o l a'guf w mat;ausmf qpf ' eD r/ =opa=w;vs
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Zmwfvrf;0if yk*Kd~ vfrsm;

tmZmenf r sm;
pyfpx H e G ;f (40) ESp/f &S r; f jynfe,frS rdi k; f yGea f pmfbm G ;}uD;/ e,fjcm;a'oqdi k& f m twdi kf yifcH0ef}uD;/ OD;acgif;wGif '%f&m (2) csuf&&Sd_yD; (20) &ufae rGef;wnfhcsdefwGif &efue k f rd/ jynfoa l q;H}k uD;Y aoqH; k oGm;onf? OD;tke;f armif (34) ESpf/ o,f,lya dk qmifa&;ESifh vrf;yef;qufoG,fa&;Xme/ 'kwd, H mwckukd vma&mufwifoi G; f aepOf vlowform;rsm;. twGi; f 0ef (I.C.S)/ tpD&ifcp usnfqefrsm; xdre S o f m G ;jcif;cH&onf? ae&mwGiy f if yGc J sif;_yD;aoqH; k onf? uda k xG; (18) ESpf/ OD;&mZwf.oufawmfapmifh/ rEav;teD;&Sd awmifjyif ody`H&yfrS rlqvifvi l ,fwOD;jzpfonf? tpnf;ta0;cef;rwGi; f rS aoewfor H sm;-um;&ojzifh teD;&SdHk;cef;rS ajy;xGufvmpOf qkwfcGmajy;oGm;aeaom vlowform;rsm;. ypfcwfjcif;udkcH&onf? '%f&m (4) csuf&&Sd_yD; aq;HkwGif aoqHk;onf?
Adv k c f sKyfatmifqef; (c) Adv k a f wZ (32) ESp/f jrefrmhtrsKd;om;a&;v+y& f m S ;r+. acgif; aqmif}uD;/ bk&ifcHtr+aqmifaumifpD. 'k=OuU@ (odk ) wu,fhvufawGtm;jzihf vGwfvyfa&;r&rD 0ef}uD;tzGJ. 0ef}uD;csKyf/ if;tjyif xdktpdk;&tzGJ. umuG,f a&;ESifh EdkifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD;/ usnfqef (13) csufoifhaom '%f&mjzifh ae&mwGif yif yGc J sif;_yD;aoqH; k cJ& h onf? 'D;'kwO f ;D bcsKd (54) ESp/f pma&;q&m/ owif;pmq&mESihf 'D;'kw* f sme,f. t,f'w D m/ jyef-um;a&;0ef}uD;/ olt ouft&G,fESifh OD;aESmufxJ0ifoGm;aom usnfqef tyg t0if usnq f ef (5) csu& f &So d nfw h i kd f aev,fyi kd ; f txd &efue k jf ynfoa l q;H}k uD;wGif touf&i Sv f suf &Sa d eao;onf? ocifjr (49) ESp/f vli,facgif;aqmifrsm;-um;wGif touft&G,}f uD;&ifa h om Edi ki fH acgif;aqmif/ bma&;0ef}uD;/ tqkwfudk xGif;azmufoGm;aom aoewf'%f &mjzifh ae&mwGif yGc J sif;_yD;aoqH; k onf? OD;tA'& l mZwf (49) ESpf/ rEav;rd rlqvifacgif;aqmif/ ynma&;ESifh trsKd;om; pDrHudef;0ef}uD;/ '%f&m (6) csuf&&Sd_yD; ae&mwGifyif yGJcsif;_yD;aoqHk;onf? OD;b0if; (46) ESpf/ OD;atmifqef;.tudk/ ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;ESifh axmufyHha&; 0ef}uD;/ usnfqef'%f&m (8) csuf&&Sd_yD; ae&mwGifyif yGJcsif;_yD;aoqHk;onf? ref;bcdi k f (43) ESpf/ [oFmwrS u&ifvlrsKd;wOD;jzpf_yD; *syefodrf;ydkufxm;pOfu jyefvnfcc ka H wmfve S& f mY yg0ifco hJ nf? pufrv + ufrX + meESihf tvkyo f rm;Xme0ef}uD;/ usnfqef (15) csufxr d e S c f o hJ nf? ae&mwGiy f if yGc J sif;_yD;aoqH; k onf?
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vl o wf o rm;rsm;
OD;apm/ 1900=jynfE hp Sw f i G f om,m0wDrdY arG;zGm;onf? vlowform;rsm;. acgif; aqmif[k tpGyfpGJcH&ol/ orBm&ifh vufsmEdkifiHa&;orm;jzpf_yD; OD;atmifqef;. t"duydifbufjzpfonf? ol&d,owif;pmudk pwifxlaxmifolESifh rsKd;cspfygwD acgif;aqmifjzpfonf? 1940=ckESpf/ pufwifbmvrS 1942=ckESpf/ Zefe0g&Dvtxd eef;&if;0ef/ 1942=rS 1946=txd ,l*E<mjynfwi G f txde; f odr; f cHc& hJ onf? 1947=ck ESp/f Zefe0g&DvwGic f sKyfqa kd om atmifqef;=tufwvD pmcsKyfukd todtrSwf y&ef jiif;qefco hJ jl zpfI OD;atmifqef;ESihf olt r+aqmifaumifpD vkya f zmfui kd z f ufrsm;tm; owfjzwfr+jzifh 1947=ckESpf/ Zlvdkifv (19) &ufwGif tzrf;cH&vsuf/ pGJqdkxm;onfh twdkif; tjypfay;cH&_yD;/ 1948=ckESpf/ arv (8) &ufaewGif tif;pdefaxmifY ud;ay;cH&onf? armifp; dk / aoewform;/ rif;vS-rdrS *VKefwyfzGJ0ifwOD;jzpf_yD; OD;apm. teD;uyf aemufvkdufjzpfI ol _cHtwGif;Y apmpD;pGmuyif aexkdifcJholjzpfonf? ao'%fay; cH&onf? 1948 ckESpf/ arv (8) &ufaewGifyif tif;pdefaxmifY ao'%ftpD &ifc& H onf?
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Zmwfvrf;0ify* k Kd~ vfrsm;
oufESif;/ aoewform;/ usKdufvwf-rdrS *VKefwyfzGJ0ifa[mif;jzpf_yD; ,if;-rd rsKd;cspfygwD. twGif;a&;r;jzpfonf? OD;apmukd txl;-unfndK_yD; vkH;0O\kH,kH -unfukd;pm;oljzpfonf? ao'%fay;cH&onf? 1948 ckESpf arv (8) &ufaewGif yif tif;pdea f xmifY ao'%ftpD&ifc& H onf? armifpe d /f aoewform;/ udyifaumuf-rdr jS zpfI ppftwGi; f u Akv d c f sKyfatmifqef;. Armhwyfrawmfom;jzpfc_hJ y; D aemuf jynfo& l a J bmftzGJodk 0ifa&mufco hJ nf? olr b d rsm; rSm rsKd;cspfygwDukd vkdvm;ESpfoufolrsm;jzpfI olu kd OD;apm. aemufvkdufjzpf&ef odr; f oGi; f qGa J qmifc-hJ uonf? ao'%fay;cH&onf? 1948 ckEp S /f arv (8) &ufae wGif &efue k t f usOf;axmifY ao'%ftpD&ifc& H onf? &ef}u;D atmif/ touf (18) ESpo f m&S. d ? toufti,fq; Hk aoewform;jzpfonf? OD;apm w0rf;uGn J . D om;jzpfonf? pwkwa jrmufaoewform;? vkt d yfvmonfh aemufqkH;tcsdefusrS olukd a&G;cs,fcJhjcif;jzpfonf? ol. waZmufuef;tusifh a-umifh aoewform;tjzpf tH0ifci Gu f sjzpfco hJ nf? ao'%fay;cH&onf? 1948 ckEp S /f arv (8) &ufaewGif &efukeftusOf;axmifY ao'%ftpD&ifcH&onf? okc/ vlowform;rsm;tm; twGif;0efkH;okd *spfum;jzifh armif;ykda y;cJholjzpfonf? &efukef-rd&Sd tpkd;&txufwef;ausmif;rS (9) wef;atmifjrifcJhonf? ppf_yD;aemuf usKdufvwf-rd zqyvtzGJ. aiGxdef;jzpf_yD; ukefonfwOD;jzpfonf? oufESif;u olukd OD;apmESifh rdwfqufay;cJhonfhtjyif rsKd;cspfygwDwGJzuftwGif;a&;r;tjzpf pm&if;wifay;cJhonf? OD;apm. _cH0if;okd vkyf}uHr+rwkdifrD aemufqkH;a&muf&Sdvm oljzpfonf? ao'%fay;cH&aomfvnf; ud;ay;rnfhae rwkdifrDae naeykdif;wGifrS tvkyf-urf;ESifhaxmif'%f tESpf (20) okd av#mhcsjcif;cH&onf? cifarmif&if/ }uH&mygwOD;jzpfI a&Sajy;tzGJpD;aom zkd' fqefx&yfum;ukd armif;ol jzpfonf? OD;apmZeD;onf. wlawmfonf? 0ef}uD;tzGJ tpnf;ta0;xki da f ea-umif; v#Kd0SufoauFwjzifh owif;ay;_yD; vlowform;rsm; xGufcGmvm&ef tcsufjycJh onf? ao'%ftay;cH&aomfvnf; aemufykdif;wGif tvkyf-urf;ESifhaxmif'%f tESpf (20) okd av#mhcsjcif;cH&onf? armife/D }uH&mygwOD;jzpfI a&Sajy;tzGJESifh vkdufygoGm;cJhonf? vlowform;rsm;
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xGuftajy;wGif vGwfajrmufEkdif&ef tultnDay;a&;twGuf ajcmufvkH;jyL;ao ewfwvufjzifh twGif;0efrsm;kH; txGuf*dwfaygufrS apmifhaecJh&onf? ao'%f tay;cH&aomfvnf; tvkyf-urf;ESifhaxmif'%f tESpf (20) okd av#mhcsjcif;cH&_yD; ,if;owif;ukd okcESiw hf -ydie f ufwnf; today;cHc& hJ onf? r_e}f u;D / }uH&mygwOD;jzpfI a&Sajy;tzGJ Ei S hf vku d y f goGm;cJo h nf? tkwz f -dk rdt eD;rS aus; &Gmom;jzpf_yD; tvkyf-urf;orm;wOD;jzpfonf? OD;apmu olukd tapcHwOD;uJhokd ckdif;cJhonf? 0ef}uD;tzGJpnf;a0;aea-umif; vlowform;rsm;ukd olu tcsufjycJh &onf? ao'%fay;cH&onf? 1948 ckESpf/ arv (8) &ufaewGif tif;pdefaxmifY ao'%ftpD&ifc& H onf? b!Gef / }uH&mygwOD;jzpfI a&Sajy;tzGJ wi G f yg0ifonf? OD;apm.vl,a Hk wmf t"du aemufvu dk a f cgif;aqmifjzpf_yD; olwOD;om OD;apm.tdrt f wGi; f aexki dc f i G& hf onf? tod^m%f&SdI tkd;onfukef;w&m;kH;wGif pma&;jzpfcJhonf? ocifEktm;owf&ef wm0eftay;cH&onf? bk&ifhoufao (azmfaumif) tjzpf bufajymif;xGufqkd&ef oabmwlco hJ jl zpfonf? xka d -umifh tajctaet& olt m; tjypfrc Si Gv hf w $ r f + tay; cH&vsuf tvkyf-urf;ESifh jyif;xefaomaxmif'%f (10) ESpfESifh (6) v csrSwfcH cJ& h onf?
Oya'qd k i f & myk * ~ d K vf r sm;

w&m;ol}uD;rif; OD;ausmjf rif/h 1898 ckESpfwGif arG;zGm;onf? 0wfvkHawmf&rif;ESifh w&m;v$wfawmf w&m;ol}uD;rif; (1946 ckESpfrSpI)? OD;apmukd ppfaq;pD&ifcsuf csaom txl;ckHkH;awmf.OuU@/ vGwfvyfa&;&_yD;aemuf w&m;v$wfawmfcsKyf. w&m;ol}uD;rif;jzpfvmonf? xif&Sm;ausmf-um;aom nDtukdav;OD;jzpfonfh Adkvfr; csKyfwifxGf (t}uD;qkH;)/ w&m;ol}uD;rif; OD;jrifhodef;/ a'gufwmxifatmif wkw d i G f 'kw, d ajrmufjzpfonf? 1988 ckEp S f arvwGif uG,v f e G c f o hJ nf? OD;atmifomausm/f tqifhjrifh puf&Sifw&m;ol}uD;rif;/ OD;apmudk ppfaq;aom txl;cHkHk;awmf. tzGJ0ifwOD;jzpfI/ vGwfvyfa&;&_yD;aemuf w&m;v$wfawmf
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w&m;ol}uD;rif;jzpfvsuf/ xdkaemuf w&m;v$wfawmfcsKyf w&m;ol}uD;rif; jzpf vmonf? OD;pDb;l / tqifhjrifh puf&Sifw&m;ol}uD;rif;jzpfI/ OD;apmudk ppfaq;aom txl;cHkHk; awmf. tzGJ0ifwOD;jzpfI/ vGwfvyfa&;&_yD;aemuf w&m;v$wfawmf. w&m;ol }uD;rif;wOD; jzpfvmonf? w&m;ol}uD;rif; OD;aomif;pde/f 1906=ckESpfwGif oHvsifY arG;zGm;onf? tdENd, f 0efEi S hf tusOf;axmifrsm; ydnmOfc0 H efxrf; (ICS)/ w&m;a&;0ef}uD;Xme. twGi; OD;pD;csKyf wm0efrsm;udk 1947=ckEp S w f i G f wydiw f nf; xrf;aqmifc& hJ onf? 1948=ck ESpf vGwfvyfa&;&&SdcsdefrS 1962=ckESpfwGif tem;,lcsdeftxd w&m;v$wfawmf. w&m;ol}uD;rif;wOD;jzpfI/ 1975=ckEp S w f i G f -opa-w;vsEdi ki fo H kd ul;ajymif;aexdi kf S Y f uG,v f e G o f m G ;cJo h nf? cJo h nf? rJvb f e k ; f rd (Melbourne) wGif 1989=ckEp Adv k c f sKyfxe G ; f vSatmif/ 1902=ckESpfwGif &efukefrdYarG;zGm;cJhonf? t*Fvdyftpdk;& vufxuf bk&ifh&JwyfzGJ0ifESifh r+cif;pHkprf;ppfaq;a&;Xme. 'k=&JcsKyf/ OD;apmESifh olvlrsm;udk vsifjrefpGm zrf;qD;EdkifcJhonfhftwGuf EdkifiHawmf. av;pm;r+udk cHcJh& onf? w&m;ol}uD;rif; OD;aomif;pdeE f i S hf twlwI JG OD;apm. vkH cHa&;wm0efukd ,lchJ &onf? vGwv f yfa&;&_yD;aemuf &JcsKyfjzpfvmcJ_h yD;/ 1948=ckEp S f vGwv f yfa&;&_yD; aemuf -o*kwv f wGif Adv k c f sKyf&mxl;jzifh 'k=OD;pD;csKyftqifo h kd wd; k jri jhf cif;cHc& hJ onf? 1960=ckEp S w f i G f &efue k f rdY uG,v f e G o f m G ;cJo h nf? umwpf/ bifepf qm z&uf'&pf [ife&D ('J&uf) aupD (Curtis- Bennett, Sir Frederick Sw f i G f arG;zGm;cJo h nf? bk&ifO h ya't}uHay;yk*Kd~ vfjzpfI Henry (Derek) KC./ 1904 ckEp &mZ0wfr+cif;rsm;wGif atmifjrifausmf-um;aom _AdwdefEkdifiHom; a&SaewOD;jzpf onf? txl;ckHkH;awmfwGif w&m;-ydif&mY olukdumuG,fckcH&ef t}uD;wef;t}uH ay;tjzpf OD;apmu iSm;&rf;ceftyfcJhonf? 1956 ckESpf Zlvkdifv (23) &ufaewGif olaexkdif&m vef'efwkdufcef;xJwGif aoqkH;vsuf&Sdonfukd awG&onf? &ifcGJppf aq;olq&m0efu vGefcJhonfh (4=5) &ufuyif olt aejzifh aoqkH;_yD;jzpfonf[k xifjrifcsua f y;onf? okdjzpfv#if olaoqk; H &ufonf emrnfq; dk jzifh ausm-f um;vsuf ao'%fuscHcJh&aom ol.tr+onf usL;vGefcJhaom Zlvkdifv (19) &uf tr+ (9) ESpjf ynfa h jrmufonfh ae&ufcefw i G f jzpfaeayawmhonf?
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Amwefe (pf) bif*srif&maz;&,f (Vertannes,Benjamin Raphael)/ ,cifu ppfwyfrS Adkvf}uD;wOD;jzpfI/ xdka emuf &efukefrd& Sd w&m;v$wfawmfwGif a&Saejzpf vm_yD;/ OD;apmtwGuf ckcHumuG,fay;cJhonfh ti,fwef; Oya't}uHay;jzpfcJhonf? rlvZmwdtm;jzifh jrefrmEdi ki fr H jS zpfaomfvnf; vGwv f yfa&;&_yD;onft h cg t_idr; f pm; ,lI _Adwe d E f i kd i fo H kd a&$ajymif;oGm;cJo h nf? bwfpf (cf) / rdu k u f ,f tD; (Busk, Michael E.)/ 'kwd,urBmppfwGif csif;'pf (exS r f sm;. aemufyi kd ; f wGif &efue k f rd& dS &JwyfzJG Chindit) rS ppfjyefwOD;jzpfI/ 1940=ckEp wGif vufaxmufaumfr&Sifemrif;}uD; jzpfvmum/ vufeufudkifykvdyfwyfzGJ (Armed Police) twGuf jrpf}uD;em;wGif ucsifwi kd ; f &if;om;rsm;jzifh wyf&if;w&if; zGJcJhonf? uy`wdef a';ApfADAD,ef; (Capt, David Vivian) ukd olu zrf;cJhonf? (atmufwGif+)? S w f i G f arG;zGm;cJo h nf? 1933= ckEp S r f S wGwc f f aumvif; ( Tooke, Colin)/ 1913=ckEp pI jrefrmhyv k y d w f yfzJGwi G f wm0efxrf;aqmifco hJ nf? 194546=ckEp S w f kdY om,m 0wDcdkif &J0efaxmufjzpfI/ OD;apmtr+udk v#Kd0SufpHkprf;axmufvS rf;aecJhol[k ,H-k unf&_y; D / OD;apmESiy hf wfoufaom olz i kd w f r JG sm; tcd; k cHc& hJ onf? 1948=ckEp S w f i Gf kww f &uf aoqH; k oGm;cJo h nf? cef; tdyf (cs) f (Khan,H)/ pD;yGm;a&;orm;wjzpfvJ t_idrf;pm;-unf;wyfAkdvf}uD;? &efue k f at'Dvrf;&Sd OD;apmaetdrE f i S hf rsufEm S csif;qki dw f i G f aexki do f /l r+cif;pkp H rf;ppf aq;a&;Xme 'k=&JcsKyf. arwWm&yfcc H suft& OD;apm. _cH0if;tm; rsufjcnfrjywf apmif-h unfu h n l c D o hJ nf? w&m;vkjd youfaotrSwf (39)?
Ed k i f i H a &;orm;rsm;
Adv k a f tmif}u;D / aygif;wnfrdY 1919=ckEp S w f i Ga f rG;zGm;onf? 1945=ckEp S w f i G f *syef qefusifa&;v+yf&Sm;r+Y jrpf0u|ef;ay:ESifh zsmyHkcdkiftwGif; Adkvfae0if;. vufHk; t&m&Sw d OD;tjzpf yg0ifvy k u f i kd v f mcJo h nf? xdkaemuf vGwfvyfa&;&tHhqJqJ wyfrawmfudk jyefvnfzGJpnf;vdkufaom
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tcg trSwf(4) Armhaoewfudkifwyf&if;wGif Adkvfae0if;vufatmufY tr+xrf; cJo h nf? qd& k , S v f pfvrf;pOfygwD. pnf;H; k a&;r;wOD;jzpfonf? 1962=ckEp S Y f Adv k f csKyfae0if; tm%modr; f onft h cg awmfve Sa f &;aumifp0 D ifwOD;jzpfvmonf? 1963 =ckESpfwGif xkwfy,fcH&_yD; 1988=ckESpf 'Drdkua&pDta&;awmfyHkwGif EdkifiHa&;avm uodk jyef0ifvmcJo h nf? a'guw f mbarmf/ c&pf,mefro d m;pkrS 1897=ckEp Sw f i G f arG;zGm;cJo h nf?tmareD,efaoG; wpdww f ydi k; f ygonf[q k o kd nf? ude; f b&pfwuUov kd w f i G f ynmoif-um;cJ_h y; D / abmf kd r f S yDty dc f s' f D (Ph.D) bGJ&cJo h nf? a&S;OD;tp ausmif;q&m 'l;cf( Bordeaux) wuUov b0ESifh xdkaemuf 0wfvHkawmf&jzpfvmonf? qif;&Jom; 0HomEkygwDudk zGJpnf;cJh onf? 1936=ckEp Sr f S 1939=ckEp St f xd eef;&if;0efjzpfonf? xda k emuf 'kw, d urBmppf twGi; f *syefppfwyfuzGJay;aomtpd; k &tzGJ.t"dywdjzpfc_hJ y; D /1947=ckEp S f vGwv f yf a&;r&rDtcse dw f i G f txde; f odr; f cH&onf?1977=ckEp S f arvwGif uG,v f e Go f m G ;cJo h nf? ocifApde/f 1910=ckESpfwGif arG;zGm;onf? &efukefwuUodkvfwGif ynmoif-um;cJh onf? ocifAaomif;wdE k i St hf wl uGejf rLepf0g'udk OD;pGm avhvmcJa h om ausmif;om; acgif;aqmifwOD;jzpfonf/ xdka emuf 1930=ckESpf wdkA rmtpnf;tHk;udk a&S;OD;xl axmifcJholrsm;xJwGif wOD;tygt0ifjzpfonf? 'kwd,urBmppftwGif; 0ifdk;wef; tiftm;pkrsm;tay: vdv k m;cJo h jl zpfonf? xda k -umifh *syefacwfY olt m; refcsL;ud; k odk jrefrmEdkifiH. oHtrwf}uD;tjzpf ceft yfjcif;udk cH&onf? 1947=ckESpfwGif vef 'efokd OD;atmifqef;ESit hf wl vdu k y f goGm;cJo h nf? vufsmEdi ki fa H &;orm;jzpfonf? OD;AaqG/ xm;0,frdY 1915=ckEp S w f i Ga f rG;zGm;onf? &efue k w f uUov kd w f i G f ynmoif -um;cJo h nf? 1930=ckEp S r f sm;wGif ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifjzpfco hJ nf? 1945=ckEp S f wGif qd& k , S v f pfygwD. OuU@tjzpf wifajrmufjcif;cH&aomfvnf; ocifjrudk OD;pm; ay;onft h aejzifh Ekwx f u G c fo hJ nf? xda k -umifh ocifjr vky}f uHc& H _y; D aemufrS qd& k , S f vpfacgif;aqmif jzpfvmjyefonf? (195657) ckESpfwGif c%wm 0ef}uD;csKyfjzpf cJa h o;onf? od& k mwGif 1962=ckEp S f Adv k a f e0if; tm%modr; f vdu k o f nft h cg tzrf;cH &_y; D / 1966=ckEp Sw f i G f jyefvw G v f monf? 1987=ckEp S /f 'DZifbmvwGif uG,v f e Go f nf? Adv k c f ifarmifuav;/ awmifilrdY 1912=ckESpfwGifarG;zGm;onf/&efukefwuUodkvfY ynmoif-um;cJhonf? a&S;OD;tp ausmif;q&mvkyfcJh_yD;/ wyfrawmfwGif t&m&Sd
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wOD;jzpfI/ xda k emuf *syefawmfve S a f &;t_y; D / vGwv f yfa&;r&rD qd& k , S v f pfygwDukd pwifxlaxmifcJhol tzGJ0ifwOD;jzpfum/ 1950=ckESpfrsm;wGif OD;Ek. tpdk;&tzGJ twGif; wm0eftrsm;tjym;,lcJhonf? xdka-umifh 1962=ckESpf AdkvfcsKyfae0if; tm%modr; f onft h cg tzrf;cH&vsuf/ 1966=ckEp S w f i G f jyefvw G v f monf/ 1985= ckEp S /f pufwifbmvwGif uG,v f e G o f nf? OD;ausm+f ir d ;f / ysO; f rem;rdY 1915=ckEp Sw f i G f arG;zGm;onf?&efue kw f uUov kd w f i G f ynm oif-um;cJh_yD;/1930=ckESpfrsm;wGifausmif;om;acgif;aqmifwOD;jzpfcJhI/1946=ck ESpfwGif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; ruG,fvGefao;rD (zqyv) tzGJcsKyf. taxGaxG twGif;a&;r;csKyftjzpfrS xkwfy,fjcif;cHvdkuf&onfh uGefjrLepfygwDrS ocifoef; xGe; f . ae&mudk qufcc H & hJ onf? xda k emuf OD;Ek 0ef}uD;csKyfjzpfcsdew f i G f jynfxa J &; ESifh w&m;a&;Xme 0ef}uD;tjzpfvnf;aumif;/ qdk&S,fvpfygwD. 'kwd,t}uD;qHk; acgif;aqmiftjzpfvnf;aumif; aqmif&GufcJh&I/ 1962=ckESpf AdkvfcsKyfae0if; tm %modr; f onft h cgYtzrf;cHc& hJ _yD;1966=ckEp S w f i G f jyefvw G v f monf? 1986=ckEp S /f ZGev f wGif &efue k f rdY uG,v f e G o f m G ;cJo h nf? OD;Ek (c) ocifE/k 0g;c,frrdY 1907=ckESpfwGif arG;zGm;onf/ 1930=ckESpfrsm;wGif wdA k rmtpnf;tH; k udk pwifxa l xmifco hJ r l sm;xJwi G f wOD;tygt0ifjzpfonf? 1947= ckESpf/ ZlvdkifvwGif 0ef}uD;csKyftjzpf trsm;oabmwl wifajrmufjcif;cH&vsuf jref rmEdi ki f. H 'Dru kd a&pDumvrsm;twGi; f qlya l omif;use; f r+rsm; jzpfym G ;aeonf-h um;rS zGJpnf;cJa h om tpd; k &tzGJrsm;wGif olomv#if 0ef}uD;csKyftjzpf t-umqk; H aqmif&u G c f hJ &oljzpfonf? oda k omf 1962=ckEp Sw f i G f Adv k c f sKyfae0if;u olt m; &mxl;rSz,f&m S ;cJ_h y; D zrf;qD;axmifcsco hJ nf? 1966=ckEp S w f i G f jyefvnfvw G v f m_yD; Adv k c f sKyfae0if; ppft pd; k &udk qefu sia f wmfve Sa f &;twGuf pnf;H; k &ef jynfyodx k u G c fm G cJo h nf? 1980=ckEp Sf vGw_f ir d; f csr; f omcGia hf y;&mwGif jrefrmEdi ki fo H kd jyefa&mufvm_y; D ol 0ef}uD;csKyfb0u vkyv f ufp yduwf bmomjyefvy ki f ef;udk jyefvy ka f eqJwi G f 1988=ckEp S f 'Dru kd a&pD ta&;awmfyw kH i G f yg0ifum pufwifbmv (9) &ufaewi G f olu, kd w f i kd f 0ef}uD;csKyf tjzpfESifh -um;jzwftpdk;&tzGJudk a-unmcJhonf? xdka-umifh tpdk;&u oltm; 1989=ckEp S f 'DZifbmvrS 1992=ckEp S f {_yDvtxd tdrw f i G; f tus,fcsKyfcsxm;jcif; cHc& hJ onf? xda k emuf 1995=ckEp S f azazmf0g&DvwGif &efue k f rdY uG,v f e Go f m G ;onf? ocif_armif/ (c) Adkvfae0if;/ jynfrdteD;&Sd aygif;wvnfrdY 1910=ckESpfwGif
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arG;zGm;onf? &efue k f rd/ *syq f ifaumvdyY f ynmoif-um;cJa h omfvnf; 1931=ckEp S f wGif bGJr&bJ ausmif;rSxGufcGmcJh&onf? pmwdkufpma&;rS &JabmfoHk;usdyf0if jzpfvm_yD;aemuf 1943=ckESpfrS 1945=ckESpftxd jrefrmhtrsKd;om;wyfrawmf. ppfOD;pD;r;jzpfonf? wzef 1949=ckESpfrS 1972=ckESpftxd wyfrawmf. umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyftjzpf aqmif&Gufum/ 1962=ckESpfwGif ppfwyfjzifh EdkifiH awmftm%mudk odrf;,lcJhonf? xdka-umifh 1962=ckESpfrS 1974=ckESpftxd awmfve S a f &;aumifp. D OuU@tjzpfvnf;aumif;/ 1974=ckEp S r f S 1981=ckEp S t f xd qdk&S,fvpfEdkifiHorRwtjzpfvnf;aumif;/ 1962=ckESpfrS 1988=ckESpftxd jrefrmhq& kd , S v f pfvrf;pOfygwD. OuU@tjzpfvnf;aumif;/ ydi0 fo hH r l &Sd aqmif&u G c fI hJ / ,cktcsdefwGif (rqv) ygwDudk zsufodrf;vdkufaomfjim;vnf;/ ,aetxd ol. -oZmESifhtm%mrSm ppfwyfxJwGif euf+dif;pGm pl;0ifaeqJ[k ,lqaecJhaomfvnf; ol.wefckd;tm%m !SdK;rSdefvmonf? 2002 ckESpf/ rwfvwGif ajr; (3) a,mufESifh orufwkd EkdifiHawmfopPmazmufr+jzifh zrf;qD;jcif;cH-u&_yD;aemuf olukd,fwkdifyif tus,fcsKyfcHae&pOf 'DZifbmv (5) &ufaewGif &efukef-rd aetdrfY uG,fvGef oGm;onf? ocifoef;xGe; f / ysOf;rem;rdY 1915=ckESpfwGif arG;zGm;cJhonf? ausmif;q&mtjzpf vkyfudkifcJhI *syefacwf a'gufwmbarmf tpdk;&tzGJ Y 0ef}uD;&mxl;vufcHcJh_yD;/ AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;. ZeD;a':cif-unf. tpfrjzpfol a':cifcif}uD;udk vufxyf ,lcJhonf? 1949=ckESpftxd (zqyv)tzGJcsKyf. taxGaxGtwGif;a&;r;tjzpf vnf;aumif;/ uGefjrLepfygwD ESpfjcrf; uGJoGm;_yD;aemuf ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD (BCP) . acgif;aqmif jzpfvmygonf? ,if;ygwDonf 1948=ckESpf rwfv wGif ajratmufygwDtjzpfjzifh A[dktpdk;&udk v+yf&Sm;wufuGpGm ykefuefcJhonf? aemufq; kH 1968 ckEp Sw f i G f yJc; l d; k rawmxJY olv , l a kH wmf &JabmfjroD;. vky}f uHjcif; cHc& hJ onf? OD;wifx G /f 1895=ckEp S w f i G f arG;zGm;onf? 'g;vf0pfcsf aumvdyf (Dulwich College) ESifh udef;b&pfwuUodkvf ( Cambridge University) wdw k Gif ynmoif-um;cJhonf? D / &efue k w f uUov kd . f 'k=t"dywd (VicetdE, dN ydnmOfc0 H efxrf; (ICS) wOD;jzpf_y; hJ nf? 'di kt f mcDacwfEi S hf (91) Xmeacwfrsm;Y 0ef}uD;tzGJ tawmf Chancellor) jzpfco rsm;rsm;wGif twGi; f 0efcsKyftjzpf aqmif&u G c f & hJ _yD;/ 1948=ckEp S f vGwv f yfa&;&csdef
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wGif Edi ki f jH cm;a&;0ef}uD;wm0efxrf;aqmifco hJ nf? 1948=ckEp S f -o*kwv f wGif Adv k f r;csKyf&mxl;jzifh t&efwyfzJGrsm; OD;pD;&ef 0ef}uD;tzGJrE S w k x f u G _f yD; ol tkyc f sKyfwnf; k a f &Swi G f pufwifbmv jzwfvsu& f a dS om (The New Burma Times) owif;pmwdu twGi; f vky}f uHowfjzwfjcif;cH&onf? ol.tpfur kd m S w&m;v$wa f wmfcsKyf/ w&m; 0ef}uD;csKyf OD;ausmfjrifjh zpfonf? ocifxe G ; f tky/f 1907=ckESpfwGif arG;zGm;onf/ &efukefESifh udkvHbdkrdwdkwGif ynm oif-um;cJhI wdkA rmtpnf;tHk;. tjcm;ppftkyfpk. acgif;aqmif (ocif ApdefESifh twl/ Adkvfae0if;vnf; xdktkyfpkwGifyg0ifonf) olonf [pfwvm (Hitlers) . rdkifuef (Mein Kampf) vrf;a-umif;twdkif; a&;om;xm;aom u|Ekfyfwdk pGef pm;cef; (Our Exploits) udk a&;om;oljzpf_yD;/ 1940=ckESpfwGif *syefodk vdkufyg oGm;cJo h nf? 1940=ckESpfrsm;ESifh 1950=ckESpfrsm;wGif twdkuftcH vufsmEdkifiHa&;orm; b0Y &yfwnf&if; 1970=ckEp S f Zefe0g&DvwGif uG,v f e G o f m G ;cJo h nf?
udkvdkeDtm%mydkifrsm;
tufwvD/ tm;vfuvDrif/h tm/ (Atlee, Earl Clement R.) 1883 ckEp Sw f i G f arG;zGm;cJo h nf? 1945=55 ckEp Sw f i G f avbmygwD. 0ef}uD;csKyf/ AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh ukd,fpm;vS,ftzGJukd vef'efokdzdwfac:I 1947 ckESpf Zefe0g&Dv (13) &ufaerp S I awGqa Hk qG;aEG;cJo h nf? Zefe0g&Dv (27) &ufaewi Gf atmifqef;=tufwvDpmcsKyf csKyfqkdtqkH;owfEkdifcJhonf? OD;apmtay: _Adwdo# 0ef}uD;csKyf. tptOD;tjrifrsm;rSm *k%, f z l, G r f &Sy d g? jrefrmhvw G v f yfa&;ESihf ,if;ESihf qufE, G a f eaom udp& P yfrsm;ESiy hf wfoufI aemufyi dk ; f wGif Ek=tufwvDpmcsKyfudk vef'efwGif 1947 ckESpf atmufwkdbmvwGif vufrSwfa&;xkd;csKyfqkdEkdifcJhonf? tufwvDonf 1967 ckEp S w f i G f uG,v f e G c f o hJ nf? a':refprpf/ qm&D*sie f ,f [sL; ( Dorman-Smith, Sir Reginald Hugh) 1899=ckEp Sw f i G f arG;zGm;cJ_h y; D (193541) ckEp Sr f sm;wGif uGeq f maA;wpf (ConhJ / _Adwo d #0ef}uD;tzGJ tawmfrsm;rsm;wGif 0ef}uD;tzGJ0if servative MP) trwfjzpfcI
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tjzpfvnf;aumif;/ (194146) ckEp S r f sm;twGi; f jrefrmEdi ki f. H bk&ifcw H OD;jzpfum OD;apmESiv hf nf; rsm;pGm tu|r; f 0ifow l OD;jzpfonf? xda k emuf _Aw d o d # trsK; d om;a&; jynfo0 l efxrf;odk jyefr0ifaomfvnf; [ef i d+ ; f ,m;e,f wm0ef,& l aom tqifjh rif& h r J; (High Sheriff of Hampshire) ESifh ajy_idrf;a&; wm0efcH (JP) tvkyfrsm; vkyfudkif ygonf? 1977=ckEp S w f i G f uG,v f e G o f m G ;cJo h nf? vdw0 fw d /f qm*|e* f ;D vfbwf/ ( Laithwaite, Sir John Gilbert) 1894=ckESpfwGif arG;zGm;onf? 1919=ckESpfwGif tdENd,EdkifiHqdkif&m EdkifiHjcm; a&;Xmeodk 0ifa&muftr+xrf;cJhI (193943) wGif bk&ifcH. udk,fa&;twGif; 0eftjzpf tr+xrf;aqmifcJhonf? (194548) ckESpfrsm;wGif EdkifiHjcm;a&;XmeY jrefrmEdkifiHqdkif&m vufaxmuftwGif;0ef ( Deputy Under Secretary of State) tjzpf wm0ef,c lo hJ nf? vpfw0 kd v J /f (5) qufajrmuf tm;vfatmhzf (0Dv, D H z&efppf[, J m;)
( Listowel, the 5 . Earl of (William Francis Hare)
th
&ef/ Adv k c f sKyf qm/ [sL;bwf (Rance, Major-General Sir Hubert) 1898=ckEp S w f i G f arG;zGm;onf? (1943=45) ESpr f sm;wGif ,lau taemufyi kd ; f ppfOD;pD;XmeY wm0efxrf;aqmifcJh_yD; (1945=46) ESpfrsm;wGif jrefrmEdkifiHqdkif&m rdj ya&;&m!e-f um;a&;r;tjzpfvnf;aumif;/ wzef 1946=ck/-o*kwv f rS1948=ck/ Zefe0g&Dvtxd jrefrmEdi ki f. H aemufq; Hk bk&ifct H jzpfvnf;aumif;/ jrefrmEdi ki f. H txl;xl;taxGaxG vlrsKd;a&;a&m 0g'a&;yg uJGjym;ae-uonfh EdkifiHa&;tkyfpkrsm; t-um;wGif bufrvdkufbJ ajzmifhrwfpGm wm0efxrf;aqmifcJholwOD;jzpfonf? (1950=54) wGif x&ifheif'ufESifh wdkbmudk;EdkifiH. bk&ifcHESifh ppfaoemywdcsKyf wm0efxrf;aqmifco hJ nf? 1974=ckEp S w f i G f uG,v f e G o f m G ;cJo h nf?
olwdkb,folawGvJ
bif*av/ *|ep f wsL;0yf ( Bingley, John Stewart ) 1899=ckEp S w f i G f arG;zGm;cJo h nf? (1946=47) ckEp S r f sm;twGi; f jrefrmEki di fw H i Gf _Adwdo#aumifpD ( British Council) . udk,fpm;vS,ftjzpf &efukef-rdY aexkdifcJh onf? OD;apmu tif;pdefaxmifxJrS pmtcsKd olx Ha&;om;_yD; aiGawmif;cHcJhonf? axmufvSr; f a&;vkyi f ef;rsm;wGif ol yg0ifywfoufaeonf[k ocifE/k OD;ausm_f ir d; f ESihf tcsKdy k*~dKvfrsm;u t}uD;tus,foHo,jzpf-uonf? 1947=ckESpf/ pufwifbmv (4) &ufaewi G f jrefrmEdi ki fr H S tavmok; H q,f xGuc f m G oGm;cJo h nf? 1979=ckEp S w f i Gf _AdwdefEdkifiH/ qa&; (Surrey) e,fwGif uG,fvGefoGm;onf? 'de; f / Adv k r f ; yDwmtm;euf vefpfavmh ( Daine, Major Peter Ernest Lancelot) 1923=ckEp Sw f i G f arG;zGm;cJo h nf? tdE, dN tcsujf yqufo, G a f &;wyfY 1944=rS pwifI t&m&Sdtqifhudk &&SdcJhonf? 1947=ckESpfwGif ArmhppfOD;pD;XmecsKyf axmuf vS rf;a&;wyfY wm0efxrf;aqmifvsuf/ r*Fvm'kH ajrmufbuf&Sd yifr cJ,rf;rD; ausmufwdkuf. wyfr; vnf;jzpfonf? OD;apmwynfhrsm; xkwf,loGm;aom vuf eufrsm;ESifh ywfoufI olt m; zrf;qD;jcif;r&Sd? rd; k / Adv k r f ; a*s/ at (Moore, Major J.A) 1908=ckEp Sw f i G f arG;zGm;onf? tdE, dN wyfrawmf. vufeuf}uD;wyfrS t&m &Sw d OD;jzpf_y; D / Adv k w f axmif&dS yifrcJ,rf;rD;ausmufwu kd . f wyfr; jzpfygvsuf OD;apm
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1907=ckESpfwGif arG;zGm;onf/ 1947=ckESpf {_yDvrSpI EdkifiHjcm;a&;XmeY tdENd,EdkifiHESifh jrefrmEdkifiHqdkif&m twGif;0eftjzpfvnf;aumif;/ (1947=ck/ -o*kwf vrS 1948=ck/ Zefe0g&Dvtxd) jrefrmEdkifiHqdkif&m twGif;0eftjzpfvnf;aumif; aqmif&u G c f o hJ nf? 1997=ckEp S w f i G f uG,v f e G o f m G ;cJo h nf? armifb h ufwef/ Apfaumifh armifb h ufwef atmhzf bm;rm; (a&wyfAv kd c f sKyf avmh-vl0pf-z&efppf-tJvb J wf-Apfwm-eDuv kd ufp) f
(Mountbatten, Viscount Mountbatten of Burma (Rear-Admiral Lord Louis Francis Albert Victor Nicholas)
1900=jynfE h p S w f i G f arG;zGm;onf? (1943=46) ESpr f sm;wGif tm&S. r[mrdwf wyfaygif;pk ppfaoemywdcsKyftjzpf wm0ef,lcJh&oljzpfonf? xdkaemuf (1947/ rwfvrS -o*kwfvtxd) tdENd,EdkifiH. bk&ifhtkyfcsKyfa&;tm%mykdif (Viceroy) tjzpfvnf;aumif;/ bk&ifcHcsKyf (Governor-General) tjzpfvnf;aumif; wm0ef xrf;aqmifcJhjyefonf? txl;ojzifh AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;tm; av;pm;vsuf vGwf vyfaom jrefrmjynf.acgif;aqmiftjzpf rsm;pGm ta&;ay;cJo h jl zpfonf? 1979=ck/ -o*kwv f wGif owfjzwfjcif;cH&onf?
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Adv k c f sKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ (Twentieth Century Impressions of Burma) if;. orki d; f / jynfo/l ukeo f , G r f /+
wynfr h sm; xkw, f o l m G ;onfh vufeufrsm;ESiy hf wfoufI olu kd zrf;qD;cJa h omfvnf; jypf'%fusc& H jcif;r&S? d ADA, D ef;/ uy`we d f a';Apf (Vivian, Captain David) 1932 ckESpfwGif pwif t&m&Sdjzpfvmonf? tdENd,wyfrawmfrS jrefrmvuf eufui kd y f v k y d w f yfzJGokd vufeuft}uHay;yk*Kd~ vftjzpf aqmif&u G & f ef v$a J jymif;jcif; cH&vsuf/ Zlvdkifv (20) &ufwGif tzrf;cH&_yD; vufeufrsm; a&mif;csr+jzifh pJGcsuf wifc& H onf? axmif'%f (5) ESpE f i S hf ly; D ig;axmif aiG'%f (2) ck yl;wGJ tjypfay;cH& onf? oda k omf 1949=ckEp S f tif;pdeu f kd u&ifvufeufui kd o f y le kw f yfrsm; odr; f ydu k & f m wGif vGwa f jrmufco hJ jzifh u&ifa h wmfve Sa f &;orm;rsm;ESihf yl;aygif;cJo h nf? xda k emuf tv,f; dk rrSwqifh ta&S ; dk rawmwGi; f vufeufui kd f u&ifpcef;rsm;odk a&mufom G; &mrS 1950=ckESpf/ -o*kwfvwGif xdkif;e,fpyfteD;&Sd aumhu&dwfe,fajrtwGif; v,fwJwckY u&ifhawmfvSefa&;acgif;aqmif apmbOD;}uD;ESifhtwl acwWpcef;cs aecdu k f ArmhwyfrawmfEi S hf wdu k y f jGJ zpfum towfc& H onf[k jrefrmtm%mydi kr f sm;u ,lqcJa h omfjim;vnf; trSep f ifppf xda k eu xka d e&mwGif olr&Sc dy hJ g? 1950=ESpv f ,f cefY xdi k; f Edi ki fr Hw S qifh _Aw d e dE fi kd i fo H kd jyefom G ;onft h cse dt f xd olonf ESpa f ygif;rsm;pGm u&ifawmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;ESifh vGwfajrmufe,fajrrsm;twGif; aexdkifcJhonf? xda k emuf (1980) ckESpftwGif; a0ve,f/ qGrfpD;rdw Gif uG,fvGefoGm;cJhonf? &ef;/ Adv k r f ; pD[ife&D ( Young, Major C. Henry) tdE, dN wyfrawmf v#yp f pfEi S hf pufrt + if*sie f , D m tvky fw Hk yfc. GJ wyfr; wOD; jzpfI OD;apmudk vufeufay;urf;cJhr+jzifh 1947=ck/ -o*kwfv (24) &ufaewGif tzrf;cH&_yD; axmif'%f (2) ESpf tjypfay;cH&aomfvnf; toem;cHpmwifojzifh v$wa f y;cJo h nf? jrefrmEdi ki fr H S csufcsif; xGuc f m G oGm;cJy h gonf?
jrefrmtrnfrsm;ESifh ywfoufaom rSwfcsuf

OD;aratmif u|efawmhfbcifbufrS tzkd; OD;aratmif a&;om;cJhonhf enf;[efESifh "avhxkH;pH (Manners & Customs) aqmif;yg;rS aumufEkwfcsufrsm;ukd atmuf ygtwki d; f azmfjyygrnf? Taqmif;yg;onf v+u d * f &dww f m _Aw d e dp f mtkyf xkwa f 0a&; ukr% ` v D r dw d ufrS 1910 ckEp Sw f i G f xkwa f 0cJo h nfh jrefrmEki di f. H 20 &mpktjrifrsm;
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pufrv + ufrv + y k i f ef;rsm;ESihf o,HZmwt&if;tjrpfrsm; *sme,fwi G f xnfo h i G; f xm; jcif;jzpfonf? (pmrsufEm S =77 ESihf 88)? arG;zGm;jcif;ESifhuav;b0? tjcm;wkdif;jynfrsm;rS uav;i,frsm;uJhokdy if jrefrmuav;i,frsm;rSm vla vmutwGif;okd aysmf&$ifjrL;wl;jcif;rsm;pGmjzifh auG; a-umf0ifa&mufvmcJo h nf? uav;arG;zGm;_yD; (7) &ufajrmufonfhwkdif vma&mufowif;ar;jref;ol {nfhonfrsm;tm; waeywfvnfvkH; {nfhcHavh&Sdonf?t"duajymqkdonfh ta-umif;t&mrSm uav;i,fta-umif;jzpfonf? olarG;zGm;vmonfh &ufESifh vwkdESifh ywfoufI aqG;aEG;-uonf? oltem*wfESifhywfoufI aysmf&$ifzG,f aumif;aom edrdwfzwfr+rsm;ukd yvkyf-uonf? 0gqkdv (ZGef/ Zlvkdif) wGifarG;aom a,musfm;av;ESifh jymokdv (Zefe0g&D/ azazmf0g&D) wGifarG;aom rdef;uav;wkr d Sm vla vmu. aumif;cs; D axmyemt00ukd cHpm;&rSmuse d; f aoonf? Ak'[ < ; l om;onf csrf;omrnf/ aom-umom; pum;rsm;rnf ponfponfwt kd jyif tjcm;ta-umif; t&mrsKd;pkHukd uav;i,fwa,muf arG;zGm;csdefwGif rvGJraoGajym-uqkd-uonf? ykm;uJo h a dk om q&mwyg;yg; (ausmif;q&m okr d [kwf ynm&Sw d OD;OD;)ukd yifz hw d _f y; D uav;arG;zGm;vmonfh euQwt f csdeu f dk rSwo f m;apum uav;i,f. trnfemr a&G;cs,& f mY uln! D e jf yaponf? jrefrmvlrsK; d wkw d i G f (&cki dv f r l sK; d wkr d v S I JG )rdbrsK; d k; d emrnftpOfudk ,l; dk r&Sa d cs? rnfonft h &yfwumwGir f qkd emrnfwr dk m S wykp H w H nf; jzpf_yD;rdbrsKd;k; d pOfqufudk jyok; d r&Sa d cs? trsm;pkrm S emrnf (2) rsKd;&S_d yD; wrsKd;rSm euQwt f vkt d & ZmwmwGif xnfo h i G; f aomtrnfemrjzpfI tjcm;wrsK; d rSm oifo h vkd a&G;vku d jf cif;aomfvnf;aumif;/ rdbrsm; pdwu f ; l rdovkv d nf;aumif;/ ajymifavSmif ac:&if;rS rGr; f rHjyifqifIaomfvnf;aumif; rSna hf c:vku d o f nfh trnfemrjzpfonf? yxremrnfrsK; d rSm a&S;k; d pOfvmtok; H yvmonfh emrnfrsm;jzpfI ,if;uk-d unfjh cif; jzifh uav;i,farG;zGm;vmonfh &ufowWywftwGif;rS ae&ufukd rSefuefpGmajym qkE d i dk o f nf? jrefrmtuQ&mrsm;rS pum;vk; H rsm;ukd &ufowWywf (7) &ufrS (1) &uf pDtm; tcsKd;csay;xm;onf? u/ c/ */ C/ i wko d nf wevFmaetwGu? f p/ q/ Z/ ps/ n wkdonf t*FgaetwGuf/ y/ z/ A/ b/ r wkdonf -umoyaw;aetwGuf pojzif? h okdjzpfI t*Fgaeom;onf armifpe d f (okr d [kw) f armifaZmf/ -umoyaw;ae orD;onf rjzL (okdr[kwf) rjr pojzifh jzpfvmonf? armifESifhr pum;vkH;wkdrSm (Master or Mister and Miss) wkdESifh wlnD_yD; a,musfm;/ rdef;rvdifukd !efjyonfh
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,Ofaus;odra f rGpm G tok; H yaom emrnfa&Sp nf;rsm;jzpf-uonf? emrnfa&Sp nf;ukd xnfr h wGuv f #if ESpv f ; Hk wGt J rnfrsm;jzpfonfh armifomcif/ armifz; dk wuf/ armifb&Si/f rpef;ar/ raiGbi G /hf rzGm;jrpfwr dk m S tok; H rsm;_yD; ok; H vk; H wG/J av;vk; H wGJ emrnfrsm;rSm &cki dv f r l sKd;wkr d v S I JG tok; H enf;onf? jrefrmpmrSm Asnf;wvk; H pDtoHxu G _f yD; emrnf . pum;vkH;wkdif;wGif t"dy`m,f&Sdonf? oka d omfvnf; emrnfqkdonfrSm t"dy`m,f oufa&mufapcsifovkd a,bk,s okr d [kwf vkt d yfovkd &nf!e ; f rSna hf c:xm;jcif; jzpfonf[k tcsKdp ma&;olrsm; a&;ouJo h dk ,lqrnfqv dk #ifvnf; rSm;,Gi; f ygonf? oka d omfvnf; tcsKda e&mrsm;wGif xku d o hJ dk rSna hf c:avh&-dS ujyefonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh armifbcspf (zcif.tcspf) okdr[kwf rzGm;ouf (tzGm;.touf) pojzifh/ ,ckacwfwGifrl uav;i,fwOD;.emrnfukd oihfovkd uHovkdvnf;aumif; okdr[kwf vlwOD;wa,muf pdwful;rdovkdvnf;aumif; okdr[kwf xif&Sm;ausmf -um;aom yk*Kd~ vfwOD;OD;. trnfemrukd ,ljcif;jzifa h omfvnf;aumif; rSna hf c: -u onf? vlwOD;wa,muf. b0aemufykdif;wGif armif (okdr[kwf) r [lonfh emrnfa&Spnf;onf ajymif;oGm;onfudk Tae&mwGif azmfjy&efva dk yonf? t-urf; zsif;tm;jzifh touf (20) ESifh (35) ESpft-um; a,musfm;wOD;ukd emrnfa&Spnf; ukd (tukd) [k okH;E+ef;_yD; touf (30) ESpftxuf vlwOD;ukd OD; (OD;av;/ OD;}uD;) Oyrmtm;jzifh ukdbckdif/ OD;omvl pojzifh ac:a0:ayvdrfhrnf? tvm;wlyif vlvwfykdif;trsKd; orD;wOD;ukd a': (ta': ) wyfac:ayvdrfhrnf? Oyrmtm;jzifh a':apm? ,if;wkr d m S ,Ofaus;odra f rG pGmok; H aom emrnfa&Spnf;rsm;jzpf_yD; touf t&G,f}uD;rm;olESifh vlaer+tqifhjrifhrm;olrsm;. trnfemrukd &nf!ef;&mY ok; H pG& J ef vk; H 0O\kv H t dk yfygonf? tvm;wl a&Spnf;rsm;jzpfonfh zk; d (tzk; d ) ESihf zGm; (tzGm;) wku d r dk l ,cktcg jrif&cJygonf? jrefrmtrsKd;orD;wOD;onf vufxyfxr d ; f jrm;_yD;aemuf olremrnfukd ajymif;vJjcif;r&SdbJ b0wav#mufvkH; ukd,fykdifem rnftjzpf xdef;odrf;xm;jcif;ESifh t*FvdyftokH;jzpfonfh rpPpf (Mrs) ESifh tvm;wl jrefrmpum;vk; H r&Sjd cif;onf xl;jcm;csufw&yfjzpfonf? jrefrmemrnfa&Spnf;rsm;tok; H ukd ykr d jkd ynfp h a Hk p&ef atmufygwku d dk xyfrjH znfh pGuy f gonf? _Adwdo#ukdvkdeDe,fcsJtkyfcsKyfolrsm; okH;pGJonfhtac:ykHpH (Master, Mistress) (ppftwGif; jrefrmEkdifiHukd 0ifa&mufodrf;ykdufxm;pOfu *syefrsm;yifv#if rmpwm Master [k olwu dk dk ac:a0:apcJo h nf) ukd tefwo k nft h aejzifh wkA d rmtpnf;tk; H 0if trsKd;om; trsKd;orD;rsm;taejzifh ocifESifh ocifr (Master and Mistress) [lI
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1930 ckESpfrsm;twGif; ukd,fhukd,fukd ac:a0:okH;pGJvm-uonf? tpnf;tkH;. em,u}uD;jzpfol ocifukd,fawmfr+dif;u ociftjyif ukd,fawmf[lonfhtokH;ukd r;rwf (a lord) jzpfonfhtaejzifh xyfwkd;um txl;yokH;pGJcJhonf? Akdvf[lonfhtokH;ukd ppfwyft&m&Sdrsm;rSmuJhokdyif ArmhvGwfvyfa&; wyfrawmf pwifzJGpnf;pOfupI t&m&Sc d eft yfc& H olrsm; okr d [kwf ceft yfc& H onf[k ,lqolrsm;u if;wk. d emrnfa&Spnf;tjzpf xifxifay:ay: okH;pGJvmcJh-uonf? 'k=Akdvf/ Adkvf}uD;/ Adkvfr; ESifh AdkvfcsKyf &mxl;tpOftwkdif;wkdr Sm t_rJwrf; vufeuf ukdifwyfzGJ OD;pD;Xme (2nd Lieutenant rS General) txd tpOfvkduf tac:ta0: jzpfonf? b&Da*h', D m (Brigadier) rSm tu,fpifppftm;jzifh wyfrif;}uD; (wyfrr;) ukd owfrSwfxm;jcif;jzpfonf? okdaomfvnf; AdkvfcsKyf}uD;rsm; (Generals) tjzpf tac:cHvkdaom ppfwyft&m&Sd tqifhqifhf taejzifh _Adwdo#pepfrS tar&duefpepf h dk ajymif;vJc, H c l -hJ u okd ajymif;vJ_yD; Adv k r f ; csKyf (Brigadier General) &mxl;tqifu jcif;jzpfonf? vlxk. -unfndKav;pm;cH&aom OD;atmifqef;twGufom AdkvfcsKyf}uD; (Great Supremo) qko d nfh trnfacgif;pOfonf wcse da f omtcgu oD;jcm;jzpfco hJ nf? oka d omfvnf; ol.orD;jzpfol 'Dru dk a&pDcsey f, D t H m; qefu si& f mY rnfor dk # xdcu dk f I r&onfh OD;atmifqef;ESifh AdkvfcsKyf}uD;[lonfh trnfemrwkdtm; AdkvfcsKyf}uD; rsm; trsm;tjym;ukd ckefysHausmfv$m;zefwD;vkduf_yD; omreftrnfemrw&yftjzpf e0w u txiftjrifa&mufapcJhonf? ukd,fhvlrsKd;ukdomowfjzwf_yD; rnfonfh ppfyGJrS rqifE$Jzl;onfh qkwHqdyf zJud;rsm; &iftjynfhxkd;vsuf ppfAdkvftm%m&Sif rsm;taejzifh xl;jcm;_yD; tjrifhqkH;jzpfonfh AdkvfcsKyfr;}uD; (Senior General) &mxl;}uD;ukd zefwD;vkduf-ujyefonf? &S rf;rif;om; tEG,ft0ifrsm;url olwkd trnfa&SwGif pyf (Oyrmtm;jzifh pyfa&$ou dk ) f [k ok; H pG-J uvsuf yk; d u&ifrsm;u ref; (Oyrm=ref;0if;armif) [ko; Hk pGu J m paumu&ifrsm;u apm (Oyrm=apm[efwmomar$;) [k okH;E+ef;-uygonf? (*VKefOD;apmuJhoa kd om jrefrmemrnf apmESifh rvGJrSm;&ef vkdygonf?) ucsift}uD; tuJrsm;url 'l;0g;[laom acgif;pnf;ukd ok; H -uonf? (Oyrmtm;jzifh qrm;a'o&Sd ucsift}uD;tuJ qrm;'l;0g; qif0g;aemif)?

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tcef; (1) Adv k c f sKyfvy k }f uc H& H jcif;

&efukefrd/ 1947 ckESpf/ Zlvdkifv (19) &uf/ paeae
,aeonf jrefrmjyuQ'e dt f vkt d & 0gacgifv.aewae jzpfonf?Tvonf Ak'<bmom0iftaygif;wdk 0gqdkouFef;uyfv_ rJjzpfonfh 0gwGif;oHk;vywf. vw vjzpfay.? jrefrmjynfwi G; f qefa&pyg;/ aumufyo J ; D ESH jynfv h #Hw; kd atmif rkwo f Hk rdk;wdk onf;}uD;rnf;}uD; &Gmavh&Sdaom v wvvnf; jzpfygonf? Zlvdkifv (19) &uf/ eHeuf a0vDa0vif;tcsdew f i G f rkwo f r Hk ; kd qifI avjyif;rkew f i kd ; f usa&mufawmh rnfh t&dyfta&mifwdk ay:pyaeay_yD? xdktcsdefwGif EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmif}uD;wOD; jzpfol OD;apm. trSwf (4)/ at'Dvrf;&dyfomjyifyY vli,fwodkuf pkHk;vsuf&Sd aeonf? OD;apm. oyf&yfaom_cH0if;onf &efue k f rda wmfajrmufyi kd ; f / qifajczk; Ht xufwef;pm; &yfuGufwcktwGif; at;csrf;qdwf_idrfvSonfh tif;,m;uefu|ef; qG,w f ck txufem;wGif wnf&a dS eonf? OD;apmud, k w f i kd v f nf; apmapmpD;pD; tdyf &mrSxvsuf wynfi h ,fom;rsm;udk aemufq; kH rSm-um;csufrsm; rSm-um;aeygonf? r-umrD OD;apm apv$wf&mokd oGm;-uawmhrnfh olwdktzGJonf jrefrmjynf}uD;. uH-urRmudk xm0&ajymif;vJom G ;apawmhrnf? OD;apm.wynfw h yef;xJwi G f olZ eD; . wlawmfarmift&G,f cyfi,fi,f cifarmif&ifvnf;ygonf? cifarmif&ifonf ppf tpdr; f a&mif zd' k q f efx&yfum;ay:odk wuf_yD; um;armif;&ef jyifvu kd a f omtcgwGif OD;apm. tjcm; wynfo h ; kH OD;wdv k nf; um;ay:odk ckew f ufvu kd -f uonf? olw kd xGuf cGmoGm;csdefrSm eHeuf (8) em&D (30) rdepf &Sdacs_yD? if;wd. k um; &efue k f rdv ,facgifokd OD;wnfarmif;ESiv f monfur kd l rnfor l # *krpdkufrdvdkuf-uacs? 'kwd,urBmppf}uD; _yD;pjzpfI rda wmf}uD;twGif; ppfyHkyef; omef um;}uD;um;i,f toG,o f , G w f kd armif;ESia f e-uonfrm S rqef;-u,fv? S em&D0ufceft-umwGif zdk'fqefx&yfum;onf &efukefrdv,faumif&Sd teDa&mif tkww f kd jzifh aqmufvy k p f jD c,fxm;_yD; cefx nfva S om 0dw& kd , d acwf ESpx f yfwu kd f taqmufttHk}uD;jzpfonfh twGif;0efrsm;Hk;}uD;teD; 'gv[dkZDvrf;ESifh (42) vrf;
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axmifhwGif &yfwefvdkufonf? um;xJwGif if;wdktzGJxJrS armifeDwOD;om um; apmifhtjzpfaecJhvsuf cifarmif&ifESifh taygif;ygESpfOD; (b!GefE Sifhr+ef}uD;) wdko nf twGif;0efrsm;Hk; taqmufttHktwGif;odk uif;axmuf&ef av#mufoGm;-uonf? tqdkygae eHeufaESmif;ydkif;wGif bk&ifcH. tr+aqmifaumifpD tpnf;ta0; vkyf jzpfrnf/ rvkyjf zpfrnfukd olwkd odv-kd uonf? tpnf;ta0;vkyjf zpfonf[k odv#if odcsif; cifarmif&ifonf ol&d, owif;pmykHESdyfwkdufrS w,fvDzkef;wckudk toHk; yvsuf olq&mocifxHodk pum;0Suf owif;ydkcsufwckudk wdkwdkawmif;awmif; ydv k u kd a f wmhonf? ypPwifui G; f rsm; &&S_d yD;yg_yD? pum;0Sufjzifh twnfycsuf&&Sd_yD;v#if_yD;csif; at'Dvrf;&Sd OD;apm.aetdrf rS *spfum;wpif; t&Sdefjyif;pGmarmif;ESifI xGufvmcJhonf? tcsdefrSm eHeuf (10) em&D? um;armif;ol okc.eHab;wGif touf (30) twGif;&Sd t&yf&Snf&Snf armif pdk;qdkolvnf; vkdufygvmonf? um;aemufydkif; uif;bwfpf tzHk;}uD;atmufwGif ykef;vsuf/ auG;vsuf vdkufygvmol (3) OD;rSm aoewfudkifxm;olrsm;jzpf-uaom armifpe d /f oufEi S; f ESihf &ef}uD;atmifwkd jzpf-uonf? armifp; kd / armifpe d E f i S hf oufEi S; f wdk wOD;csif;wGif awmfrD*ef;aoewf wvufpD&Sd-uonf? vlysKdt&G,f i,f&G,fol &ef}uD;atmifwi Gr f l wcsuc f si; f armif;jyef (Semi-automatic) pwif;*ef; aoewfw vuf udi ka f qmifxm;onf? *spfum;ajceif;jyifay:wGif twGi; f 0ef; Hk Y udwifapmifh qdi k; f aeaom b!Get f wGuf awmfr* D ef;aoewfwvuf yg&Sv d monf? if;wdt k m;vH; k onf awmwGif;ppfpdrf;a&mif ppf0wfppfpm;rsm; 0wfqifxm;-uvsuf aysmhaysmif; onfh awmwGif;aqmif; ppfOD;xkyfrsm; aqmif;xm;-uonf? 1 if;wdk. ppf0wfpHk ycHk;ay:wGif jrefrmEdkifiHY ppftwGif;u &Sd&if;pGJjzpfaom t*Fvdyfacwf rda pmifhwyf trSwf (12) aoewfudkifwyf&if;. trSwfwHqdyfudk wyfqifxm;-uonf? teD a&mifESifh tjzLa&mif tvHi,fESpfckwdko nf um;ta&SrSef. b,fbufaxmifhpGef; 0,f avwdkufwdkif; wzsyfzsyfdkufcwfI ygvm_yD; if;wdkpD;eif;vmonfh *spfum; onf &efue k f rdv ,faumifw l o l kd tjyif;armif;ESiv f mawmhonf? tqdkygtcsdefESifh ra&S;raESmif;wGifyif AdkvfcsKyfb0rS EkwfxGufxm;cgpjzpf aom OD;atmifqef;onfvnf; &efue k f uefawmf}uD;apmif;&Sd olaexdi k& f m pdr; f vef; pdkjynfvSonfh wm0gvdef;vrf;aetdrfrS um;armif;ol tr+xrf;wOD; armif;ESifay; onfhum;udk pD;eif;vkdufygvsuf xGufcGmvmcJhonf? AdkvfcsKyfrSm touf (32) ESpf t&G,f&Sd jrefrmhtrsKd;om;v+yf&Sm;r+}uD;. acgif;aqmifESifh bk&ifcH. tvkyftr+ aqmifaumifpD 'k=OuU@jzpf_yD; trSeq f y kd gv#if vGwv f yfa&; tudacwf tpd; k &tzGJ
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Adv k c f sKyfvy k }f uc H& H jcif;
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qD;ydi kc fi G fh 0&rf;pm&Sr d &Sd ar;vdu k o f nf? TwGif jy\emwck0ifvmonfrm S 0&rf;pm rygjcif;yifjzpf.? odk jzpfI w&m;Oya'ESifh tHacsm_f yD; [efyr kH ay:ojzifh odoo d mom pdwv f y + & f m S ;aeaom t&m&So d nf olt xuft&m&Sx d H csufcsif;w,fvz D e k ; f quf_yD; ola&SqufvkyfudkifoGm;&rnfh wm0efydkif;qkdif&m E+wfrdefu dk aocsmpGm &&Sd_yD;aom tcgwGir f S OD;apmu olwt kd m;vH; k udk olt r dw f i G f &SmazGci G hf yvdu k o f nf? ,if;odk &SmazG pOftcse d u f mvwav#mufv; kH OD;apmonf 0DpuDukd taomufrysuf jznf;jznf;csi; f qufvufpkyfaomufaecJhonf? jrefrmvlrsKd;zcifwOD;u olu av;i,frsm;tay: qufqo H nfe h nf;wl olv r l sm; a-umuf&HGro + ufomoGm;ap&ef t&$wt f aemufrsm; jzifh ajrmufyihfacsmharmhr+rsm; yvkyf_yD; ykvdyfrsm;ay:wGifvnf; jrefrmjynf eef;&if; 0efb0u qufqHcJhonfh avoHtwdkif; txufpD;udk tydkif,lxm;avonf? r-umrD eHygwf (9) rr qyfr&Sif;*ef;wvuf/ pwif;*ef;wvufESifh usnfqH rsm;udk oltdrftwGif;rS ykvdyfu &SmazGawG&Sdonfhwdkif OD;apmonf vHk;0[efrysuf ao;bJ olw ynfhrsm;ESifh jyufvHk;xkwfaeqJyifjzpfyg.? xkdvufeufESpfckvHk;onf OD;apmydi kv f i kd p f ifEi S fh aoewfrsm; jzpfaomfjim;vnf; xdv k ufeufEi S fh usnfqr H sm;udk oufaocHypPn; f tjzpf odr; f vdu k -f uavonf? xkt d cse d t f xd OD;apmu tyH;rysu/f uJ bmqufvkyfOD;rvJ [k ar;vdkufonf? xka d -umifh rsufESmxm;wif;wif;ESihf t&m&Sdonf aemufxyfw,fvDzkef;pum; tar;tajzrsm; yvkyf_yD; OD;apmqDvm um 'Dtcsdeu f p_yD; cifAsm;udk zrf;vdu k y f g_yD? cifAsm;udk usaemfwkd vHk cHwa hJ e&mrSm xdef;odrf;xm;zdk tck csufcsif;ac:oGm;&ygr,f [k ajymvdkufonf? odkw dkifatmif rSm;,Gif;onfhbufY ,Hk-unfcsufjyif;xefvGef;ol OD;apmonf wkefv+yfacsmufcsm; r+vHk;0r&Sdao;bJ ola emufvdkufrsm;bufvSnfhum OD;apmu a[h= rif;wdt k dyf&m vdyfawG xkwf-ua[h? apmifvHkvHkavmufavmuf ,lvmzdkv nf; rarh-ueJ? igwdk oGm;r,fhae&mu tm%mydkifawGu igwdkudk vdkoavmufay;EkdifcsifrS ay;EdkifrSm [k ajymae&mu wpHkwckudk pOf;pm;[efjzifh at;av(3) &uf 'grS r[kwf (4) &ufavmuf ta0;rSm igwdt k m;vH; k oGm;ae-u&rSmyg? bmrS rpd; k &dr-f ueJ [k olu bmrS rjzpfovdk xyfajymvdu k jf yefonf? OD;apm. ZeD;onf a':oef;cifonf xda k eu tdrw f i Gr f &Sa d cs? &efue k a f jrmuf ydi k; f / tif;pde& f dS yxrtdra f xmifonf. OD;av;awmfol aetdro f kd olra&mufaeonf? Zlvdkifv (19) &ufae Y &JwyfzGJ0ifrsm; a&mufoGm;aomtcgu OD;apm. tdrfwGif cifarmif&if.ZeD;ESihf armifeD.ZeD; trsKd;orD;ESpfOD;tygt0if tdrfapa,musfm; av;wa,mufEi S hf rde; f rav;wa,mufwo kd m usefaecJo h nf?
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u|Eky f . f zcifjzpfol OD;xGe; f vSatmifonf r+cif;axmufvS r; f a&;Xme=ykvy d f wyfzGJ }uD; (CID) . 'k=ykvdyfrif;}uD;jzpf_yD; (ykvdyfwyfzGJ }uD;udk &JwyfzGJ[k trnf rajymif;&ao;rD) xkdtcsdefu jrefrmjynfwGif 'kwd,tqihftjrihfqHk; ykvdyft&m&Sd }uD;jzpfonf? ,if;odkv#if zrf;qD;xm;olrsm;udk ykvdyfum;rsm;odk ac:aqmifvm S om ykvy dw f yf cse dw f i Gr f S OD;xGe; f vSatmif xda k e&moda k &muf&v dS monf? 11 vsijf refva zGJ }uD;. ta&;,laqmif&u G r f u + kd oltrdea f y;Eki dc f jhJ cif;onf uydw ` efcef;. owif; 12 k *spfum;ESifhou l m; wkdufvkeD;yg;jzpfcJh_yD; ay;r+t&jzpfonf? aoewform;wd. onfhaemufydkif;wGif 0if'grD,mygh(cf) &Sd OD;xGef;vSatmiftdrfodk uy`wdefcef;u awmufav#mufom G ;cJo h nf? OD;xGe; f vSatmifukd tdrw f i G f rawGvu kd o f nft h cg cef; f a&;Xme ykvy d r f if;}uD;H; k cef;odk aev,f (1) em&Dcef onf (CID) r+cif;axmufvS r; wGif vS r; f zke; f qufvu kd o f nf? OD;xGe; f vSatmifonf odr; f qnf;xm;aom vufeuf rsm;udk 0rf;enf;a-uuGJaom tawG;rsm;jzihf ppfaq;-unfhcJhonf? OD;apmtdrfwGif tjcm; udk,fydkifud&d,m wefqmyvmrsm;udkvnf; awG&onf? txl;ojzifh r-um ao;rDurS kdufESdyfxm;[efwlaom pma&;puULu'frsm;tjyif 0ef}uD;csKyf[laom acgif;pOfESifh OD;apm[laom vufa&;quf wHqdyfwHk; ponfrsm;udkvnf; zrf;qD; &rdcJhonf? (CID) t}uD;tuJonf _cH0if;twGif;&Sd um;rsm;udkvnf; pdwf0ifwpm; -unhr f jd yefonf? *spfum;ESpp f ; D &S_d yD; olonf tif*sifpufrsm;udk E+; d -unfo h nf? um; wpD;omv#if trk; d yg_yD; ,if;um;. eHygwfjym;rSm vwfvwfqwfqwf aq;okwf xm;rSe; f -unh fE kH i So fh E di dk o f nf? ,if;um;onf vG,v f , G u f u l E li S fh pufE; d+ aomfvnf; tjcm;um;rSm kwfw&ufpufrEd+;ay? xdk jyif zdk'fqefx&yfum;udk um;HkxJwGif &yfxm;onf? &efolydifbufrsm;udk z,f&Sm;_yD; rudkfudk t&,lum eef;wufonfh tpOf tvmudk jrefrmpum;wGif okwo f ifa&; [k oH; k onf? OD;apmonf xdo k w k o f ifa&; ud;yrf;csuf}uD;udk tm;wufoa&m tuGufaphaph pDpOfvkyfaqmifcJhjim;aomf vnf; tm;vH; k kww f &uf tqH; k owfom G ;onf? bk&ifcx H r H S olt r da f wmfokd tapmifh ta&Smufrsm;ESihfwuG w&m;0ifvdkufygvm&ef apv$wfvdkufaom wreftzGJudk vufcH&rnfhtpm; OD;apmESihf oltaygif;tygrsm;onf bvuf rm&D,m (Black Maria) jzifh axmifodk ac:aqmifoGm;jcif;udk cH&avawmhonf? TEdkifiHawmf vkyf}uHr+}uD;wGif yl;aygif;}uHpnfolrsm;udk xdkaeaemufydkif; axmifxJxnfh_yD; axmifwc H g;ydwc f sder f m S nae ae0ifcsdef jzpfaeav_yD? twGi; f 0efrsm;H; k }uD;twGi; f &ufpuf-urf;-uKwfpm G vky}f uHr+ owif;qd; k }uD;
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rSm rdawmftwGif; ysHESHoGm;_yD; wwdkif;wjynfvHk; ylaqG;aomu a&muf-u&av onf? twGif;0efrsm;Hk;Y (6) a,muf yGJcsif;_yD; aoqHk;I aemufxyf (3) OD; xyfrH aoqHk;cJhonf? OD;bcsKdonf '%f&ma-umihf xdkae aev,fydkif;wGif aoqHk;cJh&_yD; apmpHxe G; f onf aemufwaewi G f uG,v f e Go f m G ;&Smonf? i,f&, G a f om ud, k & f a H wmf &JabmfudkaxG;rSmrl aemuf&uftenf;i,ft-umwGifrS uG,fvGefoGm;&Smonf? Ekdif iHa&;orm; wOD;wa,mufwnf;. tm%mavmb&rufudk auseyfr+ay;apEdkif &eftwGuf yk*Kd~ vf (9) OD; toufay;cJ& h avonf? _Adwo d #wx kd r H S tm%mv$a J jymif; ,la&; ud;yrf;aeqJumvY jrefrmEdkifiH. t&nftcsif;tjrihfrm;qHk; acgif;aqmif rsm;rSm EdkifiHawmf tcsKyftjcmtm%m&&Sd_yD; vGwfvyfa&;ra-unmEdkifrDyif usqHk; oGm;cJ& h &Smawmhonf?

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AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;/ ppfaoemywd ArmhumuG,fa&;wyfrawmf? (1943/ *syefjynf [Dkd[Dwdk {u&mZf udk,fwdkif wufae bGJtyfESif;cJhonf)
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1946 ckESpf/ pufwifbmv (27) &ufaewGif ceftyfvdkufonfh bk&ifcH. 0ef}uD;tzGJ a&Swef; 0JrS,m? ocifbpdef/ AdkvfcsKyf}uD;atmifqef;/ bk&ifcH AkdvfcsKyf qm[sL;bwf&ef(pf)/ OD;baz/ OD;wifxGf? aemufwef; 0JrS,m? ocifjr/ OD;atmifZHa0ESihf ocifodef;az?
59 pyfpx H e G; f 'D;'kwfOD;bcsKd OD;&mZwf twGi; f 0efO; D tke; f armif OD;atmifqef;
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ocifjr OD;b0if; ref;bckdif &Jabmf uka d xG;
vkyf}uHcH&olrsm;? 0ef}uD;tzGJ0if (7) OD;ESihf t&m&Sd (2) OD;rSm 1947/ Zlvdkifv (19) &ufaewGif ypfcwfowfjzwfjcif; cHcJh-u&&Smonf? 60
vkyf}uHr+t_yD; bk&ifcH. 0ef}uD;tzGJESihf {nfhonfrsm; xkdifvsuf=0JrS,m? OD;ausmfndrf;/ qmbOD;/ av'D&ef(p)/ ocifEk/ qm[sL;bwf&ef(pf)/ The Earl of Listowel (jrefrmjynfqdkif&m twGif;0ef)/ Adkvfvusfm/ qm*vfbwfvdwf0dwf/ OD;wifxGf? ta&Swef;rwfwyf&yf= 0JrS,m? tmtDr*Gm&m;/ ref;0if;armif/ Adkvfzdk;uGef;/ udk,f&Hawmf (4) OD;/ ocifwif/ [oFmw OD;jr/ Aef;udka[mf/ rpP0dwfzdvf? taemufwef;= 0JrS,m? a*stvfav'if/ aysmfbG,fOD;jr/ qm&vfpwHk;[ef/ OD;b*srf;/ pDtuf (z) oD yD&wf(p) ESihf [,f&pf(p)
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Adv k c f sKyfwdk ZeD;armifESHESifh &ifcGifykduforD;av; atmifqef;pk-unf 1945?
yifvkHrdY/ 0JrS,m? AdkvfcsKyf/ anmifa&$apmbGm;}uD; pyfa&$okduf/ a':cif-unfESifh AkdvfxGef;vS/ azazmf0g&Dv/ 1947? 61

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atmuf(p) zdk'FrdY emwmvl;yGJcsdef? 1983/ a':atmifqef;pk-unfaetdrfwGif rdom;pkrsm;ESihf rdwfaqGrsm;yg pkHk;vsuf? (a':atmifqef;pk-unf ab;wGif xkdifvsuf vufzuf&nfcGufudk vSrf;,laeol a'gufwmausmf0if;. arwWmvufaqmifyHkjzpfygonf?)
tcef; (2) t"duacgif;aqmifrsm;

1947 ckESpf/ Zlvdkifv (19) &ufaewGif twGif;0efHk;Y oem;!Smwmr+uif;rJh pGm aoewfjzihf ypfcwfowfjzwfjcif;cHvdkuf-u&ol yk*~dKvfrsm;rSm acwfopf jrefrm Eki di f. H txl;c|eq f ; kH Edi ki fa hH cgif;aqmifrsm; jzpf-uayonf? _Aw d o d #ty kp f; kd r+. aemuf qHk;ESpfrsm;twGif;odk jrefrmEdkifiHudk acgif;aqmifr+ay;&ef olwdktaejzihf owfrSwf jy@mef;jcif;cHcJh-u&aomfvnf; vGwfvyfa&;&&Sdonftxd tqHk;wdkifaqmif&GufcGifh r&&So d m G ;cJ-h u&Smacs? _Adwo d #wo kd nf 1885 ckEp S w f i G f rEav;-rda wmfokd csw D ufvm -u_y; D jrefrmEdi ki f. H aemufq; kH rif;qufukd tqH; k owfc-hJ uonf? Todkjzifh 1824=26 yxr t*Fvy d= f jrefrmppfyr JG S pwifca hJ omolw. kd usL;ausmo f r d; f ydu k r fu + kd tqH; k owf Eki dc f -hJ uonf? xdt k cse dr fp S wifca hJ om _Aw d o d #ukd qefu siw f e G; f vSe& f ef ud;yrf;cJo h nfh om;pOfajr;quf ke; f uefvy + & f m S ;r+wu kd y f u JG kd ,ckacwfopf jrefrmEdi ki fa H cgif;aqmif rsm;u qufvufO; D aqmifra + y;cJ-h ujcif;jzpfonf? jrefrmEdi ki f. H bk&ifoa D ygrif;udk zrf;qD;ac:aqmifoGm;_yD; tdENd,EkdifiH/ &wem*D&dodk ydkxm;cJhonf? odkaomfvnf; bk&ifw h yfrawmf/ touf&i Su f se& f pfaecJa h om rif;nDrif;om;tcsKd/ eef;awmft&m&Sd rsm;/ aus;&Gmol}uD;rsm;ESifh Ak'b < mom bke; f awmf}uD;rsm;yifv#if _Adwo d #ydi k f tdE, dN Eki di f. H jynfe,fwckb0 a&mufom G ;cJ_h y; D jzpfaom wcse du f jrefrmbk&ifEi kd i fa H wmf. ae&mtESHtjym;wGif "m;udk qGJudkif/ aoewfjzihf ,SOfydifI tEkdifrcHawmfvSefcJh-u onf? Tta-umif;udk *|eftuf (zf) au'D (John. F. Cady) u ol. acwfopf jrefrmEki di fo H rdi k; f wGif Todk a&;om;cJo h nf? 1886 ckESpfESihf 1887 ckESpfrsm;u wav#mufvkH; jrefrmEkdifiH txufjrefrm jynf. cki da f 'owki d; f wGif awmfve S x f uGrj+ zihf qlyu G v f suf&c dS o hJ nf? ppfpcef;rsm; ESifh ppf,mOfwef;rsm;onf twdkuftckdufcHcJh-u&_yD; aus;&Gmrsm;rS a,musfm;wdkif; vdkvdku wkdufcdkuf&ef tqifoifh&SdaecJh-uonf? EkdifiHolEdkifiHom;tm;vHk;u ppf twGif; cufcJusyfwnf;r+rsm;udk vufcHcJh-u_yD; ykefuefv+yf&Sm;r+rsm;udk a&iHkE+wf
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ydwv f suf yl;aygif;uln0 D ef;&Hay;cJ-h uonf? jrefrmwdktjrifwGifum; ,if;yk*~dKvfrsm;rSm &JpGrf;owWd&Sdaom rsKd;cspfol&J aumif;rsm; jzpf-uonf? _Adwdo#wdu k rl ,if;awmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;udk "m;jyrsm;/ vlqdk;olcdk;rsm;tjzpf owfrSwf_yD; tusOf;csKH;w&m;pD&ifum tjypfay;cJhonf? _Aw d o d #wo kd r d; f ydu k _f y; D wESpt f -umwGif tvGet f rif;-urf;wrf;pGm tkyc f sKyfwwfaom ki f. H 0ef&i Sf qmcsm;vfua&mh (pfo) f 0dwf (Sir Charles Crosthwaite) onf jrefrmEdi awmfrif;}uD; jzpfvmcJo h nft h avsmuf olonf ykeu f efxuGrr + sm;udk t!Smwmuif; rJp h m G ESr d e f if;ypfco hJ nf? xko d dk "m;jy[k owfrw S jf cif;cH&olrsm;ukd tpkvu kd t f yHvu kd f uGyr f sufco hJ nf? vGwa f jrmufa&;wdu k y f 0 JG ifor l sm;tay: uk%moufra d om aus; &Gmwki d; f udk csuc f si; f vufiif; rD;avmifwu kd o f i G; f ypfvu kd o f nf? rde; f rrsm;ESifh uav; i,frsm;udkyif csrf;omcGihfray;cJhacs? ppfyGJwGif towfcH&olrsm;ESihf zrf;qD;&rdI ud;ay;jcif;jzifhaomfvnf;aumif;/ acgif;jzwfjcif;jzihfaomfvnf;aumif; uGyfrsuf cH&olrsm;udk tm;vH; k aygif;v#if axmifaygif;rsm;pGm &Sa d yvdrr fh nf? OD;atmifqef;. rdcifbufrS tbdk;awmfol Akdvfrif;a&mifonf a'ocHawmfvSefa&;wyfrsm;udk acgif;aqmifco hJ jl zpfonf? olonf _Adwo d #. tzrf;tqD;cH&_yD; acgif;jzwfuy G r f suf jcif; cHc& hJ avonf? xdktcgu _Adwdo#wdktaejzifh jrefrmEdkifiHY t_rJwrf;wyfrsm;ESihf ppfykvdyf pkpa k ygif; (60000) udk wyfpx JG m;apcJ_h yD; ajrmufyi kd ; f a'o&Sd ykeu f efxuGru + kd (5) ESpfwdkifwdkif ESdrfeif;cJh&avonf? vltiftm; (500) jzihf rEav;odk yxrqHk; pwif csDwufvmpOfu jrefrmjynfov l x l u k kd ESy d u f y G o f r d ; f oGi; f &ef Toda k om cufcufcc J J ta&;,laqmif&u G & f r+ yvky& f vdrr fh nf[k _Adwo d #wt dk aejzifh vH; k 0 rawG;rxifrc d hJ -uacs? zrf;qD;&rdor# awmfve S a f &;orm; acgif;aqmifrsm;tm;vH; k udk okwo f ifz,f &Sm;cJhonfhtwGuf jrefrmwdk. rsKd;cspfpdwf"mwfonf tESpf (20) cef acwW _idrf0yf oGm;cJo h nf? udv k e kd e D ,fcsJw. kd toH; k tE+e; f t& jrefrmEdi ki fo H nf _idr; f csrf;oGm;_yD[k qdk&vifhupm; csif;wGif;ESihf rHk&Gmcdkifrsm;wGif a'owGif;xuGr+rsm; &SdaecJh_yD; tif tm;ao;i,faom ajymufusm;wyfzGJuav;rsm;. csKHcdkwdkufcdkufr+rsm;um; ESpf aygif;rsm;pGm &yfpo J m G ;jcif; r&Sc d a hJ cs[l.? xdkaemuf 1904 ckESpfwGif acwfynmwwf &efukefaumvdyf ausmif;om; vli,frsm;xJrS trsKd;om;acgif;aqmifrsm; pwifay:aygufvmavonf? ,if; ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;onf 1897 ckESpfrS pwif_yD; EdkifiHa&;t& Edk;-um;r+&Sd
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t"duacgi;f aqmifrsm;
aom Ak'b < mom toif;tzGJ rsm; xlaxmifc-hJ uolrsm;ESit hf wl vufwa JG qmif&u G f rd-uonf? 1906 ckESpfwGif Ak'<bmomuvsm%,k0 toif; (0dkiftrfbDat) 1 udk aumvdyfausmif;om; (26) OD;jzifh zGJpnf;cJh_yD; if;aumvdyfausmif;om;rsm;xJwGif OD;baz/ OD;vSaz/ OD;b'Gef;ESihf trfatbGJydkif&Sif OD;armifarmif}uD;wdk yg0ifcJhonf? 1908 ckESpfwGif a':jrar. 2 0dwdk&d,bk&ifr}uD; trSwfw& trsKd;orD; txuf wef;ausmif; wGif usif;yaom 0kdiftrfbDat tpnf;ta0;wckY t*Fvdyf acwfynmwwf vli,f0wfvHkawmf&rsm;jzpf-uaom OD;armifcif 3 (aemifwGif qm k nf usaemf. rdcifESihfzcifbufrS tbdk;rsm; jzpf bGJ&&Sdol) / OD;aratmif 4 (if;wdo -uonf) OD;odrf;armifESihf tjcm;yk*~dKvfrsm;onf yGJOD;xGuf Eke,fao;aom trsKd; om;a&;v+yf&Sm;r+twGuf twlvufwGJrd-uawmhonf? xda k emufydkif; r-umrDwGif tpdk;&. t}uD;wef;0efxrf;rsm;ESihf aemufxyf w&m;Oya'orm; 0wfvHkawmf& trsm;tjym;onf tzGJ0ifrsm; jzpfvmcJh-uonf? xkda-umihf q,fpkESpfwcktwGif; rSmyif 0dkiftrfbDatonf EdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m tzGJtpnf;tjzpf tajcwusjzpfvmcJh_yD; ydkrdkcdkifrmawmifhwif;aom pepfusonfh Oya'wGif;v+yf&Sm;r+w&yfjzpfvm&ef rlv &nf&G,f&if;pGJ&Sdonfhtwdkif; jrefrmtoif;rsm; taxGaxGaumifpD (*sDpDbDat) tjzpfokd 1917 ckEp S w f i G f ajymif;vJjzpfay:oGm;cJa h vonf? xkdaemuf 1920 ckESpf/ 'DZifbmvwGif &efukef&Sd ausmif;om;rsm;u udkvdkeD tm%mydkifrsm;udk yxrqHk;t}udrf ajAmifpdefac:vdkuf-uawmhonf? ,if;odk jzpf &onfrm S tdE, dN Edi ki f /H umvuwWm; ,leb D mpDwD vufatmufcjH zpfca hJ om aumvdyf ausmif;ESpfausmif;udk tpm;xdk;_yD; yxrqHk; XmaewuUodkvfwck jrefrmEdkifiHwGif zGifhvSpfrnfh Oya' tqdkycsufw&yfudk ygvDrefY wifoGif;jcif;a-umihfjzpfonf? wuUodkvf0ifcGihfpmar;yJGESifh ywfoufaom vdktyfcsufrsm;/ pmoif-um;a&;p&dwf rsm;/ ausmif;oH; k pmtkyjf y@mef;csur f sm;tp&So d jzifh if;Oya'yg tqdk ycsuf tao; pdwftcsuftvufwcsKdudk ausmif;om;rsm;ESifh tjcm;trsKd;om;a&;0g'Drsm;u vufrcHEkdif-uacs? odkaomfvnf; _Adwdo#. tpkd;&vufatmufcHESihf tdENd, bk&ifcc H sKyf. vufaxmufb& k ifcjH zpfol qm&,f*se D ,f u&ufa'guf (Sir Reginald Craddock) u ,if;awmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk vspfvsL+cJh_yD; ,if;Oya'tqdkycsufudk rl&if;twkdif;yif &efukef,leDAmpDwDtufOya'tjzpf 'DZifbmv (1) &ufaewGif twnfyjy@mef;vdkufavonf? xdka-umihf (4) &uft-umwGif &efukef&Sd ausmif; om; (600) teuf (500) u oydwfwkdufyGJ qifE$Jvkdufonf? xdkoydwfaemufodk &efukefrdawmf tjyif rEav;ESifh tjcm;rdrsm;&Sd txufwef;ausmif;om;rsm;u
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vnf; xdkoydwfudk qifE$Jvdkufygvm-uonf? xdktcsdefu vufaxmufbk&ifcH. _cr d; f ajcmufrr + sm; &Sa d evifu h pm; jynfov l x l w k &yfv; kH u oydwa f rSmufausmif;om; rsm;ukd tm;wufoa&m tultnDay;cJh-uonf? olw. dk awmif;qkdcsufrsm; tm; vHk;um; r&&SdcJhacs? odka omfvnf; if;oydwfonf tqufjzwfI _idrf;owfr&Edkif awmhaom tem*wftwGuf tm;aumif;vSonfh trsK; d om;a&;pdw" f mwf rD;awmuf udk pwifawmufavmifom G ;apcJa h vonf? topfwzef jyefvnfarG;zGm;vmcJh_yDjzpfaom jrefrmhtrsKd;om;a&;v+yf&Sm;r+ . tke; f tke; f u|uu f |uf yxrESpr f sm;twGi; f wGiy f if &[ef;awmfrsm;xJrS trsK; d om; acgif;aqmiftjzpf pwifay:xGufvmcJholum; q&mawmf OD;OwWryifjzpfonf? ol onf &cdkiftrsKd;om; ax&0g' Ak'<bmom oHCmawmfwyg; jzpfHkr#ru tdENd, EdkifiHESihf wdkusKdwGif tcsdeftwef-umaexdkifcJhzl;aom t*Fvdyfpmwwf&[ef;wyg; jzpf_yD; jrefrmEdkifiHodk 1919 ckESpfwGif jyefa&mufvmcJhonf? us,fus,fjyef jyef c&D;pwifxGufcGmcJh_yD; 0HomEk&udQw= trsKd;*k%fapmihfxdef;a&; wdkif;jynfcspfpdwf ta-umif; ajyma[mum 0HomEk toif;rsm; wwdkif;jynfvHk;tESH OD;aqmif pnf;H; k zGJpnf;cJ& h m t*Fvy d b f & k ift h pd; k &u ppfyv k y d r f sm; toH; k csI if;tpktzGJrsm;udk vdu k v f H zdcjJG cif;jzihf a'gow}uD; wHk jyefco hJ nf? xdktcgu ol. &J&Jawmufrdec f Gef;rsm;a-umifh OD;OwWronf 1921 ckESpfwGif tzrf;cH&avawmhonf? wdkif;jynfqlylatmif v+Ha qmfr+jzifh Hk;wifw&m;pGJjcif;cH& um q&mawmf &[ef;awmfrsm;xJrS yxrqHk;axmif'%f (18) v tjypfay;jcif; cHcJh&avonf? Ttjypf'%fcsrSwfr+. EdkifiHa&;ESihf bmoma&;vd+if;*,uf kduf cwfru + kd wwdi k; f wjynfv; kH cHpm;-u&avonf? t*Fvy d v f ufatmufcH jrefrmEdi ki fH Y wdkif;jynfqlylatmifvH+aqmfr+jzifh trsKd;om;a&;0g'DwOD; vlodewf-um; w&m; pGq J c kd & H jcif;rSm Tt}udro f nf yxrqH; k t}udrjf zpfonft h jyif xif&m S ;onfh Ak'b < m om oHCmq&mawmfwyg;jzpfaejcif;u jrefrmjynfolrsm;twGuf temay: wkwf usovdk cHpm;apawmhonf? TtjzpftysufrSm EkdifiHwEkdifiHvHk;. trsKd;om;a&; *k%o f u d m Q udk pdea f c:vdu k jf cif;yifjzpfavonf? Todv k #if q&mawmf OD;OwWronf vGwfvyfa&;r&rD t*FvdyfvufatmufcH u|efb0wav#muf pufwifbmv (9) &ufaewGif ysHvGefawmfrlonfhwdkifatmif axmifoGif;tusOf;csjcif;udk t}udrfrsm; pGm xyfzefwvJvJ cHc& hJ avonf? xda k -umihfvnf; tjcm;xif&Sm;aom Ak'<bmom &[ef;oHCmawmfrsm;onf q&mawmf OD;OwWrudk tm;usum yg&mZduvnf; rus/ oHCab'uuHvnf;
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rxdu k a f om Tv+y& f m S ;r+rsm;wGif yg0ifaqmif&u G v f mavonf? xdt k xJwi G f q&m awmf OD;0dpm&rSmvnf; wyg;tygt0ifjzpfonf? q&mawmfonf 1888 ckESpfwGif rHk&GmrdY arG;zGm;cJh_yD;/ touf (20) t&G,fwGif &[ef;abmifodk 0ifa&mufcJh_yD; oH Cor*~DtzGJ zGJpnf;a&;twGuf pnf;Hk;aqmif&GufcJhonf? xdkaemuf q&mawmf OD;OwWr. tultnDjzifh t*Fvdyfpmudk oif,lvsuf bmoma&;ESihf EkdifiHa&;rsm; udk tdENd,EdkifiHodk oGm;a&mufavhvmqnf;yl;cJhonf? xdka emuf jrefrmEdkifiHodk jyef uGvmaomtcg rdpGef awm&Gm aus;vufrsm;wGif EdkifiHa&;w&m;yGJrsm;udk tcGihf oifw h i kd ; f usif;ya[majymcJo h nf? xka d -umihf q&mawmf OD;0dpm&onfvnf; tzrf; cH&vdkuf/ jyefvGwfvmvdkuf/ jyefvnftzrf;cH&vdkufESifh tusOf;axmifoHo&mxJ Yom w0JvnfvnfjzpfaecJo h nf? xdt k wGi; f w&m;qdi k& f m apmihq f i dk ; f aepOf q&m awmfonf &ufaygif; (40) -um tpmiwfcHqENjycJhonfhtavsmuf pdwfydkif;qdkif &mt&r[kwfbJ kyfykdif;qkdif&mt& tm;enf;ae_yDjzpfaom q&mawmfonf wESpf ESihfudk;v tvkyf-urf;ESihf axmif'%f csrSwfjcif;udk cH&avonf? xka d -umihf axmift&m&Sdrsm;onf q&mawmftm; ouFef;udk twif;c|wfap _yD; omrefaxmifuswOD;. t0wftpm;udk 0wfcdkif;&m q&mawmfu wif;rmpGm jiif;qefcJh&m q&mawmftm; 0wfvpfpvpfjzifh wOD;wnf; wdkufydwfxm;cJhonf? odk jzifh q&mawmf. tpmiwfcHqENjyjcif;/ wOD;wnf;wkdufydwfxm;jcif;/ twif; t"rR ESmacgif;xJodk ydkufoGif;_yD; Ek& d nfxnfhjcif;pojzifh &ufpufr+ oHo&mvnf vsu& f o dS nf? xdr k #omru tm%mydi kw f kd taejzihf q&mawmftm; tl;pm&if; oGwf oGif;um emrnfqdk;vSaom &efukefwHwm;uav;tl;axmifwGif xyfrHcsKyfaESmif xm;onftxd aqmif&GufcJh-uonf? xdka emuf xdkae&mwGif (7) v aecJh&_yD; &ef ukefA[kdaxmif}uD;okd jyefvnfydk jcif;cH&jyefonf? q&mawmfuvnf; vkyfcsif&m vkyf aemufrqkwf[laom cH,lcsufjzifh acgif;rmpGm qufvufwdkufyGJ0ifcJhonf? aemufxyfwzef tpmtiwfcH qENjy_yD;aemuf q&mawmftm; tvkyf-urf;ESihf axmif'%f (6) ESpf csrSwftjypfay;vdkufjyefonf? OD;0dpm&uvnf; xyfrH tpm iwfcq H ENjyjyefonf? xkt d cg 'um/ 'umrrsm;u r-unf& h ufawmhojzifh vGw_f idr; f cGifh toem;cHpmwifygaomfvnf; xdt k cse du f jrefrmvlrsK; d jynfxa J &;0ef}uD; *sK; d Zuf -o*wfpwyf(pf) armif}uD;u y,fcscJo h nf? xdka-umihf 1929 ckESpf/ pufwifbmv (19) &uf ol. tpmiwfcH qENjyr+ (166) &uf jynfhajrmufonfhaewGif aemufqHk;Y q&mawmf ysHvGefawmfrlcJh&av onf? ,aewi Gr f l &efue k f uefawmfrifyef;_cHEi S fh a&$w* d b kH & k m;teD; tvHv k rf;xdy& f dS
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xif&Sm;onfht0kdif;}uD;wckay:wGif xkdacwf ('dkArm tpnf;tHk;0if) jrLvl}uD; rsm;jzpf-uaom OD;csefxGef;ESihf OD;baqGwdkvufxufY txdrf;trSwf ausmuf wdi k }f uD;xdy0 f ,f q&mawmf. &yfawmfra l -u;ky}f uD;udk trSww f & yvkyc f -hJ uav onf? xdkae&modk OD;cdkuf&mvrf;onf ,cifu Tiger Alley [k ac:wGifcJhaomf vnf; ,cktcg ,if;vrf;udk OD;0dpm&vrf;[k trnfajymif;vJowfrw S c f a hJ vonf? odk jzpfav&m q&mawmfOD;OwWrESihf OD;0dpm&udk,fawmfwdkonf udkvdkeDtpkd;&udk qefusifwdkufyGJ0ifcJhonfh txift&Sm;qHk; q&mawmfrsm;jzpfa-umif; ordkif;u oufaocHaeygonf? if;wdkonf trsKd;om;a&;v+yf&Sm;r+wGif Ak'<bmom &[ef; awmfrsm; 'um/ 'umrrsm;ESihftwl yg0ifvmr+udk vrf;xGifay;cJh-u_yD; Tt csufonfyif trsKd;om;a&;v+yf&Sm;r+ aemufqHk;atmifyGJqifEdkifjcif;. ta&;yg vmonfh tcsufwcsufjzpfvmayonf? q&mawmf OD;0dpm& ysHvGefawmfrlaom ESpfwGifyif *sDpDbDat. tzGJ0if wOD;jzpfol bkef;}uD;vlxGuf OD;&mausmfqdkolonf *VKeftoif;[k ac:aom v#Kd 0Suftoif;. toif;cGJrsm;udk e,frsm;wGif vdkufvHwnfaxmifvsuf&Sdonf? ,if; toif;rsm;rSm OD;OwWr. 0HomEktoif;rsm;ESihf qifwa l omfvnf; olw. kd zGJ pnf;yHk ESihf vkyfudkifaqmif&GufyHkrsm;rSm if;toif;tzGJrsm;uJhodk ajymifajymiffwif;wif;r [kwb f J v#Kd0u S r f& + v dS o S nf? *VKefonf [dEL N 'm&Drsm;wGif tvGet f m;aumif;aom iSufwrsKd;jzpf_yD; ooFukduf (ouUw) bmomwGif *kV[k ac:onf? xdktcsdefu t&if;&Siw f . kd avmbaZma-umihf waewjcm; jriw hf ufvmonfh ukea f ps;E+e; f rsm; ESihf }uD;us,fcrf;em;aom udkvdkeDpD;yGm;a&;u rnfonfhtcgr# rsufESmomray; aom qif;&JEGrf;yg;onfh awmvufaus;&Gmrsm;ESifh e,fpGefe,fzsm;wdr k S vli,frsm; ESihf aus;&Gmol/ aus;&Gmom; trsm;tjym;udk Ttoif;rsm;u qGJaqmifpnf;Hk;Edkif avonf? jynfov l x l r k m S pyg;udk ud, k w f i dk x f w k v f y k a f e&ygvsuf pm;p&m qefr&Sd atmif qif;&Jwi G; f eufae_yD; xGua f yguf&m S &ef tvkyw f ckcu k dk vky& f ayawmhrnf? xkdtcsdefwGif *sKd;Zuf-o*wfpwyf (pf) armif}uD;rSm qmbGJ jzifh olaumif; tycH&_yD; rusef;rmI _Adwdefodk cGifhjzifh tdrfjyefoGm;aom qmcsm; (vf) (pf) tif; k p f m; ,m,Db& k ifct H jzpf aqmif&u G c f i G& fh aom euf (pf) (Sir Charles Innes) .ud, yxrqHk; jrefrmvlrsKd;jzpfvmonf? qm*sKd;Zufonf trsm;qHk; qkd;qdk;&Gm;&Gm; xd cdkufonfh a'ojzpfaom &efukefajrmufydkif;&Sd om,m0wDckdifodo k Gm;_yD; tjcm;ae &mrsm;wGif yvkyfcJhouJhodk 'gbm yGJawmfudk usif;yavonf? 1930 ckESpf/ 'DZif bmv (21) &ufae vlxkESihfawGqHkyGJwGif v,form;udk,fpm;vS,frsm;u aus;
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vufa'orsm;wGif tcGefaumufcHjcif;udk zsufodrf;ay;&ef (odkr [kwf) wESpfqdkif; iHhay;&ef ,m,Dbk&ifcHtm; toem;cH-uonf? oda k omfvnf; qm*sKd;Zufu ,if; awmif;yefcsufukd csufcsif;yif jiif;y,fvu kd a f vonf? xda k -umihf aemufwaewi Gf om,m0wD v,form;olye k x f r+ jzpfay:vmavawmhonf? olw. kd acgif;aqmif rSm ,cktcg q&mpH[k trsm;uac:wGifvmaom jrefrmorm;awmf OD;&mausmf jzpfavonf? olonf okyu *VKef&mZm (xif&Sm;ausmf-um;aom *VKefrif;) [laom bGJtrnfukd cH,I l olu , kd o f l bk&iftjzpf a-unmvdu k a f vonf? xda k emuf aorxl;aerxl;b0Y rausreyfjzpfae-uaom v,form;rsm;jzifh ppfwyfwwyf udk xlaxmifvu kd o f nf? _Adwo d #udv k e kd w D yfrawmf. acwfrv D ufeufrsm;udk vuf csn; f oufoufr#jzihf &ifqi dk & f ef olwq kd ; kH jzwfc-hJ uonf? olye k w f . kd vufeufwu dk f wGif&Sdaom vufeufrSm rD;aygufaoewf tvuf (30) xufrydkbJ oHydkufacsmif; rsm;ESihf bdkifpu,favxdk;wHrsm;jzifh yvkyfxm;aom vufvkyfaoewfrsm; tm; jznfx h m;avonf? if;tjyif olww kd i G f ta0;ypfvufeuf[I l jrm;/ 'l;av;/ vif; av;/ *GESihf vSHrsm;om &Sdavonf? xdka-umihf tar&duefygarmuQ vlpDtif; 'b k a-umif;ESifh ywfoufI Toda k &;om; vsLydi k; f (Professor Lucien W. Pye) u xdt xm;cJa h vonf? 1930 ckEp Sw f i G f ay:aygufca hJ om q&mpHoy le kx f uGro + nf vlrsK; d jcm; t*Fvy df rif;ae&mY jrefrmvlrsKd;wOD;udk rif;tjzpfwif&ef ud;pm;aom awmfvSefykefuef r+rsm;. jrefrmhkd;&mpOfvm tawG;tac:ESihf vkyfenf;vkyf[ef EdkifiHa&;/ bmom a&;yHp k E H i S fh udu k n f v D suf&o dS nf? wyGw J ; kd yvuf twwfynm&Sir f sm;/ tif;ESifh pr aq;rifa-umifxdk;olrsm;/ "m;_yD;/ wkwf_yD;/ aoewf_yD; wyGJjyefESmESihf aq;a&mif; olrsm;/ taqmifrsm;/ vufzGJrsm; taxmuftyHhtultnDjzifh "mwfdkuf"mwfqif aA'ifudef;cef;tvdkt& q&mpHudk,fwdkif wGufcsufzGJpnf;vdkufaom *VKefwyfu acwfa[mif;jrefrmEdi ki f. H rif;crf;rif;em; taqmifta,mifjzpfaom xD;jzL ueuU '%fatmuf&Sd &mZyvifay:odk q&mpHudk wifajrmufay;vdkufavonf? xdktcsdef u q&mpHonf rnfoa kd om orm;*k%jf yenf;rsm;jzihf vlxt k m; pnf;H; k xm;onfr od? _Aw d o d #w. kd acwfra D oewfvufeufrsm; tm;vH; k onf olwu kd kd rxdre S /f razmuf xGif;Edkif[k olwdkudk,folwdk xifaecJh-uavonf? ,if;v+yf&Sm;r+onf rodem;r vnfr+/ t,lonf;r+/ p}uFm0Vm. xl;jcm;qef;-u,faom y&avmuESihf yvuf twwfynm enf;emed\,rsm;udk vufcH&ef tqifoihfjzpfaer+wdktay:wGif tajcpdkuf}uD;xGm;vmjcif;jzpf_yD; EkdifiHa&;&m atmifjrifr+twGuf tajctjrpfr&Sd
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aom pdwfv+yf&Sm;r+qkdif&m tjrifusOf;ajrmif;onfh ar#mfrSef;csufwdktay:wGif tajcwnfvsuf&Sdonf [k azmfjyxm;.? 1930 ckESpfrsm; tapmydkif;u jzpfyGm;cJhaom zdESdyfr+rsm;umvtwGif; jrefrmh aus;vufawm&Gmrsm;rS us,fajymvSaom v,f,majrrsm;udk aiGwdk;acs;pm;ol cspfwD;rsm;ESihf v,fydkif&Sif}uD;rsm;u odrf;,lcJh&m ,if;wdkvufrS if;wdkydkif v,f ,majrrsm;udk jyefvnf&,l&ef q&mpH. *VKefwyftwGi; f &Sd wdu k c fu kd o f t l rsm;pku xuGc-hJ ujcif;jzpfonf? olwo kd nf acwfynmrwwfaom d; k k; d ttrsm; jzpfaumif; jzpfayrnf? odkaomfvnf; olwdk. em-unf;cHpm;&r+rsm;um; tppftrSefjzpfav onf? odk jzpfI jrefrmhorkdif;ynm&Sif a'gufwmxifatmifu TodkaxmufjycJh onf? om,m0wDe,fu vlxktaejzifh Tpdwfrcsrf;ajrhzG,f&m tjzpfqdk;rS vGwf ajrmuf&ef wckwnf;aomenf;vrf;rSm _Adwdo# vlrsKd;jcm;tpdk;&udk ykefuefxuG &efom &Sa d vonf? xdt k jyif e,fcsJorm;pk; d rd; k olrsm;atmufwi G f qif;&Jwi G; f eufae onfh tjzpfqdk;Y tiwfiwftjywfjywf touf&Sifae&onfxuf apmapmao& jcif;u jrwfonfr[kwfygvm;? &efukefajrmufbufrS yJcl;kd;rawmifa-um&Sd tvHv$ihfxl&mawmif[k t"dy`m,f&aom tvHawmifwGif q&mpHonf ol. pHcsdefukd yxrqHk;t}udrf jriw hf ifco hJ nf? *VKefrsm;udk wdu k c f u kd & f ef _Adwo d # wyf&if;w&yfv; kH udk apv$wc f & hJ m q&mpH. XmecsKyfusoGm;cJh_yD; taotaysmufrSm tvGeftrif;rsm;jym;vSonf? xda k emuf ykeu f efxuGro + nf xda k cwfjrefrmEdi ki fw H i G f cki d f (40) &So d nft h euf (12) cki do f kd ysH Eo HS m G ;cJo h nf? om,m0wD A[dkcsufrrSaeI [Hom0wDcdkifESihf {&m0wDjrpf0u|ef;ay: wav#muf/ ajrmufbufwGif txufjrefrmjynfESihf &S rf;jynfe,ftcsKdae&mrsm;odk yif ysHEo HS m G ;cJo h nf? tpd; k &wyfrsm;uvnf; &uf&ufpufpuf ESy d u f y G a f csre + ; f cJo h nf? &Gmrsm;udk &GmvHk;u|wfjymusatmif rD;+d I pdkufysKd;cif;rsm;udk zsufqD;um a&wGif; rsm;udk zdy k pfonf? oHo,&Sdaom olykefrsm;udk acgif;jzwfowf_yD; vltrsm;jrifom &ef vljrifuGif;wGif jyoxm;onf? ESvHk;emzG,ftjzpftysufwckrSm jynfrd& Sd vuf axmufaumfr&Sifemrif;}uD;Hk;a&SwGif tjzwfcHxm;&aom acgif; (15) vHk;udk jyoxm;jcif;jzpfonf? TaoG;pGe; f aom jyyGr J sm;. "mwfyr kH sm;udk (om,m0wD olye kf awmrS tmZmenf *VKefapm) trnfcH OD;apmydi kq f i kd w f nf;jzwfaom ol&, d The Jhonf? 5 Sun owif;pmwGif azmfjycJh_yD; rdwWLrsm;udk _Adwdo#v$wfawmfodk ay;ydkc ,if; ykeu f efxuGru + kd t_yD;wdi k f acsr+e; f _yD;aomtcg olye k f (10000) ausmf
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aoqHk;cJh_yD;/ (9000) rSm tzrf;qD;cH&um axmifoGif;tusOf;cscHcJh-u&onf? q&mpHudk,fwdkifESihf ol.t&if;ESD;qHk; vkyfazmfudkifbufESpfOD;jzpfonfh q&m^m%f ESihf AE<uac: &aohwOD;wdk tygt0if (128) OD;rSm ud;ay;owfjzwfjcif;cHcJh-u& onf? 1931 ckEp S f Zefe0g&DvwGif bk&ifcw H m0efudk jyefvnfxrf;aqmifco hJ l qmcsm; (vf) tif;euf(p) (Sir Charles Innes) u olykefrsm;ukd kH;wifppfaq;&ef zGJpnf; ay;cJhaom txl;ckHkH;u ao'%frsm;ukd csrSwfcJhjcif;jzpfonf? w&m;ol}uD;rif; uef;vpf(zf) (Justice Cunliffe) rSm ckHkH;obmywdjzpf_yD; w&m;v$wfawmf w&m; ol}uD;rsm;tjzpf aqmif&Gufae-uaom rpPwm 'g0k('f) (Dawood) ESifh OD;bOD; (aemifwGifqmbGJ&vsuf jrefrmEkdifiH vGwfvyfa&;&_yD;aemuf orRwjzpfol) wkr d Sm tzGJ0ifrsm;jzpf-uonf? ao'%ftjypfay;cH&aom q&mpHudk 1931 ckEp S f -o*kwv f (28) &ufaewGif ud;ay;owfcJhonf? olu t,lcHcJhaomfvnf; y,fcscHcJh&onf? q&mpHonf ud;pifay:okd OD;acgif;uka d rmhvsuf wufom G ;cJo h nf? xkt d cse dY f olonf om,m0wDaxmiftwGif; (3) v&SdcJh_yDjzpfonf? tpkd;&bufwGifrl -rdj y&JESifh t&m &Sdrsm;tygt0if aoqkH;olrSm vl (50) xuf rykdcJhacs? qlylaomif;usef;r+jzpfyGm;cJhaom ckdifrsm;wGif tr+zGifhI w&m;qkdifjcif;rsm; yvkyfcJhonf? w&m;cHtrsm;pkrSm acwfynmrwwfaom omrefaus;awmol aus;awmom;rsm;jzpf-uonft h avsmuf olwt dk m; xkacsumuG,& f ef rsKd;cspfpw d f &So d nfh a&Saetrsm;tjym;u tca-u;aiGr,lbJ pdwt f m;xufoefpm G vku d y f gaqmif &Gua f y;cJ-h uonf? om,m0wDO; D yk/ a'gufwmbarmf/ ocifjrwkr d m S vlox d if&m S ;pGm aqmif&GufcJh-uolrsm;jzpf_yD; armifapmrSmvnf; xkdtwljzpfcJhonf? armifapmrSm xkt d csdeu f vli,fa&Saeav;wOD;omjzpfonf? olonf om,m0wDe,fom;wOD; jzpfo Hk mru q&mpHudk tvGet f rif;csD;usL;av;pm;oljzpfavonf? w&m;qki d& f m wGif yg0ifc& hJ aom ol.tcef;uESifh _Adwo d #Eki di f jH cm;a&;twGi; f 0efxa H y;yda k om tdwz f i Ga fh y;pmyHp k jH zifh xkwa f 0aom vufurf;pmapmifrsm;a-umifh olonf vsifjref pGmemrnfausmI f xifay:olwOD; jzpfvmavonf? q&mpH*VKefrsm;. xGe; f ajymifr+ udk qufvufjriw hf ifxm;Edi k& f eftwGuf touf}uD;vm_yDjzpfI OD;apmjzpfvmaom armifapmonf q&mpH. edru hf som G ;aom v,form;olye kt f zGJ. emrnfukd cH,_l y; D 1938 ckESpfwGif olu dk,fydkifwyfzGJ udk w&m;Oya'abmif0ifatmif xlaxmifcJhav onf? ,if;wyfzGJ0ifrsm;onf tpdrf;a&mif,leDazmif;udk 0wfqif-u_yD; OD;atmif aZ,sacwf xputwkdif; 0g;&if;wkwfrsm;udk udkifaqmif-uonf? Todk jzifh *VKefwyf topfonf arG;zGm;vmcJa h vonf?
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xkdaemufykdif;wGif txrajrmufcJhaom v,form;ykefuefxuGr+a-umifh ppfEkdifol udkvdkeD tkyfpdk;olrsm;onf jrefrmjynftESH olwdk. uvyfrsm;wGif aysmf &$ifjrL;wl;ae-uavonf? olwo dk nf t,lonf;aom olykefrsm;. kd;tr+ESihf odyH` enf;jzifh ppfaq;I r&aom olye k w f . kd yvufenf;rsm;pGmudk &,for G ; f aoG;-u_yD; olykefrsm;tm; vG,fulpGm ESdrfeif;EdkifcJhjcif;tay: yDwdaomre\jzpfae-uav onf? oda k omfvnf; &efue kE fi S fh tjcm;ae&mrsm;&Sd ynmwwfvi l ,frsm;twGuu f m; q&mpHoy le kx f r+onf ajymufusm;ppfqifrt + wwfynm. tzk; d rjzwfEi kd a f om enf; y&d,m,frsm;xkwf,l&m oifcef;pmw&yfjzpfcJhavonf? &efvdkr+rsm; tqHk;owf oGm;&efum; a0;avpG? aemuf (10) ESpfr#-um_yD;onfhaemuf olwdkt m; om,mr+ udk ay;cJhaom urBmhtajctaeonf vHk;0ajymif;jyefjzpfoGm;vdrfhrnfudkum; olwdk ud, k o f w l kd ,H-k unfcsuftjynf& h a dS e-uaom udv k e kd t D m%mydi kr f sm;taejzifh udwif odjrifEi dk p f r G ; f r&Sc d -hJ uacs? v,form; olye k r f sm; towfc& H _yD;onfw h i kd f av;av;eufeuf pOf;pm;awG; ac: -uaom vli,frsm;onf _Adwo d #wu kd kd vufeufui kd a f wmfve S & f ef rnfop kd nf;H; k aqmif&Guf&rnfudk pwifaqG;aEG;vm-uavonf? ,if;vli,frsm;onf 1920 ck ESpf ausmif;om;oydwjf zpfay:_yD;aemuf wnfaxmifca hJ om trsK; d om;ausmif;rsm;rS aomfvnf;aumif;/ jrefrmpum;udk oif-um;a&; bmompum;tjzpf vufct H oH; k yaom t*Fvdyf=jrefrm ESpfbmom oifausmif;[k ac:onfh tpdk;&ausmif;rsm;rS aomfvnf;aumif; vm-uolrsm; jzpf-uonf? Oa&mypnf;rsOf;rsm;twkdif; waoG rwdrf; AdkvfqefpGm oif-um;vmcJh-u&aom ausmif;rsm;rS ynmqnf;yl;vmcJh& onfholrsm;ESihfpmv#ifum; ,if;vli,ftrsm;pkonf jrefrmhorkdif;/ jrefrmpmayESihf Ak'b < momwdu k kd ydi ky f i kd E f i kd E f i dk f ausnufpm G od&-dS uavonf? xkdodk xif&Sm;vmaom ausmif;om;wOD;um; udk}uD; [k tac:cH&onfh udkEkjzpfavonf? olonf &efukefwuUodkvfrS 1929 ckESpfwGif 0dZmbGJ&&SdcJhonf? xkdpOfu olESihf rsm;pGm&if;ESD;aom ol. vkyfazmfudkifbufwOD;rSm aemifwGif urBmh ukvor*~}uD;. taxGaxGtwGif;a&;r;csKyfjzpfvmrnfh OD;oef jzpfavonf? ol . ynmoifESpf (1934=35) ckESpfrsm;twGif;wGif olx uf (8) ESpfi,f_yD; olv kdyif rsKd;cspfpdwfjyif;xefaom udkatmifqef;tm; udkEk awGqHkcJh&avonf? aemufxyf jrefrmEdi ki fY H 'di kt f mcDESifh 91 Xme tkyc f sKyfa&;pepf acwfajymif; tcsdefumvrsm;twGif; ausmif;om;rsm; ydkrdkrsm;jym;pGm EkdifiHa&;udk yHkrSefaqG;aEG; &ef awGqHkjzpf-uavawmhonf? r-umrDrSmyif &efukefwuUodkvfwGif uHhaumfyif
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&dyfrsm;atmufY tvGwfoabm EkdifiHa&;aqG;aEG;avh&Sdonfh tkyfpkav;wpk ay: aygufvmcJhavonf? xkdtkyfpkav;wGif udkEk/ udkatmifqef;wdt k jyif jrefrmjynft v,fyi kd ; f / ysO; f rem;rdr S vli,fwOD;jzpfonfh uda k usm_f ir d; f / rmhup f f pmayrsm;udk us,f us,fjyef jyefavhvmzwf+xm;aom ^m%f&nf^m%faoG;xufjrufonfh (aemif aomtcg uGefjrLepfjzpfvmrnfh) udkodef;azESihf tdENd,EG,fzGm; rlqvifbmom0if uk& d m&Spw f v kd nf; yg0ifavonf? ,if;ig;a,mufpvH; k yif 1935=36 ckEp S f ynmoif ESpftwGuf &efukefwuUodkvf ausmif;om;or*~. tvkyftr+taqmifaumfrwD 0ifrsm;tjzpf ta&G;cs,fcH&avonf? xkdtcsdefY udkEku OuU@ESihf udk&m&Spfu 'k=OuU@jzpfvmonf? udkatmifqef;onf jrefrmEdkifiH. trsKd;om;txdrf;trSwf wHqy d w f ckjzpfaom a'gif;iSu. f wGeu f sL;oHukd ,lxm;aom td; k a0trnf& or*~ r*~Zif;. t,f'w D mtjzpf ceft yfjcif;cH&avonf? 1936 ckEp S /f azazmf0g&DvwGif ay:aygufca hJ om jrefrmEdi ki f. H 'kw, d ausmif; om;oydwfudk Tvli,f (5) OD;tzGJu OD;aqmifr+ay;cJh&avonf? TwGif udkEk onf tpd; k &udk a0zefaom rdec f e G ; f rsm;ajyma[mr+jzifh ausmif;rS ,m,Dxw k y f ,fjcif; cHc& hJ avonf? xka d emufrsm;r-umrDyif uda k tmifqef;onfvnf; tk; d a0r*~Zif;wGif yg&Sdaom aqmif;yg;wyk'ftm; a&;om;ol aqmif;yg;&Sif. trnfudk (t,f'Dwm yDyD) xkwfazmf&ef jiif;qefojzihf ausmif;rS txkwfcH&jyefavonf? i&JacG;}uD; d *Fvy d a f qmif; vGwa f eonf (Hellhound at Large) 6 [k acgif;pOfwyfxm;aom xkt yg;u wuUodkvftm%mydkifrsm;udk vufoHajymifpGm jyuf&,fyxm;avonf? xkd tcg &efue k w f uUov kd r f S ausmif;om; (700) ausmfEi S hf ,k'\efaumvdyf (Judson k kd &mZ0wfom;qefqef College) rS &m*%ef;ausmfaom ausmif;om;rsm;onf xdo ausmif;xkwc f & H olrsm;tm; jyefvnfvufc& H ef awmif;qd_k yD; ausmif;om;oydwu f kd pwifvu kd & f m xka d usmif;om;oydwo f nf rEav;aumvdyE f i S fh wEdi ki fv H ; kH &Sd txuf wef;ausmif;rsm;odk r-umrDyif ul;pufysHEo HS m G ;avawmhonf? Oa&mypnf;rsOf;nD omoemyausmif;rsm;&Sd ausmif;om;rsm;rSm a,bk,stm;jzifh _Adwdo#udk axmuf cH-uolrsm;jzpfonfhtm;avsmfpGm if;ausmif;rsm;omv#if jrefrmEdkifiHwGif xkdtcsdef u qlyu G a f e_yDjzpfaom vlxv k y + & f m S ;r+rsm;Y ryg0ifc-hJ uacs? aemufqHk;wGif udkEkESihf udkatmifqef;wdku dk wuUodkvftm%mydkifrsm;u jyef vnfvufcc H& hJ aomfvnf; xdyw f u kd & f ifqi kd a f wGru + m; _yD;qH; k roGm;cJa h y? wEki di fv H ; Hk tESH jzpfym G ;cJa h om Toydw. f tusK; d &v'ftjzpf ArmEdi ki fv H ; kH qdi k& f m ausmif;om; rsm; or*~ (Auo) (All Burma Students' Union) udk zGJpnf;EdkifcJh_yD; udk&m&Spfu
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yxrqH; k OuU@ESifh uda k tmifqef;u 'k=OuU@jzpfvmcJo h nf? xka d emuf wuUov kd y f &d 0%ftwGif;Yom usifvnfae-u&aom ausmif;om;rsm;onf wuUodkvfjyify&Sd toif;tzGJ tpdwt f ydi k; f rsm;odk ajcqefr -d uawmhonf? wdA k rmtpnf;tH; k (Our Burmese Association) udk &efukefwuUodkvfrS enf;jyq&mwOD;jzpf_yD; t*Fvdyf bmomudk vGefpGm xl;c|efvsuf/ rdrdemrnfa&SwGif ocifwyfxm;aom rsKd;cspfwOD; jzpfonfhtjyif pma&;q&mwOD;vnf; jzpfaom ocifAaomif;. OD;aqmifr+jzifh pwifzGJpnf;cJhavonf? [if'DbmomwGif&Sdaom q[pf (Sahib) uJhodkyif jrefrm pum;wGif ocif [lonfrSm t&Sifocif (Master) [k t"dy`m,f&&Sd_yD; t*Fvdyfvl rsKd;wOD;ESifh pmay/ pum;/ a&;om;ajymqkd&mwGif jrefrmwdktaejzihf rdrdukd,fudk ocif [k oHk;E+ef;&efjzpfavonf? oludk,fwdkifESihf tpnf;tHk;tzGJ0ifwdkif;udk ocif [k ac:qda k &;om;apjcif;tm;jzifh ocifAaomif;u jrefrmEdi ki f. H t&Sio f cif wdr k m S _Adwo d #wdr k [kwb f J olEi S fh usefwi kd ; f &if;om; jrefrmvlrsKd;rsm;om jzpfa-umif; jyovd& k if;jzpfavonf? rsm;r-umrD jrefrmjynftv,fydkif; a&eHacsmif;/ acsmufpaom a&eHajr rsm;wGif 1937 ckESpfY tvkyform; ta&;tcif; jzpfyGm;cJh&m TEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m us,fjyefv Sonfh v+yf&Sm;r+twGuf wdA k rmtpnf;tHk;onf rdrdtiftm;ESihf pnf;Hk; v+yf&Sm;r+udk jyo&ef yxrqHk; prf;oyfonfhyGJjzpfvmcJhonf? wdkA rmtpnf;tHk; onf xkt d a&;tcif;Y yg0ifywfoufc_hJ yD; vli,fociftrsm;tjym;onf xdo k ydwf orm;rsm;udk tultnDay;&eftwGuf &efue k f rdr S txufjrefrmjynfokd c&D;xGuc fm G cJh-uonf? tvkyform;rsm;uvnf; olwdk. awmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk ydkrdk zdtm;ay; awmif;qda k &;twGuf &efue k f rdt xd ajcvsifcsDwuf&ef qH; k jzwfc-hJ uonf? &efue k f rda wmfokd vlxc k sw D ufro + nf 1938 ckEp S /f Ek0 d ifbmvwGif pwifc_hJ yD; e,frsm;ukd ajc vsifjzwfoef;vmcJh&m v,form;rsm;u uk%mw&m;a&Sxm;I tvkyform; rsm;ukd tpm;taomufESihf em;aep&mrsm; ay;cJh-ujcif;tm;jzihf EkdifiHwck. t}uD; rm;qHk; vlwef;pm; (2) &yfjzpfaom tvkyform;tiftm;pkESihf v,form;tiftm; wdkrSm uGif;qufrdoGm;-uonf? odk jzpfonfhtavsmuf 'DZifbmv/ yxrtywf twGif; jrefrmjynftv,fydkif;&Sd rauG;rdY a&eHajrrS csDwufvrf;av#mufvmol rsm;tm; ykvdyfrsm;u wm;qD;vsuf acgif;aqmifrsm;udk zrf;qD;um usefaom ol rsm;rSm vrf;ab;&Sd ,m,Dpcef;wckwi G f xde; f odr; f cHvu kd -f u&onf? xkt d cg tvkyf orm;rsm;u tpmiwfcHqENjy-uvsuf tvkyform;acgif;aqmifrsm;udk zrf;qD; xm;onft h wGuf &efue k f rdr S ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;onf tvkyo f rm;rsm;udk
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rnfwyfI Adkvfatmifausmfvrf; tjzpf ,aewdkif ajymif;vJac:a0:cJh-uonf? 1939 ck/ Zefe0g&Dv (8) &ufaewi G f &efue k f rda wmfokd aemufq; kH Y a&muf&v dS maom a&eHajrtvkyo f rm;ESifh v,form;wyfzJG }uD; ESpc fr k S acgif;aqmifrsm;onf }uHawm ok\ef&Sd Akdvfatmifausmf*lodk yxrqHk; oGm;a&muf*g&0ycJh-uonf? xdkaemuf csDwufvmolrsm;onf ppfa-umif;tvkduf &efukefrdwGif;odk 0ifa&mufvm-uI olwdktm;vHk;aygif;qHk&m qHk&yf onfum; &efukefrdawmf. ajrmufbuf t0if *dwfjzpf_yD;/ ,aewGifrl urm&Gwf&Jpcef;wnf&Sd&m tif;pdefESihf jynfvrf;wdkqHk&m vrf;qHjk zpfavonf? oydwo f rm;rsm;ESifh qENjyolrsm;. yxrqH; k tiftm;pkrm S vl (4000) ausmf &SdcJh_yD; olwdku dk udqdk&ef &efukefrdw Gif;rS vl (2000) ausmfxGufvm-uum olwdk ESihf yl;aygif;cJh-uonf? vl (6000) tiftm;&Sdaom xdkvlxk}uD;onf 10 ppfa&;jy bifc&mwyfzGJu a&SqHk;rSaevsuf &efukefrdawmftwGif;odk 0ifa&mufvmcJhav onf? olwdko nf vGefcJhonfh (12) &ufurS usqHk;oGm;cJhaom Adkvfatmifausmfudk *g&0y-u_yD;aemuf &efukefrdwGif;odk qufvufcsDwufoGm;-u_yD; a&$wd*Hkbk&m; taemufbufapmif;wef;ESihf awmifbufapmif;wef;t-um;/ atmufypP,H qif ajcavsmrsm;wGif qufvufcsDwufoGm;-u_yD;aemuf tpnf;ta0;rsm; usif;ycJh -uonf? xkdtcsdefwGif wdkArmtpnf;tHk;ESihf OD;apm. *VKefwyfwdkrS udk,fpm; vS,frsm;u rdec f Gef;rsm; ajym-um;-uonf? &efukefodk tvkyform;ESihfv,form; tiftm;pk}uD;rsm; csDwufvmr+. aemufyi kd ; f &v'ftjzpf vlaygif;ajrmufjrm;pGm tzrf;cH-u&avonf? rnfr#avmuf zrf;qD;cJh-uoenf;udkrl tzrf;cHqENjyolrsm;tm; ae&may;Edkifa&;twGuf &efukef ESihf tif;pdefaxmif&Sd tusOf;us &mZ0wfom;rsm;tm; axmifajymif;I z,f&Sm;ypf cJh&avonf? oda k omf Tv+yf&Sm;r+}uD;. wdkufkduftusKd;quftjzpf rsm;r-umrD ArmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m v,form;tpnf;tHk;ESihf ArmEdkifiHvHk;qkdif&m tvkyform; or*~ uGef*&ufwdkudk zGJpnf;EdkifcJhavonf? tar&duefEdkifiHom; ordkif;ynm&Sif z&ifh xa&*g (Frank Trager) u Tv+yf&Sm;r+. aemufqHk;&v'fudk atmufyg twdi k; f tusOf;csKyfazmfjycJo h nf? tusOf;csKH;qd& k v#if ,cif (YMBA) ESihf (GCBA) trsKd;om;acgif;aqmifrsm; rsKd;qufu rpGrf;aqmifEdkifcJhonfrsm;udk ocifrsm;u atmifjrifpGm taumift xnfazmfEkdifcJhonf? tvkyform;ESihfv,form; tajccHvlxk}uD;ESpf&yfudk wck wnf;aom OD;wnfcsut f & twlwuG vufwr JG a d p_yD; pnf;H; k nD!w G o f m G ;aponfh
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ypfrnfh taetxm;jzifh toihjf yifxm;vdu k -f u_yD; olwo kd nf wu,fu h snfqefrsm; tjynfx h nfx h m;aom di kz f ,faoewfrsm;tm; qENjyolrsm;. wyfO; D odk wnfw h nfh csdef&G,fvdkuf-uonf? ra&S;raESmif;Yyif t&m&SdwOD;u a&Swdk;vm_yD; auG;a-umf oHrsm; atmf[pfae-uaom vlx}k uD;udk owday;vdu k o f nf? xka d emuf ppfc&moH -um;vkduf&_yD; ppfom;rsm;u pwifypfcwfavawmhonf? av;csufypfcwf_yD; aemuf vlwef;}uD;. a&SqHk;rS tcsKdoHCmawmfrsm; ajrjyifay:odk vJusoGm;-u onf? aemufxyfppfom;rsm;u aoewfrsm;udk xyfrHcsdef&G,f-uaomtcg vlxk }uD;onf tESHtjym; tkyfpkuGJoGm;vsuf toufvkajy;-uawmhonf? Todk xdef; rEdkifodrf;r& y&rf;ywm qkwfcGmxGufajy;ae-uaom qENjyolrsm;t-um; usnf qefrsm;uvnf; qufwkduf xdk;azmuf0ifa&mufoGm;cJhonf? &ufpuf-urf;uwf vSaom xdv k o l wfy}JG uD;_yD;oGm;onft h cgYum; zket f vdr; f vdr; f xaeaom vrf;ay: wGif aoG;rsm;tdkifxGef;vsuf aoaeolrsm;/ '%f&m&olrsm; wHk;vHk;yufvuf vJvsuf &Sdae-uayawmhonf? oHCmawmf (7) yg; tygt0if (17) OD;aoqHk;_yD; (13) OD;rSm jyif;xefpGm '%f&m&cJh-uonf? rEav;rd. awmifbuf (5) rdkiftuGm tr&yl&vrf;ay:wGif&Sdaom tmZm enfAdrmefwGif e,fcsJ. om;aumif (17) OD;wdktm; aemufwywft-um azazmf 0g&Dv (17) &ufae Y trSwfw& jrKyfESHo*[fvdkuf-uaoma-umihf ,if;tokb tcrf;tem;odk rEav;ESihf ywfywfvnf&Sd e,frsm;rS xdwfvefw kefv+yfvsuf 0rf; enf;ylaqG;r+rsm; cHpm;ae-u&aom jynfolvlxkaxmifaygif;rsm;pGm wufa&muf vmcJ-h uavonf? rEav;Y psmyerusi; f yrD w&uftvdw k i Gy f if &efue k & f dS a'gufwmbarmf}uD; r;aom !Gea f ygif;tpd; k &tzGJ onf atmufvw $ a f wmf (House of Representatives) Y OD;ykESihfOD;apmwd. k t,Hkt-unfr&Sdtqdkudk +H;edrfhoGm;cJhonf? qif;&Jom;0HomEk (Nationalist Proletarian) ygwD.acgif;aqmifESihf q&m pH*VKefoy le kr f sm;udk yxrqH; k xif&m S ;pGm tumtuG,a f y;cJo h l a'gufwmbarmfonf jrefrmEdkifiH. (91) XmetkyfcsKyfa&;acwfY yxrqHk; eef;&if;0eftjzpf 1937 ckESpf/ {_yDv (1) &ufaewGif usrf;opPmusdefqdkcJh&avonf? odkaomf aemuf (2) ESpft -umwGif olvnf; ausmif;om;ta&;awmfyHka-umihf EkwfxGufay;cJh&avonf? xkd tcg om,m0wDrS 0g&ihf (*sDpDbDat) tzGJ0ifa[mif;wOD;jzpfol OD;yku a'gufwm barmfae&mudk qufcHcJhonf? OD;yk&mxl;vufcHcsdefwGif jrefrmEdkifiHtygt0if wurBmvH; k Y 'kuo Q u k w Q kdjzihf yifv,fa0ae_y; D taemufbufwi Go f mru ta&Sbuf
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wGifyg zufqpfESihf emZDrsm; wefcdk;tm%m }uD;xGm;pyvmcsdefjzpfonf? 'kw, d urBmppf jyuQ'e d r f sm;t&pufwifbmv (1) &ufaewi G f [pfwvm u ydkvefudk usL;ausmf0ifa&mufonf? xdka emuf ESpf&uf-um_yD;aemuf _AdwdefESihf jyifopfwu kd *smreDtay: ppfa-unmvdu k o f nf? 'kw, d urBmppfum; jzpfym G ;cJa hv _yD? ,if;odk jzpfyGm;vdkufjcif;onf vGwfvyfa&;udk qmavmifrGwfodyfaeaom jref rmjynftwGufum; }uD;rm;aom tcsKd;tauG/ tvSnfhtajymif;}uD;jzpfavonf? xkdtcsdefwGif OD;ykonf &efukefrd& Sd atmufv$wfawmfY _AdwdefEkdifiHtm; jrefrmEdkifiH u axmufcHtm;ay;oihfa-umif; xI axmufcHtqdkyavonf? ajcmufv-um _yD;aemuf atmufv$wfawmfu qHk;jzwfcsufw&yfudk csrSwfcJhonf? ,if;qHk;jzwf csufrSm _Adwdef. ppfr+a&;&mrsm;udk tultnDtaxmuftyHhay;a&;onf udkvdkeD tkyfpdk;olrsm;u jrefrmEkdifiHtm; "eo[m, twGif; 'dkrDeD,ef tqihftwef;ay; rnfh uwday:wGif rlwnfaeonf[k awmif;qdv k u dk o f nf? od& k mwGif OD;yku vluduf rsm;aom awmif;qdkcsufudk at;wdat;pufwHk jyefcJhjcif;onf 1940 ckESpf/ puf wifbmvwGif olu kd usqHk;cef;odk a&mufoGm;apayawmhonf? xdkppfudacwfumv vydkif;r#twGif; wdA k rmtpnf;tHk;ESihf ausmif;om; or*~rsm;onf awmif;qdkr+rsm; ydkrdkyvkyfvm-uonf? olwdku udkvdkeDtm%m ydkifrsm;. zdESdyfr+enf;vrf;tm;vHk;udk &yfwef&ef awmif;qdkvdkufonf? if;tjyif ,ckwnf&a dS eqJjzpfaom v$wa f wmftrwf wpdww f ydi k; f tm; jynfou l a&G;cs,_f y; D/ usefv$wfawmftrwfwpdwfwydkif;tm; bk&ifcHESihf tpdk;&u wkdufkdufceft yfonfh Oya'yzGJpnf;yHktpm; tm;vHk;wajy;nDrJay;a&G;cs,f-u&onfh wkdif;jynfy v$wf awmfudk pwifjcif;jzifh 'Drdkua&pDudk jynfhjynfh00 csufcsif;taumiftxnfazmfay; &efvnf; olwdku awmif;qdkvdkuf-uonf? xdktcsdefY OD;yk. tpdk;&tzGJwGif opf awma&;&m0ef}uD;tjzpf aqmif&u G c f a hJ om OD;apmonf olu, kd w f i kd f eef;&if;0ef t opfjzpfvmaomtcg tkyfpktrsKd;rsKd;-um;wGif&Sdaeaom 0da&m"donf ydkrdkqdk;qdk; &Gm;&Gm;jzpfvmavonf? OD;apm. tm%mt&Se d jf rihw f ufvmjcif;onf ol.&nfre S; f csu}f uD;rm;_yD; vGep f m G ^m%frsm;aom ud, k y fi dk o f kyo f uefukd xyf[yfvsu& f o dS nf? olonf 1936 ckESpf taxGaxGa&G;aumufyGJtwGif;u tm%mrJh EdkifiHa&; tzGJ tpnf;rsm;tm; r[mrdwfzGJ jcif;jzifh olae&mol tEdkif&cJhjcif;jzpfonf? odkaomf vnf; (3) ESpf-um_yD;aemuf OD;yktpdk;&tzGJwGif 0ifa&mufyl;aygif;_yD; wzef OD;yk0ef }uD;csKyfjzpfvmcsdefwGifvnf; olaysmhnHhr+rsm;a-umifh OD;yktm; vludufenf;vm_yD qdo k nfukd OD;apmoabmaygufvmavonf? xda k -umihf 1940 ckEp S /f -o*kwv f wGif
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OD;yktm; t,Hkt-unfr&Sdtqdkudk wifoGif;cgeD;wGif OD;apmonf tpdk;&tzGJrS Ekwx f u G _f yD; OD;ykukd qefu sifqENra J y;cJo h nf? Todk jzifh tpd; k &tm%mcsdec f i G! f m S udk apmif;oGm;ap_yD; OD;yktpd; k &tm; ywfusoGm;apawmhonf? od& k mwGif eef;&if;0efjzpfvmaom OD;apmonf aemufvmwJh armifyv k J 'ki d; f 0efxufu J qdo k uJo h kd twdu k t f cHrsm;udk pepfwuszE d y dS o f nfh tm%m&Siq f efaom rl0g'rsm;udk usiho f ; kH cJo h nf? Todk olyvkyy f i dk c f i G& fh oGm;jcif;rSm xdt k csdeu f _Adwo d # tm%mykdifrsm;onf olwdk. udkvdkeDtpdk;&rsm;tm; (waoG;woHwrdef ) tm%m tm;vH; k eD;yg;r# ay;tyfxm;onfh topfjy@mef;xm;vdu k a f om ppftwGi; f Oya'w &yfjzpfonfh Defence of Burma Rules (jrefrmhpnf;rsOf;Oya'orsm;udk umuG,f onfO h ya') udk olu tcGia hf umif;,lcjhJ cif;jzpfonf? odk jzpfonft h avsmuf OD;apm onf wdkA rmtpnf;tHk;. v+yf&Sm;r+rSefor# w&m;r0ifa-umif; a-unmvdkuf_yD; xif&Sm;aom ociftrsm;tjym;tygt0if ol. EkdifiHa&;ydifbuftm;vHk;eD;yg;udk zrf;qD;_yD; wdkif;jynfqlylatmif v+Haqmfr+jzifh w&m;pGJqdkcJhonf? ,if;wdkxJwGif *syefESihf tquftoG,f&Sdonf[k oHo,t0ifcH&aom a'gufwmbarmfESihf a'gufwm odr; f armifwt kd jyif ocifE/k ocifp; kd ESifh ocifApdew f v kd nf; yg0ifavonf? xkd jyif atmufajctqifhrsm;wGif olu dk vludufrsm;aprnfh tajccHvkyfief;&yfrsm; csrSwf&ef &nf&G,f_yD; wcsdefwnf;wGif jrefrmjynftESo H dk OD;apmonf c&D;xGufcJh_yD; olt m; axmufca H -umif; jyoolre So f r#tm; pD;yGm;a&;/ Eki di fa H &;wdE k i S fh ywfoufaom tcGihfta&;t&yf&yftjyif tpdk;&tr+xrf;jzpfygv#ifvnf; &mxl;rsm;jzifh &uf&uf a&ma&m qkcsvdkufavonf? bk&ifcH qmtmcsDabm aumhcf&def; (Sir Archibald Cochrane) 1941 ckESpf wGif jyefom G ;_y; D ola e&mudk qm&Jv* f se D ,fa':refprpf (Sir Reginal Dorman-Smith) u qufcHaomtcg OD;apmESihf tqihfjrihf _Adwdo#tm%mydkifwdk qufEG,fr+rSm ydkrdk cdkifrmoGm;avonf? qm&Jvf*sDe,frSm touf (42) ESpfom &Sdao;_yD; OD;apmxuf wESpfcefom }uD;avonf? r-umjrihfrD olwdkESpfOD;onf wu,fh rdwf&if;aqG&if; d -umifh 1941 ckEp S w f i G f usif;y&rnfjzpfaom taxG rsm;jzpfom G ;-uavonf? 11 xka axGa&G;aumufyGJudk a&$qdkif;vdkufjcif;jzihf qm&Jvf*sDe,fu ol. vkyfydkifcGihft& OD;apm. oufwrf;udk aemufxyf (5) ESpf oufwrf;wckokd wd; k ay;vdu k a f vonf? xkdaemuf OD;apmudk qm0ifpwefcsmcsD (Sir Winston Churchill) tjyif tjcm; _Adwo d #acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh awGqa kH qG;aEG;&eftwGuf vef'efokd zdwa f c:vdu k a f v onf? OD;apm. &nf&, G c f sufrm S 'kw, d urBmppfwi G f _Adwo d #wdk atmifyc JG _H yD;aemuf
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jrefrmEdi ki fu H kd vH; k 0vGwv f yfonfh Edi ki ft H jzpf a-unmay;&eftwGuf _Adwo d #tpd; k& tm; qGa J qmifor d; f oGi; f &efjzpfonf? olonftm%mESifh ywfoufI tl;trl;jzpfae _y; D ordi k; f wGif olyg0ifco hJ nfh tcef;utm; jrefrmEdi ki fu H kd vGwa f jrmufapcJo h t l jzpf wGi& f pfap&ef vdv k m;cJa h yonf? taemufokd c&D;pwifrxGuc f m G rD rdru d , kd u f kd Ak'b < mom0ifwOD;[k a-unm xm;aom OD;apmonf olrsm;ESir hf wl wrlx; l jcm;onfh oljzpfonft h wki d; f wdu k * f g;armh (of) av,mOfysH (Tiger Moth aeroplane) udk pD;oGm;&if; (326) ay ^m%fawmf tjrif& h o dS nfh a&$w* d a kH pwDawmf}uD;udk av,mOfysHtm; 0JysHywfapI olonf ylaZmf uefawmhom G ;ao;onf? *VKefeef;&if;0ef. xl;qef;aom tytrlEi S fh ywfoufI xdktcsdefu Ak'<bmom0iftrsm;pk. tjrifwGif pdwf}uD;0ifr+ESihf a&$wd*HkapwDawmf tm; rkdrao rav;rpm; AdkvfqefpGm yvkyfoGm;onfh vuQ%mtjzpf xifjrif-u ayvdrfhrnf? tb,fa-umihfqdkaomf apwDawmfonf Ak'<. qHawmf&SpfqlESihf tjcm;"mwfawmfarGawmfrsm; udef;0yf&mjzpfI tjcm;tedpPoabmaqmif yk*~dKvf rsm;xuf jrihr f m;pGm wnf&a dS e&rnfjzpfaoma-umiha f ywnf;? rnfokdqkdap OD;apmonf 1941 ckESpf/ atmufwkdbmv apmapmykdif;wGif vef'efokd xGufcGmoGm;cJhavonf? olESifhtwl umuG,fa&;aumifpDtwGif;0ef OD;wifxGfu olt }uHay;tjzpf vkdufygoGm;cJhonf? OD;wifx Go f nf udr; f A&pfwuUov dk Y f ynmqnf;yl;cJ_h y; D &efue kw f uUov dk . f 'k=t"dywdEi S hf *k%o f a&jrifr h m;vSaom tdE, dN ydnmOfcH 0efxrf;wOD;vnf; jzpfay onf? eef;&if;0eftaejzifh ,cifu Oa&myokd ra&mufz; l acs? Oa&mywwku d v f ; Hk um; ppfrD;awmufavmifvsuf&Sdonf? olwkdESpfOD;vkH; atmufwkdbmv (10) &ufwGif t*Fvefokd acsmacsmarmarmqkdufa&mufoGm;-uonf? (18) &ufaewGif qm0if pwefcsmcsu D 0ef}uD;csKyftr da f wmfwi G f aev,fpmpm;yGjJ zifh wnfcif;{nfc h& H ef OD;apm ukd zdwf-um;cJhonf? jrefrmeef;&if;0eftaejzifh Tyk*~dKvf}uD;tm; rdrdvkdvm;csuf buf ,dr; f ,ki dv f map&ef pnf;k; H odr; f oGi; f Eki dp fr G; f r&Sc da hJ cs? 'kw, d urBmppftwGi; fu ppf; H+ vkqq J t J ajctaerS aemufq; Hk atmifyq JG ifonftxd _Aw d o d #vr l sK; d rsm;omru taemufwkdif; 'Drkdua&pDacgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh zGJxm;aom r[mrdwftiftm;pk}uD; twGi; f wGiy f g r,dr; f r,di ka f usmufpmwki du f o hJ dk acgif;aqmifra + y;Eki dc f o hJ nft h wGuf csD;usL;axmyemyjcif;cH&aom 0ef}uD;csKyftaejzifh ppfyGJqifE$Ja&;vkyfief;rsm;u om olu dk ywfvnf0i dk ; f vsu& f o dS nf? _Aw d o d #tifyi dk , f m ukv d e dk e D ,frsm;ukd vGwv f yf a&;ay;&ef qefu sia f om ol& yfwnfcsuu f v dk nf; trsm;uod_yD;jzpfonf? okd jzpfI
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csmcsDEi S hf OD;apmwkt d -um; ESpe f m&Dausmf-um ajymqka d qG;aEG;r+onf ,cifutwki d; f jrefrmhEi dk i fa H &;tem*wfonf _Adwo d #w. dk ppfya JG tmifEi dk r f + &v'ftay:Y wnfra DS e _y; D xkt d cse d u f sro S m jrefrmhta&;ukd tav;ay;ajz&Si; f Eki dr f nf[a l om wHk jyefcsuo f dk om tESpc f sKyfa&muf&o dS m G ;cJo h nf? csmcs. D wif;rmaom oabmxm;ESit hf wl olawG cJ& h or# tjcm;_Aw d o d #acgif;aqmifrsm;. oabmxm;rsm;uvnf; OD;apmukd xyfwl xyfr# pdwt f aESmift h ,Sujf zpfapcJo h nf? Ekd0ifbmvukefykdif;wGif olonf t*FvefrS jyefvnfxGufcGmoGm;onf[kqkd onf? ar#mfvifc h sufuif;rJv h suf pdwp f Ek; d paemifh jzpfaeaom OD;apmonf tjyefc&D; ukd tar&duefEkdifiHbufrS jzwfjyef_yD; orRw z&efuvif/ 'D/ l;pAJh (vf) (Franklin d #ukv d e dk e D ,fwck D. Roosevelt) ukd 0ifawGonf? tar&dueforRwtaejzihf _Adwo . ta&;t&mrsm;wGif 0ifa&mufpGufzuf&ef vufwGefaeonfukd awGcJh&onf? aemufq; Hk c&D;pOftjzpf olwE dk p S O f ; D ypdzw d u f jdk zwfI ava-umif;jzifh jrefrmEki di fb H uf OD;wnfjyefvmcJo h nf? tar&duefEi dk i fr H S rxGuc fm G rD OD;apmonf *syef&dS jrefrmynm awmfoifrsm;. tajctaersm;ukd pkp H rf;&ef &nf&, G c f sufjyI *syefaumifppf0efudk d a f& oGm;a&mufawGqc Hk o hJ nf? ykvq J y d u f rf; (Pearl Harbour) &Sd tar&duef ypdzw wyfukd *syefav,mOfwifoabFmrS av,mOfrsm;ESifh a&ikyfoabFmrsm;u vkH;0eD; yg;eD;eD; wkdufckdufzsufqD;_yD;onfh aemufw&uf 'DZifbmv (8) &ufaewGif olwkd pD;vmaom av,mOfu [m0kdif,D&Sd [kdEkdvlvlokd qkdufa&mufoGm;jcif;rSm xl;xl; jcm;jcm;wku d q f i dk r f w + &yfjzpfacsonf? okd jzpfI olwa dk v,mOfonf aemufa-umif; jyefvSnfhcJh&onf? tar&duefEkdifiHESifh twWvefwdwfyifv,fukdjzwf_yD; ta&Sbuf ysHoef;vm&if; ay:wl*D vpfpbGef-rdY olwkd -uef -umaecJhjyefonf? OD;apmu tcGifh aumif;,l_yD; xkdae&mY *syefaumifppf0efukd awG jyefonf? olz mom wOD;wnf; oGm;a&mufcjhJ cif;jzpfaomfvnf; olwa dk jymqko d r#udk wku d sKo d dk pum;0Sujf zifh owif; ay;ykd jcif;cH&onf? _Adwo d #axmufvS r; f a&;u ,if;owif;ay;ykc d sufudk -um;jzwf zrf;,l_yD; pum;0Sufrsm;ukd azmfxkwfcJhonf? owif;ay;ykdcsuf. tusOf;csKyfrSm *syefu jrefrmEki di fu H dk usL;ausm0 f ifa&mufv#if jrefrmwku d _Aw d o d #udk xuGye k u f ef aumif;ykefuefvdrhfrnf? xkdtcsdefwGif olt aejzifh *syefukd wwfEkdifor# tultnD ay;rnf[lIjzpfonf? _Adwdo# EkdifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD;u olwkdESpfOD;ukd zrf;&efqkH; jzwfvu dk _f y; D [ki dz f m-rdo dk av,mOfqif;onfEi S hf zrf;qD;xde; f odr; f vku d o f nf? OD;apm ESifh OD;wifxGfukd ,l*ef'gjynfokdykdvkduf_yD; OD;apmtaejzifh ppftwGif;umv wav#mufvkH; txdef;todrf;cHxm;&onf?
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OD;wifx Gu f r dk l jyefvw $ a f y;cJ_h y; D 1945 ck arvwGif jrefrmEki di fr H S qkwc fm G vsuf tdENd,EkdifiH qif;rvm;-rdY zGJpnf;aom qma':refprpf. ppfajy;tpkd;&tzGJukd oGm;a&mufy; l aygif;aponf? ODapmonf 'dr k e D , D eftqifu h kd awmif;qd& k ef vef'efokd wcrf;wem; xGuc f m G roGm;rD vtenf;i,fcefu yifv#if eef;&if;0ef OD;apm rod&& dS ao;aom ocifatmif qef;onf olEi S fh pdwo f abmxm;wlno D nfh ppfaoG;ppfrmef pdwx f ufoefonfh rsKd; cspfvli,fyk*~dKvfrsm;ESihftwl *syefjynfodk oabFmjzifh xGufcGmoGm;cJhavonf? xkd tcsdefu olwdktaejzifh udkvdkeDtm%mydkifrsm;ESihf aphpyfaqG;aEG;jcif;jzifh ar#mfvifh csur f sm; jynf0 h oGm;vdrr hf nf[k r,H-k unf-uawmh? rsK; d cspv f i l ,f rsK; d qufopftae jzihf 'dkrDeD,eftqifh tygt0if _Adwdo#bk&ifhtifyg,mESihf qufoG,fv+yf&Sm;/ EkdifiH udk xlaxmifom G ;&rnft h vkyr f sK; d udk rvdv k m;awmhbJ vH; k 0vGwv f yfa&;udk wdu k c fu kd f &,l&ef qH; k jzwfc-hJ uonf? vufeufui kd x f uGa&;enf;vrf;jzifo h mv#if olw& kd nf rSe; f csuf txajrmufEi kd r f nf[k olw, dk -kH unfc-hJ uonf? xkdtcsdefu udkatmifqef;onf touf (20) ausmfausmfom &Sdao;onf? odka omfvnf; EkdifiHa&;0gtm;jzifh &ifhusufaeav_yD? wdkA rmtpnf;tHk;. taxG axGtwGif;a&;r;tjzpf xrf;aqmifcJh_yD; a'gufwmbarmfOuU@tjzpf aqmif&Guf onfh us,fjyefaom r[mrdwfwyfaygif;pk}uD;jzpfonfh xGuf&yf*kd%f; (Freedom nf tultnD&,l Bloc) udk pwifwnfaxmifcJholwOD;vnf;jzpfayonf? olwdko a&;twGuf taemufxuf ta&Sudk ar#mf-unfh-uonf? 1940 ckESpfqef;wGif wkA d rmtpnf;tk; H okd tdE, dN trsK; d om;uGe* f &ufygwD &rf;*g(&f) (Ramgarh) nDvm cHodk uk, d p f m;vS,t f zGJ vma&mufavhvm&ef zdw-f um;pm vufc& H &Sy d gonf? xku d hJ okd zdw-f um;jcif;ukd 0rf;omtm;&pGmvufc_H yD; taxGaxGtwGi; f a&;r; ocifatmif qef; acgif;aqmifvsuf ocifoef;xGef;/ ocifA[def;ESifh tjcm;toif;0ifrsm; yg0ifonfh uk, d p f m;vS,t f zGJ onf rwfvwGif tdE, dN jynfodk if;tpnf;ta0;wuf a&muf&ef oGm;-uygonf? xkduGef*&ufnDvmcHwGif -unf!kdav;pm;tyfaom r[wWr*E<DESifh wjcm;ausmf-um;aom uGef*&ufacgif;aqmif}uD;rsm;jzpfonfh ypf*s0g[mvm(vf) ael;/ qlb(pf)cse' f &m bk( d pf) pojzifh awG uHpum;ajymcGi& hf -uygonf? ypfael;qkv d #if ocifatmifqef;onf ausmif;om;b0upI cs; D rGr; f ESpfoufcJholjzpf_yD; xkdyk*~dKvf}uD; t*Fvdyfbmomjzifh a&;om;cJhor# pmayrsm;ukd pdwt f m;xufoefpm G zwf-um;avhvmrSwo f m;cJo h nf? 1936 ckEp Sw f i G f uka d tmifqef; onf ArmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;rsm;or*~OuU@ wifajrmufjcif;cH&csdefwGif
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pdwy fi dk ; f jzwfum tquftoG,y f ifr&Sc da hJ om rpPwmael;tm; jynfv; Hk u|wf rEav; ausmif;om;nDvmcHudk 1937 ckEp S w f i G f pDpOf&mwGif wufa&mufcs; D jri & hf ef owW& d p dS m G zdwf-um;vkdufonf? ypfael;uvnf; jrefrmausmif;om;acgif;aqmif atmif qef;qkdol. *k%foduQmta-umif;rsm;ukd -um;od_yD;jzpfojzifh zdwf-um;jcif;ukd vufcH_yD; olukd,fwkdif nDvmcHwufcJhonf? ael;vma&mufjcif;jzifh trsKd;om; ta&;tm; txl;jrifhwufapcJhonf? acgif;aqmif csef'&m bkd(pf) 0g't& wjcm; wbufrS t-urf;zufru l , dk -Hk unfojl zpf_y; D jrefrmjynftm; vlpr d ; f wa,mufr[kwf awmhyg? jypfr+Oya' yl;aygif;}uHpnfr+jzifh w&m;pGJqkdcH&vsuf olESifh awmfvSefa&; acgif;aqmif (16) a,mufwkdtm; rEav;axmifwGif 1924 ckrS 1927 ckESpftxd tusOf;csjcif;cH-u&onf? ypfael;onf jrefrmvli,fukd,fpm;vS,frsm;tm; txl;{nfh0wfausyGef pGm -unfh+xm;um nDvmcHt_yD;wGif olwko d abmt& wjcm;ae&mrsm;ukdyg oGm; a&muf-unfh+avhvmcsifonfhqEN &Sd-uygovm;[k ar;jref;&mwGif ocifatmif qef;uyif taemufajrmufa'oac: tuf(zf)*ef e,fpyfodk oGm;a&mufva dk -umif; ukd arwWm&yfcHonf? xkdtcg c&D;pOfvkyfay;cJhonfrSm Ak'<*g,mrS t-rd-rdrsm;okd 0ifa&muf-u_y; D a'vD-rda wmfrw S qifh tdE, dN wku d i f ,fujdk zwfausmu f m ywfv#m;0g; -rd/ uki db f mawmif-um;uae bka H b-rdr S umvuwWm;-rdo dkjyef-u&ef pDpOfay;ygonf? taemufajrmufa'owGif ocifatmifqef;qENtwki d; f xl;uJpm G e,fpyf*E< D bGJ& yxef=rlqvifacgif;aqmif}uD; cef/ tuf'l *gzm/ cef ESihf awGqa Hk qG;aEG;cJ-h uonf? xka d cgif;aqmif}uD;onf a'otvku d f _Aw d o d #rsm;ukd awmfve Sc f sio f nfp hw d f jyif;xef pGm&Sa d omfvnf; t-urf;rzufa&;oabmw&m; tjrif0g'ukd cH,x l m;oljzpfonf? oljrefrmjynfjyefa&mufvmaomtcgwGif udkvdkeDtm%mydkifrsm;u oludk zrf;0&rf;xkwx f m;a-umif;udk olo& d avonf? xka d -umihf olonf wdi k; f jynftwGi; f rS wdwfwqdwfxGufcGmoGm;&ef qHk;jzwfvdkufI olESihf&if;EDS;aom rdwfaqGwOD;jzpf fh wl wkwjf ynfokd yxrxGua f wmhrnfh wkw= f ,d; k ',m; onfh ocifvS rdif 12 ESit vdkif; [dkifvDoabFm (China-Siam Line, Hai Lee) ay:odk &efukefqdyfurf;rS cdk; wufum vkdufygoGm;avonf? olt dwfuyfxJ&Sd lyD; (200) tjyif olw Gif pdwful; ,Oftdyfrufwckom ygoGm;avonf? oltaejzihf wdkif;jynfvGwfvyfa&;twGuf wdu k c f u kd v f p dk w d & f _dS yD; tjcm;ppfvv kd m;aom ocifrsm;uvnf; &Se[ f i kd ; f odo k m G ;_yD; armf uGejf rLepfrsm;ESifh qufo, G r f & + ,l&ef olu kd wdu k w f e G ; f cJ-h uonf? oda k omf ol b0rSm tajctaet& tvsifpvdjk zpfvsuf&o dS nf? [oFmwcki d f &J0efaxmufjzpf
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ol aZ;AD;,m;qdo k u l atmifqef;udz k rf;rdv#if (5) ly; D csD;jrir hf nf[k vlo& d i S -f um; qkaiGxw k x f m;onf? odk jzpfI olEi S hf udv k S rdiw f u kd yxrqH; k awGonfh wkwjf ynf odk oGm;rnfhoabFmjzihf vkdufygoGm;cJh&jcif;jzpfonf? olwdkonf olwdkudk,folwdk oabFmuke; f ywfay:rS vdu k y f gvmonfh wkwc f &D;onf wefvt l if&e S; f ESifh wefqk awmif wdt k jzpf kyz f sufc-hJ uonf? xda k e&ufum; 1940 ckEp S /f -o*kwv f (8) &ufjzpfonf? oabFm OD;wnfcw k f armif;aeonfum; trGdKifrdodk jzpfonf? trGdKif rdonf wkwfurf;kd;wef;&Sd rdw rdj zpf_yD; *syefwu kd odr; f ydu k x f m;um ,cktcg ZD&mrif; [k ac:ae-uav_yD? 1940 ckESpf ESpfv,favmufwGif rDemrDrql,kd 13 emrnfcHvsuf &efukefokda&muf &Sdvmaom Adkvfr;}uD; uif*sDqlZluD;ukd ArmhxGuf&yf*kd%f;rS a'gufwmbarmf. a&mif;&if;wOD;jzpfol a'gufwmodrf;armifu (6) ywfceft-umwGif oGm;a&muf awGqc Hk o hJ nf? trGKd ifwi G f aomifwifaeaom jrefrmrsKd;cspfvi l ,f (2) OD;ukd *syefodk oGm;Ekdifa&;twGuf pDpOfay;yg&ef olu qlZluD;ukd tqkdycJhonf? Adkvfr;}uD;u csuc f si; f yifoabmwlvu dk _f y; D a'gufwmodr; f armifu vli,f (2) OD;. "mwfyr Hk sm;ESihf rdwfqufpmwapmifukd olu kday;vkdufonf? qlZluD;onf ol.vufaxmufwOD; jzpfol ql*sDtDrufql,lESifhtwl *syefokd r-umrDyif jyefoGm;cJhonf? tjcm;vuf axmufwOD;jzpfol rpfZw l meDte D mtku d r dk l &efue k w f i Gx f m;&pfco hJ nf? wki da f ywGif c&D;waxmufem;pOf azmfrq dk m (wki d0 f rf) &Sd *syefb& k ifw h yfrawmf rS tkyfcsKyfa&;t&m&SdwOD;ukd Adkvfr;}uD;u jrefrmESpfa,muf pwif&SmazG&efESifh wkdusKdwGif olx Hokd apmifh-uyfac:aqmifvm&ef rSm-um;cJhonf? trGKd ifwi G f ocifatmifqef;ESihf ocifv-S rdiw f dk ta&Sajrmuf{&d,m&Sd uGejf rL epfykdife,fajr ukef;wGif;ykdif;okd c&D;oGm;vmEkdif&ef tultnDay;Ekdifrnfh wOD; wa,mufudk tquftoG,& f a&;twGuf (3) veD;yg;cef &SmazGaomfvnf; tcsn; f tESD;omjzpfaeonf? olwkdrSm aiGa-u;vnf;ukef ar#mfvifhcsufvnf; cef;ajcmuf vsu& f o dS nf? xkt d cse dw f i G f uifaywki dr f S Adv k r f; uef'gu ulvefqu l |e; f rS Eki di fw H um d kd ajc&mcHrdoGm;onf? olwkd ykdifpcef;wGif;&Sd wnf;ckdcef;av; (Inn) wckwGif olwku rSm tHt h m;woifh jzpfonfEi St hf r# a'gufwmodr; f armif.pmukd zwf&onfEi S hf pdwf vufayghyg;oGm;-uonf? *syefokd qufvufoGm;&efom taumif;qkH;[lIvnf; awG;awmrdcJh-uonf? olwkdonf *syef=zdvpfykdif ujym;rsm;tjzpf tkdrkd'grGef*sD f mwrf;rsm;uki df ESihf tDw' dk gwDtc D sD 14 [laom emrnfrsm;jzifh taxmuftxm;pm&Gup aqmifum Ekd0ifbmv (8) &ufaewGif zlultkdtmavqdyfokd qif;oufcJh-uonf?
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wku d sKda&mufonfEi S hf Adv k r f ; }uD; qlZu l ; D u olwu dk dk avqdyw f i G f vma&muf udqc dk o hJ nf? jrefrmhta&;twGuf bk&ifw h yfrawmfO; D pD;XmecsKyfrsm;u pdwr f ygw yg jzpfaeonfhtwGuf qlZluD;u olt dwfrS aiGpkdufxkwfI olwkdu kd -unfh+xm;& onf? rsm;r-umrD Armvrf;r}uD; 15 (Burma Road) jyefvnfzGifhvSpfvkdufjcif;u olwkd. pdwfyg0ifpm;r+ukd jyefvnfEkd;xapcJhonf? -unf;wyfESifh a&wyfXmecsKyf ppfOD;pD;r;rsm;u v#Kd0SuftzGJwzGJ zGJpnf;a&;tpDtpOfukd yl;aygif;vkyfaqmifvm _yD; aemufq; Hk Y 1941 ckEp S f azazmf0g&Dv (1) &ufaewi G f rDemrDuu D eftzGJ jzpfay: vmcJo h nf? rDemrDuDuefukd Adkvfr;}uD; uif*sDqlZluD;u OD;aqmif_yD; *syef-unf;wyf a&wyft&m&Sr d sm;tjyif t&yfom;rsm;jzifh k; H zGJ pnf;xm;onf? jrefrmok; H OD;jzpfonfh 16 atmifqef;/ vS-rdifESifh ukdaqmif; (uD&D,l pufr+txufwef;ausmif;wGif wufa&mufynmoif-um;aeol) wku d dk *syefb& k ifw h yfrawmf. ppfO; D pD;XmecsKyfrsm; . wku d fu dk u f y G u f r J a + tmufwi G f xm;&Sv d u dk o f nf? uDueftaejzifh tqifh (3) qifh yg0ifaom azazmf0g&Dv pDrHudef;jzifh olppfqifa&;vkyfief;&yfrsm;ukd csufcsif;yif pwifcJhonf? yxrqkH;tm;jzifh jrefrmrsKd;cspf (30) OD;ukd [kdifeef (okr d [kwf) azmfrkd qmwGif ppfoifwef;ay;&eftwGuf ac:xkw& f ef/ 'kw, d taejzifh oifwef;_yD;onf ESifh jrefrmjynfwGif;jyef0if_yD; _Adwdo#wkdukd qefusifaom vufeufukdifxuGr+ twGuf pnf;kH;v+yf&Sm;um _Adwdo#wkdu kd armif;xkwf_yD; vGwfvyfa&;&,lEkdifa&; twGuf vufeufEi Sa hf iGa-u; taxmuftyHa h y;&ef/ wwd,taejzifh jrefrmrsKd;cspf rsm;ukd vufcE H i dk a f &;/ jynfwi G; f jyef0ifEi dk a f &;ESihf befaumufra S e_yD; e,fpyfujdk zwf ausmfum vufeufrsm; o,faqmif_yD; _Adwo d #qefu sifa&;wyfzJG rsm;ukd axmufyhH Ekdifa&;twGuf ,kd;',m;=jrefrme,fpyf tcsuftcsmusaom ae&mrsm;wGif v#Kd0 u S t f ajccHpcef;rsm; wnfaqmufxm;&efwdk jzpfonf? yxrOD;qkH;aom ppfqifa&;trdefukd vufcH&&Sdolrsm;rSm atmifqef;ESifh f dk azazmf0g&Dv (14) &uf ql*sDtDrpfql,l (Sugii Mitsuru) wkd jzpfonf? ,if;trdeu aepw JG yfxm;_yD; u0gqmuDqy d u f rf;rS aemufaexu G r f nfh 'gtDwo dk abFmyka d qmif d y f gI ykor d /f &efue ko f o dk m G; a&;ukr% ` y Di dk f &Sew f if rml; (Shunten Maru) jzifh vku &efjzpfonf? olwv dk y ka f qmif&rnfw h m0efrm S topfpp k nf;xm;olrsm;ukd oabFmjzifh ckd;xkwf_yD; oifwef;&Sd&mae&mokd ykday;&eftjyif axmufvS rf;a&;owif;opfrsm; pkaqmif; &efjzpfonf? olwkdu kd oabFmom; vufrSwfwkrsm; xkwfay;_yD; ql*sDrSm oabFm aiGpm&if;ukdifESifh tkdrkd'grGef*sDrSm pma&;jzpfoGm;onf? tkdrkd'gtaejzifh
86
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kyfzsuf0wfqifxm;&_yD; oGm;wkyg wyfqifxm;&onf? atmifqef;onf &Sefwifrml; ykodrfuyfonfESifh ukef;ay:okd vGwfvGwf uif;uif; ta&mufwufoGm;EkdifcJhonf? trdajray: jyefeif;&onfhtwGuf olrSm 0rf;omvsuf&Sd_yD; &efukef&Sd ocifjrxH owif;ay;ykd& ef qufvufxGufcGmcJhonf? &Sefwifrml;u olu kefrsm;jzpfonfhqefukd xyfrHjznfhqnf;Iwif&ef &efukefokd a&mufonft h csdew f i G f &Jabmf (4) OD;ukd a&G;cs,f_yD;jzpfonf? oka d omfvnf; atmif qef;ESifhtwl olwkdoabFmay:wufrnfhnwGif oabFmtv,f twuftqif; avSum;wGif ykvdyftapmifht-uyfrsm; wif;usyfpGmcsxm;onfhtwGuf ,if;rS wuf&ef rjzpfEkdifonfhtwGuf oabFmaemufykdif;wGif tcsufjya&ay:abmESifh csnx f m;aom oHud;rS pGep f e Gp f m;pm;wufc-hJ u&onf? Tyxr rsK; d cspt f okww f i Gf 17 yg0ifolrsm;rSm ocifvSaz/ at;armif/ b*srf;ESifh ukdxGef;&Sdef wkd jzpf-uonf? atmifqef;/ vS-rdifwkdESifhtwl olwkdukd wkdusKdrS azmfrkdqmpcef;okd av,mOfjzifh ykda y;cJh_yD; olwkd jrefrm (6) OD;jzifh ppfoifwef;ukd pwifcJhonf? *syefoifwef;om; topftcsKdv nf; aemufykdif;wGif wufa&mufvmcJhonf? tvm;wl wm0efay;cH&olrSm tDemtkdrDZlwmeD (Inao Mitzutani) jzpf_yD; ol onf tkq d mumrS rwfv (25) &ufaewi G f &efue k o f dk xGuc fm G aom qefwifoabFm 'gtDwkdykdaqmifa&;ukr`%Duyif ukdifl;rml; (Kairu Maru) oabFmjzifh vkdufyg oGm;cJh&onf? olonf &Sifrifemrnfjzifh oabFmaiGpm&if;ukdiftjzpf [efaqmif oGm;&onf? olonf vli,f (7) OD;ukd (3) OD;w}udrf/ (2) OD; ESpf}udrfwkdifwkdif tvnfxGufcGifh&_yD; jyefvmaom oabFmom;rsm;ESifh a&maESm_yD; oabFmay: ta&muf wifay;Eki dc fo hJ nf? wv-um_yD;aemuf oabFmaiGpm&if;uki d f ql*st D o D nf olwa,mufwnf; aemufxyf (3)OD;ukd uka d q;tDrml; (Kosai Maru) oabFmjzifh o,faqmifvmEki dc f jhJ yefonf? ZGev f wGif aemufq; Hk wacgufY &Sir f ifu xyfr_H y; D (11) OD;ukd ukdlrml; (Koreyu Maru) oabFmjzifh xkwfvmEkdifcJhjyefonf? if; (11) OD;wGif aemufqkH; (6) OD;rSm ocifApdef/ ocifxGef;tkyf tkyfpkrSjzpf_yD; ocifxGef; tkyfukd,fwkdif acgif;aqmifxm;onf? ocifxGef;tkyfESifhtwl ygvmolrSm tjcm;ol r[kwf aemufykdif; Adkvfae0if;jzpfvmrnfh ocif+armifjzpfonf? rpfqlwmeD (c) oabFmaiGpm&if;uki d f &Sir f ifonf rsKd;cspf&a J bmf (27) OD;teuf (18) OD;ukd yifv,f jzwfI o,faqmifvmEkdifcJholjzpfonf? ,dk;',m;=jrefrme,fpyfrS jzwfausmfvm ol ocifatmifoef;ESifh ocifoef;wifwkdtjyif ukdaqmif;ukdyg xyfaqmif;vkduf aomtcg emrnfausmf &Jabmfo; Hk usdy f t_yD;owfjzpfay:vmcJo h nf?
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ociftkyfpk (2) ckt-um; r-umrDyif rausvnfr+rsm; jzpfay:vmcJhonf? 18 ukdlrml; oabFmjzifh &efukefrStxGuf pifumyloGm;onfh c&D;pOfwGifyif ocif xGe; f tky. f oabmxm;a-umifh jzpfym G ;onfh rausvnfrr + m S tapmqk; H jzpfonf? tjcm;xif&m S ;onfw h ckrm S Adv k a f usma f Zmajymjycsujf zpf_y; D bmwD;vfvifem. a'grmef[e k w f i G f uk; d um;xm;csufjzpfonf? udkatmifqef;ESifh udkae0if;wdk [kdifeefwGif r-umc% tcsif;rsm;-uonf? udkatmifqef;onf vldk;vlajzmifh ajAmiform;jzpfI udkae0if;u tvGef^m%frsm; vsuf wGufcsuf_yD;rS vkyfwwfonf? odka omfvnf; udkatmifqef; t"du ruduf onfu uda k e0if;. tusip hf du k f raumif;r+jzpfonf? olonf avmif;upm;orm; jzpfonfhtjyif rdef;rvnf; tvGef+yfayGonf? xka d -umihf tusifhpm&dwW aumif;rGef r+udk txl;tav;xm;aom udkatmifqef;ESihf usefaom u|efawmfwdk &Jabmfrsm; uvnf; ,if;tcsufudk rESpfrd- ujcif;jzpfonf? odka omf tem*wfudk ar#mfawG;I pnf;vHk;nD!Gwfa&;twGuf u|efawmfwdk wwfEdkifoavmuf tnDt!GwfaecJh-u ygonf? xdkrSwyg; atmufyg bmwD;vfvihfwfem a&;om;csufudkvnf; owdrloihf ayonf? &efukefwGif udkatmifqef;onf oabFmrSm;pD;rdcJhjcif;oufoufa-umihf *syefESihf qufoG,fvdkuf&jcif;um; r[kwfacs? *syefwdk. v#Kd0Sufvkyfief;rsm;udk olwdk. olv#Kdrsm;u &efukefESihf tjcm;ae&mrsm;wGif vkyfaqmifvsuf&SdcJhonf? 1930 ckESpfrsm;avmufuyif +dZdk=udkulbl (Shozo Kokubu) [k ac:aom *syef a&wyft&m&Sdwa,mufonf ocifApdefocifxGef;tkyf tkyfpkESifh qufoG,fr+& cJhonf? xkd jyif &efukef&Sd *syefolv#KdwOD;jzpfaom a'gufwm qlumpm qlZluD; pDpOfay;cJo h nft h wGuf tjcm;rsKd;cspfy* k Kd~ vfwOD;jzpfonfh a'gufwmodr; f armifonf vnf; 1940 ckEp S w f i G f wdu k sKdokd tvnfc&D;oGm;cJz h ; l onf? uda k tmifqef;tygt0if ocifudk,fawmfrd+if;. aemufvdkufrsm;rSm *syefrsm;tay:Y ta-umif;a-umif;udk axmufqI oHo,&S-d uonf? wenf;tm;jzifv h nf; ratmifjrifaom wkwjf ynf c&D;pOfonf jrefrmEdkifiH vGwfvyfa&;ud;yrf;v+yf&Sm;r+twGuf tultnD&rnfh ae&mudk ud;pm;&Sm}uHjcif;w&yf[k jrif&ayrnf? odka omf ,if;ud;yrf;r+ ratmif rjrifjzpfom G ;onft h cg jrefrmvli,frsKd;cspfrsm;twGuf (olwv kd c kd sifonfh vGwv f yf a&;udk E+wu f wday;aeonf) h *syefomv#if a&G;cs,fp&m &So d m G ;ayawmhonf? *syefwt kd aejzihf Ttcsufukd aumif;pGmoabmaygufxm;-uonf? odk jzpf
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I olwdkonf olwdk. ppfoifwef;tpDtpOfwGif 0ifkd;wef; vdkvm;aom vusfm tpGe; f a&muf0g'D ocifApde f ocifxe G ; f tkyf tkyp f u k kd xnfo h i G; f I vuf0o J rm;rsm; tm; xdef;xm;&ef qHk;jzwfcJh-ujcif;jzpfonf? xkda-umihfvnf; wdkArmtpnf;tHk; udk pwifwnfaxmifcJh&mY yg0ifcJhol wOD;jzpfaom ocifApdefonf ocifxGef;tkyf S c f efr p S I *syefukd pwifqufo, G c f o hJ nf? 0g&ifE h i dk i fa H &;orm; ESit fh wl 1938 19 ckEp rsm;xJrS Eki di f jH cm;om;rdwa f qGrsm;csOf;uyfrw d z f JG or l sm;rSm ocifApdeE f i S hf ocifxe G ; f tkyfwkdu pcJh-uonfr[kwf? OD;apmomv#if yxrjzpfygonf? olonf owif;pm q&mwOD;taejzifh uk, d p f m;yum *syefEi dk i fo H dk 1935 ckEp S w f i G f tvnfom G ;cJo h nf? olonf xkc d &D;rStjyefwi G f &efue k -f rdw i G f owif;pm}uD;wapmifjzpfaom ol&, d owif;pm. t"du tpkydkif&Sifjzpfvmjcif;rSm wkdufqkdifr+w&yfjzpfykH&onf? olu vlra + ygif;oif;qufqa H &;taejzifh *syefot H &m&Sr d sm;ESihf tvnftywfvmolrsm;ukd azsma f jz{nfc hc Ho hJ nf? ,if;oka d om {nfc hy Hr JG sm;ukd *syefEi dk i ft H a-umif; aqmif;yg;rsm; tm; rSer fe Sy fE Hk y dS a f zmfjyavh&a dS om olo wif;pmwGif tjynft h pko H wif;tjzpf a&;om; azmfjycJo h nf? aemufrS ay:aygufvmaom b0. oa&mfuu G w f &yfrm S *syefwE dk i S hf txufyg twki d; f qufo, G c fo hJ nfh ocifApdet f m; *syefwu dk yif t}uHay;r+a-umifh 1942 ckEp S f atmufwb dk mvwGif e,fpyfuae_yD; ,k; d ',m;Eki di fb H ufodk jzwfu; l &ef ud;pm;&m zrf;qD;cH&_yD; tusOf;cscH&jcif; jzpfayonf? rnfodkyifjzpfap ocifxGef;tkyfwdk aemufqHk;tokwf a&muf&Sdvm_yD;onfh aemufwGifum; udkatmifqef;wdk t&if *syefodka &mufESihfaeaom udkaqmif;tyg t0if pkpkaygif; rsKd;cspfvli,f (30) OD;&SdoGm;av_yD? odk jzpfI olwdku dk jrefrmhordkif; wGif &Jabmfo; kH usy d f [k ac:a0:cJa h vonf? olw. kd *syefwyfr; rSm Akv d r f; }uD; au tD*sD=qlZluD; jzpfonf? olonf udkatmifqef;ESihf udkvSrdifudk trGdKif wGif zrf; qD;cJhol t&m&Sdjzpfavonf? &JabmfoHk;usdyf0if ocifudk,fawmfrd+if;tkyfpk. wck wnf;aom &nfre S ; f csufyef;wki dr f m S jrefrmEdi ki f H vGwv f yfa&;jzpfaomfvnf; Adv k r f ; }uD; qlZluD;ESihf *syefaxmufvS rf;a&;wdk tzd& k mYum; tjcm;&nfrSef;csufrsm; &Sif; &Sif;vif;vif;&Sdaeav_yD? 1938 ckEp S w f i G f *syefwo kd nf wkwjf ynf ajrmufyi kd ; f ESihf ta&Sy i kd ; f wdu k kd usL; ausmf0ifa&mufcJhonf? od& k mwGif *syefbk&ifhwyfrawmf. wkwfjynftwGif;ydkif; ESihf aemufqHk;wGif tdENd,jynftxd xdk;azmufrnfh taemufbufcsD ppfqifa&; r[mAsL[mudk csefau&SdwfOD;aqmifaom (wkwfjzL) ulrifweftpdk;&u tpGrf;
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ukefqefu sifwGef;vSefae&m ,if;udk r[mrdwfu ulnDyHhydk;vsuf&Sdonf? xdktcsdef Y armfpDwkef;wdk. wkwfeDuGefjrLepfrsm;vnf; tjyif;txef awmfvSefaejcif; a-umifh csefau&Sdwf ulrifwefwyfrsm; ajcukyfpcef;wckjzpfaom wkwfjynf taemufawmifbufjynfe,fwckjzpfonfh ,leef odk r[mrdww f . kd ppfypPn; f wef aygif;rsm;pGmudk tusOf;tusyfrsm;-um;rS ay;ydkae&onf? &efukefqdyfurf;rS jrefrmjynftv,fyi kd ; f tylyi kd ; f uEm&udk jzwfausmfvsuf &S r; f awmifwef;rsm;txd/ xkr d q S ufvufI ,leefjynfe,fokd 0ifa&mufaom jrefrmvrf;r}uD; (Burma Road) onf xdktcsdefu vGefpGm ta&;}uD;_yD; *syefppfOD;udk wm;qD;Ekdifa&;twGuf wck wnf;aom axmufya hH &;vrf;a-umif;jzpfonf? xka d -umifh *syefwt kd aejzihf jrefrm jynfudk 0ifa&mufodrf;ydkuf_yD; ,if;qufoG,fa&;vrf;a-umif;udk jzwfawmufvdk onf? xdkodk yvkyfEkdif&eftwGuf olwdk ppfqifa&; atmifjrifacsmarmapjcif; tvdk iSm kyjf yaumif;aom jrefrmwdi k; f &if;om; wdu k c f u kd a f &;wyfwwyf tcki dt f rm&S& d ef *syefwdku vdktyfaecJhonf? TaxmufvS rf;a&;tpDtpOfudk rDemrDuDuef (Minami Kikan) [k v#Kd0Sufemrnfay;xm;cJhonf? odk jzihf *syefa&muf jrefrm vli,frsm;rSm TtpDtpOf. t"dutoufaoG;a-um}uD;jzpfvmcJhonf? odk jzpfonfhtwdkif; 'DZifbmvwGif &JabmfoHk;usdyfrS (28) a,mufudk bef aumufodk a&$ajymif;vdkufonf? ukdaqmif; (okdr [kwf) Adkvfxdef0if;ukd ,kd;',m; Eki di f& H dS *syefb& k ifw h yfrawmf. 0g'jzefc sda&;Xmeokd wm0efcsxm;cJo h nf? [ki de f ef wGif tpysKd; ppfa&;avhusifrr + sm; yvky_f yD;aemuf ppfoifwef;udk azmfrq kd mu|ef; odk a&$ajymif;cJ& h m jrefrmvli,fwOD;jzpfonfh ocifoef;wifonf ,if;ae&mY iSuf zsm;a&m*gjzifh uG,fvGefoGm;cJhonf? xkdaemuf 'DZifbmv (26) &ufaewGif bef aumufY ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmf (Burma Independence Army) udk w&m; 0ifzJG pnf;vdu k a f vonf? Tta-umif;ESiy fh wfoufI ocifva S z (Adv k v f usfm) u aemufyi kd ; f wGif Todk jyefvnfajymjycJo h nf? tJ'a D eu orm;awmf}uD; OD;vGe; f aztdrr f m S vlawGtm;vH; k [m wtm; pdwf xufoefae-uw,f? vlwdkif;qDu vufarmif;aoG;udk azmuf,l_yD; aoG;aomuf opPmqdk-uw,f? tJ'DnrSm *syefppfoifwef;pcef;u jyefvm-uwJh olawGtm;vHk; pk_yD; pnf;a0;-uw,f? udkatmifqef;u u|efawmfwdkpdwfuduf twdwfedrdwf aumif;r,fh emrnfwckpD a&G;oifhw,fvdk t}uHyw,f? 'Demrnfu u|efawmfwdk udk *k%v f & J a dS pr,f? ,H-k unfrv + J ay;Eki dr f ,f? vkyi f ef;_yD;pD;atmif aqmif&u G & f r,fh todpdwf"mwfvJ 0ifapr,f? aemuf u|efawmfwdk csDwufr+udk qufvufo,f
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aqmifay;r,fh emrnfrsK; d jzpf&r,fvkd olu ajymw,f? 'Dt}uHtpnf[m u|ea f wmf wdk pkaygif;pOf;pm;xm;-uwmvJ r[kwfbl;? t&ifxJu t-um}uD; pOf;pm;xm;cJh -uwmvJ r[kwfbl;? 'g[m udkatmifqef;&J t}uHtpnfyJ jzpfw,f? u|efawmf wdkudk tJ'Dvdk csjyawmh u|efawmfwdktm;vHk; tJ'Dt}uHtpnfudk oabmusoGm; -uw,f? tJ'DrSmyJ u|efawmfwdk emrnfawG a&G;-uw,f? prf;ac: -unfh-uw,f? oabmus-uw,f? emrnftopfeJ ud, k u hf , kd u f kd eJea J wmif t&yfjriho f m G ;w,fvkd cHpm;-u&w,f xdkaewGifyif olwdktm;vHk;. emrnfa&S Y Akdvfwyfvdkuf-uonf? Akdvf[l onfrSm vltaygif;/ av;pm;cH&r+ESihf -oZmtm%m&Sdr+udk jyqdk_yD; t&m&Sdtqifh&Sd olwdkif;. emrnfa&SY (OD;/ armif/ udk) tpm; wGJoHk;oGm;&onfh a0g[m&wckjzpf ayonf? Todkjzifh uda k tmifqef;u (Adv k a f wZ) jzpfvmonf? udv k a S zu (Adv k v f usm f) emrnfcH,lonf? ocifatmifoef;u (Adkvfp}ufm) ESihf udk+armifu (Adkvfae0if;) pojzihf jzpfvm-uonf? wckwnf;aom cGif;csufrSm ocifxGef;tkyfjzpfonf? ol u *syefemrnfudk cH,lvdkufonf? Ttkyfpk. wyfr; jzpfol Adkvfr; }uD; qlZluD;udk Adv k r f; kd ud; [k emrnfay;vdu k -f uonf? *syeft&m&S}d uD;rsm;uvnf; jrefrmemrnf &,lcsifonf? odk jzifh TAdkvfrdk;ud;[laomemrnfudk udkatmifqef;udk,fwdkif a&G; cs,a f y;cJjh cif;jzpfonf? oda k omf rd; k ud;wGi& f a dS om pmt"dym ` ,foufouftjyif Adv k f r;}uD;qlZluD;udk ,if;jrefrmemrnfay;&mY vdrRmyg;eyfI av;eufaom t"dy`m,f udkvnf; aqmifayonf? tb,fa-umihfqdkaomf _Adwdo#wdk tkyfpkd;pOfuyif xD;k; d ukd rd; k ud;ypfr,f [laom wabmifpum;onf ysHEx HS u G a f y:vsuf&o dS nf? Twabmif. t"dy`m,frSm bk&ifheef;pOf ueuU'%f xD; wnf;[laom (_Adwdo# tcsKyftjcmtm%m) onf rdk;ud; wnf;[laom aumif;uifrS usvm onfh vufeufa-umifh usKd;ysufaom tajcodk {uefqu kd a f &mufom G ;vdrr fh nf[k qdkvdkonf? TwGif Akdvfrdk;ud;u AdkvfcsKyf}uD; rDemrD (Adkvfr;}uD; qlZluD;) [l aom &mxl;tqihfESihf emrnfcH,lum bDtkdifat ppfXmecsKyfudk uGyfuJvdkufum AkdvfcsKyf rl&mumrd (uy`wdef Ekd'g) u ppfOD;pD;csKyf tjzpfvnf;aumif;/ AkdvfcsKyf tdkrdk'g (udkatmifqef;) u tqihfjrihfppfOD;pD;t&m&Sd (jrefrmrsm;xJwGif &mxl;t }uD;qHk; tqifhtjrihfqHk;) tjzpfvnf;aumif; ceft yfjcif;cH&onf? tjcm; jrefrmt &m&Sd (8) OD;rSm 'k=Adv k r f; }uD; &mxl;rS Adv k }f uD;tqift h xd &mxl;rsm;jzifh ppfO; D pD;Xme csKyfESihf tjcm;oD;jcm;wm0efrsm;wGif ceft yfcH-u&onf? Akdvfae0if;tm; ceft yfr+
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rSm pm&if;. atmufajcwGifrS yg&Sdvmonf? jrefrmjynfwGif;&Sd &efolwyfzGJrsm;udk 'kuQa&mufap&ef pDpOf!ef-um; vkyfudkifoGm;&rnfhwyfrSm 'k=Adkvfr;}uD;+armif &mxl;emrnfjzifh OD;pD;uGyfuJ&ef wm0efay;jcif;cH&onf? *syeft&m&Sd}uD;rsm;. vluc J wfru + m; rqd; k vSyg? olw i G f &Sa d om yifu, dk t f &nftaoG;ESifh xdw k m0efonf 20 ododomomyif oihfavsmfvSayonf[k qdk&ayvdrfhrnf? 1942 ckEp S f apmapmyki d; f wGif bDti kd a f tonf *syefwyfrawmfEi St fh wl jrefrm jynfwGif;odk 0ifa&mufcJhonf? tpueOD; (28) OD;rSvGJ_yD;v#if jrefrmtrsm;tjym; onf xkdif;EdkifiHwGifvnf;aumif;/ wu,fhe,fpyfwav#mufwGifvnf;aumif; bD tdkifatwyfxJodk 0ifa&mufvmcJh-uonf? 21 arG;&yfajray:wGif a&SodkcsDwuf&if; olwdk *k%f,l0ifhuGm;pGmjzifh jrihfjrifhrm;rm; v$ihfxlcJhonfhatmifvHrSm t0g/ tpdrf;/ teD oHk;a&mifjc,f/ tv,frS ua'gif;jzpfonf? 22 xdyfqHk;rS t0ga&mifvdkif;onf bmoma&;,H-k unfru + kd azmfjyonf? tv,frS tpdr; f a&mifrm S aygrsm;uG,0 f aom ajr,mESifh aumufyo J ; D ESt H xGuu f kd jyqdo k nf? atmufajcrS teDa&mifrm S rl a-umuf &GHr+uif;aom &JpGrf;owWdudk azmf!ef;vsuf&Sdonf? tv,fA[dkwGif tjzLa&mif aemufcHjzifh puf0kdif;twGif;rS rmefrmetjynfht0jzifh ab;taygif;rS vGwfajrmuf apaom (arm& y&dwa f wmf) udk ud, k p f m;yonfh jrefrmh ua'gif;udk jyoxm;onf? ,if;onf EkdifiH. *k%fusufoa&wihfw,fr+ESihf xGef;ajymifr+wdkudk trSwftom; yxm;jcif;jzpf_yD; jrefrmbk&ifrsm; vufxufrSpI wdkArmtpnf;tHk;ESihf (BIA) acwftxd oH; k pGv J mcJa h om tvHjzpf.? bDti dk a f t. tiftm;rSm tpwGif (2300) om&Sa d omfvnf;r-umrDjrefrmjynftv,fyi kd ; f odk a&muf&o dS m G ;onft h cse dY f tiftm; (30000) odk wdk;wufoGm;avonf? 1942 ckESpf/ rwfv (7) &ufaewGif *syefwdk u bDti dk a f ttultnDjzifh &efue k f rdu kd acsmarmpGm odr; f ydu k E f i dk c f o hJ nf? xda k emuf _Adwo d #wo kd nf a&$awmifY jyif;xefpm G ckcI H taemufbuf&dS tdE, dN odk wrl;vrf; rS pnf;urf;wus qkwc f m G oGm;cJo h nf? Ttcse d Y f urBmh 6 yH/k 1 yHu k kd pd; k ydi kx f m;aom _Adwdo# t&Sifocifrsm;tm; rnfolr# rvSefEdkif[laom tawG;txifonf vGihfpif k omfvnf; wrif;ajymif;rS wrif;ta-umif;od qko d uJh aysmufu, G o f m G ;cJo h nf? oda odk jrefrmEdi ki ft H m; *syefrsm; odr; f ydu k & f mwGif &ufpufrE +i S hf ywfoufI pHwifavmuf aom tppftrSefokyfouefrsm;udk r-umrD jrefrmrsKd;cspfwdk pdwfysufzG,f&m awG &Sdvm&awmhonf? 23 -rdawmfokd jyef0ifonfh tcsdefykdif;avmufuyif oltaejzifh *syefawmfvSefa&;twGuf pnf;kH;&ef ud;pm;cJha-umif;/ ppf_yD;aemuf AkdvfcsKyf atmifqef;u xkwfazmfajymqkdcJhonf? tcsdefapmvGef;ao;onfhtwGuf if;tpD
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tpOfukd olkyfodrf;vkduf&onf? *syefbk&ifhwyfrawmfu ArmhvGwfvyfa&; wyfrawmf (BIA) ukd zsufodrf;&ef qkH;jzwfcJh_yD; ysOf;rem;wGif tajccsxm;aom wyf&if; (3) &if;r#jzifh 1942 ckEp S f Zlvi dk v f rSpI ArmhumuG,a f &;wyfrawmf (BDA) ukd zGJpnf;cGifhycJhonf? bD'Datukd Adkvfr;}uD; &mxl;jzifh Adkvfatmifqef;u uGyfuJcJhonf? 1943 ckESpf rwfvwGif a'gufwmbarmf/ ocifjrESifh AdkvfcsKyfwkdu kd wku d sKo d dk zdw-f um;cJo h nf? xka d emuf a'gufwmbarmfu 0ef}uD;csKyf a['Duw D * dk sKE di S hf aqG;aEG;cJ_h yD; wk* d sKdu jrefrmEki di f H vGwv f yfa&;twGuf vrf;!ep f nf;rsOf;rsm; [k ac:onfh taxmuftxm;pmwrf;ukd a'gufwmbarmfokd ay;tyfcJhonf? ukd,f pm;vS,ftzGJacgif;aqmifrsm;ukd *syef{u&mZfbk&ifukd,fwkdif taqmifta,mif bGJwHqdyfrsm; qifjref;ay;tyfcJh_yD; OD;atmifqef;rSm AdkvfcsKyf (ar*sm*sife&,f) &mxl;okd wkd;jrifhjcif;cH&um wwd,wef; wufaetxdrf;trSwfbGJwHqdyf tyfESif; jcif;cH&onf? a'gufwmbarmfonf jyefa&mufa&mufcsif; jrefrmEkdifiH vGwfvyf a&;jyifqifr+aumfrwD ukd zGJpnf;vkdufonf? aemufqkH;Y 1943 ckESpf -o*kwfv (1) &ufaewGif jrefrmEkdifiHukd vGwfvyfaomEkdifiHtjzpfvnf;aumif;/ a'gufwm barmfuv dk nf; Eki di fa H wmft"dywdtjzpfvnf;aumif; a-unmvku d o f nf? bD'a D t ukd ArmhtrsKd;om;wyfrawmf (BNA) tjzpf emrnfajymif;vkduf_yD; umuG,fa&;0ef }uD;&mxl; ,lxm;aom AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;u Adkvfr; ae0if; (Adkvfr; }uD;&mxl;okd vsifjrefpGm wkd;jrifhcH&onf) ukd bDtifat. umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyftjzpf a&G;cs,f cJo h nf? oka d omfvnf; umuG,a f &;0ef}uD;Xmeukd _Adwo d #pepftwki d; f jyefvnfjyif qifzJG pnf;cJ& h m aemufwESpt f apmyki d; f wGif _yD;pD;oGm;onft h cg Adv k c f sKyfatmifqef; u OD;pD;aoemywd &mxl;ukd jyefvnf&,lvkduf_yD; Adkvfr;}uD;ae0if;ukd ppfkH;okd ppfO; D pD;csKyftjzpf ajymif;a&$vu dk o f nf? vGwv f yfa&; ESpy f wfvnfaewi G f Adv k c f sKyf atmifqef;tm; *syef {u&mZfbk&ifu yxrwef; jrifhjrwfaom &wembGJwHqdyf (First Class Order of the Sacred Treasure) jzifh tyfESif;csD;jrifhvkdufjyefonf? xkt d cse dw f i G f pdw}f uD;0ifaeaom *syefb& k ifw h yfrawmfEi S hf olw. dk a-umufrufz, G f uifaywkdif axmufvS rf;a&;,E&m;wkdtay: rauseyfr+rsm; qlyGufvsuf&Sdae av_yD? tjzpftysufrsm;aygif;pkHaeonfh Ttcsdefukd u|efawmf a&;om;ae&mwGif rdrt d csKyftjcmtm%mukd vk; H 0O\kjH yefvnf&,lvo dk nfh zufqpfqefu sia f &; jrefrm rsK; d cspr f sm;u usL;ausmo f r d ; f yku d x f m;onfh *syefwyfrsm;ukd jyefvnfawmfve S o f nfh v+y& f m S ;r+udk pdw0 f ifpm;zG,f tusOf;csKyfjyefvnfwifjyvka d yonf?
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ta&;}uD;aom trsKd;om;EkdifiHa&;ygwD}uD; (3) ck yl;aygif;_yD; ArmhxGuf &yf*kd%f; tjzpf 1939 ckESpf atmufwkdbmv (1) &ufaewGif jzpfay:vmcJhonf? ol. OD;wnf&nfrSef;csufw&yfrSm jrefrmEkdifiH. ukd,fykdifqkH;jzwfEkdifonfh tcGihft a&;ukd _Aw d o d #tpk; d &u todtrSwf y_y; D v#if vGwv f yfa&;ay;&eftwGuf awmif;qkd &efjzpfavonf? tvm;wl &nfrSef;csufrsm;xm;&Sdaom Armhta&;awmfykHygwD [k ac:aom ajratmuftzGJwzGJukd ,if;u arG;xkwfay;cJhonf? tzGJ0ifrsm;ukd ocifrsm;/ qkd&S,fvpfrsm;/ uGefjrLepfrsm;-um;rS a&G;xkwfcJh _yD; if;tzGJ. xif&Sm;aom acgif;aqmifrsm;tjzpf OD;ausmf_idrf;/ OD;AaqG/ ocif atmifqef;ESihf ocifoe d; f azwkd jzpfvmcJo h nf? tcsKa d omEki di fa H &;orm;rsm;u *syef ta-umif; tom;ay;ajymjyaomfvnf; uGefjrLepfwkwfukdrl trsm;u ykdrkdvkdvm; -uonf? odef;azurl zufqpf*syefESifh yl;aygif;a&;ukd tjyif;txefuefuGuf oljzpfonf? 1942 ckEp S f tapmyki d; f wGif Adv k c f sKyfatmifqef;u *syefb& k ifw h yfrsm;ESit hf wl Armhvw G v f yfa&;wyfrawmfudk OD;aqmifum trdajray:okd atmifjrifpm G 0ifa&muf vmcsdefwGif odef;azu ajratmufqufoG,fa&;uGef&ufuwqifh *syefqefusif a&;pm&Gur f sm;ukd jzefa 0tvkyr f sm;aecJo h nf? TwGif orki d; f wGir f nfh uH-urRmw&yf jzpfvmcJhonf? Armhta&;awmfykHygwDu odef;azukd tdENd,okdv$wf&ef tm;vkH; oabmwlvu dk -f uonf? olwo dk r d ; f oGi; f xm;ol rmhup f 0 f g'Drsm;. aoG;aqmifpnf; kH;r+ pGrf;&nfay:wGif ar#mfvifhcsufxm;&SdonfESifhtnD wzufuvnf; r[mrdwf wkx d r H S tultnDudk ,cifu rdwa f qGwOD;taejzifh &SmazG&ef qk; H jzwfvu dk -f ujcif; jzpfonf? ulrifwefwyfrsm;. tultnDu& dk ,lum ode; f azu wifa&$Ei St hf wl uom ukjd zwfI taemufajrmufvrf;a-umif;twki d; f oGm;&ef ud;pm;cJa h omfvnf; xka d 'o wGif *syefwkd& SdaeonfhtwGuf jyefvSnfhvmcJh&onf? xkdtcsdefwGif AdkvfcsKyfatmif qef;ESifh Adkvfvusfmwkdu jrefrmjynftv,fykdif;&Sd a&$bkdwGif &Sdae-u_yD; olwkdESifh tHh-op&maumif;avmufatmif rar#mfvifhbJ awGqkHrdcJh-uonf? tHhtm;woifh jzpfae-uaom ,cifa&mif;&if;ESpO f ; D rSm xkt d csdew f i G f Armhvw G v f yfa&;wyfrawmf . tqifhjrifht&m&Sdrsm; jzpfae-u_yD; *syeft}uHay;rsm;teD;wGif vkdufyg&Sdaevifh upm; aESmifhaES;jcif;r&SdbJ olwkdE SpfOD;ukd tumtuG,fay;vsuf olwkdc &D;ukd jzpf ajrmufatmif aqmif&Gufay;cJhonf? odef;azESifh wifa&$onf ajcvsifjzifhwoG,f avSjzifhwwef &ckdifukdjzwfI 1942 ckESpf ZlvkdifvwGif b*FgvDokd a&mufoGm;cJh-u
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onf? olw. dk v+y& f m S ;r+udk t}uD;tus,o f o H ,0ifvsu& f a dS om _Aw d o d #tm%myki df rsm;u olwku d kd csufcsif;yifzrf;qD;vkduf-uonf? qif;rvm;wGif ckdv+Hae&aom ta0;a&muf_Adwdo# jrefrmtpkd;&taejzifh jrefrmhawmfvSefa&;v+yf&Sm;r+. kd;om;r+ukd tcsdefwkdtwGif; em;vnfvmonfh tavsmuf odef;aztaeESifh ta0;a&muftpkd;&tzGJ0ifrsm;ESifh awGcGifh&vmonf? 1943 ckESpf tapmykdif;wGif olwkdukd wkwfjynfokd oGm;cGifhyvkdufaomfvnf; (7) vcef -um_y; D aemuf olwo dk nf a'vDodk vufcsn; f oufoufjzifh jyefvmcJ-h u&onf? ulrifwefa&m/ uGejf rLepfrsm;uyg ky0 f wKypPn; f tultnD wpkw H &mrygbJ oem; -uifemr+ oufoufuo dk m ay;cJ-h uonf? _Adwdo#wkdtaejzifh oabmxm;ajymif;_yD; olwkdbufygvmum v#Kd0Suf,l epfwckjzpfonfh trSwf (136) wyfzGJtopf zGJpnf;ay;vkdufonfhtwGuf olwkd t}uD;tus,f 0rf;omyDwdjzpfae-uonf? xkdwyfzGJtaejzifh ta&Sawmiftm&S&Sd &efole ,fajrrsm;ukd xkd;azmuf0ifa&muf/ vJAD;wyfrsm;ukd xlaxmifoifwef;ay;/ ajymufusm;ppfukd pnf;kH;_yD;/ &Sd_yD;jzpfaom zufqpfqefusifa&; awmfvSefa&; v+y& f m S ;r+rsm;ESihf yl;aygif;aqmif&u G & f efjzpfonf? okd jzpfI wifa&$udk a&ikyo f abFm ESifh ac:aqmifoGm;_yD; &ckdifurf;ajcwGif 1943 ckESpf Ekd0ifbmvwGif csxm;ay;cJh onf? aemufwESpf azazmf0g&DvusrS tzkd;rjzwfEkdifaom owif;rsm;ESifhtwl olukd oGm;a&mufac:,lEkdifcJhonf? odef;azu tdENd,wGif qufaecJhonf? olu r[mrdwfXmecsKyfESifh jrefrmhvGwfajrmufa&;v+yf&Sm;olrsm;t-um; qufoG,fa&; t&m&St d aersKd;aqmif&u G _f yD; wcsdew f nf;rSmyif jyef-um;a&;0ef}uD;Xme. 0g'jzef csda&;vkyi f ef;rsm;ukd aqmif&u G a f y;aecJo h nf? xkdtcsdefY 1943 ckESpf -o*kwfv (1) &ufae Y jrefrmEkdifiHukd vGwfvyfa&; &&Sd_yDjzpfa-umif; a-unmvkdufonf? t"dywd a'gufwmbarmfu ocifacgif; aqmif (4) OD;ukd tpkd;&tzGJ0if0ef}uD;rsm;tjzpf ceftyfvkdufonf? ocifjrukd 'k=0ef}uD;csKyf/ ocifEk=EkdifiHjcm;a&;/ ocifatmifqef;=umuG,fa&;ESifh ocif oef;xGef;=qufoG,fa&;wkd jzpfonf? Tceftyfr+rsm;rSm *syefwkdu aemufqkH; twnfy&rnfjzpfaomfvnf; TuJhokd -oZmwduUr&Sdaom yk*~dKvfrsm; ukd,fpm;y yg0ifjcif;ukd vG,fvifhwul oabmwl_yD;jzpfayonf? olwkdtm; jyefvnfqef usifawmfvSef&mwGif if;wkd (4) OD;pvkH; acgif;aqmifyg0ifrnfqkdonfukdum; ol wkd rod&Sm-uacs? ocifoef;xGef;rSm xkdv+yf&Sm;r+. acgif;aqmifjzpfcJhonf? atmifqef;. &mxl;wm0efESifh ywfouf_yD; Ttajctaeukd Akdvfr; tdyf(csf)/ yD/
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qD;*&if; (Major H.P. Seagrim) u trSwf (136) wyfzGJokd (3) vt-umwGif owif;ay;ykd _y; D jzpfonf? yxrqkH;vGwfvyfa&; ESpfywfvnfaewGif qefusifawmfvSefa&;acgif; aqmifrsm; pkHnDpnf;a0;rd-uonf? zufqpf*syefrsm;ukd rvkdvm;a-umif;ESifh tcGi& hf onfEi S hf olv ufatmuf&dS vufeufui dk w f yfzJGrsm;u olwu dk dk xuGqefu sif rnfjzpfa-umif; twdtvif; atmifqef;. ajym-um;csufu xka d eudk rSwr f w S & f & jzpfapcJhonf? EkdifiHa&;ygwDtm;vkH;taejzifh pkpnf;nD!GwfpGm &yfwnf-u_yD; zufqpfqefusifa&; jynfolvGwfajrmufa&;tzGJcsKyf (AFPFL) wnf;[laom emrnfukd vkdufavsmnDaxGpGm a&G;cs,fcJh-uonf? ygwDrsm;taejzifh zufqpf pepfudk acsr+e; f &efEi S hf jynfot l pk; d &w&yf xlaxmif&eftwGuf tzGJ csKyfY yg0ifjcif; jzpfa-umif; tpnf;ta0;rS xkwfjyefvkdufaom a-unmcsufwGif yg0ifvmcJhonf? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;. t_rJwrf;vufeufukdifwyfzGJrsm;ukd tiftm;&Sdaom r[mrdwr f sm;tjzpf wGux f m;aomfvnf; *syefwr dk a&mufEi dk o f nfh jrefrmjynfajrmuf yki d; f awmifwef;rsm;&Sd ucsi/f csi; f / em*ESihf vl&; DS vlrsK; d rsm;rSvnf; vJA; D wyfzJGrsm;ukd _Adwdo#u xlaxmifcJhonf? u&ifvlrsKd;wkdr Sm vlrsKd;pkajymufusm;rsm;wGif t"du tiftm;pkjzpfonf? ,dk;',m;EkdifiHe,fpyf oHvGifckdif u&ifawmifwef;rsm;ukd toufaoG;a-ume,fajrtjzpf owfrSwfxm;onf? tb,fa-umifhqkdaomf ,if; e,fajrwGif _Adwdo#ukdvkdvm;_yD; trsm;pkrSm c&pf,mefrsm;jzpf-uaom u&ifrsm; aexkdif-uaoma-umifhjzpfonf? Adkvfr; qD;*&if; taejzifh xkda'oY aemufcsef usef&pfaecJh_yD; vJAD;rsm; pkaqmif;jcif;ESifh avhusihfoifwef;ay;jcif;[lonfh txl;vkyi f ef;&yfrsm;ukd pnf;k; H aqmif&u G & f ef rdrp d w d q f ENt& oabmwlnc D o hJ nf? _Adwdo#vlrsKd; (2) OD;/ u&ift&m&SdwOD;ESifh tjcm;opPmapmifhodaom _Adwdo# tpk; d &0efxrf;rsm;ESihf vJA; D rsm; yg0ifonfh tkyp fw k pkudk olu OD;aqmifra + y;_y; D 1943 ckESpf azazmf0g&DvrS 1944 ckESpf azazmf0g&Dvtxd ,if;awmifwef;rsm;wGif aqmif&GufvkyfukdifaecJhonf? *syefuvnf; olwku d kd trdt& &SmazGzsufqD;&rnfh ppfqifa&;ukq d ifE_J$ yD; aemufq; Hk wGif qD;*&if;tkyp f u k dk z,f&m S ;Eki dc f o hJ nf? qD;*&if; ESifhtwl&Sdaeaom _Adwdo#t&m&Sdrsm; owfjzwfcHcJh&_yD; vlxktay:ESdyfuGyfr+rsm; &yfwefoGm;ap&ef olukd,fwkdif vufeufcscJhonf? qD;*&if;ESifh olvl (8) OD;rSm &efukefwGif aemufykdif;Y uGyfrsufjcif;cH&onf? 'k=Adkvfr;}uD; a*s/ ckdrmwD= wl;avmh(cf) (Lt. Col. J. Cromarty-Tulloch) tygt0if trSwf (136) wyfzJG0ifrsm; ukd u&ifawmifwef;rsm;ay:okd avxD;jzifc h say;cJ_h yD; aemufq; Hk xk; d ppfajymufusm;
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v+y& f m S ;r+rsm;ukd jyefvnftouf0ifapcJo h nf? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;. taetxm;ukd qD;*&if;u owif;ay;ykdcJh&mwGif taxmuftxm;tcsufwcsufrSm xl;xl;jcm;jcm;ay:xGufvmcJh_yD; bufwmpAD. d mcJo h nf? ,if;tcsufudk arm&pf pm&Gup f mwrf;rsm; (Battersby Papers) wGif yg&Sv aumvpf (Maurice Collis) u ol. jrefrmjynfY aemufqkH;ESifh yxrqkH; 1941=1948 [laom pmtkyp f mrsufEm S (205) wGif uk; d um;azmfjycJo h nf? 1943 ckESpf Ekd0ifbmvwGif Adkvfr;qD;*&if;ESifh ud;rJha-u;eef;tquf toG,fyvkyfEkdifcJhonf? ArmhumuG,fa&;wyfrawmfrS atmifqef;u tajctae ay:aygufonfESifh *syefukd olw yfjzifh jyefvnfwGef;vSef&ef pDpOfaea-umif; azmfjy onfh ol. tapmqk; H owif;ay;ykc d sufw&yfrm S rSwo f m;p&maumif;vSonf? 1945 ckESpfwGif _Adwdo#wkd jrefrmjynfxJ jyefvnf0ifa&muf_yD; *syefukd tEkdifwkduf_yD;rS atmifqef;u xkdokdvkyfaqmif&ef qkH;jzwfcJhjcif;jzpfa-umif; t*FvdyfvlrsKd;trsm;tjym;u rSm;,Gif;pGm,kH-unfaecJh-uonf[k bufwmpAD (trSwf 136 wyfzJG/ txl;ppfqifa&;tr+aqmif) u jznfp hu G x f m;jyefonf? u|Ey fk f ukd,fwkdif jrifawGcJh&aom Adkvfr;qD;*&if; owif;ay;ykdcsuf. ckdifrmr+ukd u|Ekfyf tmrcH&Jonf? xkdxufrapm&ifawmif tenf;qkH; 1943 ckESpfwGif atmifqef; taejzifh *syefwu dk dk u,fwif&i Sr f sm;tjzpf xifrw S c f jhJ cif;ukd aemifw&cJ_h y; D awmfve S f a&;tzGJ0ifwOD;jzpfcJh_yD; jzpfonfqkdonfukd ocifEk.pmtkyf *syefvufatmuf jrefrmjynf wGif taxmuftxm;trsm;}uD; wifjycJhonf? 1944 ck ESpfukefcgeD;wGif atmifqef;u r[mrdwfwyfzGJrsm;ESifh qufoG,fr+ &&S_d yD;jzpfonf? ,cktcg rsKd;cspfArmhwyfrawmf (Patriotic Burmese Forces-PBF) jzpfvmaom ArmhtrsKd;om;wyfrawmfu 1945 ckESpf rwfv (27) &ufaewGif *syefwb dk ufodk olw. dk aoewfajymif;ukd jyefvnfvn S c hf a hJ wmhonf? ,if;pwif aygufur JG Y + Adv k c f sKyf}uD; (2) OD;tygt0if *syef (700) cefu dk olwo dk wfjzwfco hJ nf? aemufykdif; ppfqifa&;rsm;wGif &efukefokd OD;wnfcsDwufvmaom _Adwdo#wyfukd ydwq f w dk m;qD;rnfh wyfzJG tawmfrsm;rsm;ukd olwu dk rv+yE f i dk a f tmif yvkyE f i dk c f -hJ u onf [laom armifhbufwefrSwfpkrsm;ukd arm&pfaumvpfu jrefrmjynfY aemufq; Hk ESihf yxrqk; H pmtkyf pmrsufEm S (236) wGif xyfru H ; dk um;xm;jyefonf? tdENd,&Sd r[mrdwfwyfzGJrsm;u ta&Sbufokd zdqif;vm_yD; arvtpykdif;wGif *syefwt dk aejzifh &efue k r f S qkwc f m G ay;vku d & f awmhonf? *syefrsm; qkwc f m G oGm;aomtcg _Adwo d #wdk jyefa&mufvmavonf? xkt d wl
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jrefrmhtrsKd;om;a&;v+yf&Sm;r+rsm;uvnf; (AdkvfcsKyf&mxl;udk &aeygvsuf) wyfrS xGuv f u kd a f om OD;atmifqef;acgif;aqmifrj+ zifh jyefvnftpyvmonf? vH; k 0vGwf vyfa&;udk wESpftwGif;[laom uefoefcsuft& jywfjywfom;om; zdtm;ay; awmif;qdkvmaom vlxkpnf;a0;yGJrsm; &efukefrdwGif topfwzefusif;y-ujyef onf? tdENd,EkdifiH/ qif;rvm;rdw Gif ppftwGif; ESpfrsm;Y ta0;a&muftpdk;& (0g) jynfajy;tpd; k &tjzpf oGm;a&mufaexki dc f& hJ aom _Adwo d #bk&ifcH qm&,f*sDe,f a': refprpfonf 1945 ckESpf/ atmufwdkbmv (16) &ufaewGif &efukefodk jyefvnf a&muf&Sdvmonf? odkaomf xdkrwdkifrD -o*kwfv (19) &ufaewGif *syefacwfu ajratmuftzGJtpnf;b0rS ajray:tzGJtpnf;tjzpfodk OD;atmifqef;OD;aqmif_yD; jyefvnfpnf;H; k v+y& f m S ;cJa h om zufqpfqefu sia f &; jynfolvw G a f jrmufa&;tzGJcsKyf (zqyv) . rsKd;cspfacgif;aqmifrsm;u &efukefrd& Sd aeol&defkyf&SifHkcef;r}uD;wGif vlxp k nf;a0;yG}J uD;w&yf usi; f y_yD;v#if "eo[m,jyify&Sd vH; k 0vGwv f yfaom jref rmEdkifiHtjzpfudk awmif;qdkvdkuf-uonf? odk&mwGif ppftwGif;umvu awmfvSefa&;qifE$JcJhaom ,cifwyfrsm;rSm xkdtcsdefwGif vufeufrsm;kyfodrf;jcif;udk cHcJh-u&onf? 1945 ckESpf/ pufwifbm vwGif oD[V kd ( f ,cko& D v d uFm) Edi ki f /H uef'D rdY _Adwo d #tpd; k &ESihf jrefrmhrsKd;cspfacgif; aqmifrsm;t-um; &&Sc da hJ om oabmwlnc D sut f & tcsKdwyf&if;tenf;i,fom ppf yGt J _y; D jyefvnfzJGpnf;cJa h om jrefrmhwyfrawmfwi G f jyefvnfyg0ifci G& hf &Sc do hJ nf? vuf eufrsm;jyeftyf&ef jiif;qefcJholrsm;u 'DZifbmv (1) &ufaewGif jynfol&Jabmf tzGJ (People's Volunteer Organisation) udk zGJpnf;cJh-uonf? ,if;tzGJonf wu,fwrf;tm;jzifh AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;tm; opPmapmihfodaom jynfolppftzGJ jzpfonf? xda k emufyi kd ; f rSpI tjzpftysufrsm;onf vsifjrefpm G jzpfysufco hJ nf? OD;apm onf qm&,f*sDe,f u oludk 0ef}uD;csKyftjzpf ig;ESpfoufwrf; tydkay;cJhaomf jim;vnf; oufwrf;jynfh rxrf;aqmifcJh&acs? *syefu jrefrmjynfudk pwifxkd; azmuf0ifa&mufvmcsdefwGif olonf t*FvefEdkifiHodk oGm;a&mufvnfywfae_yD; ta0;a&mufeef;&if;0eftjzpf aecJhonf? ta&Stm&SwGif *syefw. dk t[kefjyif;pGm a&Sw; kd csDwufaer+ukd -um;-um;csif; olonf (tvGe^ f m%frsm;olyy D ) D ay:wl*E D i kd i f /H vpPbGef; &Sd *syefoHtrwfESihf qufoG,f&ef ud;pm;cJhonf? xkda-umifh _Adwdo# wdku oludk r,Hk-unfawmhbJ zrf;qD;vdkuf_yD; 1942 ckrS ppf_yD;onftxd udkvdkeD tm%mydkifrsm;u csKyfxm;cJhonf? odkaomf ppf_yD;acwf oljrefrmjynfjyefa&muf
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onfESifh 24 olrsKd;cspfygwDudk jyefvnfzGJpnf;cJhonf? ol *VKefwyfudkvnf; ol. udk,faysmufrdwfaqGrsm; tultnDjzifh aqmvsifpGm jyefvnfwnfaxmifEdkifcJh_yD; ,if;wdkonf &efukefwGif tm%m&&Sda&;twGuf taqmwvsif pwifvkyfaqmif &ef tqifoihfjzpfae-uavonf?25 ode; f azjrif/h olwa dk cwf/ olwt dk wdw/f olwt dk &dy f / wki d; f vif;pmay/ &efue k f 2000 ckESpf/ pmrsufESm 206=208? (Adkvfwaxmifowif;pm/ Zlvkdifv 19/ 1966? rsKd;cspfa,mifaqmif *VKeftwk OD;apm aqmif;yg;wGif azmfjyxm;onfh tcsuf tvufrsm;rSm pdwf0ifpm;zG,f&mjzpfvsuf avsmfuefonf?) ppf}uD;t_yD; _Adwdo#tusOf;axmifrS jrefrmjynfokd jyefa&mufaomtcg zqyvukdyif axmufcHawmhra,mif/ AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifhyif yl;aygif;awmh ra,mif avoHypfao;onf? OD;apmu oltdrfokd owif;pmq&mrsm;ukdzdwf-um;_yD; owif;pmuGefz&ifh ay;I olukd,f&nfaoG; ppftwGif;twKy`wWdukd Zmwf[eftjynfhESifh ajymjyykHukd jynfot l m%m*sme,f. t,f'w D mwOD;taejzifh wufa&mufaom ocifoef;-rdiu f atmufygtwkdif; a&;om;azmfjyxm;onf? ocifoef;-rdiu f OD;apmtm; 'kr de D, D u H dk vufco H iho f vm; [k ar;vku d a f om tcg OD;apmu usKyf0g'[m Armjynf jyef&a&;0g'yJ/ 'kr de D, D u H v dk ufc_H y; D vufeuf tjzpf Armjynfudk jyef&atmifvy k& f r,f? tki d, f mvefva dk ygh [k ajzvku d a f vonf? xkdtcsdefY 1946 ckESpf/ 'DZifbmvwGif _Adwdef/ avbm0ef}uD;csKyftopf uvD;rifhtufwvD onf jrefrmEdkifiH. a&Sa&;udk aqG;aEG;&eftwGuf vef'efodk uGa&mufpum;ajymyg&ef OD;atmifqef;ESihf zqyvacgif;aqmifrsm;udk zdwf-um; vdu k o f nf? 1947 ckEp S /f Zefe0g&DvwGif vef'efot kd oGm; e,l;a'vD 26 wGif OD;atmif qef;u u|efawmfwu dk vHk;0vGwfvyfa&;udkyJ vdkcsifygw,f? jrefrmEdkifiHtwGuf 'dkrDeD,eftqifheJ ywfouf_yD; ajymp&mr&Sdygbl; [k ajymqdkcJhonf? odk&mwGif trsKd;om;pnf;vHk;nD!Gwfa&;udk wnfaqmuf&ef ud;yrf;onfhtaejzifh OD;atmif qef;onf vef'efu, kd p f m;vS,t f zGJwi G f olt m; qefu sia f om tjcm; jrefrmhEi kd i fa H &; acgif;aqmifrsm;udkvnf; oabmxm;}uD;pGm xnfhoGif;yg0ifapcJhonf? xkdtcg ppftwGif;umvu jrefrmEdkifiHESihf uif;uGmI OD;atmifqef;udk +H;edrfhoGm;cJhonfh oduQmrJhae_yDjzpfaom OD;apmESihf tjcm; OD;atmifqef;. qefu sifbufwOD;jzpfol ocifApdew f o kd nf ykvif;ESihf bl;qdu k o hJ kd r[mrdwr f sm;jzpfom G ;um twdu k t f cH tif tm;pkjzpfvmonf? Zefe0g&Dv (27) &ufaewGif _Adwdo#tpdk;&u jrefrmEdkifiHudk
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vkH;0vGwfvyfa&;ay;&ef oabmwlnDr+ &&Sdonfhtcg OD;apmESihf ocifApdefwdk ESpf a,mufv; kH u vufrw S a f &;xk; d &ef jiif;qefc-hJ uonf? oda k omf oabmwlnr D u + m; 27 ki fo H nf "eo[m,jyifywGif vGwv f yfaom orRwEdi ki f jH zpfvm &cJa h v_y? D jrefrmEdi ayawmhrnf? ol. vef'efc&D;pOftwGif; OD;atmifqef;. _Adwdo#wdktay: xm; &Sdaom oabmxm;rSm aysmhaysmif;oGm;cJha-umif; uvD;rifhtufwvD udk,fwdkif u aemufydkif;wGif xkwfazmfajymqdkcJhonf? 28 olwdk (jrefrmudk,fpm;vS,ftzGJ ) [m vHk;0vGwfvyfa&;eJ orRwEdkifiHjzpf a&;twGuf olwkd &J pum;vGer f a + -umihf olwa kd emufvu kd a f wG&J oabmxm;tay: uHraumif;vSpGm vdkufemtav;ay;cJh-u&w,f? 'gayr,fh ajymqdkaqG;aEG;r+awG qufvufyvkya f ewmeJt r# u|ea f wmfwt kd ay: olw& kd Jr,Ho k uFmjzpfra + wG aysmuf uG,fukefw,f? u|efawmfxifw,fav wcsKdawG txl;ojzihf cdkifrmjywfom; wJh vlwa,mufjzpfwJh olwdk&J acgif;aqmif OD;atmifqef;[m "eo[m,xJrSm qufvuf&a dS eoihw f ,fqw kd mudk oabmaygufpyvmygw,f vef'efokd oGm;a&mufco hJ nfh Eke,fi,f&, G a f om jrefrmud, k p f m;vS,t f zGJ . tzGJ0ifwOD;u aqG;aEG;aepOfwGifyif ododomom Todk xkwfazmfajymqdkcJhonf? trSea f jym&&if u|ea f wmfww kd awG[m tawGtuHr&ihu f sua f o;wJh vli,fav; wpkom jzpfygw,f rSwo f m;p&mtaumif;qH; k onfum; uvD;rift h ufwvD (Clement Atlee) . OD;apmtay: oH; k oyfcsufjzpfonf? urBmausmf pma&;q&mESifh jyZmwfq&m}uD; 0DvsH&SdwfpyD;,m; (William Shakespeare) . pum;&yfudk jyefvnftoHk;cs&if; uvD;rifhtufwvDu Todk ed*Hk;ur`wf tqHk;owfcJhonf? vlenf;pkygwD&J ud, k p f m;vS,w f OD;jzpfwhJ OD;apmu vGv J kd olwt kd m;vH; k [m ESpfvdkzG,f&m aumif;vSygw,f? ppf}uD;r_yD;cifu u|efawmf OD;apmudk awGcJhzl;yg w,f? ol[m yH;yH;uav;ESihf rdkufwJhol qdkwJh vlpm;rsKd;vdk u|efawmfoludk tuJcwf_yD; todtrSwf ycJy h gw,f
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AdkvfcsKyfxGef;vSatmif/ &JcsKyfESifh 'k=aoemywdcsKyf/ -o*kwfv=1948
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w&m;qdkifjcif;udk tif;pdef&Sd txl;cHkHk;awmfwGif aemufqHk; pwifyvkyfEdkif aomtcg if;w&m;qdkifjcif;onf _Adwdo#bk&ifESifh OD;apm (tzGJacgif;aqmiftjzpf pGyfpGJcH&ol)/ armifpdk; (vlowform;tjzpf pGyfpGJcH&ol)/ oufESif; (vlowfform;t jzpf pGyfpGJcH&ol)/ armifpdef (ac: ) pdef}uD; (ac: ) vSatmif (vlowform;tjzpf pGyf pGJcH&ol)/ &ef}uD;atmif (ac: ) vSxGef; (vlowform;tjzpf pGyfpGJcH&ol)/ okc (twGif;0efHk;odk vlowform;rsm;tm; um;jzifh ydkaqmifay;cJh&ol um;'dkifbm tjzpf pGyfpGJcH&ol)/ cifarmif&if (}uH&myg ulnDoltjzpf pGyfpGJcH&ol)/ r+ef}uD; (ac: ) armifre + f (}uH&myg ulno D t l jzpf pGyp f c JG & H ol) wd. k tr+jzpfvmcJo h nf? tmZmenf (9) OD; &SdvmcJh_yD; if;wdkt m; owfr+jzihf tpGyfpGJcH&ol w&m;cHrSm vnf; (9) OD; xGufay:vmcJhonf? w&m;cGifwGif rawG&bJ ododomom aysmuf uG,a f eolrm S wOD;wnf;omjzpf_y; D if;rSm b!Gefjzpfonf? aoewform;rsm; a&muf rvmrD twGif;0efHk;odk zdk'fqefum;jzifh uif;axmuftjzpf a&Sajy;oGm;ESifh_yD; tajctaeavhvmolrsm;xJwGif olvnf;wa,muftygt0ifjzpfonf? odkaomf vkyf}uHr+tzGJ0iftm;vHk;udk qefu sif_yD; b!Geu f tpdk;&oufaotjzpf aqmif&Guf &ef oabmwlvkdufaomtcg olvltrsm;tjym;rSm xdwfveftHh-ojzpfoGm;-u_yD; OD;apmrSm olu dk rsm;pGmem-unf;rkef;wD;oGm;onf? olonf t*Fvdyf=jrefrm ESpfbm omoif txufwef;ausmif;wGif ynmoifvmoljzpfI OD;apm. aoewform; h avsmuf OD;apm. *VKefwyfrS rsm;xJY ynmtwwfq; kH jzpfavonf? 2 odk jzpfonft aoewf cvkwE f y dS & f v#if aysmfae-uaom tjcm;vl&rf;um;rsm;xuf T&mZ0wfr+ . trsKd;om;a&;ESifh orkdif;a&;+yfaxG;r+rsm;udk olu ydkrdkem;vnfoabmayguf onf[k qd& k ayvdrr hf nf? xdt k jyif olt wGuf qkvmbfuvnf; &Sa d o;onf? bk&ifh oufao jzpfoGm;onfhtwGuf olonf tjypfrS vGwf_idrf;csrf;omcGifh&oGm;onf r[kwy f gavm? Ttr+udk w&m;qdkifap&mY jynfolvlxka&SarSmufYjzpf_yD; tif;pdeftusOf; axmiftwGif;&Sd tcef;wcef;Y yvkyfcJhjcif;jzpfonf? owfrSwfxm;aom xdkifcHk ta&twGufrSm tueft owfESifh 3 jzpfonfhtjyif ESpfbufav#mufvJcsufrsm;udk vnf; udk,fawGrsufjrif -unfh+em;axmifcsifolrsm;uvnf; rsm;jym;vSonfh twGuf w&m;cGiftwGif; 0ifa&muf&ef cGifhyvufrSwfrsm;jzifh xdef;csKyfcJh&onf? cGifhyvufrSwf&&ef jynfolvlxkrSm tvkt,uf wef;pD&,l-u&onf? a&S;dk; pOfvm _Adwdo# w&m;pD&ifa&;xHk;pHESifh jrefrmhdk;&mjyZmwfwckrS taumif;qHk; okya f qmifuu G r f sm; axG;a&m,Suw f ifjzpfaeonfh jrifui G; f udk &ifoyfa + rmcHpm;
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trdea f y;cJhonf? tdrfaemufaz;wGif OD;apmu olwr dk dom;pkudk;uG,f&ef wnfxm; aom apwDawmf&Sdonfh a&uefxJrS '\r (303) usnfqefrsm; xnfhxm;aom aowWm&Spv f ; kH / awmfr* D ef; (4) vuf/ pwif;*ef; (1) vufwu kd kd &SmazGawG&c dS o hJ nf? vufeufu|r; f usio f l ynm&Siw f OD;u xdo k o kd r d ; f qnf;&rdaom vufeufusnq f ef rsm;ESihf vky}f uHowfjzwfc& H olrsm;. ud, k c f E<mxJrS &&Sa d om usnq f efrsm;udk ppfaq; -unf h c + & hJ m a&uefxr J S &&Sa d om aoewf (50) vuf teuf (4) vufrm S Zlvi kd v f (19) &ufaeu twGif;0efHk;Y vlowform;rsm; vkyf}uHowfjzwf&mwGif toHk; ycJa h om aoewfrsm;jzpfonf[k aumufcsuc f sco hJ nf? xdkaeu owWKjzifh yvkyfxm;aom armfawmfum;eHygwfjym;twk (2) ckudk vnf; awG&c dS o hJ nf? wckay:wGif (RC 1814) [k a&;om;xm;_yD; vlowform;rsm; pD;eif;aom *spu f m;aemufrS rSwo f m;rdvu kd o f nfh eHygwfjzpfaeonf? tjcm;wckrm S (RA 3123) jzpf_yD; ,if;udk zd' k q f efx&yfum;wGif toH; k ycJo h nf[k ,lq&ayonf? yxrqHk;eHygwfjym;. aemufausmbufwGif t0ga&mifaq;okwfxm;_yD; eHygwf (RB 4140) udk a&;om;xm;onf? u|Efy k . f zcifonf Zlvi kd v f (19) &uf/ aev,f wGifyif OD;apmaetdrfodk a&muf&SdoGm;_yD; zdk'fqefum;ESifh tjcm;*spfum;ESpfpD;udk awG&SdcJhonf? zdk'fqefum;wGif (MTLA 183) eHygwfjym;udk wyfqifxm;_yD; aq; yif rajcmufao;aom trdk;ESifh *spfum;wpD;rSmrl (GEN 167) eHygwfjym; &Sdaeay S trSew f u,ftm;jzifh prf;acsmif;ZvGev f rf;rS OD;bat; onf? (RB 9831) eHygwfrm qdo k . l *spfum;eHygwfjzpfa-umif; ykvy d r f sm;u ajc&mcHazmfxw k E f i kd c fo hJ nf? OD;apm .ZeD;jzpfol a':oef;cif. wlawmfoljzpf_yD; olESifhtwl zdk'fqefum;wGif twl vdkufygcJhol cifarmif&iftm; ,if;eHygwfjym;rsm;udk aq;okwf&ef wm0efay;cJh a-umif; b!Geu f xkwa f zmfajymqdc k o hJ nf? OD;apm. tdrfaemufbuf a&uefxJwGif xyfrH&SmazG-u&mrS ydkrdkpdwf0ifpm; zG,faumif;aom &SmazGawG&Sdr+}uD;w&yfudk xyfrHazmfxkwfEdkifcJhjyefonf? a&uef tpyfrS q,frDwmceftuGmY avtvHkydwf oHjzLyHk;rsm;xJwGif xnfhoGif;xm;_yD; ajcmufaoGaeaom vufeufrsm;udk awG&jyefonf? ,if;vufeufrsm;rSm b&if; *ef; (37) vuf/ aoewfajymif;tydk (59) ck/ usnfqeftjynfhjznfh '\r (38) ajcmufv; kH jyL; (8) vuf/ udv k w f f ypPww kd vuf/ tar&duefvy k f umbdi k f (3)vuf/ awmfrD*ef; (5) vufESifh r*~Zif;awmifh (6) ck/ pwif;*ef; (3) vuf/ pwif;*ef; usnfqeftawmifh (7000) cef xnfx h m;aom *s,f&u D ef "mwfqy D ; kH (2) yH; k / '\ r (303) dkifz,f (3) vufESifh usnfqeftwGJtvdkuf tawmifh (7000)/ '\r
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(303) usnq f efrsm;xnfx h m;aom usnq f efb; l (15) bl;/ '\r (303) usnq f ef (500) awmifhpDyg&Sdaom ycHk;odkif;usnfqefpvG,f (30) ckESifh rwfcf (36) _Adwdo# rD;vfvufypfA; kH (75) ckwkd jzpfonf? OD;apm. *VKefwyfESifh qufEG,fr+&SdolwOD;ydkif &efukef&Sd tjcm;tdrfwtdrf wGifvnf; vufypfAHk; (44) vHk;/ azmufcGJrdkif; (49) ck/ '\r (303) usnfqef tawmifh (730)/ pwif;*ef;usnfqeftawmifh (3000)/ usnfumtusudk azmufEdkifaom usnfqefawmifhrsm;ESifh tcsdefxdef;cvkyfrsm;yg&Sdaom aowWm (7) aowWm/ vufypfAHk;rsm;tjyif b&if;*ef;/ awmfrD*ef;ESifh umbkdifaoewfusnfqef r*~Zif;awmifr h sm; yg&Sa d om aowWm (7) aowWmwdu k kd ykvy d r f sm;u &SmazGawGcjhJ yef onf? OD;apmESifh ola emufvdkufrsm;wGif &efukefrdw Gif;Y awmfvSefa&;w&yf qifE$J &ef ppfvufeufypPn; f tvHt k avmuf&a dS ecJa h vonf? ,if;awmfve S a f &;rSmvnf; OD;apm. pDrHcsufw&yf jzpfaumif;jzpfayvdrfhrnf? OD;apmESifh olvlrsm;onf rnf onfudk OD;wnf&nf&G,fcJhygoenf;? TtcsufESifhywfoufI rnfolr# rodEdkifcJh ay? b!Geo f nfyifv#if xdt k wGuf oJve G p f rsm; xyfra H y;Edi kc f jhJ cif; r&Sa d cs? w&m;Hk;awmf. -um;emr+rsm;udk &ufowWywfaygif;rsm;pGm qufvufy vkyfaecJhaomfvnf; waewm w&m;pD&ifr+udk -unfh+avhvmEdkifa&;twGuf cGihf yvufrw S & f &S& d ef jynfov l x l r k m S eHeufwi kd ; f wef;pDae-uqJjzpfonf? OD;apmudk qefu sia f om oufaorsm;rSm ydr kr kd sm;onfxuf rsm;vmaecJo h nf? ta&;}uD;aom oufaotrsm;tjym;udk ppfaq;_yD;onfhtcgYum; vlowf&ef yl;aygif;}uHpnfr+/ vlowf&ef tm;ay;ulnDr+ESifh OD;apmudk,fwdkif yg0ifywfoufr+rsm;udk qufpyf azmfjyaom Oya'pum;&yf tjynft h pHt k &qdv k #if wlna D om&nf&, G c f suf tusK; d pD;yGm;tvdkiSm vlowf&ef wm0efay;apcdkif;r+ ponfh pGJcsufrsm;jzifh olwdk (9) a,mufvHk;udk w&m;pGJqdkEdkifcJhavonf? rnfoq kd a kd p wcsdeu f ola emufvu kd jf zpfca hJ om b!Ge. f oufaocHcsufEi S hf ajymif;vJom G ;aom oabmxm;rsm;onf xl;qef;vSpm G yif OD;apmtm; [efw m;&ef pGrf;EdkifcJhyHkr&acs? tjcm;aom olvlrsm;. ajzmifhcsufrsm;a-umifhvnf; OD;apmt aejzifh pdwE f v S ; kH wkev f y + c f y hJ r kH &acs? xdt k pm; olonf Oya'tultnDukd xyfr& H ,l &ef Edk0ifbmvv,fwGif qHk;jzwfcJhavonf? xdka-umifh t*FvefwGifaeaom olt udkjzpfol OD;armifarmif}uD;. tultnDjzifh emrnfausmf-um;aom bk&ifhtwdkif tyifcHwOD;jzpfol z&uf'&pf [ife&Dum;wpfbif;epf (Frederick Henry Curtisk o f nf? OD;apmonf csr; f omuG,0 f olwOD;tjzpf vlor d sm; Bennett) udk iSm;&rf;vdu
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cJa h omfvnf; ,ck Ttr+Ei Sy hf wfoufI tydu k e ku f sp&dwr f sm; umrdom G ;ap&ef b%f rS acs;aiGtjref&&Sda&;twGuf olrdom;pkydkif a&$aiG&wemrsm;udk taygifypPnf; tjzpf tyfEc HS & hJ avonf? 'DZifbmv (8) &ufaewi G f um;wpfbifepfonf OD;apmESihf yxrqH; k t}udrf awGqHk&ef tif;pdefaxmif*dwf0 usm;yg;pyfa&Sodk a&muf&Sdvmaomtcg u|efawmfh a,muQrjzpfol w&m;ol}uD;rif; OD;aomif;pdefu xkdae&mY oltm; qD;udE+wf qufcJhonf? _Adwdo# 0wfvHkawmf&rif;tm; vkyfdk;vkyfpOft& olu dk&SmazG&ygrnf [k today;ajymqdkcJhonf? um;wpfbifepfuvnf; oabmwlnDcJhonf? odk jzifh tjyeftvSeftjzpf olt r+onf OD;apmESifh vGwfvGwfvyfvyfawGqHkcGifhay;cJhonf? odkaomfvnf; olydkufqHtdwfudkrl axmif0efxrf;tm; ay;tyfxm;cJh&onf? if; ydkufqHtdwftm; taotcsmcsdyfydwfI axmif. rD;cHaowWmxJY odrf;qnf;xm; vdu k & f onf? Todk jzpfysua f epOf ol _Adwo d # 0wfva kH wmf&rif;tm; rzG,r f &mquf qHonf[k OD;apmu -um;od_yD;v#if jyif;jyif;xefxef uefuGufcJhonf? um;wpf bifepfu w&m;cGifodk0 ifa&mufvm_yD; jzpfysufcJhonfrsm;udk &Sif;vif;jyonfhtcg usrSomv#if olpw d a f useyfom G ;avawmhonf? _Adwdo#twdkifyifcH. Oya'a-umif;t& r[mAsL[mrSm r-umrDyif xif&Sm; vmonf? oltr+onfwGif tjypfr&Sda-umif; oufaojy&ef olonf vlowfr+t wGuf yl;aygif;}uHpnfr+/ tm;ay;ulnDr+ ponfhtjypfqdk&ef pGJcsufrSefor#udk azmf aumifb!Geft ay:odk ajymif;vGJyHkcsvdkufavonf? b!Gefo nfomv#if OD;atmif qef;tm; vky}f uHonfh tpDtpOfwckv; kH . t"dupnf;H; k vkya f qmifol jzpfonf[k olu pGyfpGJvdkufonf? OD;apmonf b!Geft pDtpOfrsm;udk vHk;0rod&SdbJ vkyf}uHr+ }uD; jzpfyGm;onfhwdkifatmif ,if;udpPESifh ywfoufI wvHk;wyg'r# rodyg[k um; wpfbif;epfu qufvufav#mufvJonf? _Adwdo# 0wfvHkawmf&rif;u 1170 ck ESpw f i G f uifwmbm&D*% kd ; f csKyf bke; f awmf}uD; aomrufpf bufuuf (Archbishop Thomas Becket) tay: Y usa&mufcJhaom uH-urRmESifh Ed+if;,SOfcdkif;Ed+if;jyonf? xdkpOfu [ife&Dbk&if. aemufvdkufrsm;u uHqdk;vSaom bkef;awmf}uD;tm; olb k&m; ausmif;awmf}uD;xJwGifyif olw b dk mom owfjzwfcJh-uonf? bkef;awmf }uD; bufuuftay:Y bk&ifu a'gotrsua f jcmif;ajcmif;xGujf yvdu k o f nft h wGuf rif;vdv k u kd f rif;udua f qmifonft h aejzifh rif;ajrm ifrsm;u bke; f awmf}uD;udk owfypf vdu k -f ujcif;jzpfonf? 0wfvHkawmf&rif;u vlwdkif;tm; arwWm&yfcHr+ wcktm; xyfrH wifjyaqG;
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aEG;jyefonf? EdkifiHa&;orm;wa,muftaejzifh rdrdtm; axmufcHolwdkif;udk vGwf vGwv f yfvyf/ vG,v f , G u f u l l rdrE d i Sa hf wGqc kH i G hf ay;xm;&onft h wGuf ,if;odv k m a&mufawGqo kH l vlty k }f uD;xJrS wOD;wa,mufu usL;vGev f u kd o f nfh vkya f qmif r+rsm;ESihf ywfoufIrl olt aejzifh wm0ef,E l i kd r f r + &Sa d cs? oda k omf ol. jiif;qdc k suf rsm;udk taxmuftyHhjzpfap&eftwGuf 0g&ifhEdkifiHa&;orm;jzpf-uaom a'gufwm barmfESifh ocifApdef ponfwu dk dk w&m;cHjy oufaorsm;tjzpf ac:,lvdkuf_yD; jyef vSefar;cGef;rsm; ar;cJhonf? vkyf}uHowfjzwfr+}uD; jzpfyGm;_yD; (2) &uft-umwGif ocifApdefudk umuG,fxdef;odrf;r+ yvkyfonf? tb,fa-umifhqdkaomf xdktcgu olESifh a'gufwmbarmfwdk ESpfa,mufvHk;onf zqyvtzGJcsKyfudk qefusif&ef twGuf r[mrdwfzGJ&ef pnf;Hk;v+Haqmfae-uonfhtavsmuf Tvkyf}uHr+}uD;Y olwdk yg0ifywfoufEdkifjcif;a-umifhjzpfonf? OD;apmESifh olwdk. cifrif&if;ESD;r+rSm vlwi kd ; f todjzpfonf? olwq kd ufqa H &;ar;cGe; f rsm;ESihf ywfoufI ajz-um;&mwGif OD;apmajzouJo h y kd if Edi ki fa H &;orm;rsm;taejzifh olwo kd nf olwu kd kd axmufct H m; ay;olrsm;/ olwdkaemufvdkufrsm;ESifh vkyfazmfudkifbufEdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;udk yHkrSef tm;jzifh awGqHkae-u&onf[k wHk jyefajz-um;cJh-uonf? 8 odk&mwGif OD;apmESifh tjcm; acgif;aqmifEdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;t-um; cdkifrmaom tquftpyf&Sd-uonfh vuQ%mudr k l rawG jrif&ygacs? w&m;vdb k ufrS uifwmbm&D*% kd ; f csKyf bke; f awmf}uD; towfc& H r+Ei S hf jrefrm tpd; k &wzGJ v; kH udk tpkvu kd t f yHvu kd f owfjzwfrw + t kd m; um;wpfbif;epfu xl;xl; qef;qef; Ed+if;,SOfjyr+udk dk;dk;av;ESifh jiif;csufxkwfEdkifcJhygonf? OD;apmonf bk&ifwyg;r[kwfonfhtjyif oltpGyfpGJcHae&onfh &mZ0wfr+udk olonf aemuf uG,frS }uHpnfud;udkifaeonfh t&nftcsif;ESifh tjynhfpHkqHk; yk*~dKvfvnf; jzpfae onf[k w&m;vkb d ufu wifjyEdi kc fa hJ vonf? bke; f awmf}uD; aomrufpb f ufuuf udk owfjzwfr+ESifh Ed+if;,SOf&mY oa&mfuGufjzpfoGm;jcif;rSm xdktr+a-umifh bk&if [ife&Dtaejzifh t&SufwuGJtusKd;enf;jzpf&_yD; towfcH&ol bkef;awmf}uD;rSm olawmfpif pm&if;0ifoGm;jcif;yifjzpfonf? um;wpfbifepftaejzifh Ttcsufudk *krr lc dy hJ r kH &acs? if;tjyif um;wpfbifepftaejzifh b!Gef. ta&;ygvSaom oufaocH csuu f dk wu,fwrf;acszsu& f mwGif rwwfEi kd o f avmufjzpfc& hJ onf? w&m;vdb k uf u OD;apm.tdrfeD;csif; (39) a,mufajrmuf oufao uy`wdefcef;udk wifjyonfh tcgwGifum; OD;apmtm; pGyfpGJxm;aom tr+onf ydkrdkuspfvpfcdkifrmoGm;cJhonf?
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uy`wdefcef;onf Zlvdkif (19) &ufaeu vlowform;rsm;pD;vmaom *spfum;ESifh wdkufrdvkeD;yg; jzpfcJhonfjzpfonf? (17) &ufaewGif OD;xGef;vSatmifu OD;apm tdru f kd t_rJrjywf apmif-h unfa h e&ef trdea f y;cJ_h yD;jzpfa-umif; xGua f y:vmcJo h nf? OD;apm. b0ifyr kd jkd rifw h ufvmr+Ei S hf ol. _cH0if;xJY vufeufye k ; f rsm; v#Kd0 u S o f r d ; f qnf;xm;onf[laom oHo,jzpfr+rsm;u pDtkdif'D. tmHkudk qGJaqmifcJhonf? OD;apm. aetdru f kd apmif-h unh& f ef yxrqH; k wm0efay;cH&olrm S &Jwyf-uyf atmif ausmfpe d jf zpf_yD; (18) &ufaewi G f uy`we d c f ef;u qufvufwm0ef,c lo hJ nf? odk jzifh uy`we d c f ef;u ol. pdwc f st,H-k unf&qH; k ol ESpO f ; D jzpfonfh olp ma&;jzpfol vSwif ESifh aemufwa,mufjzpfaom pdk;jrifhwdkudk tif;vsm;uef u|ef;qG,fay:&Sd oHo, &Sdp&maumif;vSonfh &JwdkufESifhwlaom at'Dvrf;_cH0if;}uD;udk (24) em&D tcsdef jynfhapmifh-uyf-unfh+&ef trdefay;cJhonf? uy`wdefcef;. vlwa,mufonf ig;r#m;orm; a,mifaqmifaeonfhtwGuf uefpyfwGif em&Daygif;pGm xdkifaeEdkif onfh taumif;qHk;tcGifhta&;udk &&SdcJhonf? (19) &ufae eHeufwi Gr f l uy`we d c f ef;ESihf olv E l p S a f ,mufonf xd_k cH0if;tm; taumif;qH; k taetxm;rsKd;pHr k S apmif-h uyf-unf h v + suf&-dS uonf? eHeuf (10) em &DwGif vSwifu yvkyfaeus 0wW&m;twdkif; OD;apmtdrf0if;twGif;rS *spfum;wpD; xGuo f m G ;a-umif; uy`we d c f ef;xH owif;ydv k u kd o f nf? vSwifonf ol. rSea f jymif; xJrS rdk;umtusuJhodkaom tay:Hk0wfqifxm;onfh vl (4) a,muf odkr[kwf (5) a,mufudk um;xJwGif jrifvdkuf&onf? *spfum;. eHygwfudk (RC 1814) [k rSwo f m;rdvu kd & f onf? vSwifonf OD;apmud, k w f i kd f *dwa f ygufox kd u G v f m_yD; um; xGuo f m G ;onfukd -unf h v + su& f o dS nfuv kd nf; jrifvu kd & f onf? xda k emuf tdrb f uf jyefroGm;rD t0ifaygufudk apmifhaeoltm; wpHkw&m wD;wdk;uyfajymoGm;onfudk vnf; awGvu kd & f onf? wem&D-um_yD;aemuf uy`we d c f ef;onf olwv kd y k i f ef;_yD;pD; I jyefvmaom *spfum;ESiy hf if wdu k r f r d vdjk zpfcjhJ cif;jzpfonf? w&m;qdi ka f eonfh tcse du f mvtwGi; f wGif ydr ky kd a[Vdqefaom tjcm;tao; pdwt f csuftvufrsm; xGua f y:vmcho J nf? vlowform;wd. k *spfum;a&Sre S w f i Gf wyfqifxm;aom tjzLESifh teDa&mif v#yfyef;xnf ydwfpwdk. xl;jcm;r+ESifh ywfoufI (pDtdkif'D) t}uD;tuJ OD;xGef;vSatmifrSm tar;cH&onf? xdktcg u|ef awmf. zcifu tE&m,f&SdwJh vkyfief;wck vkyfcgeD;/ 'grS r[kwf c&D;oGm;cgeD;qdk &if vlawG[m olwde k J olwd& k J rdom;pkawGtay: txdtcdkufysuftpD; rusa&muf apzdk ewfawGukd auseyfatmif ylaZmfyo&ygw,f [k jyefajzcJo h nf? odk jzpfonfh
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OD;xGef;vSatmifonf ADAD,ef;xH OD;apmu ay;yda k om v#Kd0SufoauFwjzifh a&;xm;onfh rdwWLrsm;udk _Adwdo#ar*smtm; jyvdkufonf? ar*sm,ef;onf tHh-o avmufatmifyif Tv#Kd0Sufqef;-u,fr+udk ajz&Sif;jyawmhonf? wap>u nwdkif; axmheif;axmheif;jzpfaeonf = ar*sm,ef;u olt drf rSm axmheif;axmheif;jzpfaeaom wap>tajcmufc& H onf[k emrnf}uD;aea-umif; &Si; f jyonf? iSufaysmoD;tpdrf;eJ {nfhcH = OD;apm. ygwDyGJwGif wnfcif;{nfhcHaom iSua f ysmoD; trsKd;tpm;jzpfonfh tpdr; f a&mif oD;ar$;iSua f ysmoD; t&Snr f sm;udk qdk vkjd cif;jzpfonf? oHy& k m&nfrm S a';Apf. tcspfq; kH = onf a';Apfrm S tjcm;olr[kwb f J _Adwo d #ar*sm. om;ti,fjzpfonf? olonf oHy& k m&nfukd uduE f p S o f uf_yD; ygwD yGr J sm;wGif ,if;udo k m ESpE f p S f cduf cduf aomufo; kH oljzpfonf? ppfaq;ar;jref;r+um; _yD;pD;oGm;aomtcg OD;xGe; f vSatmifonf ol ; kH cef;odk jyef_y; D tH-h op&maumif;vSaom xkwa f zmfawG&r dS r + sm;tay: jyefvnf pOf;pm;oH; k oyf onf? pGyp fx JG u dk a f om vufnKd ;onf bif*av qDokd xd; k vsu& f a dS eav_y? D olonf jrefrmtrsm;pkxuf udk,fcE<mjrihfrm;onfrSm aocsmonf? uy`wdefADAD,ef;. pmwapmifxw J i G f yg&Sa d om t&yfcyfjrihjf rihe f J vl}uD;vlaumif; qdo k nfrm S olu kd &nf!e ; f ajymqdjk cif;jzpfygovm;? tjcm;t&yfjriho f r l sm;vnf; trsm;tjym;&Sa d e&m OD;xGe; f vSatmifonf Ttqifw h i G f wdw d u d sus twyfaumufcsur f csEi kd a f o;acs? xdt k csdew f i G f tif;pde& f dS txl;cH k ; kH wGiv f nf; -um;emppfaq;r+rsm; qufvuf yvkyfvsuf&Sdonf? b!Gefu bk&ifhoufao azmfaumiftjzpf tcsKdxl;jcm;aom 0efcc H sufrsm;udk azmfxw k v f suf&o dS nf? olonf OD;apm. rsKd;cspfygwD0ifjzpfvm_yD; aemuf vufeufrsm;/ cJ,rf;rD;ausmufrsm; pkaqmif;&efESihf &efyHkaiG&Sm&ef wm0ef oHk;&yf olu dk tay;cHcJh&onf? ZGefv (24) &ufaewGif Adkvfwaxmifyifr ppfvuf eufypPnf;wdkufrS b&if;*ef; tvuf (200) xkwf,loGm;olrSm oljzpfa-umif; b!Gefu xkwfazmfvdkufonf? xkdvufeufrsm;udk oHk;wefwif avmf&Dum;jzifh w}udrw f nf;wif_yD; OD;apm. at'Dvrf;aetdro f kd olarmif;ydc k a hJ -umif; olu ajym qdv k u dk o f nf? aemufw}udrw f i Gv f nf; jynfvrf;ay:&Sd tjcm; vufeufoa kd vSmifkH wckrS '\r (303) usnfqHtawmifh wodef;wdwdudk oloGm;a&muf,laqmifcJh& a-umif; 0efcHonf? Zlvdkifv (20) &ufaewGif OD;apm. tdrfaemufbufuefxJrS awG&& dS aom tvHy kw d a f owWmrsm;xJ&dS usnq f efrsm;rSm Txkw, f v l mr+ taxmuf
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txm;rsm; jzpfayonf? 0efcc H sufEi S fh awG&r dS w + r kd m S tH0ifci Gu f sjzpfaeygonf? OD;apmZeD;onf. wlawmfol cifarmif&ifuvnf; qyfr&Sif;*ef;wvuf/ tar&duef umbdi ko f ; kH vuf/ pwif;*ef;wvuf/ awmfr* D ef; (2) vuf/ vsL*gypPwkd wvuf/ ajcmufvHk;jyL; (2) vufESihf usnfqefrsm; 0,f,l&ef ar*sm,ef;qdkol ESihf qufoG,fr+ yvkyfcJha-umif; aemufqHk;wGif 0efcHcsufay;avonf? ar*smrdk;/ uy`wdef ADAD,ef;wdE k Sihf OD;apm qufoG,fr+&SdyHk vufeufESifh cJ,rf;rD;ausmufwdkuf rsm;rS b&if;*ef;ESifh usnq f efrsm; rnfor kd nfyc kH ; kd ,lcy hJ /kH ,if;wdu k kd *VKefwyfzJG0ifrsm; &Sdaom ckdiftwGif; jzefa 0xm;yHkESihf OD;apmtdrfab;&Sd a&uefxJwGif 0Sufxm;yHkwdk udk cifarmif&ifu ajymjyavonf? ukuUdKif;vrf;ay:&Sd ol (OD;apm) ydkif ajruGufay:wGif wnf&Sdaom ppfwyf o,f,lydka qmifa&;pcef;. wm0efcHrSmvnf; ar*sm,ef;jzpfa-umif; cifarmif&if f (Major Lance) qdo k x l r H S py&if; u xyfrx H w k a f zmfjyefonf? 7 xdk jyif ar*smvefp D ef; (2) vufEi S hf umbki dw f vuf zD;vf ki dz f ,f (Springfield Rifle) wvuf/ awmfr* wdu k kd OD;apm&&Sc da hJ -umif;vnf; olu qufvufxw k a f zmfonf? xkt d &m&S. d trnf tjynft h pHr k m S ar*smyDwm tm;eufpf vefp a f vmh'e d ; f (Major Peter Ernest Lancelot Daine) jzpf_yD;/ olonf urm&Gwf a&mfbmpufHkab;&Sd bef*vdk ESpfxyftdrfwGif aexki dc fo hJ nf? OD;apmonf xdkbef*vdktdrfodk r-umc% tvnfoGm;cJhzl;onf? ar*sm'def; onf jrefrmhppfOD;pD;XmecsKyf/ axmufvS rf;a&;wyfwGif wm0efxrf;aqmifae_yD; &efukefajrmufbuf&Sd r*Fvm'Hk yifrppfvufeufypPnf;odkavSmifHk. wyfr; vnf; jzpfonf? Todk jzihf ar*sm,ef;ESifh ar*sm'def;wdo k nf OD;atmifqef;wdt k m; vkyf}uH owfjzwfrw + i G f ypfcwftoH; k ycJa h om vufeufrsm;udk OD;apmtm; ay;tyfca hJ -umif; ,H-k unfavmufonfh cki dr f maom ta-umif;tcsufwu kd kd &&Sc d o hJ nf[k cH k ; kH awmfu azmfjyEkdifcJhonf? AdkvfwaxmifESihf tjcm;vufeufodkavSmifHkwdkrS vufeufrsm; &,lEi kd a f &;twGuf uy`we d A f A D , D ef;u &JtzGJ . pm&Gup f mwrf;twkrsm; yvkya f y; cJhonf? ADAD,ef;onf &efukef zdkufcsf&dyfom (Fytche Flats) wGif aexdkifvsuf&Sd&m ,if;wdkufcef;rsm;wGif tjcm; _Adwdo#t&m&Sdi,frsm;ESihf a'ocHpD;yGm;a&;orm; tcsKdvnf; aexkdifvsuf&Sd-uonf? ,if;pD;yGm;a&;orm;rsm;txJrS rmvf[dkx&m (Malhotra) qdkolonf ,if;t&m&Sdrsm;ESihfvnf;aumif;/ OD;apmESifhvnf;aumif; txl;tu|rf;w0if &Sy d & kH avonf? tdE, dN tEG,jf zpfol rmvf[x kd &monf _Adwo d # ukr`%Dwckjzpfonfh vDvf tif ukr`%D (Leele & Co) wGif tvkyfvkyfvsuf&Sd_yD;
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ar*sm'def;ESihf txl;ojzifh eD;pyfr+&Sdonf? _Adwdo#aiGa&;a-u;a&; tusKd;pD;yGm;udk vdv k m;aom _Aw d o d #t&m&Si d ,frsm;onf OD;apmudk axmufc-H u_y; D &efue ku f e ko f nf todkif;t0kdif;tcsKdae&mrsm;wGif OD;atmifqef;. vuf0J,drf;aom tawG;tac: rsm;a-umihf pdwfuoduatmufjzpfvsuf&Sd-u&m OD;atmifqef;tm; qefusify vkyf&ef OD;apmudk aoG;xdk;ay;cJhyHk&onf[laom t,ltqtm; Ttcsuftvuf rsm;u twnfyay;ovdk jzpfaeavonf? OD;atmifqef;tm; qefu sifaom r[mrdwftpdwftydkif;w&yftjzpf zGJpnf; xm;aom tjcm; vusfmEdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;vnf; &Sdao;onf? jrefrmjynfudk *syef odrf;,lxm;pOfu *syefkyfao;tpdk;&. EdkifiHt"dywdjzpfcJhol a'gufwmbarmfrSm vnf; xdo k r l sm;xJwi G f wa,muftygt0ifjzpfonf? vky}f uHowfjzwfr+ jzpfym G ;_yD; v#if_yD;csif; OD;xGe; f vSatmif vku d v f z H rf;qD;xm;aom oHo,t&Sc d & H ol vl (800) xJwGif olvnf; ygavonf? xdktwl tjcm;EdkifiHa&;orm;a[mif;wOD;rSm ocif Apdejf zpf_y; D olonf ocifxe G; f tkyE fi St fh wl &Jabmfo; kH usy d. f e,fcsJt*Fvy dt f m; qef usifaom (*smr%D/ tDwvD/ *syef) 0ifkd;wef; vdkvm;ol (pro-Axis faction) udk acgif;aqmifr+ay;cJhonf? if;wdkt kyfpkonf OD;atmifqef;ESihf Akdvfvusfmwdk acgif; aqmifaom ocifu, kd a f wmfri d+ ; f tkyp f k ESifh qefu sifbufjzpfonf? ocifxe G ; f tkyf onf olESihftwlvkdufygrnfh ol -oZmcH jrefrmrsKd;cspfvli,f (11) a,mufudk OD;aqmifI aemufq; kH tokwt f jzpf *syefokd a&muf&o dS m G ;cJo h nf? ,if;tokww f i Gf ocifa + rmifac: Adv k a f e0if;onfvnf; ygvmcJo h nf? txufyg vusm f Edi ki fa H &;orm;rsm;onf twlwuGpa k ygif;um vusm f tpGe; f a&muftkyfpktjzpf zGJpnf;vdkuf_yD; ,if;tkyfpkonf OD;apmESihfvnf;aumif;/ EdkifiH jcm; pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;&Sifrsm;ESihfvnf;aumif; eD;uyfpGm qufoG,fr+&SdcJhonf? xkd a-umifh olwo kd nf OD;atmifqef;. ydib f ufrsm;jzpfonfrm S oHo,&Sp d &mrvda k y? ,if;Eki di fa H &;orm;wOD;pDonf Eki di f jH cm;pd; k rd; k r+rS vGwa f jrmufa&;&&S& d efEi S hf _Adwo d # tkyfpdk;r+ae&mY olwu dk dk,fwdkif tpm;xkd;0ifa&muf&ef wdkif;jynfudk acgif;aqmifvdk -uolrsm;jzpf-uonf? od& k mwGif olwu kd kd ppfaq;ar;jref;&mYvnf; OD;atmifqef; tm; vkyf}uHowfjzwfr+wGif olwdk tquftpyf&Sdaeonfh oufaocH tckdiftrm rxGua f y:cJa h cs? odk jzpfI olwu kd kd jyefvw $ a f y;cJ& h onf? OD;xGef;vSatmifu apv$wfxm;aom Zlvdkifv (19) &ufaeu vlowfo rm;rsm;. um;ESihf um;wkdufr+jzpfvkeD;yg;jzpfcJhaom OD;apm. tdrfeD;csif; uy`wdef cef; }uD;-uyfonfh t&yf0wf&a J xmufvSr; f a&;orm;rsm;u oHo,&Sa d om _Aw d o d #
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t&m&Sdrsm;. v+yf&Sm;r+rsm;udk tcsdeftwef-um teD;uyfapmihf-uyf-unfh+aecJh onf? OD;apmaetdrf. tjcm;wbufESihf tif;vsm;uef. u|ef;qG,furf;pyfrsm; ay:wGif ig;r#m;orm;toGif yHz k sux f m;-uaom uy`we d c f ef;. vlrsm;onf vky}f uH owfjzwfrr + jzpfym G ;rDu OD;apm_cHtwGi; f vlt0iftxGuf v+y& f m S ;r+rsm;udk teD;uyf apmih-f uyf-unf h a + ecJ-h uonf? olwo kd nf x&yfum;rsm; t0iftxGuE f i S fh av;vH aom ypPnf;rsm; _cHtwGif; cscJhonfrsm;udk owdxm;rdcJh-uonf? odkaomfvnf; xdt k csdeu f rnfuo hJ a kd om ypPn; f rsm; o,fy; kd aeonfukd rnfor l # twdtusrod&dS cJ-h uacs? u|efawmf. a,muQrjzpfol w&m;ol}uD; OD;aomif;pdefu aemufydkif;wGif u|efawmhu f kd Todk jyefajymjycJo h nf? jrefrmpum;rSm pdeu f kd pdeu f yJ jzwfEi dk w f ,f vdk qdx k m;w,f? OD;xGe; f vSatmif[m wcsdeu f *VKefwyf&J wyfr; }uD;wOD;jzpfcw hJ hJ OD;apmtwGufawmh w&m;Oya'udk qefusif_yD; oloGm;r,fhvrf;rSm tkwfwHwkdif; }uD;wckygyJ [kyifjzpfonf? OD;apmESihf ola emufvu kd r f sm; rnfr#^m%frsm;I rnfuo hJ kd pDpOfonfjzpfap olwdkaoaocsmcsmrodonfrSm olwdktwGuf qefusifbuf (w&m;Oya' buf awmfom;) &efo}l uD;wa,muf &Sa d eonft h csufyifjzpfavonf? d f bk&ifcH qm[l;bwf&efp f (Sir Hubert Rance) onf vef'efokd a-u;eef;ku vdkufonf? tcsKdaom twdkuftcH EkdifiHa&;orm;awGu vufeufrsm;udk cdk;,l pkaqmif;_yD;/ wpwp vufeufudkifxuGr+vrf;a-umif;twGuf jyifqifoGm;_yD;/ tm%mudk wdkufcdkuf&,loGm;vdrfhr,fvdk u|efawmfjrifrdygw,f [k jzpf.? OD;apmtaejzifh uy`wdefADAD,ef;/ ar*sm,ef;/ ar*sm'def;ESihf tjcm;pdwfwl oabmwl _Adwo d #t&m&Sr d sm;. tultnDrsm;udk &,lEi kd a f jcvnf;&Sa d eav_yD? jynf wGif;ppfudk zefwD;Edkifonfh vufeuftvHktavmufvnf; OD;apmESihf ol*dk%f;wGif &Sdaeav_yD? OD;apm_cH0if;twGif; tcsdefESihftr# yvkyfaeaom wdwfwqdwfv+yf &Sm;r+rsm;udkvnf; aoewform; ciffarmif&ifu w&m;Hk;awmfwGif Zmwfa-umif; jyefjycJhonf? ar*sm,ef;.tdrfrSm ajrjyifvrf;rS oGm;v#if (4) rdkifr#a0;aomfvnf; avSjzifh avSmo f m G ;v#if em&D0ufc&D;omjzpfonf? olEi S fh ol& a J bmfrsm;onf avSjzifh (7) acguf/ (8) acgufcefo Gm;cJh_yD; uefudkjzwfI vufeufrsm; o,fyc dk Jha-umif; cif armif&ifu xGuq f c kd o hJ nf? uef.w0ufcefa vmufwi G f &Sa d om uAifu|e; f (Cabin hf 0;I olwkd aoewfypfavhusih& f m pcef;wckjzpfco hJ nf? Island) rSmvnf; urf;ESia pdwful;,Ofvsuf rnfonfhtpDtpOfudk olwdk udwifa&;qGJcJhonfjzpfap/
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OD;atmifqef;vkyf}uHowfjzwfcH&_yD; aemufqufwGJ tusKd;quftjzpf ,if;tpD tpOfrsm; ysuo f O k; f cJ& h avawmhonf? OD;apmonfvnf; Eki di fa hH cgif;aqmifjzpfrvm? olonf w&m;H; k p&dwr f sm;ay;&efEi S fh tu,fI ar#mv f ifc h su& f c dS v hJ #if olvw G a f jrmuf a&;udk aiGjzif0 h ,f,& l ef csufcsif;vufiif; aiGvt kd yfaeaom pdwy f sufz, G f tusOf; om;wOD;omjzpfvmcJo h nf? odk jzpfonft h avsmuf rEav;&Sd csrf;omuG,0 f aom rdwa f qGwOD;xH pmwapmifa&;om;cJo h nf? OD;xGe; f vSatmifonf xko d u l kd csuc f si; f zrf;qD;xm;vdkufonf? OD;apmonf tvm;wlarwWm&yfcHr+rsm;udk wjynfvHk;&Sd olaemufvdkufrsm;xH ay;ydkcJhonf? xdkolrsm;udkvnf; tvm;wl xdef;odrf;xm; vku d o f nf? rwwfomonfhtqHk; OD;apmonf owdxm;a&Smif-uOf&rnfrsm;udkyif *k rpdu k E fi kd a f wmhbJ bif*av xHokd ajymifajymifwif;wif;yif pma&;vku d a f wmhonf? xkdpmY olwdk. tcsdef;tcsufae&mrsm;ESihf em;vnfxm;r+rsm;udk tusOf;csKH;azmf jyxm;_yD; olonf aiGa&;a-u;a&;tusyftwnf; jzpfaea-umif;ESihf aiGtjrefvdk a-umif; a&;om;xm;onf? jrefrmhxHk;pHtwkdif;yif wbufom;udk pdwftaESmihf t,Sufray;vdka-umif;vnf; jznfhpGufa&;om;xm;onf? odk&mwGif tjref ta-umif;jyef&efum; olu awmif;qdkxm;avonf? axmifrS vGwfvmcgp axmifxGufwOD;yHkpH yHkzsufxm;aom ykvdyfwOD;udk &efukef&Sd bif*av aexdkif&m tdrfodk udk,fwdkifudk,fus ,if;pmukd oGm;ay;cdkif; vdu k o f nf? bif*av u pmtdwu f kd ,lvu kd _f y; D zGia fh zmufvu kd u f m pmo,faqmif vmoltm; ,H-k unfrt + jynfh xm;&So d nfy h p kH r H sKd;jzifh bif*avonf ola &Swi Gy f if pm udk us,fus,favmifavmif toHxGufzwfvdkufonf? bif*avhrsufESmrSm pmudk zwf&if; toHwdk;oGm;vsuf aoG;rsm; csufcsif;qkwf,kwfoGm;onf? olonf pmudk tydkif;ydkif; tppjzpfatmif csufcsif;qkwf_zJvdkuf_yD; xdkpm&Guftptersm;udk vuf xJui kd x f m;&if; twGi; f cef;odk tjref0ifom G ;onf? xdt k cdu k f axmifxu G [ f efaqmif xm;ol &Jom;onf tdro f m a&qGc J svu kd o f -H um;vdu k & f onf? bif*avonf wHcg; rS jyefxu G v f m_yD; rif;'Dae&mu xGuo f m G ;/ csufcsif;xGuo f m G ; [k olu kd atmf [pf&if; armif;xkwfvdkufonf? ueOD;od&& dS aom taxmuftxm;rsm;u bif*avESifh OD;apmonf qufqH a&; tvGefaumif;cJha-umif; jyqdkaeonf? OD;apmonf -o*kwfv (22) ESihf (23) &ufaetxd aepGJrsm; wyfxm;aom pmESpfapmif bif*avxH a&;cJhonf? olonf aiGxyfrHawmif;qdkvdkuf_yD; uy`wdefADAD,ef;[k ,lqolwOD;udkvnf; VV [k pm
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xJwGif &nf!ef;azmfjycJhonf? xdkpmrsm;u olvGwfajrmufa&;ar#mfvifhcsufudk ajymqdkcJhHkomru jynfwGif;ESifhjynfy EdkifiHwum&Sd kdufcwfr+rsm;jzpfoGm;apEkdif aom xkwa f zmfrr + sm; yvkyr f nfh _cdr; f ajcmufrr + sm;yifv#if yg&Sv d mcJo h nf? OD;apmu pmo,faqmifvmolukd ,H-k unfpw d c f s&a-umif;vnf; bif*avudk tmrcHcsua f y; xm;onf? xka d emufyi kd ; f bif*avonf pmrsm;udk rnfonft h cgr# &&Sjd cif;r&Sa d wmhacs? ykvy d w f yfzJGu aemufxyfpmwapmifukd bif*avxHom G ;ay;zd& k ef pmo,faqmifol tm; trdefay;cJhpOfu xdkolonf bif*avtdrfodkta&mufwGif oludk pdwfwdk[ef wlaeaom t*FvdyfvlrsKd;wOD;u ab;odkwGef;xkwfypfcJhonf? bif*avonf ol ypPnf;rsm;udk odrf;qnf;_yD; olaetdrfrS urf;em;vrf;[dkw,fodk csufcsif;ajymif; a&$oGm;um urf;em;[kdw,fwGif wnwmae_yD;aemuf tapmqHk;&Edkifrnfh (bDtdk fm G rnfjzpfonf? atpD) a&jyifqif;av,mOfysH (Flying Boat) jzihf jrefrmjynfrS xGuc xda k v,mOfyso H nf aemufaeee H ufwi G f xGuc fm G ayawmhrnf? OD;xGe; f vSatmifonf jynfxa J &;0ef}uD; OD;ausmf_idr; f tm; ,if;udpt P m; tvsiftjref tpD&ifcv H u dk o f nf? OD;ausmf_idrf;u csufcsif;yif bk&ifcH qm[l;bwf&efp fESihf oGm;a&mufawGqHkonf? OD;ausmf_idrf;u bif*av udk ykvdyfrsm;u pHkprf;ppfaq;Ekdifa&;twGuf csufcsif; zrf;qD;&ef awmif;qdkvdkufonf? odka omfvnf; bk&ifcHu oabmrwlacs? jrefrm Edi ki f. H tvGec f spfjrwfE; kd jcif;cH&aom acgif;aqmifrsm; vky}f uHowfjzwfrw + i G f _Adwd o#wdk yg0ifaeonf[laom jzpfEkdifajc&Sdonfh owif;tpte xGufay:oGm;ygu jrefrmEdi ki fw H i G& f a dS eaom Oa&myvlrsK; d pkrsm;tay: t-urf;zuf pD;eif;wdu k c fu kd r fr + sm;/ vufpm;acsrr + sm; jzpfay:vmEdi ko f nft h a&;udk bk&ifcu H awG;awmpd; k &dra f eyH& k onf? olu OD;ausmf_idrf;udk oHo,&Sdaeaom xkdt&m&Sd}uD;tm; tenf;qHk; avmavm q,ftm;jzifh ta&;r,l&ef ajymqdkcJhonf? xku d o hJ kd jzpfca hJ omfvnf; OD;xGe; f vSatmiftaejzifh bif*av udk ola etdrf rS ra&$ajymif;rD oGm;a&mufawGqHkcGihf&cJhonf? awGqHkr+onf (5) em&Dcef -umjrihf cJo h nf? pdwv f y + & f m S ;aeaom bif*avonf rnfonft h &mudr k # xkwa f zmfcjhJ cif; r&Sd cJa h cs? bif*avtaejzifh OD;apm pmrsm;ukd wkH jyef&ef ud;pm;cJy h v kH nf;r&[k OD;xGe; f vSatmifu aumufcsufcscJhonf? &uftwef-umaomtcg urf;em;&Sd a&jyifqif;av,mOfysH qdu k u f yfxm;&m qdyc fw H w H m;ay:odk vufqt JG 0wfaowWmrsm;qGv J suf bif*av wufvmaomt cg OD;xGef;vSatmifonf olqDokd at;aq;_idrfoufpGm av#mufoGm;vkdufonf?
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olt ustdwfxJwGif OD;apmu bif*avxH aemufqHk;a&;om;xm;_yD; ray;&ao; onfh pmrdwWLwapmifygvmcJhonf? OD;xGef;vSatmifudk rar#mfvifhbJ awGvkduf& pOfuyif wkefv+yfacsmufcsm;aeaom bif*avonf &Jt&m&Sd}uD;u cifAsm; 'Dvufa&;udk rSwr fy d govm;cifAsm [lI ar;_y; D pmudjk yvku d a f omtcg rsuE fm S wGif aoG;r&Sa d wmhbJ jzLqGwo f m G ;avonf? OD;xGef;vSatmifu olvdkvm;onfhtwdkif; zrf;qD;EdkifcGihftm%m ,ck olrSm &S_d yjD zpfa-umif; ajymjyvku d o f nf? bif*av onf a-umufvefw e k v f y + o f m G ;onf? u|efawmhfrSm oHwrefqdkif&m tumtuG,f&Sdw,f? cifAsm;= u|efawmfhudk zrf;&ifvJ u|efawmf bk&ifcHqD toem;cHEkdifao;wmyJ [k olu jyefajymonf? xkt d cg OD;xGe; f vSatmifubk&ifcu H 'Dup dr Pm S odyt f a&;}uD;w,fvkd xif &if udufovdk ta&;,lEdkifwJh tcGifhta&; OD;Ek&J ,m,Dtpdk;&udk ay;xm;_yD; jzpf ygw,f [k at;aq;odra f rGpm G jyefajymvku d o f nf? Todk bif*av udk xdyw f u kd & f ifqi kd a f wGonfh OD;xGe; f vSatmif. &nf&, G f csufrSm &efukef&Sd _Adwdo#aumifpD. t}uD;tuJESihf (OD;atmifqef;ESihf trsKd;om; acgif;aqmif}uD;rsm;tm;) vufawGtaumiftxnfazmf vkyf}uHowfjzwfcJhol rsm;t-um;&Sdaeaom uGif;qufudk oHo,uif;pGm qufpyfjy&ef ud;pm;jcif;om jzpfavonf? aemufq; kH Y OD;xGe; f vSatmifu bif*avudk jrefrmEki di fa H jray:odk rnf onfhtcgr# ajcrcsawmh&ef &nfrGefkd;om;pGm owday;vdkufonf? bif*avonf bDtdkatpD a&jyifqif;av,mOfysHay:odk tvsiftjrefwufoGm;_yD;aemuf ,aet xd rnfonft h cgr# olt a-umif;r-um;&awmhacs? bif*av jrefrmjynfrS xGuc f m G oGm;cJo h nfh &ufrm S 1947 ckEp S /f pufwifbmv (4) &ufae jzpfonf? xda k emufyi kd ; f olu -H urRmESio fh l rnfonft h &yfa'oodk a&mufom G ;_yD; rnfor kd nfykH jzpfysuc fo hJ nf rsm;rSmrl rnfor l #rodEi kd a f wmhaom v#Kd0u S q f ef;-u,fry + ifjzpfaeayawmhonf? 8 xdktcsdefY OD;apmonf jyifywGif jzpfysufaeonfrsm;udk vHk;0rod&SdcJhacs? tif;pdea f xmiftwGi; f &Sd olt cef;av;ESifh teD;&Sd w&m;H; k tcef;wdo k nfom olu rBm av;jzpfaeawmhonf? zrf;qD;cHae&pOfumvrSmyif OD;apm. wufuGaom tif tm;wdkrSm ododomomqkwf,kwfvsuf&Sdaeonf? vGwfajrmuf&ef ar#mfvihfcsuf rSefor#rSmvnf; vsifjrefpGm usqif;vsuf&Sdonf? oludk 'kuQay;onfrSm axmif usaeonfh tcsufoufoufwckwnf;awmhr[kwfacs? olonf ,cifu axmif uscJz h ; l onf? jrefrmEki di fu H kd *syef0ifa&mufor d ; f ydu k x f m;pOfumvwckv; kH (t*Fvef rS jrefrmEkdifiHodktjyef) ,l*ef'gwGif olonf (4) ESpfwm tusOf;uscHaecJh&onf?
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urBmppf}uD;_yD;oGm;_yD;onfhaemufwGifvnf; wkdif;jynfqlylxuGatmif v+Ha qmfr+ jzifh axmiftwGi; f acwWtem;,lc& hJ ao;onf? vlowfrj+ zihf wOD;csi; f pDY tjypf&a dS e aom olrdcif.armif (9) a,mufvHk;udk w&m;v$wfawmfw&m;Hk;Y t,lcH0if_yD; tm;vHk;vGwfajrmufcJhonfudkvnf; ol. EdkifiHa&;w&m;yGJrsm;wGif olu t_rJ 0guGm;ajymqda k vh&o dS nf? Toda k om ol&owWjd yoEdi kr fr + sm;rSm ,cktcg twdww f i Gf usef&pfcJhav_yD? Tw}udrfwGifrl OD;apmtaejzifh tjypfrSausat;cGihfv$wf&ef aomfvnf;aumif;/ oem;-uifempGm tjypfukd av#ma h yghpOf;pm;&efaomf vnf;aumif; ar#mv f ifE h i kd a f wmhrnfr[kwa f wmhacs? OD;apmonf uy`wdefADAD,ef;xH pmxyfrHa&;jyefonf? Tw}udrfwGifrl yGifhyGihfvif;vif;yifa&;onf? Todka &;om;vmjcif;rSm aemufqHk; rvkyfrjzpfonfh tajctae/ odr k [kwf ar#mfvifhcsufqHk;+H;aeonfhtajctae/ odr k [kwf ESpf&yfvHk; a-umifhvnf; jzpfEkdifajc&Sdayonf? pmwapmifwGif OD;apmu ADAD,ef;udk oltae jzihf jrefrmEdkifiHjyifywGif rnfonfhae&mwGif cdkv+HEdkifrnfenf;[k ar;jref;xm;onf? ADAD,ef;u tdENd,urf;kd;wef;&Sd ay:wl*Dydkife,fajrjzpfonfh *dktm tdENd,jynf e,fwGif jzpfEkdifa-umif; raorcsm ra&&mvSpGm jyefvnft}uH^m%fay;ajz-um; cJhonf? ,if;ae&monf olESihf yl;aygif;}uHpnfolrsm;twGuf cdkv+H&ef oufqdkifol rsm;u a&G;cs,fxm;onfa h e&mjzpfygovm;? rnfor l # twwfrodEi dk a f cs? ADA, D ef; onf rnfodkaomtaetxm;wGifrqdk tdENd,wdkufqG,f. xdktpdwftykdif;udk aumif;pGm od&x dS m;avonf? Ttcsdeftxd bif*av jrefrmEkdifiHrS xGufcGmoGm;onfudk OD;apmu rod acs? xkt d wGuf bif*avxHrS rnfonfjh yefpmr# r&&Sa d omtcg OD;apmonf axmif jyify&Sd tjcm;qufo, G & f rnfo h r l sm;udk &Sm}uHavonf? OD;apmonf v#Kd0u S o f auFw jzihf aemufxyfpmwapmifa&;jyefonf? tif;vsm;uefxJ ig;r&Sd axmifr; }uD; OD;pHwifhonf if;pmudk &efukefjrpfwbufurf;&Sd 'vrda v;rS vufzuf&nfqdkifydkif&Sif jrefrmukvm;ujym;wOD;xH udk,fxdvufa&mufay;&ef vufcH&&SdcJhonf? pmygowif;pum;rSm xl;qef;vSonf? OD;apm. at'Dvrf; ae tdrfESihfuyfvsuf&Sdaom tif;vsm;uefrSm ig;rsm;ESihf wif;-urf;jynfhvsuf&Sdonf? ig;rr#m;& [laom qki d; f bkwu f av;rsm;rSm ae&mtES& H a dS eaomfvnf; OD;apmtdrf udk apmihf-uyf-unfh+aeaom uy`wdefcef;. vlrsm;utp rnfolur# ,if;udk t av;wrl rvkdufem-uacs? odk jzpfv#if pmygowif;pum;rSm rnfonfudk qdkvkd
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ygoenf;? yHkzsufxm;aom &Jt&m&SdwOD;udk ,cktxd rod&Sd&zl;ao;onfh OD;apm. taygif;ygxH ,if;pmwkdav;udk ay;yd& k ef wm0efay;tyfvkdufonf? xkdolonf pm udk zwfvu kd _f yD; OD;apmvda k om ajcmufv; kH jyL;aoewfudk olt aejzifh &&Sa d tmif &Sm azGay;Eki dv f r d r hf nfrxifa-umif; tEl;t!Gwa f wmif;yefajym-um;&Smonf? 'vrdr S ,if;vufzuf&nfqkdifydkif&Sifudk ppfaq;ar;jref;&ef zrf;qD;vdkufonf? aemufqHk; wGif pmyg v#Kd0u S p f um;rSm t"dym ` ,fay:vmonf? OD;apmonf Oya'jyifyrS &SmazG xm;aom vufeufrsm;udk tvHkydwfaowWm}uD;rsm;wGif xnfh_yD; tif;vsm;uefxJ Y 0Sufxm;cJhonf? if;wdkudk tm%mydkifrsm;u &SmazGawG&Sd_yD; odrf;qnf;xm;cJh _yjD zpfonf? OD;apmtaejzihf t0Su& f vG,u f a l om ajcmufv; kH jyL; (odk) ypPwa kd oewf wvufudk wae&m&mrS &&Sd&ef ta&;w}uD;vdktyfaeonf? v#Kd0u S o f auFwpmrsm;udk t"dym ` ,fzi Gq fh E dk i kd a f omfvnf; 'vrS vufzuf&nf qdi ky f i kd & f i SE f i S hf wcsdew f nf;wGif zrf;qD;xm;olrsm;xJrS tenf;tusOf;om azmfxw k f EdkifcJhonf? rnfodkqdkap OD;apm. tquftoG,f uGef&ufrSm vsifjrefpGm usOf; ajrmif;vmvsuf&o dS nf? uy`wdefADAD,ef;onfyifv#if uH-urRmudk t+H;ay;pyvmav_yD? waewGif olonf w&m;ol}uD; OD;aomif;pdeu f kd csOf;uyf_yD; olt aejzifh ajzmifc h sufwckay;vdk a-umif; ajymqdc k o hJ nf? OD;aomif;pdeu f olt aejzifh olajymor#udk pmjzifh a&;om; ,lxm;Edkifaomfvnf; xdkoa dk om pm&Gufpmwrf;rSm twdtusqdk&v#if w&m;r0if a-umif; t}uH^m%fay;ajymqdkcJhonf? rnfodkq dkap ADAD,ef;u olTodk jzpf&jcif; rSm olwdku uavmrdwyfpcef;teD; ppfom;rsm; pD;eif;vmaom &xm;wpif;udk 1947 ckESpf/ {_yDvtwGif; rdkif;AHk;jzifh azmufcGJcH&ojzifh ol&Jabmftawmfrsm;rsm; toufqHk;+H;&onfhta-umif;udk w&m;ol}uD; OD;aomif;pdeftm; aemufa-umif; vSeI f qufvufajymqdjk ycJo h nf? Toda k om taumuf}uHzsuq f ; D r+Ei S fh ywfoufI oHo,&Sc d & H olrsm;rSm jynfo& l a J bmf wyfzJG 0ifrsm;jzpf-u_yD; xdjk ynfo& l a J bmfwyf zGJrSm wu,fwrf;tm;jzifh OD;atmifqef;. udk,fykdifjynfolppftzGJ jzpfavonf? aoqHk;ol/ '%f&m&ol ppfom;rsm;rSm a0v &J*sD;rJifh. wyf&if; (2) wyfcGJ (u) rS jzpf-u_yD; a0ve,fom;jzpfol ADA, D ef;taejzihf ,if;tjzpftysuftwGuf Akv d c f sKyf atmifqef;tay:Y cg;cg;oD;oD; em-unf;cHpm;rdonfjzpf&m aemufq; kH tusK; d quf tm;jzifh olonf OD;atmifqef;. t"duydifbuf}uD;jzpfaom OD;apmESifh r[mrdwf zGJ rjd cif; jzpfavawmhonf?
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ADAD,ef;. pdwfv+yf&Sm;zG,f&m jyefajymif;ajymqdkcsufrsm;wGif OD;apmxHrS ,cifu ol&&SdcJhaom rsm;jym;vSonfh tcGihfta&;ay;r+rsm;ESihf aemiftem*wfwGif pD;yGm;a&;vkyfydkifcGihf/ cHpm;cGihfrsm;udkyg ay;vmrnfh uwdcH0efcsufrsm;udk zHk;uG,f xm;avonf? ADA, D ef;onf OD;apm. vkya f zmfui kd b f ufwOD;jzpfol xdyw f ifarmif uav;ESihf avmf&Dum;o,fylya dk qmifa&;vkyfief;wGif tpkpyftzGJ0ifwOD;jzpfonfh tavsmuf ,ckup d Y P olyg0ifaejcif;rSm a0vtrsK; d om;rsK; d cspp f w d x f ufoefrx + uf TpD;yGm;bufvkyfief;uom OD;apmESifh ADAD,ef;wdk qufEG,fr+. t"du aESmifud; ta-umif;tcsufjzpfayvdrr hf nf? _Adwo d #t&m&Sr d sm;udk ppfaq;ar;jref;r+rsm;u OD;atmifqef;wdk vky}f uHc& H r+ ESifh ywfoufI rnfonfh oufaotcdi kt f rmudr k # xkwa f zmfEi dk jf cif;r&Sc d a hJ cs? ar*sm rdk; (Major Moore) onf w&m;kH;wGif w&m;pGJqdkjcif; vHk;0rcHcJh&bJ ar*sm,ef; (Major Young) rSmrl axmif'%f (2) ESpf tjypfay;jcif;cHcJh&aomfvnf; t,lcHwif &mwGif jyefvw G o f m G ;_yD; jrefrmjynfrS csufcsif;xGuc f m G oGm;cJa h vonf? uy`we d f ADAD ,ef;onfum; axmif'%f (5) ESpE f i S fh '%faiGw&yfv#if ly; D (5000) pD '%faiGEp S f &yf csrSwfjcif;cHcJh&onf? odkaomf 1949 ckESpf/ azazmf0g&DvwGif u&ifolykefxr+ ay:aygufcJh_yD; tif;pdefrdu dk u&ifolykefrsm;u pD;eif;cJhpOfu &efukefajrmufbuf&Sd emrnfqdk;vSonfh tif;pdeftusOf;axmifrS tjcm;axmifusrsm;ESihftwl ADAD,ef; vnf; vGwa f jrmufom G ;cJo h nf? xda k emufoo l nf axmifajy;b0jzifh tjcm;oGm;&rnfh ae&mr&So d nft h wGuf aemufq; kH Y ADA, D ef;onf u&ifoy le kr f sm;ESifh aygif;rdom G ;onf? 1950 ckESpf/ -o*kwfvwGif xkdif;e,fpyf&Sd aumhu&dwfY u&ifolykef acgif; aqmif apmbOD;}uD;ESihftwl ADAD,ef;vnf; towfcHvdkuf&onf[k &efukefrS ppf wyftm%mydi kr f sm;u ,lqae-uqJjzpfonf? olonf u&ifaomif;usef;olrsm;ESifh ESpftawmf-umaexkdifcJh_yD; 1950 ckESpfrsm;tv,fwGif ,dk;',m;rSwqihf _Adwdefodk jyefvnfa&muf&o dS m G ;cJo h nf? ajratmufwi G f aexki dp f OfumvY Txl;qef;vSaom _Adwdo#uy`wdefESihf eD;eD;uyfuyf&SdcJh-uaom u&ifolykefrsm;taejzifh olt m; t_rJ ai;idi ku f m rdwa f qGzJG&efcufca J om vlwa,muftjzpfvnf;aumif;/ OD;atmifqef; wdu k kd vky}f uHowfjzwfrE + i S fh ywfoufaomrnfonft h a-umif;t&mudr k #ajymqdv k kd 9 pdwf tv#if;r&SdolwOD;tjzpfvnf;aumif; rSwfrdae-uonf? odk jzpfv#if TudpPY _Adwdo#wdk rnfr#avmuf eufeufeJeJ yg0ifywfouf d csdeu f jrefrmawmfawmfrsm;rsm; tk; d cH,-kH unf-uouJo h kd cJy h goenf;? 10/ 11/ 12xkt OD;atmifqef;tm; z,f&m S ;I olwv kd ufa0udc k _H yD; olwt kd m; rvSer f nfo h w l OD;tm;
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tpm;xk; d Eki d& f ef vef'ef &Sd tm%mydi k& f yfuu G r f sm;rS 13 pDro H nfh yl;aygif;}uHpnfrw + &yf jzpfygovm;? odr k [kwfygu ADAD,ef;/ 'def;/ ,ef;ESihf rdk;wdv k dk vlrsKd;rsm;onf yk*~vd u vufeufarSmifcdkorm;rsm;ESihf rdrdwb dk mom pGep f Gep f m;pm;vkyfvdkolrsm;om jzpf -uygovm;? xdt k jyif bif*av qdo k r l m S twdtus rnfor l nf0gjzpfygoenf;? OD;apmESihf ol. vufyg;aprsm;udk zrf;qD;jcif;/ Hk;wifppfaq;jcif;rsm;onf rnf r#avmuf aoaooyfoyf/ pepfwusESihf u|rf;usifvdrRmpGm aqmif&GufcJhonf jzpfapumrl ,if;tr+}uD;wckvHk;onf rsufpdwqHk; jrifEdkifavmufHkxuf tq aygif;rsm;pGm ydr k kd y + a f xG;ywfoufrr + sm; &SE d i kd c fa hJ yvdrr hf nf?
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a&wyfAv kd a f v;cifatmif/ _Adwo d # t&efa&wyf (1945)? (1945 rS 1952/ _Adwdo# t&efa&wyfESifh Armh a &wyf r awmf (t_rJ w rf ; ) t&m&Sd tr+xrf;cJhonf?)
1991/ -opa-w;vsjynf/ uifbm&mrdawmf 8=av;vHk; vlowfyGJ ta&;awmfyHk qENjy&mwGif OD;cifatmifESihftwl apmvGifOD;wdktm; SLORC oHHk;a&SwGif awG&yHk? 149
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uifbm&mrdawmfY 'Drdkua&pDvdkvm;olrsm; qENjy&mwGif cifOD;atmifESihf xGef;vSatmifwdk wyfOD;rS yg0ifcsDwuf-upOf (1996)?
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tmZmenfacgif;aqmifrsm; usqHk;_yD; &ufvnfaomaewGif Armha&wyfrawmf &wemyHk urf;em;pcef; XmecsKyfY oHCmawmf (9) yg;tm; qGrf;uyfv'gef;_yD; tr#twef; ay;a0cJh-uonf? (0wfyaeolrsm;twGif; Adkvfcifatmifudk a&Swef; vuf0JbufwGif awG&onf)
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1948 ckESpf/ {_yDv (11) &ufaewGif usqHk;oGm;cJhaom jynfol acgif;aqmif}uD;rsm;. tokbydkaqmifonfh tcrf;tem;Y Armha&wyfrawmf *k%fywyfzGJtm; pnfol Akdvf}uD; ausmfodef;vGif OD;aqmifvsuf *sLAvD cef;raqmifrS tmZmenfAdrmefodk wyfOD;rS taES;csDwufvmyHk?
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tcef; (5) tajzr&ao;aom ar;cGe;f rsm;

OD;apmESifh ola emufvu kd r f sm;. H; k awmfY w&m;qdi k& f r+onf bufaygif;pHu k -unfhv#if w&m;r#wr+&Sdonf[k qdk&aomfjim;vnf; orm"dw&m;ol}uD;rif; OD; aomif;pdefonfyifv#if tcsKdae&mrsm;wGif oHo,0ifrdcJhygonf? Oyrmjy&ygv#if xHk;wrf;tpOftvmt& pD&ifcsufudk cHkHk;obmywduom a&;om;_yD; zwfjy&_rJ "rRwm&Sc d o hJ nf? 'DZifbmv (30) &ufaeu w&m;ol}uD;rif; OD;ausmfjriho f nf cH k ; kH .pD&ifcsufukd trSew f u,fzwfjycJa h omfvnf; ,ckO; D apmudk ppfaq;onft h r+wi Gf rl txl;cHkHk;. tzGJ0ifwOD;r#omjzpfonfh OD;atmifomausmfu xkdpD&ifcsuftm; a&;om;wifjycJo h nfukd olowdxm;rdco hJ nf? TpD&ifcsuc f sro + nf jrefrmjynfvw G f vyfa&;&&Sd&ef (5) &uftvdkwGif jzpfcJhonfhtwGuf vef'ef&Sd y&DADaumifpD (Privy Council) ac: w&m;v$wfawmfcsKyfodk toem;cHpmwif&ef rjzpfEkdifawmhay? xdk jyif Ttr+Ei S fh ywfoufI txl;cH k ; kH tzGJ 0ifrsm; ceft yf&mwGiy f if ueOD;tcuftcJ rsm; &SdcJhonf? vmrnfh q,fpkESpfaygif;rsm;pGmtwGif; jrefrmEkdifiHudk ajcmufvSea f e rnfh tjiif;yGm;zG,f&m jy\emrSm TcHkHk;jzpfvmEkdifonfudk vltrsm;tjym;u em; vnfoabmaygufxm;-uonf? tcsKdrSm vHk;0O\Hk a-umufvefae-uonf? tu,fI OD;apmwa,mufwnf;omr[kwfbJ usef&Sdaom tjcm;}uH&mygrsm;u ,cktcsdefxd vGwfajrmufaecJhaomf xkdolrsm;u ,cktr+udpPwckvHk;udk rnfuJhodk wkH jyefrnfqo kd nfrm S rodEi kd a f cs? kH;awmf. aemufqHk;pD&ifcsufxufausmfvGef_yD; ud;yrf;rdoltcsKdrSm ouf qdk;r&Snf-uay? &efukefteD;&Sd [Hom0wDrS cdkif&J0efaxmufa[mif;wOD;jzpfol
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aumvif;wk (cf) (Colin Tooke) onf TcH k ; kH . ppfaq;r+_yD;onfa h emuf OD;apm. tr+ukd v#Kd 0u S p f m G pwifpp kH rf;axmufvS r; f cJo h nf? wpHw k ck rSm;,Gi; f ae_yD[k olxif cJo h nf? wae oltr d jf yefa&mufaomtcg olA rmtdra f zmfu olt ,fva f Z;&Si; f acG; }uD;rSm acG;l;jyefae_y[ D k ajymcJo h nf? odkjzifh ola cG;udo k l aoewfjzihf ypfowfvu kd & f _yD;/ ola cG;rSm teD;&Sd jrpfurf;ab;wGif vJaoaeav_yD? wk (cf) rSm ,Hk-unfI r& Edi ka f tmif jzpfaeonf? xH; k pHtm;jzifh acG;l;jyefa&m*grSm tcsdet f wef-um pwifjzpf yGm;&_rJjzpf_yD; xdkaeeHeufuyif olacG;rSm taumif;yuwd jzpfaeonfr[kwfyg vm;? odk jzpfI wk (cf) onf olacG;. acgif;udk jzwfum &efukefrd&Sd wd&p>mefuk q&m0efxH ,loGm;_yD; ppfaq;-unhf&m wd&p>mefukq&m0efu olacG;wGif acG;l; jyefa&m*gr&Sda-umif; twnfycJhonf? xdkaemuf oltdrfudk azmufxGif;cHcJh&_yD; Adv k c f sKyf}uD; atmifqef; vky}f uHc& H r+Ei S fh ywfoufaom ol. pm&Gup f mwrf; zdi kw f JG rsm; aysmufq; kH oGm;cJ& h jyefonf? &ufowWywftenf;i,f-um_y; D aemuf tpmtqdyf oihf_yD; wk (cf) onf aq;HkwGif aoqHk;oGm;cJhavawmhonf? OD;apmtr+ESifh qufEG,fvsuf tqef;w-u,faoqHk;cJh&ol aemufwOD;rSm OD;wifx G jf zpfonf? olonf OD;atmifqef;. vH; k 0,H-k unfru + kd cH&aom wOD;wnf; aom AsLku d &uft&m&Sjd zpfonf? tdE, dN ydnmOfcH 0efxrf;t&m&S}d uD;wOD;jzpfc_hJ y; D/ 1940 ckEp S w f i G f &efue k w f uUov kd . f 'k=t"dywdtjzpf aqmif&u G c f z hJ ; l onf? 1941 ckEp S w f i G f OD;apmESit hf wl _Adwe d E f i S hf tar&duefEi dk i fw H o dk dk vku d y f goGm;cJ_h yD; vpfbe G E f i S hf [ki dz f m-rdr sm;ukjd zwfI ava-umif;c&D;jzifh jyefvm&mwGif 1942 ckEp S f Zefe0g&DvwGif [kdifzmavqdyfY ESpfOD;vkH; tzrf;cH&onf? xkdaemuf rsm;r-umrD OD;wifxGfrSm jyefvnfv$wfay;jcif;cH&_yD; tdENd,EkdifiHokd apv$wfum jrefrmppfajy;tpkd;&tzGJ. jyefvnfxlaxmifa&;qkdif&m t}uHay;t&m&Sdtjzpf ceftyfjcif;cH&onf? 1942 ckESpfrS 1945 ckESpftxd tdENd,EdkifiH/ qif;rvm;rdwGif aexdkifvsuf jynfya&muf aecJhonf? ppf_yD;aemuf bk&ifcH.aumifpDwGif bma&;ESihf taumufcGefqdkif&m aumifpt D zGJ0ifjzpfvmcJo h nf? 1947 ckEp S /f Zefe0g&DvwGif jrefrmEdi ki f H vGwv f yfa&; twGuf !SdE+dif;aqG;aEG;&ef OD;atmifqef;ESihftwl vef'efrdo dk vdkufygoGm;cJhonf? xdc k &D;pOfwi G f _Aw d o d #tpd; k &ESifh oabmwlpmcsKyfukd vufrw S a f &;xk; d &ef jiif;qefjcif; jzihf OD;apmonf OD;atmifqef;udk twdtvif; qefu sifvmcJhonf? jrefrmjynfvw G v f yfa&;&&S_d yD; yxrqH; k tpd; k &tzGJ wi G f OD;wifx G o f nf Eki di fH jcm;a&;0ef}uD;tjzpf ceftyfjcif;cHcJh&onf? odkaomf 1948 ckESpf/ -o*kwfvwGif kd w f yfrsm;. ppfO; D pD;csKyfjzpf Ekwx f u G c f _hJ yD; Adv k r f ; csKyf&mxl; 1 jzihf t&efvufeufui
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vmcJo h nf?Eki di fx hH y d w f ef;t}uD;wef;0efxrf;wOD;ESihf tpk; d &tzGJ 0if 0ef}uD;wOD;tm; ppfwyfrS jrifhrm;vSaom &mxl;wckokd ay;tyfcH&jcif;rSm xl;qef;aumif;xl;qef; aeayvdrr hf nf? oka d omfvnf; ol. toufarG;0rf;ausmif;r+b0onf ppfrx + rf;b0 rS pwifcJhjcif;jzpfonfukd awmfawmfrsm;rsm;rod-uacs? olonf tdENd,&Sd tif'kd ppfwuUov dk r fb S JG&cJ_h y; D tdE, dN ydnmOfcH 0efxrf;b0okd 0ifa&muf&eftwGuf ppfwyf t&m&S& d mxl;ukd pGev f w $ c f jhJ cif;jzpfonf? orRwEki di fa H wmfopftaejzifh jynfwi G; f ppfr; D awmufavmif_yD; ysufpD;vkeD;yg;tajctaeokd qkdufa&mufaecsdefwGif ppfr+xrf; a[mif;rsm;ukd &Eki do f avmuf jyefvnfpp k nf;I cki dr f monfh t&HwyfrawmfzJGpnf;a&; av;vHvSonfhwm0ef}uD;ukd olz momurf;vS rf;cJhjcif;jzpfonf? The New Times of Burma owif;pmudk pwifxlaxmifolESihf ,if;. t,f'DwmjzpfvmcJhonf? olonf w&m;ol}uD;OD;ausmfjrihf.tudkvnf; wdkufwdkufqdkifqdkifjzpfaecJhonf? xdt k jyif olo wif;pmwGif toH; k y&eftwGuf OD;apm.tr+ukd xdt k cse du f OD;wifx G f onf pl;prf;avhvmaecJhonf[k trsm;u ,Hk-unfcJh-uonf? 1948 ckESpf pufwifbmvtwGif; wnY OD;wifxGfonf pywfvrf;&Sd olo wif;pmwku d f ; Hk cef;rS um;jzifh xGuc f m G &m aygufua JG pEki da f om ud&, d mwcku olum;twGif; aygufuGJoGm;onf? qD'ifum;twGif;&Sd um;armif;olESifh tapmifh a*:&cg;ESpO f; D (wOD;rSm ola b;wGif xki da f eonf) rSm csuc f si; f yif aoqk; H oGm;cJo h nf? Adkvfr; csKyftaejzifh aoavmufatmif '%f&m&oGm;onf? obm0w&m;u jyuf &,fyouJo h y dk if vGec f a hJ om wESpc f c JG efu OD;atmifqef; vky}f uHcc H & hJ aom twGi; f 0ef; Hk ukd vS r; f jrifEi dk o f nfa h e&mY T&mZ0wfrj+ zpfym G ;jcif;jzpfonf? xkt d cif;jzpfym G; onfa h e&mESihf "m;vG,c fw k f vrf;wzufwi G& f a dS om pdea f ygvfausmif;twGi; f wGif a& wyfpcef; ,lbDtufpf &wemykH (U.B.S. Ratanabon) wnf&Sdonf? xkdnu u|ef awmfu wm0efust&m&Sw d OD;jzpf_yD; xka d ygufur JG t + oHrsm; -um;&jcif;ukd rSwr f a de onf? t}uD;tuJ y=t&mcHAdkvfjzpfol au/ 'D=*0kduf(pf) (K.De-Goise) vuf atmuf&Sd a&wyfOD;aqmifv+yf&Sm;wyfzGJu xkdae&mokd tajy;tv$m;a&muf&SdoGm; _yD; a*:&cg; (2) OD; vJaoae_yD; Adkvfr;csKyfrSm touf&SifkHom&Sdonfh owfjzwf r+jrifuGif;ukd awG -u&onf? a&wyfom;rsm;u olukd *spfum;ay:wif_yD; odyfr a0;vSaom &efue ka f q;k}H uD;okd wufow k fu dk y f dk-uaomfvnf; aq;k}H uD;a&muf_y; D odyr f -umrDrm S yif OD;wifx G f aoqk; H oGm;avonf? [l;wifum (Hugh Tinker) u ol. *E<0ifajrmufavhvmr+jzpfonfh jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEki di fa H wmf (The Union of Burma) wGif jynfaxmifpk. rdKif}uD;wckudk aorif;u 'kwd,t}udrf z,f&Sm;
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ypfcJhjyef_yD[lIvnf;aumif;/ OD;wifxGfudk EkdifiHa&; ydifbufwOD;. tiSm;a-u; pm;orm;rsm;u vky}f uHcjhJ cif;jzpfonf[I l vnf;aumif; a&;om;cJo h nf? oda k omf vnf; xkd EdkifiHa&;ydifbuf rnfolrnf0gjzpfonfudkrl rnfolur# azmfxkwfEkdifjcif; r&Sc da hJ cs? OD;wifx G t f owfc& H r+onf OD;atmifqef;vky}f uHc& H r+}uD;tm; olu okaw oeyvkya f ejcif;ESifh qufE, G y f wfoufaeoavm/ odr k [kwf vufeufui kd w f yfrsm; twGif; tm;ydifaejcif;ESihf oufqdkifygoavm? 1948 ckESpf/ Zefe0g&DvwGif jrefrm EkdifiH vGwfvyfa&;&_yD;_yD;csif;yif uGefjrLepfrsm;onf tpdk;&udk vufeufudkif qef usifcJh-uonf? u&ifwdkif;&if;om; olykefrsm;vnf; vufeufudkifxuGcJh-uonf? xdkt jyif tiftm;toifhtwifhom&Sd_yD; ao;i,fvSao;aom Armhwyfrawmf wyf &if; trsm;tjym;vnf; ykeu f efc-hJ uonf? xkt d cgu tpd; k &udk qufvufopPmapmihf odaom wyf&if;rsm;teuf t"dutusqHk;rSm Adkvfr; csKyfae0if; OD;pD;uGyfuJaom trSwf (4) Armhvufeufui dk w f yf&if;jzpfonf? Tykeu f efrr + sm;a-umifh 1948 ckEp S f tukey f i kd ; f wGif ydr k p kd nf;pepfusaom wyfrsm;udk wd; k csJ zJGpnf;cJ& h onf? Oyrmtm;jzifh OD;wifxGf uGyfuJaom jynfaxmifpkt&efwyfzGJ (Union Auxiliary Forces) ESihf xdka emuf ppf0efxrf; [k ac:aom e,fjcm;a'owyfzGJ (The Territorial Forces, sitwundan) wdk jzpf-uonf? xdkwyfzGJrsm;onf ckdife,frsm;wGif a'oqdkif&m wm 0efrsm; ,lxm;-u&onf? ppfa&;wGio f mru Eki di fa H &;wGiy f g -oZmwdur U }uD;rm;r+ a-umihf OD;wifx G t f aejzihf ppfa&;&nfre S ; f csuw f i Go f m &yfwefr aebJ Eki di fa H &;wGif yg tjrihq f ; kH tm%m&,lvc kd si-f uaom ArmhwyfrawmftwGi; f &Sd t&m&Sr d sm;twGuf tiftm;aumif;aom ydib f ufwOD;jzpfaecJa h vonf? 1947 ckESpftwGif;u armfvrdifY jynfaxmifpkppf&JwyfzGJ (Union Military Police) wGif 'k=Adkvftjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifaeaom wkdif;&if;om;u&ifeDvlrsKd; (u,m;) jzpfonfh apm,dk;; (Saw Yoo Shoo) onf ol. _Adwdo#t&m&Sdjzpfol kd v f (18) &ufaewi G f ol Akv d }f uD; rdu k u f ,fva D v; (Captain Michael Lilley) Zlvi xHodk a&mufvm_yD; atmifqef; r-umrD vkyf}uHcH&vdrfhr,f? r_idrfroufjzpfvm cJh&if armfvrdifrdu dk xdef;csKyfxm;Ekdifzdk toifhjyifxm;yg [k ajymcJhonfudk ,ae xufwkdif rSwfrdaeao;onf? Adkvf}uD;vDav; rnfr#avmuf ydkrdkodxm;onf qdk onfukd rnfor l # rodEi dk a f wmhacs? tb,fa-umihq f a kd omf olonf rsm;r-umrD tcse d f twGi; f armfvrdif rdw i G f kww f &ufaoqH; k oGm;cJa h oma-umihjf zpfonf? rSeu f efr& + o dS nfjzpfap=r&So d nfjzpfap/ TZmwfvrf;tm;vH; k ESifh tjcm; tvm;
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wl 'm&DqefqefZmwfvrf;rsm;onf OD;atmifqef;ESihf olvkyfazmfudkifbuf t&if;tcsmrsm;tm; vkyf}uHowfjzwfonfh yl;aygif;}uHpnfr+}uD;wGif OD;apmtjyif tjcm;olrsm; ydkrdkyg0ifywfoufaea-umif; vltrsm;tjym;tm; ,Hk-unfr+ jzpfap ayawmhonf? jyif;jyaom remvdk0efwdkr+a-umihfjzpfap/ tm%m&ruf irf;irf; wufaoma-umihfjzpfap/ odr k [kwf tcsKdae&mXmersm;rS yk*~dKvfrsm;u u|Efkyfw. dk i,f&G,fvSaom trsKd;om;ol&Jaumif;udk vGefrif;pGm r,Hk-unfonfhtwGuf a-umihfjzpfap/ rnfody k ifjzpfap/ tppftrSefwu,f&Sdaom odr k [kwf awG;xifrSef; qr+r#omjzpfaom xk d xd k xd k xd k yk*Kd~ vfrsm;u OD;atmifqef;udk z,f&m S ;ypfcsif cJh-uayvdrfhrnf? OD;atmifqef;onf avmh'farmifhbufwef. ta&;ay;jcif;udk cHc& hJ oljzpfonf? oda k omfvnf; ti,fwef; _Adwo d #t&m&Sr d sm;taejzifh ppfyt JG wGi; f OD;atmifqef;u *syefESihf yl;aygif;cJhonfudk rarhEkdif-uacs? ArmhwyfrawmftwGif; &Sd a&S;kd;tpOftvm t&if;&SiftawG;tac:orm;rsm; (conservative elements) ESihf tvGrf;oifhaom &efukef&Sd EkdifiHjcm;om; t&if;&SifpD;yGm;a&; tkyfpkrsm;twGuf um; OD;atmifqef;. vuf0J,drf;aom EdkifiHa&;tawG;tac:rsm;onf pdwfysuf p&mjzpfaeayawmhonf? Ttcsufudk Adkvf}uD;ADAD,ef;/ Adkvfr; ,ef;ESihf 'def;wdk. yg0ifywfoufaer+rsm;u &Si; f &Si; f vif;vif; azmf!e ; f jyovsuf&a dS yonf? rnfoq kd a kd p/ jrefrmh&w J yfzJG . &mZ0wfrc + if; ppfaq;a&;Xme (Criminal InJ rnfow l OD;wa,mufur kd # vuf vestigation Department) taejzihf OD;apmuvGI nKd ;xd; k rpGyp f c JG a hJ cs? Zlvi kd v f (19) &ufaeu twGi; f 0ef; kH Y jzpfym G ;cJa h om vlowf r+}uD;wGif OD;apmtaejzifh &nf&G,fcsuf/ OD;wnfcsuf &SdHkwifru udwif}uHpnfI yd&daocsmaomtpDtpOfjzifh aemufuG,frS ud;udkif!ef-um;cJhjcif;jzpfonf? ol udk,fwkdif um,uHajrmufaoewfcvkwfudk rqGJcJhonfhtwGuf oltm; vlowf r+ jzifh pGc J sur f wifEi kd a f omfvnf; tm;ay;r+ jzihu f m; pGc J suw f ifca hJ yonf? xka d cwf u jrefrmbmomjzihf xkwfa0aom pme,fZif;ESihf pmtkyfpmwrf;rsm;wGif xkdtjzpf tysufEi S fh ywfoufI yl;aygif;}uHpnfr+ t&dyt f rGur f #uda k omfvnf;aumif; w&m; Hk;awmfY -um;emppfaq;r+rsm; yvkyf&mwGif Oya'ta-umif;t& c|wfacsmfwdrf; yg;r+rsm;tm; &nf!e ; f Iaomfvnf;aumif; azmfjya&;om;cJjh cif;r&Sc d a hJ cs? 1947 ckESpf/ Zlvdkifv (19) &uf EdkifiHawmf vkyf}uHr+}uD; ESpfywfvnfae wdkif;udk tmZmenfae tjzpf trsKd;om;Hk;ydwf&ufowfrSwfum ,aewdkif ESpfpOf usif;yavh&o dS nf? xda k ewaev; kH usqH; k oGm;av_yD;aom acgif;aqmif}uD;rsm;tm; vGrf;qGwfwo owd&vsuf jrefrmwrsKd;om;vHk;u *k%fyr+y-uonf? tpdk;&o
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wif;pmrsm;uvnf; tmZmenf}uD;rsm;ESifhywfoufI t,f'Dwmhtmabmfrsm; wav;wpm; t_rJa&;om;avh&o dS nf? usq; kH av_yD;aom tmZmenf}uD;rsm;. pGef v$wfr+rsm;udk vuf&Sdtm%mydkifwd. k ud;yrf;tm;xkwfr+rsm;ESifh qufpyfazmf!e f; &ef ud;pm;-u&if; tmZmenf}uD;rsm;. txkyw ` r dW sm;udv k nf; azmfjyavh&-dS uonf? TtpOftvmtwdkif; 1992 ckESpf/ Zlvdkifv (19) &ufaexkwf ppftpdk;&ydkif ysif; &d_iD;aiGzG,faumif;vSonfh vkyfom;jynfola epOf owif;pmwGif rsKd;cspfpdwfESihf EdkifiHcspfpdwf ypkysKd;axmifa&; [k a&S;qefqefacgif;pOfjzihf csD;rGrf;cef; zGihfxm; onfh aqmif;yg;wapmifY ,aetcse dt f cgwGif Eki di fa H wmf_ir d0 f yfyjd ym;r+wnfaqmuf a&;tzGJ onf rsKd;cspfpw d & f i So f efaeap&ef rsm;pGm vkya f qmifvsuf&o dS nf? Eki di fa H &; rsufESmpmESihf pD;yGm;a&;rsufESmpmwGifyg enf;rsKd;pHkjzihf EdkifiH.*k%foduQmESihf tcsKyf tcsmtm%mudk zsufvdkzsufqD;yvkyfum taxGaxGrauseyfr+rsm;udk aygufzGm; aponfh trsKd;rsKd;aom tiftm;pkrsm;. &efvdkonfh vkyf&yfrsm;a-umihf ,ckuJhodk rsK; d cspp f w d u f kd a&Swef;wifum xifxif&m S ;&Sm; jyefvnfazmfxw k a f e&jcif;jzpfonf [lI a&;om;xm;onf? jrefrmEdkifiH 'Drdkua&pDta&;twGuf ay:aygufvmaom 1988 ckESpf/ vlxk tHkuGr+}uD;udk ESdrfeif;cJh&mwGif _idrf;csrf;pGm qENjyae-uaom vli,fvl&G,f axmif aygif;rsm;pGmudk ppfwyfu aoewfjzifh ypfcwfowfjzwfcr hJ t + m; 1947 ckEp S u f vkyf }uHowfjzwfrE + i S fh qufpyfvsuf tqdy k gaqmif;yg;Ywki d; f jynfwi G f jzpfym G ;cJa h om raumif;r+ ted@mHr k sm;rS u|Eky f w f t kd aejzifh oifcef;pmrsm; &&Sc d _hJ yD;jzpfonf? 1988 ckESpf/ tzsufvkyf&yfrsm;rS awGuHcHpm;cJh&aom rif;rJhpkdufESifh ted@mHkrsm;udk oifcef;pmtjzpf u|Ekfyfwd& k ,l_yD; TuJhodk aemufwzef xyfrHrjzpfay:a&;twGuf wm;qD;&vdrhfrnf [k qufvufa&;om;xm;avonf? tmZmenf}uD;rsm;tm; t_rJwap *k%f yavh&a dS omfvnf; vlowform;rsm; rSm rnfolrsm;jzpf_yD; OD;atmifqef;udk rnfonfhtwGuf owfjzwfonfudkrl wvHk; wyg'r# azmfjydk;xHk;pHr&SdcJhacs? Oyrmtm;jzihf txufazmfjyyg vkyfom;jynfoa l e pOf owif;pmyg aqmif;yg;Yyifv#if vufonfw&m;cHrsm;udkom &nf!ef;_yD; tvGefa00g;vsuf qdkvkdcsuf t"dy`m,fESpfcGxGufaeom pum;vHk;rsm;jzihf (19) Zlvdkifonf jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEkdifiHtzdk tarSmifusaomae jzpfonf? tb,fa-umihfqdkaomf e,fcsJ0g'Drsm;u olwdk. a-u;pm;orm;rsm;udk cdkif;ap_yD; wdkufcdkufcJhI jzpfonf? aemufwESpft-umwGif jrefrmEdkifiHonf vGwfvyfa&;udk w&m;0if&&SdcJhaomfjim;vnf; e,fcsJ0g'Drsm; rsKd;aphcscJhaom udk,fhvlrsKd;tcsif;csif;
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oabmxm;rnD!w G r f r + sm;onf jy\emw&yftjzpf }uD;rm;pGm aygufzm G ;vmcJ_h yD; ,aewdkif &SifoefaeqJjzpfonf? t-urf;zufvufeufudkif a&mifpHkaomif;usef; olykefrsm; wwkdif;wjynfvHk; r+daygufouJhodk aygufvmcJh_yD; 0g;tpnf;ajyouJhodk jzpfum ysup f ; D qH; k +; H r+rsm;udo k m jzpfay:apcJo h jzihf wyfrawmfu _ir d 0 f yfyjd ym;atmif aqmif&GufcJh&jcif;jzpfonf [k qdkxm;jyefonf? wzef 1990 ckEp S /f pufwifbmvxkwf vkyo f m;jynfoa l epOfowif;pmYvnf; vkyf}uHr+}uD;wGif _Adwdo#wdk yg0ifywfoufaeyHkudk rD;armif;xkd;um a&;om;wifjy aom tcef;qufaqmif;yg;rsm; yg&Sdvmjyefonf? TonfrSm _Adwdo#wdkESihf ywf oufI cGi; f csufxm;apmihx f e d ; f cJa h ompnf;udk yxrqH; k pwifazmufzsufvu dk jf cif; yifjzpfonf? xdt k csdeu f e,l;a,muf&dS urBmu h v k or*~}uD;Y _Adwo d #tpd; k & ud, k f pm;vS,frsm;u jrefrmEkdifiH. vlt cGihfta&;csKd;azmufr+rsm;udk wifjyaecdkufjzpfI _Adwo d #tpd; k &tm; odum Q usap&ef aqmif&u G o f nfh ud;yrf;r+w&yfom jzpfayvdrhf rnf? oda k omfjim;vnf; xkdtcsdefu vDvfESifh ukr`%DrS rmvf[dkx&m (Malhotra of Leele Co.) uJhodkaom xifxifay:ay:r[kwfonfh pD;yGm;a&;orm;rsKd;ESihf quf EG,fr+&Sdaom &efukefrS ADAD,ef;ESihf ti,fwef;t&m&SdtcsKdrSvGJI _Adwdo#tpdk;&. xdyfydkif;tkyfcsKyfa&;qkdif&m tm%mydkifyk*~dKvfrsm;xJrS Ttr+ESihf ywfoufqufpyf aejcif;udr k l xkwa f zmfEi dk jf cif;r&Sa d o;acs? Tyk*Kd~ vfrsm; yg0ifywfoufaer+rm S trsm;todyifjzpfonf? Tt&m&Sd tcsKd ESihf _Adwdo#pD;yGm;a&;orm;rsm;onf _Adwdo#aumifpDrS v#Kd0Sufqef;-u,fvSonfh a*stufpf bif*av (J.S Bingley) uJhodkaom yk*~dKvfrsm;ESifhtwl yl;aygif;um OD;apmESifh ol. vusm f *d% k ; f 0ifEi dk i fa H &;orm;tkyp f u k kd wdww f qdwa f xmufyc hH o hJ nf [lIom vufwGif;&Sd taxmuftxm;rsm;t& qGJ,loHk;oyfcJh&onf? xdkrSwyg; bk&ifcHudk,fwkdif vef'efodk ta-umif;-um;onfh a-u;eef;pmxJY Tyl;aygif;}uH pnfr+}uD;wGif xdyfydkif; _Adwdo#t&m&Sd}uD;rsm; yg0ifywfoufaea-umif; azmfjy rxm;onft h wGuf rdro d abmt& pdwv f u kd r f mefyg aqmif&u G a f e-uaom &efue k f rd& Sd _Adwdo#t&m&Sdi,frsm;xJrS tcsKdyg0ifa-umif; oufaojyHkrSvGJI txufazmf jyyg aqmif;yg;taejzihf _Aw d o d #tqihjf rift h &m&S}d uD;rsm;udk pGyp f& JG ef rwwfEi dk c fa hJ cs? OD;atmifqef;ESifh olvlrsm; vkyf}uHowfjzwfcH&pOfu &efukef&Sd tpdk;&tdrfawmf twGi; f Yomru t*Fvefjynf/ vef'efrd& dS Edi ki f jH cm;a&;H; k tqihjf rihf _Adwo d #tm%m ydi kr f sm;yg tjcm;olrsm;enf;wl odoo d mom xdwv f efw e k v f y + o f m G ;cJ-h u&avonf?2 OD;apmtaejzifh vef'efEi S fh tquftoG,& f a dS -umif; jyoEdi ka f om wckwnf;
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aom taxmuftxm;rSm OD;apm.tr+ukd ckcu H muG,& f eftwGuf &efya kH iG pkaqmif; cJhaom OD;apm.tudkt&if; OD;armifarmif}uD;qkdoljzpfonf? OD;apmtaejzihf t*Fvefjynf&dS y&DAa D umifp D ac: w&m;v$wa f wmfcsKyf odk toem;cHpm wifyi kd c fi G fh 3 &&Sdoifha-umif; urBmausmf pmapmif}uD;wckjzpfaom wkdif;rf (The Times) . t,f'DwmxHodk olu ay;pmrsm; a&;om;ay;ydkc Jhonf? if;tjyif tr+r_yD;qHk;rDyif jrefrmEdi ki f. H zGJpnf;tkyc f sKyfykH tajccHOya'tajymif;tvJrsm; jzpfay:cJo h nf? tu,f I xko d o kd m rjzpfcv hJ #if OD;apmonf if;ydi kc f i GE fh i S fh tusLH;0ifr+ &Sa d yvdrr hf nf? oda k omfvnf; OD;atmifqef;udk &Si; f ypf&ef }uHpnfrt + m; vef'ef&dS tcsKdaom todkif;t0dkif;rsm;u axmufcHcJhjcif; &Sd=r&Sd[laomtcsufESihf ywfoufI _Adwdef&Sd yk*~dKvfwcsKdyif oHo,0ifcJh-uonf? OD;atmifqef;aov#if olae&mY OD;apmudk 0ef}uD;csKyftopftjzpf jyefvnftpm;xd; k Eki dc f a hJ omfvnf; jrefrmEdi ki fu H kd _Adwo d #wdk vufckyfxJwGifyif qufvufxdef;xm;Ekdifayrnf? vkyf}uHr+}uD; jzpfyGm;_yD; (2) &uft-um 1947 ck/ Zlvdkifv (21) &ufaewGif _Adwdo#atmufv$wfawmfY avbmtrwf wGrf'&Dbwf (cf) (Tom Driberg) u OD;atmifqef;ESifh olvkyfazmfudkifbufrsm;udk av;pm;&aumif;rSef;odaom v$wf awmf. Tbufjcrf;&Sd trwfrif;rsm;taejzifh trSefwu,f eufeufeJeJ 0rf;enf; a-uuGJr+udk azmfjyvdkufygonf? opPmazmuf taumuf}uH&ef v+Haqmftm;ay; vlrdkufarG;-uvsuf ,cktcg oufawmihfoufom jzpfae-uukefaom uGefqm aA;wpf vl}uD;vlaumif;rsm;xuf &efue kY f &uf&ufpufpufycJ-h uaom vlrorm rsm;taejzihf Tvkyf}uHr+}uD;. udk,fusihfydkif;qkdif&m tjypf&Sdr+rSm enf;yg;vdrfhrnf r[kwfa-umif; u|Ekfyf pGyfpGJajym-um;vdkufygonf 4 [k wifjyajymqkdvdkuf&m '&D bwf (cf) udk olt wku d t f cHtcsKdu avSmifajymifatmf[pfc-hJ uonf? avbmtpd; k &ESihf uGefqmaA;wpftwdkuftcHwdk yl;wGJvsuf v+dufv+dufvSJvSJ 0rf;enf;a-umif; xkwfazmfajym-um;cJh-u_yD; T&mZ0wfjypfr+}uD;wGif ygwDESpfbufvHk;rS tvdkwl tvdkyg vdkufavsmnDaxGr+ r&SdcJha-umif; jiif;y,fcJh-uonf? 1990 ckESpf/ Ekd0ifbmv (17) &ufrS (22) &uftwGif; vkyfom;jynfoa l epOf owif;pmwGif ydkrdkI +yfaxG;_yD; ykp>mqefaom aqmif;yg;rsm; tcef;qufyg&Sdvm cJhonf? Edk0ifbmv (13) &ufaewGif rdwDvmcsnfr#ifpufHkY ajym-um;aom AdkvfcsKyfr;}uD; apmarmif. rdefcGef;udk txl;tqef;yI udk;um;xm;onf? Adkvf csKyfatmifqef;. tcef;uudk uyfajrmiftoHk;csI vGwfvyfa&;ud;yrf;r+wGif OD;ae0if;. tcef;uudk yH}k uD;csJ &ef &Si; f &Si; f vif;vif;&nf&, G x f m;onf? &efue k f
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&Sd udv k e kd t D m%mydi kr f sm;u vef'efokd ay;yda k om tcsKda-u;eef;pmta[mif;rsm;wGif yg&Sdonfh OD;ae0if;tm; tom;ay;azmfjyxm;csufrsm;udk owif;pmrsm;wGif jyef vnfazmfjycJ-h uonf? umuG,fa&;0ef}uD; ae&mtwGuf vSaz (Adkvfvusfm) ESifh ae0if;t-um; &Sa d eaom atmifqef;. axmufcc H sufukd u|Eky f f tpysKd;aqG;aEG;vku d y f gonf? ae 0if;onf (ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmfrS ajymif;vJzGJpnf;cJhaom) ArmhrsKd;cspfwyf rawmf trSwf (4) wyf&if;. wyf&if;r;tjzpfaqmif&GufcJh_yD; tpOftvmaumif; cJholjzpfI ppfwyftjrifrS-unfhv#if olonf tvm;tvm ydkrdkaumif;rGefolwOD; jzpf[ef&o dS nf? oda k omfvnf; vSazudk a&G;cs,fv#if ydr k v kd l udur f sm;ayvdrr fh nf if;tjyif atmufyg _Adwdo#umuG,fa&; OD;pD;csKyfAdkvfcsKyf}uD; wifyvm (Templer) . ajym-um;csuf taxmuftxm;udkvnf; vkyfom;jynfol aepOf owif;pmwGif yHw k u l ; l I azmfjycJo h nf? jrefrmvlrsKd;wd. k rqHk;Edkifaom oHo,rSm tvGet f vGef _iD;aiGp&mjzpfvm cJhonf? odkaomfvnf; u|Ekfyfwdktaejzifh AdkvfcsKyf}uD; ae0if;udk tultnDay;&ef twGuf wwfpGrf;or# aqmif&Gufay;&ef tvGefpdwftm;xufoefvsuf&Sdygonf OD;atmifqef;. emrnfonf jrefrmjynfwGif xdktcsddeftxd udk;uG,ftyfol ozG,fjzpfaeonf? vGefpGmav;pm;&aom AdkvfcsKyf}uD;qdkonfrSm wyfrawmf. zcifomru EdkifiHawmf. zcifvnf; jzpfaecJhonf r[kwfygvm;? &JabmfoHk;usdyf 0ifwOD;jzpfcJh_yD; OD;atmifqef;ESifh &Jabmf&Jbufjzpfvmjcif;onf OD;ae0if;tm; tjrihfqHk;acgif;aqmifr+udk ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm awmif;qdkxm;Edkifzdk jzpfvmcJhonf? &JabmfoHk;usdyfwGif OD;atmifqef;ESihf OD;ae0if;wdko nf qefu sifbuftkyfpk (2) pkrS jzpf-uvsuf ,if;wdE k p S a f ,muf rnfonft h cgr# tap;ruyfc-hJ uacs? Ttcsufukd tpd; k &owif;pmrsm;u rnfonft h cgr# azmfjycJjh cif;r&Sc d a hJ cs? oda k omfvnf; 1988 ckEp S f jrefrmjynftESH jzpfym G ;cJa h om 'Dru kd a&pDvy + & f m S ;r+ wGif t"duacgif;aqmiftjzpf ay:xGuv f maom Adv k c f sKyf. orD; a':atmifqef;pk -unfonf OD;atmifqef;. tarGudk olu qufcHcJh&ygonf [laom OD;ae0if; . tqku d kd vlo& d i S -f um; pdea f c:vmcJo h nf? odkjzihf tmZmenfaet_y; D aemufw&uf 1989 ckESpf/ Zlvdkifv (20) &ufaewGif OD;ae0if;onf a':atmifqef;pk-unfudk kH av tdrw f i G; f Y tus,c f sKyfcsxm;vdu k a f vonf? 5 a':atmifqef;pk-unfu usq; _yD;aom zcifjzpfolESihf &Jabmf&Jbufrsm;udk *k%fy&ef tmZmenfAdrmefodk &efukef rdwGif;rSjzwfI vlxkcsDwufyGJudk OD;aqmifoGm;&ef pDpOfcJh_yD; OD;ae0if;ppfwyfu
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vnf; vrf;ay:xGuo f l rnfor l qdk aoewfjzihf ypfrnf[k _cdr; f ajcmufwkH jyefco hJ jzihf xdkaeu vlxkcsDwufyGJudk zsufodrf;cJh&_yD; vlajrmufjrm;pGm tzrf;cHcJh&onf? xkd aemuf wESpfausmfceft-umwGif tpdk;&ydkif owif;pmrsm;Y 1990 ckESpf/ Edk0ifbm vtwGif; tcef;qufaqmif;yg;rsm; yg&Sdvmonf? ,if;aqmif;yg;rsm;taejzifh OD;atmifqef;. tarGqo kd nfukd cgxkwy f pfvu dk u f m OD;ae0if;tay: vlxu k -unf !kdav;pm;onf[laom tcsufjzihf tpm;xkd;Ekdif&ef ud;pm;-ujcif; jzpfaumif;jzpf ayvdrr hf nf? xkt d cse d w f i G f tvGet f rif; xifay:ausm-f um;vmaom a':atmifqef; pk-unfu OD;ae0if;. tjrihfqHk; tm%mydkifqdkifr+udk pdefac:vsuf&Sdae_yDr[kwfyg vm;? oda k omf xdkr#jzihf r_yD;ao;? 1991 ckESpf/ ZGefv (28) &ufrS Zlvdkifv (2) &uf txd vkyo f m;jynfoa l epOfowif;pmwGif oufwrf;-umjrihv f _S yDjzpfaom OD;apm. ol&d, (The Sun) owif;pmrS OD;atmifqef;tay: wdkufcdkufxm;aom aqmif;yg; tpOfvkdufwckvHk;udk rl&if;twkdif; jyefvnfazmfjycJhonf? u|Ekfyfwdk. trsKd;om; acgif;aqmif}uD;tay: OD;apmu apmfum;wdkufcdkufajymqdkxm;r+rsm;ESifh ,SOfwGJ vsuf OD;atmifqef;udk &,for G ; f aoG;_yD; oa&mfxm;aom umwGe; f yHr k sm;udy k ifv#if jyefvnfazmfjycJhao;onf? 0efwdkr+ESihf avSmifajymifr+rsm; jynfhESufaeaom yk*~dKvf a&;&m/ rl0g'a&;&mESifh tzGJtpnf;a&;&m wzufapmif;eif; wdu k c fu kd r fr + sm;udk jyo&ef jyefvnfyHkESdyf&oa,mif a0zefcsufa&;om;xm;aomfvnf; tqdkygaqmif;yg;rsm; jyefvnfay:xGuv f monfh tcse du f r kd l jrefrmpmzwfy&dowfu owdxm;rdcy hJ gonf? xkdtcsdefu a':atmifqef;pk-unftaejzifh tdrfwGif;tus,fcsKyf (2) ESpfausmfcef cHcJh&_yD;jzpf_yD; csufukdpvkdAuforRw Am;uvuf(Af) [mA,f(vf) (Vaclav Havel) u olrukd Ekdb,fvf_idrf;csrf;a&;qktwGuf emrnfpm&if; tqkdy_yD;cgpjzpfonf? wydiw f nf;vdv k y dk if tpd; k &owif;pmY jrefrmhwyfrawmfxa l xmif&mwGif OD;ae0if; . ta&;ygaom tcef;uudk xyfrHtxl;y a&;om;xm;aom wyfrawmf. acgif;aqmifr+orkdif;a-umif;udk tcef;qufaqmif;yg;tjzpf azmfjycJhonf? vkyo f m;jynfol aepOfowif;pmyg ,if;tcef;qufaqmif;yg;rsm;onf ta&; ygvSaom ar;cGef;rsm;udk jzpfay:apcJhonf? yl;aygif;}uHpnfr+ESihf ywfoufaom ,lqcsuo f t D & kd t D rsm;pkonfvnf; if;ar;cGe; f rsm;udk A[kc d sur f yvsu& f a dS yonf? olu, kd w f i kd f tjrihq f ; kH acgif;aqmifjzpfvm&eftwGuf OD;ae0if;onf OD;atmifqef;udk pDrHudef;cs z,f&Sm;cJhoavm? vGefpGmaumufuspf,kwfrmvSaom }uHpnfr+wGif ppfw& k if e,fy k u f av;wckyrm OD;apmonf qifxm;onft h uGux f J 0ifrc da hJ vo avm? ydifbufwOD;tjzpf if;tjyif olESihf tjrihfqHk;tm%mt-um; -um;cHydwf
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qdka eol wOD;wnf;aom yk*~dKvftjzpf OD;atmifqef;tay: OD;ae0if;cHpm;rdcJhonf rSm xif&m S ;vSonf? olw& kd a J bmfo; kH usdy0 f ifrsm; *syefEi kd i f /H wdu k sKdwi G& f -dS upOfu ol wdk tcsif;rsm;cJh-uonfrsm;udk touft&G,f Eke,fi,f&G,f-uao;aom tzGJxJ rS uset f zGJ0iftm;vH; k aumif;pGmod&c dS -hJ u_y; D taxmuftxm;rsm;vnf; &Sc dy hJ gonf? twdkcsKyfqdk&v#if tjrifoHk;rsKd; ay:xGufvmonf? if;wdkr Sm 1? w&m;qdkifr+onf w&m;r#w_yD;v#if OD;apmtm; t"duvufonfw&m; cHtjzpf azmfxw k E f i dk c fo hJ nf? 2? OD;apmonf qifuGufxJ 0ifrdcJh_yD; w&m;qdkifr+ w&yfvHk;onf w&m;a&; jy,k*o f mjzpfonf? 3? OD;apmonf tjypfvnf; &Sdonfhtjyif qifuGufxJodv k nf; 0ifrdcJhonf? yxrtjrifonf jrefrmtrsm;pk udk,fwdkif ,Hk-unfaomtjrifjzpf_yD; jrefrm &Jtm%mydkifrsm;ESihf pma&;q&mrsm; wifjy-uaom w&m;0iftjrifw&yfvnf; jzpfonf? 'kw, d tjrifrm S 1940 ckEp S f aESmif;ydi k; f umvu jrefrmEdi ki fw H i G f tr+xrf; cJhzl;_yD; ,cktcg _AdwdefEkdifiHwGif a&muf&Sdaexdkifae-uaom _Adwdo#t&m&Sd trsm; tjym; pG_J rJaomtjrifjzpfonf? wwd,awG;ac:r+tjrifrm S rl tajccHtm;jzihf jynfy a&muf oabmxm;uGv J o JG l jrefrmrsm;t-um; r-umrDtcse d u f rS ay:xGuv f monfh tjrifjzpfonf? txl;ojzihf xdwv f efw e k v f y + z f , G a f umif;vSaom vky}f uHowfjzwfr}+ uD;jzpf yGm;_yD; tESpf (40) eD;yg;cef jzpfonfh 1986 ckESpf/ {_yDvtwGif;u u&iftrsKd;om; f 0onfh pmapmifwckwi G f yg&Sv d maom aqmif;yg;wyk'f tpnf;tk; H (KNU) rS xkwa onf txufazmfjyyg 'kw, d tjrifudk axmufcx H m;onf? ,if;onf 'kw, d tjrifEi S hf ywfoufI a&;om;xm;aom trsm;od&onfh wckwnf;aom yHkESdyfrSwfwrf;jzpf onf? aqmif;yg;.acgif;pOfrSm atmifqef;udk wu,f b,folowfovJ [lI yif jzpf_yD;v#if a&;om;oltrnfudk u|Ekfyfwdk. &efukefowif;axmuf [k azmf jyxm;onf? ed'gef;udk atmufyg pmyd' k E f p S y f ' kd jf zihf tpyxm;onf? 1947 ckESpf/ ZlvdkifvwGif jrefrmEdkifiH. 0ef}uD;csKyf OD;atmifqef;udk v#Kd 0Sufqef;-u,fpGm vkyf}uHowfjzwfcJhr+onf u&ifvGwfajrmufa&; ud;yrf;r+wGif }uD;rm;aom tcsKd;tauGwckukd jzpfapcJo h nf? (39) ESp-f umjrihc f _hJ yDjzpfaomfvnf; xdv k o l wfrt + m; tppftrSef }uHpnfzefw; D cJo h r l sm;udr k l ,aexufwi dk f vlo& d i S -f um; razmfxw k E fi dk a f o;acs? tr+. tcsut f vufrsm;udv k nf; ,aexufwi kd f rajz&Si; f Edi ka f o;acs
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tppftrSef yl;aygif;}uHpnfor l sm;xHrS tmHv k a JG jymif;oGm;ap&ef tuGuc f s_y; D OD;apmudk w&m;Hk;wifum tjypf'%fcscJhjcif;rSm qifuGufwckomjzpfa-umif; cdkif vHkaom oufaotaxmuftxm;rsm;&Sdaeonf? tu,fI OD;apmonf tuGuf qifcc H& hJ onf[q k v kd #if jrefrmEdi ki f. H vGwv f yfa&;acgif;aqmifrsm;udk rnfow l u kd wrSefwu,f owfcJh-uygoenf;? AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if;/ 0ef}uD;csKyfOD;EkESifh tjcm; yk*~dKvfrsm; yg0ifywfoufaeonfqdkonfh -um&SnfpGm pGJ_rJaeaom aumvm[v rsm;wGif trSew f &m; rnfr#avmuf &Sa d eygoenf; jynfxa J &;0ef}uD; OD;ausm_f ir d; f / tjcm;qd& k , S v f pf trmcH Adv k c f ifarmifuav; wdktygt0if OD;Ek/ OD;ae0if;ESihf tjcm;wif;rmaom oabmxm;&Sdol jrefrmrsm;. tvdq k ENukd qefu sifvsuf u&ifEi S fh tjcm;vlenf;pk wdi k; f &if;om;rsm;tay:Y }uD; rm;aom vku d a f vsmr+rsm; yvky& f ef OD;atmifqef;u pDpOfco hJ nft h csufukd pOf;pm; awG;awmp&mtjzpf xkdaqmif;yg;Y qufvufa&;om;xm;onf? xdk jyif Zlvdkifv (19) &uf/ eHeufcif;wGif &efukefajrmufbuf&Sd u&ifvlrsKd; trsm;tjym; aexkdif aom tif;pdefrd. ckdif&J0efaxmufjzpfol wdkif;&if;om; u&ifvlrsKd; apmpdefr+H qdk olonf OD;apmtm; zrf;qD;&ef trdef&&SdcJhojzihf wu,fhvkyf}uHowfjzwfr+}uD; rjzpfyGm;rD eHeuf (9) em&DcefwGif if;u oGm;a&mufzrf;qD;cJh&onf [k a&;om; xm;&m xda k zmfjycsufrm S tH-op&maumif;vGe; f vSaom tqdk ycsufjzpfaeayonf? xdktcsdefu OD;apmonf wpHkw&m xl;xl;jcm;jcm; vkyfaejcif;r&SdbJ olr dom;pk0if rsm;ESihftwl eHeufcif;tcsdefav;udk zef;aejcif;omjzpfonf [k apmpdefr+Hu ajym qda k -umif; xda k qmif;yg;wGif a&;om;xm;jyefonf? xda k emuf apmpder fo H+ nf nwGi; f csi; f yif yJc; l odk cki d& f 0 J efaxmuftjzpf ajymif;a&$ jcif;udc kc H& hJ onf[k qdx k m;jyefonf? TwGif OD;apmudk u|ea f wmf. zcifjzpfol OD;xGe; f vSatmifu aev,fyi kd ; f wGif zrf;qD;cJhjcif;tpm; apmpdefr+Hu Zlvdkifv (19) &uf/ eHeufcif;wGif zrf;qD;cJhonf qdjk cif;rSm vH; k 0rSm;,Gi; f vGa J csmfaeonf? twGi; f 0ef; kH rS jyefvmaom vlowform; rsm;udk OD;apmu eHeuf (11) em&DwGif udqdkvufcHcJhjcif;udk oludk,fwdkif jrifawG cJh&ygonf[k w&m;Hk;awmfwGif xGufqdkcJhaom uy`wdefcef;rSmrl OD;apmudk zrf; onft h csdeE f i S hf ywfoufI rrSm;,Gi; f Eki da f y? olonf OD;apmESihf OD;apmtdru f kd tcsdef G f a&;om; -umjrihp fm G apmih-f unfa h ecJo h v l nf;jzpfonf? xdr kw S yg; KNU pmapmifwi ol/ tqdy k g aqmif;yg;&Sir f v S I JG xda k eu OD;apmtdro f kd &Jrsm; eHeufyi kd ; f 0ifzrf;jcif;ukd OD;apmudk,fwdkifujzpfap/ tjcm;wOD;wa,mufujzpfap rnfonfhtcgur# a&; om;ajymqdkcJhjcif;r&SdcJhacs? OD;apmtdrfudk &Jrsm; vma&muf0dkif;0ef;xm;onfhtcsdef
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rSm aev,f (2) em&D &Sd_yD[k azmfaumfb!Geu f vnf; twnfyajymqdkcJhygonf? oda k omfjim;vnf; aqmif;yg;wGif yg&So d nfh tjcm;tajctjrpf&a dS om a&;om; csufrsm;tm; avhvm-unfv h #if OD;Ek (,cifu ocifE) k ESifh Akv d c f sKyf}uD;ae0if; tp &Sdonfh oabmxm;wif;rmol jrefrmrsm; yg0ifywfoufaeonf[laom pGyfpJGcsuf udr k l owdcsyo f ihv f y S gonf? (_Adwo d # tvda k wmf&r d sm;) [k pGyp f c JG x H m;&aom u&if vlrsKd;pkrsm; (ppftwGi; f Y u&iftajrmuftjrm; r[mrdwb f ufrS &yfc-hJ uonf) ESifh jrefrmjynfrS qkwc f m G oGm;aom _Adwo d #wda k emuf xd; k ppfqifvu kd y f gvmcJa h om Armh vGwv f yfa&;wyfrawmfxr J S pnf;rJu h rf;rJh y&rf;ywm jzpfae-uao;aom wyfrsm; t-um; aoG;ajrus cdkuf&efjzpfr+rsm; trSefwu,f jzpfay:cJhavonf? jrefrmEdkifiH k m G ;onfh vGwv f yfa&;&_y; D onfa h emuf u&iftrsK; d om;tpnf;tk; H (KNU) awmcdo tcsdefYum; xdkvlrsKd;pktcsif;csif;t-um; jzpfyGm;cJhaom roifhrwifh &efrD;yGm;onf jynfwi G; f ppftjzpfokd t&Se d w f ; kd jrio fh m G ;cJa h wmhonf? 6 Todk qdkyifqdk&jim;aomfvnf; OD;Ekonf u&ifvlrsKd;rsm;tay: touf!Sm qH; k Armacgif;aqmifwOD;jzpfayvdrr hf nf? u&ifaomif;usef;r+ ray:aygufrD 1948 ckESpf/ pufwifbmvwGif olonf u&ifrsm;. awmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk avhvm&ef a'oqdkif&m udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&; aumfr&Sifw&yfudk ceftyfcJhonf? rsm;r-umrD 1949 ckESpf/ azazmf0g&DvwGif u&ifrsm;ESihf tpdk;&ppfwyft-um; jynfwGif;ppf jzpfyGm;aepOf OD;Ekonf _idrf;csrf;a&; tqdkycsufw&yfudk urf;vS rf;cJhygao;onf? odk jzpfI u&ifw. kd ykeu f efxuGru + kd ppfwyftiftm; oufoufjzifo h m acsr+e; f vdk -uaom oabmxm;wif;rmol jrefrmrsm;u olt m; odum Q csonft h aejzifh u&if Ek [k emrnfajymif ay;cJ-h uonf? Ttjzpftysufrsm; jzpfyGm;_yD; ESpftwef-umrS autJif,lrsm;u txifvGJ rSm; rkef;wD;r+rsm; jzpfcJh-u[efwlygonf? 1962 ck/ rwfvwGif AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if; tm%modrf;vdkufonfhtcg oludk zrf;qD;xdef;odrf;cJh_yD; 1966 ckESpf/ atmufwdk bmvtxd v$wr f ay;cJa h cs? ydr kI kd zGJpnf;yHt k ajccHOya'enf;usaom tpd; k &pepfw &yf jrefrmEdi ki fw H i G f jyefvnftoufoi G; f &mY tultnDay;&ef OD;Ektygt0if ,cif Eki di fa hH cgif;aqmifa[mif; (21) OD;jzifh t}uHay;tzGJ udk ^m%fe^ D m%feufrsm;aom ppftm%m&Sifu zGJpnf;ay;vdkufonf? 1962 ckESpfwGif OD;ae0if; oGwfoGif;cJhaom jrefrmhq& kd , S v f pfvrf;pOfygwD wnf;[laom wygwDtm%m&Sip f epf tpm; 1962 ckEp S f rwki dr fu D usio hf ; kH cJa h om ygwDpkH 'Dru dk a&pDpepf ESifh vGwv f yfaom aps;uGuf pD;yGm;a&; odk jyefvnfOD;wnfvkyfudkifoGm;&ef (21) OD;tzGJ. trsm;pku t}uH
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^m%fay;cJo h nf? 1969 ckESpf/ ZGefv (2) &ufaewGif OD;ae0if;u ,if;t}uHycsufudk jiif; y,fvdkufonf? xdkaemuf OD;Ekvnf; pdwfysufum wdkif;jynfrS xGufcGmoGm;cJhav onf? olonf vef'efodk oGm;cJh_yD; xdkae&mYyif OD;ae0if;. ppftm%m&Sifpepfukd vufeufui kd a f wmfve S& f ef pnf;H; k vkya f qmifrnfh olt pDtpOfrsm;udk -o*kwv f (29) &ufaewGif a-unmcJhonf? aemufqHk;wGif ,if;vGwfajrmufa&;ppfyGJonf xdkif;= jrefrme,fpyfwav#muf&dS jynfwi G; f rS xGua f jy;vm&olrsm; cdv k & +H mpcef;rsm;rS pwif cJo h nf? OD;Ek. vGwa f jrmufa&;v+y& f m S ;r+rS aygufzm G ;vmaom ppfwyfuv kd nf; jynf cspfvGwfajrmufa&;wyfrawmf (Patriotic Liberation Army- P.L.A) [k trnf ay;vdu k -f uonf? xkw d yfukd ArmhwyfrawmfY xifay:ausm-f um; vlor d sm;-uonfh 0g&ifx h y d w f ef;ppfacgif;aqmifrsm; jzpfc-hJ uaom &Jabmfo; kH usy d 0 f if Adv k v f usm f / Adv k f &efEi kd E f i S fh Adv k r f ; atmifwt kd jyif vGwv f yfa&;&ptcse d u f Armhwyfrawmf. ppfqif a&; OD;pD;csKyf/ u&iftrsK; d om; Adv k r f; csKyf [ifqef-um'd; k (Brig. Henson Kya Doe)/ Armhavwyf OD;pD;csKyfa[mif; AdkvfcsKyfawmfrDuvpfzf (Air Commodore Tommy OD;aqmif-uonf? OD;Ek. v+yf&Sm;r+tzGJonf yl;wGJppfqifa&;twGuf Clift) wdku xkdif;=jrefrme,fpyfwav#muf tajcpdkufxm;-uaom autJif,lESihf rGefwdkif;&if; om;olykefwE dk Sihf oabmwlnDr+ vufrSwfa&;xdk;-uonf? oda k omf r-umvSygacs? jrefrmEki di ft H aejzihf yxrqH; k a&;qGjJ y@mef;cJa h om 1947 ckEp S f zGJpnf;tkyc f sKyfykH tajc cHOya'wGif &S rf;ESihf u,m;jynfe,fwdkudk ay;tyfxm;aom cGJxGufvdku cGJxGuf ydi kc f i G fh &So d nfh &ydi kc f i Gt fh ay:Y oabmuGv J t JG jiif;yGm;r+rsm; jzpfay:vmawmhonf? tu,fI ppftm%m&Sifwdu k dk wGef;vSef_yD;onfESifh wydifeuf olwdt k m;vnf; if; &ydkifcGihfudk ay;ygrnf[laom uwdu0wfudk wdkif;&if;om; vlenf;pkrsm;u ,ck awmif;cHvm-uonf? Todk wdkif;&if;om;rsm;. cGJxGufvdku cGJxGufydkifcGifh udk zGJpnf;yHktajccH Oya't& umuG,fwm;qD;xm;&efom vdkvm;ESpfcdufaom OD;Ekonf 1973 ck/ Zlvi kd v f wGif ol. acgif;aqmif&mxl;udk Adv k v f usm f tm; v$a J jymif;ay;tyfum xki d; f EkdifiHrS 0rf;enf;pdwfysufpGmjzifh xGufcGmoGm;cJhavonf? Adkvfvusfmonf tjrihfrm; qH; k pGr; f &nfEi S fh jynfp h a kH omyk*Kd~ vfwOD;jzpf_yD; OD;atmifqef;. yk*Kd~ vfa&;t& cifrif &if;ESD;aom rdwfaqGwOD;vnf;jzpfonf? 1978 ckESpf/ Ekd0ifbmvtwGif;wGif vufeufudkifwyfzGJ (2) zGJt-um; em;vnfr+vGJ&mrS jzpfyGm;yHk&aom autJif,lwdk u olpcef;tm; 0ifa&mufpD;eif;wdkufcdkufr+wGif AkdvfvusfmusqHk;oGm;cJhonf?
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yDt,fva f t wyfrawmfrm S vnf; xdt k usKd;quftjzpf tpdwp f w d t f rmrm uGo J m G; cJhonf? xdkaemuf (10) ESpfr# -umonftxd Armhvufeufudkifqefusifr+rSm r&Sd cJhawmhacs? xdkaemufwGifrS &efukefESihf te,fe,ft&yf&yfwGif jzpfyGm;cJhaom ppf wyf. vlowfui G; f rsm;rS xGua f jy;wdr; f a&Smifvmaom 'Dru kd a&pDwu kd y f0 JG if ausmif; om;axmifaygif;rsm;pGm e,fpyfodk a&muf&Sdcdkv+Hvm-u_yD; yDt,fvfatwyfrsm; tajccsom G ;onfa h e&mrsm;Yyif tajccsum &efue k p f pftpk; d &udk vufeufui kd a f wmf vSew f u kd c f u kd & f ef topfwzef ud;pm;-ujyefawmhonf? autJi, f p l mapmifwi G f tpGyp f c JG & H aom jrefrmacgif;aqmifrsm;xJrS wOD;jzpf ol Adv k c f sKyf}uD;ae0if;rSmrl OD;EkEi S fh tajccHupI jcm;em;aom yk*Kd~ vfwOD;jzpfonf? OD;atmifqef;vkyf}uHcH&r+ESihf ywfoufI &efukefbk&ifcHHk;rS vef'efodk yxrqHk; tao;pdwa f &;om;ay;ydv k u kd a f om a-u;eef;wGif aoewform;rsm;udk Adv k a f e0if; . trSwf (4) Armhvufeufui kd w f yfrS wyfzJG 0ifrsm;tjzpf azmfjyxm;onfukd owd k emufydkif; bk&ifcHHk;rS ay;yda k om a-u;eef;pmrsm;wGifrl ya[Vd csyfoihfonf? 7 xda qefvSaom ,if;owif;udk csefvSyfxm;cJhawmhonf? ,if;onf rSm;,Gif;azmfjyr+ ayyJvm;? odkr[kwf EdkifiHa&;&m axmufxm;p&m ta-umif;rsm;a-umifh tm%m ydkifrsm;u ueOD;owif;ay;ydkr+udk qufvufpHkprf;ppfaq;jcif;rybJ a&Smif&Sm;cJh jcif;ayyJvm;? u|Ekfyfwdk rnfonfhtcgr# odEdkif-uawmhrnfr[kwfacs? odkaomf vnf; ^m%feD^m%feufrsm;vSaom trSwf (4) Armhvufeufudkifwyf. wyf&if; r;onf xdt k cse dr fp S I jrefrmhjrifui G; f wGif ajcmufve Sv f su& f a dS eayawmhonfwum;? 1911 ckEp S w f i G f arG;zGm;cJo h nfh wkw= f jrefrmujym;jzpfol i,femrnf +armif ac: OD;ae0if;onf OD;Ekxuf (4) ESpfi,f_yD; OD;atmifqef;xuf (5) ESpf}uD;oljzpf onf? &Jabmfo; kH usdyt f zGJ 0if jzpfyifjzpfaomfjim;aomfvnf; OD;ae0if;onf 1946 ck ESp/f aemufyi kd ; f usro S m ,SOf ydio f r l sm;udk &uf&ufpufpufz,f&m S ;_yD; xdyy f i kd ; f ae&m odk r&rae pwifwufvS r; f vmEki dc f jhJ cif;jzpfonf? vGwv f yfa&;&_yD;aemuf uGejf rL epfrsm;/ jynfo& l Jabmfrsm; awmcdkoGm;_yD; trSwf (1) ESihf trSwf (3) Armhvufeuf udkifwyfrsm; ykefuefxuGonfh tcsdefwGif Adkvfae0if;. trSwf (4) Armhvufeuf udkifwyfonf tpdk;&twGuf wckwnf;aom rDScdktm;xm;&m t"durdKif}uD;jzpf vmcJhonf? odkaomfvnf; EkdifiHawmfumuG,fa&;udk wjynfvHk; jzefusufxm;Ekdif &eftwGuf OD;wifx G . f jynfaxmifpt k &efwyfzJGrsm;uJo h a kd om wyfzJGtopfrsm;udk xlaxmifc& hJ onf? trsKd;om;nD!Gwfa&; ckdifrmap&ef &nf&G,fI wdkif;&if;om; u&iftrsKd;
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om;wOD;jzpfol 'k=AdkvfcsKyf}uD; prpf'Gef; (Lt. Gen. Smith-Dun) udkyif wyfrawmf . umuG,a f &;OD;pD;csKyftjzpf tpd; k &u ceft yfco hJ nf? olv ufatmufwi Gr f S 'k=OD; pD;csKyf (2) OD;&Sdonf? wOD;rSm AdkvfcsKyfjzpfvm_yDjzpfaom OD;ae0if;ESihf aemufwOD; rSm &JAdkvfcsKyfjzpfol u|Efkyf.zcif AdkvfcsKyfxGef;vSatmif jzpfonf? 8 ppfwyf&mxl; tpOfwi G f eHygwf (4) ae&mY &Sa d eaom OD;wifx G o f nf vufonfw&m;cH vlowf orm;ray:bJ 1948 ckESpf pufwifbmv (8) &ufaewGif towfcHcJh&onf? xdk aemuf vtenf;i,ft-umwGif u&ifye ku f efr+ ay:aygufvmcJo h nf? 'k=Adv k c f sKyf}uD; prpf'Gef;taejzifh tpdk;&tay: qufvufopPmapmihfodaeaomfvnf; olonf &uftueft owfr&Sd cGi& fh uf&n S , f c li kd ; f jcif;udk cHc& hJ onf? olu kd 1949 ckEp S f azazmf 0g&Dv (1) &ufaewGif tem;ay;vdkuf_yD; tvkyfrvkyfolrsm; pm&if;wGif xnfh oGif;jcif;cH&um olonf ucsifjynfe,ftwGif;wGif rdrdoabmESifhrdrd ta0;odk oGm;a&mufaexkdifcJhavonf? 9 OD;xGef;vSatmifonf qif; ('f) [wf (pf) (Sandhurst) bk&ifhppfaumvdyf odk 0ifcGifh&cJhol yxrOD;qHk; jrefrmtrsKd;om;jzpf_yD; 1922 ckESpfwGif oifwef;_yD;qHk; I bGJ &onfEi S fh bk&if. &mxl;cefx m;jcif;udk cHc& hJ oljzpfonf? olonf 1948 ckEp S f aESmif;ydi k; f wGif vef'ef&dS jrefrmoH; kH odk jrefrmppfor H ; tjzpf apv$wjf cif;cHc& hJ onf? xd& k mxl;rSm ,cifu olui kd w f , G c f & hJ onfh &mxl;xuf tqifr h sm;pGmedra hf om &mxl; jzpfavonf? 1951 ckEp S w f i G f _Adwe d E f i kd i fY H olw m0efoufwrf;ukeq f ; kH cJ_h yD; olonf rdcifwkdif;jynfodk jyefvmcJhonf? odka omf olpD;vmaomoabFm oD[dkVfu|ef; (,ck oD&v d uFm) udv k b H q kd y d u f rf; qku d u f yfcsdew f i G f olu kd jrefrmaxmufvS r; f a&; t&m &Sdrsm;u vma&mufawGqHk_yD; oludkifaqmifxm;aom EkdifiHul;vufrSwfudk y,f zsufypfvdkuf-uonf? TonfrSm &Sif;vif;jyI r&Edkifavmufaom xl;qef;r+jzpf onf? Todk jzifh olonf oD[V kd w f i G f 1954 ckEp S t f xd aomifwifaecJ& h onf? jrefrm Edi ki f. H ArmhwyfrawmfY t&if;cH tqiht f jrihq f ; kH ppfwyft&m&S}d uD; (4) OD; &So d nfh teuf 1949 ckEp S t f a&mufwi Gr f l OD;ae0if;wa,mufom usefca hJ yawmhonf? OD;ae0if;onf rufcsD,m A,fvD t,ltqorm;/ tm%mtl;trl;orm; jzpfonfrm S ,cifuvnf; rSec f o hJ nf? ,ckvnf; rSea f eao;onf? oHo,jzpfp&m r&S? d Eki di fa H &;avmutwGi; f Y jzpfap/ ppfwyftwGi; f Y jzpfap/ ol ydib f ufre S o f r#ukd 1940 ckESpfrS ,aetxd z,f&Sm;ypfcJhonfh olv ufoa l jcrsm;udk jrefrmtrsm;pk jrif awGae&onfr[kwfygvm;? xda k emuf ydkItvS rf;us,f/ ydkI vufoGufvmonf? 1947 ckESpfY trsm;jrifuGif;rS OD;atmifqef; aysmufuG,foGm;cJh&onfudk OD;ae0if;
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taejzihf pdwfoufom&m&um usdwf_yD; 0rf;tom}uD;omaeayvdrfhrnf[k ,lq v#ifum; ta-umif;usKd;qDavsmfonf[k qdk&ayvdrfhrnf? tb,fa-umifhqdkaomf tjrihfqHk;tm%mtwGuf olt "du ,SOfydifbuf}uD; r&SdawmhIjzpfonf? odka omf OD;atmifqef;ESifh olv y ka f zmfui kd b f ufrsm;tm; OD;apmu owfcsiv f matmif olt ae jzifh aemufuG,fu ud;udkifI tuGufqifEkdifavmufatmif pGrf;aqmifEdkifygrnf avm? ,if;odkq dkv#if odyfudk vGefoGm;avrnfvm;? odka omfvnf; ,aetcgwGif jynfya&muf jrefrmtcsKdu xdktwdkif;yif ,Hk-unfvsuf &Sdae-uayonf? 1992 ckESpf/ arvwGif tar&duefjynfaxmifpk zda k vmh'f'ga'; (vf) (Fort Lauderdale) Y kdufESdyfxkwfa0aom pmtkyfi,fwtkyfwGif ,if;wwd,tjrifudk aemufqHk;xkwfazmfxm;onf? zavmf&D'g (Florida) Y tvkyfvkyfaeaom jrefrm q&m0efwOD;jzpfonfh a'gufwm-uif[dk; (ac: ) a'gufwmEdkif0if;u xkdpmtkyfi,f udk a&;om;jcif;jzpfonf? ,if;pmtkyr f m S Adv k v f usm f .nDi,f &Jabmfjrv+i dE f i S hf olwdk pum;ajymqkr dt + a-umif;tcsuw f cktay: tajccHI a&;om;xm;jcif;jzpfonf? OD;jr v+i do f nf wcsdeu f Armhvufeufui dk y f v k y d a f omif;usef;r+Er dS e f if;a&;wyfzJG (Burma Armed Police Striking Force) wGif tr+xrf;aqmifcJh_yD; aemufykdif;wGif ayzl;v$m r*~Zif;ukd t,f'w D mcsKyftjzpf wm0ef,x l w k a f 0cJo h nf? olonf 1987 ckEp S f Zlvi dk f vwGif tar&duefjynfaxmifpo k dk aq;ukor+c, H & l ef oGm;a&mufco hJ nf? tar&duef jynfaxmifpk awmiftwWvefww d jf ynfe,frsm;. awmifyi dk ; f tpGeq f ; Hk zavmf&' D g&Sd olu kd,fykdifaq;ukcef;wGif OD;jrv+difESifh pwifawGqkHcJh&r+jzifh a'gufwm-uif[kd;u ol.pdwfv+yf&Sm;zG,f jyefajymif;ajymjycsufukd pwifcJhonf? xkdaemufykdif;wGif olwE dk p SO f; D ykr d& dk if;ES; D vmum r-umc%tjyeftvSef vnfywf-uum twlwuG pm; &if;aomuf&if; axG&mav;yg; aqG;aEG;ajymqkjd zpf-uonf? a'gufwm-uif[; dk tae jzifh 1957 ckESpfu zwfrdcJhaom vlxkOD;vS. pmtkyfwtkyfxJrS a&;om;xm;onfh *VKefOD;apm.touftm; &ef&Sm&ef ud;pm;jcif;ESifh AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh tjcm; tmZmenfrsm;tm; vky}f uHowfjzwfjcif; ponft h a-umif;jcif;&mwko d nf xkp d Ofry S if q&m0ef.pdwu f dk +ya f xG;apvsuf ykpm > wyk't f vm; tawG;yGm;apcJy h gonf? 1988 ckEp S f pufwifbmv (10) &uf/ om,mvSarmaom zavmf&' D g. naecif;wcse dw f i Gf OD;jrv+dif. aetdrfY if;wkdESpfOD; npmpm;aomufaecsdefwGif if;ta-umif;t&m wkdtay: pum;pyfrdoGm;-uonf? q&m0efu ar;cGef;rsKd;pkHukd tm;wufwa&m ar;onf? olr w d a f qGu Eki di fa H &;orm;wOD;jzpfonfh &efue kb f aqG[k vlor d sm;aom ol.wGJzufwOD;yg/ yg0ifywfoufcJhonfh tHh-o&ifzkdp&m Zmwfvrf;w&yfukd azmf
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xkwa f jymjyavawmhonf? olESifh &efukefbaqGwkE d SpfOD;rSm OD;apm.toufukd &ef&Smoa,mif }uHpnf Ekdif&eftwGuf (2) v-um oifwef;ay; avhusifhcH&a-umif;/ xkdokd }uHpnfjcif;jzifh OD;atmifqef;ukd aoG;xk; d ajrm ufyifa h y;oltjzpf txifrm S ;tjrifrm S ;ap&efjzpfa-umif; olu twdtvif;zGifh[cJhonf? Tokdaom ol&Jabmfa-umifvSonfhvkyf&yftm; pnf;kH;pDrHolrsm;rSm tjcm;olrsm;r[kwf? AdkvfcsKyfae0if;ESifh ol. teD;uyfqkH; vkyfazmfukdifzufjzpfol Adkvfr;csKyfatmif}uD;wkdomjzpfonf[k OD;jrv+difu ajymjy cJy h gonf? a'gufwm-uif[; kd jyefajymif;ajymjyonfh OD;jrvdi +. f ajymqdc k sufrm S atmuf ygtwdi k; f jzpfonf? wae u|efawmf ppfHk;rSm tvkyf_yD;vdk tdrfjyefr,ftvkyfrSm u|efawmhf q&m Adkvfatmif}uD;u udkjrv+dif cifAsm;tdrfrjyefeJt Hk;/ u|efawmhftdrfvdkufcJh? ta&;}uD;wJu h p dw P ck aqG;aEG;p&m&Sw d ,f vdk u|ea f wmhu f kd ajymygw,f? u|ea f wmf oleJ vkdufoGm;ygw,f? tJ'Daemuf olu u|efawmhfudk ar;w,f? cifAsm;rSm aiG b,favmuf&o dS vJw hJ ? u|ea f wmfu u|ea f wmfr hm S aiGwode; f / ESpo f e d; f avmuf awmh&Sdw,f vdk jyefajzawmh oluaumif;w,f/ 'gqdk cifAsm;tdrftwGuf vHk avmufw,f? u|efawmfwr kd m S txl;wm0efwck vkyp f &m&Sw d ,f? u|efawmht f r d r f m S cifAsm;ae/ tm;vHk;udpP0dpP_yD;&if cifAsm; tdrfjyefEkdifw,f vdk ajymjyw,f? 'DvdkeJ Akv d a f tmif}uD;tdrr f m S u|efawmf (2) vavmuf aecJ& h w,f? &efue k b f aqGuawmh Adkvfae0if;tdrfrSmae_yD; aoewfwvufeJ typfavhusifhae&w,f? vHk;0aocsmzdk u|efawmfwu kd kd yda k vhusiha f y;wmyg? (wu,fwrf;u &efue k b f aqGu vufwnfh _yD;om;yg)? OD;apm&J v+y& f m S ;r+ukd u|efawmfwkd tao;pdwa f vhvm&w,f? ol H; k udk oGm;zdk tdrfuae b,ftcsdefxGufw,f? b,ftcsdefjyefa&mufw,fpojzihfaygh? OD;apmtoufudk &ef&Smzdv k kyfwJhaeu olu olt eufa&mifum;}uD;xJrSm 'kdifbm ab;u xkdifvkdufvmw,f? u|efawmfwdk ola emufu uyfvdkufoGm;w,f? ae&m aumif;vJ a&mufa&m/ u|efawmfu olu m;udk ausmfwufvu dk w f ,f? tJ't D csder f m S &efue k b f aqGu aoewfcvkwu f kd qGJ zwfvu kd w f myJ? yxrypfcsufu OD;apm ezl; udk &SyfrSefoGm;w,f? 'gta&;}uD;qHk;ypfcsufyJ? &efukefbaqGu aemufwcsuf xyfypfw,f? tJ'gu OD;apmudk rxdbl;? bmjzpfvdkvJqdkawmh OD;apmu olxkdifcHk atmuf av#mcsvdkufvdkyJ? wwd,tcsufuawmh rdk;ay:axmifypfvkdufwmyg? &efue k b f aqGu a[;/ udjk rv+i d /f armif;ajy;ayawmh vdk atmfajymvdu k w f ,f?
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u|efawmf b,favmufjrefjrefarmif;vdkufvJ rodbl;? tdrfudk b,fvdkjyefa&muf vmrSef;awmif rodawmhbl;? aoewfuawmh Adkvfae0if;&J udk,fydkifaoewfyg? &efukefbaqGeJ u|efawmfwdkvkyf}uHwmudk OD;apmvHk;0rodcJhygbl;? 'guawmh u|efawmfwdk (4) a,muf/ Adkvfae0if;/ Adkvfatmif}uD;/ &efukefbaqGeJ u|efawmf wdy k J odwmyg? Adv k a f e0if;onf OD;atmifqef;udk remvdjk zpfaecJ_h yD; t_rJa-umufaecJ& h onf [k a'gufwm-uif[; kd u jznfp h u G o f nf? xkt d csdeu f taysmfusL;I vufvw G p f y,f toH; k tjzKef;}uD;aom Adv k a f e0if;udk OD;atmifqef;u qly}l udr; f armif;aecJ& h onf? Adv k a f e0if;u OD;apmtouf rqH; k +; H apbJ &ef&m S Ho k ufouf jrif;orm;^m%f 10 ESihf }uHpnfpp D OfcjhJ cif;jzpfonf? xda k eu um;xJygol aoewform;ESpa f ,mufuv kd nf; D zmif;rsm; OD;atmifqef;. udk,fydkifwyfjzpfonfh jynfo& l Jabmfwyf (PVO) rS ,lea udk 0wfxm;apjcif;jzifh oltoufukd &ef&Smr+aemufuG,fwGif OD;atmifqef;&Sdae onf[k OD;apmxifoGm;ap&efjzpfonf? odkr Som OD;apmu OD;atmifqef;udk &efwHk jyefvufpm;acsayvdrr fh nf? aoewform;rsm; rnfor l nf0gjzpfonf[a l om tcsuE f i S fh olw. kd &nf&, G f csuf/ OD;wnfcsufrsm;rSvGJI Ttjzpftysuf. tao;pdwfudk 1940 ckESpfrsm; aemufydkif;wGif rSwfwrf;wifxm;EdkifcJh_yD; jzpfavonf? OD;atmifqef;towfrcH& rD (10) vtvdk 1946 ckESpf/ pufwifbmv (21) &ufaewGif OD;apmtoufudk &ef&m S jcif;ESihf tcif;jzpfym G ;&mwGif jynfo& l a J bmfrsm; yg0ifywfoufaeyH& k jcif;wdu k kd vkyf}uHr+twGuf aphaqmfcsuftjzpf w&m;qdkifaepOftwGif;wGifyif udk;um;jcif;cH cJh&avonf? odkaomf OD;jrv+dif. Zmwfa-umif;jyefzGihftefjcif;rsm;onf cdkifvHkr+ rnfr#&Sdonfudkrl rnfolr# odEkdifawmhrnfr[kwfacs? &efukefbaqGonf twef -umuyif OD;aESmufuifqma&m*gjzifh aoqH; k oGm;cJ_h yD; OD;jrv+i dr f m S vnf; zavmf&' D g odk oGm;a&mufvnfywf_yD; ESpftenf;i,ft-um 1991 ckESpftwGif;wGif &efukef aq;H}k uD;Y uG,v f e G o f m G ;cJa h oma-umihjf zpfavonf? olwr kd uG,v f e Gr f D 1989 ckEp S /f Zlvi kd v f tmZmenfaetxl;xkwf The Burma 11 =ody`HwuUodkvf) a&;om; Review pmapmif trSwfpOf (6) wGif armifxl; (0dZm aom 'Drdkua&pDodk aemufqHk;c&D; aqmif;yg;yg&SdvmcJhonf? ,if;aqmif;yg;wGif aqmif;yg;&Sifu OD;atmifqef;tm; vkyf}uHowfjzwf&ef yl;aygif;}uHpnfr+wGif Adv k c f sKyf}uD; ae0if;taejzifh OD;aqmiftcef;urS yg0ifcy hJ E kH i S fh OD;atmifqef;tay: xm;&Sa d om OD;ae0if;. oabmxm;wdE k i S fh ywfoufI pGyp f a JG &;om;xm;onf?
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OD;ae0if;onf Adkvfr;csKyfatmif}uD;ESihf wkdifyif_yD;oumv tcGihfta&; orm;wOD;jzpf_yD; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;. t"du ydifbuf}uD;jzpfaom OD;apmudk aoewfjzihy f pf&ef aoewform; (2) OD;udk wm0efay;tyfco hJ nf? OD;atmifqef;tm; vky}f uHowfjzwf&ef }uHpnf&jcif;. &nf&, G c f suf tao; pdwf twdtusudk od&SdcJh-uol AdkvfcsKyf}uD;a[mif;rsm;ESihf ppfwyfacgif;aqmifrsm; tenf;i,fom&Sc d o hJ nf? 1962 ckEp S w f i G f ppfwyfu tm%modr; f cJ_h yD; Zlvi kd v f (19) &ufaewGif tmZmenfukef;odk ppf0wfpHkjynfhjzifh csDwuf-u&ef ppfwyfu pDpOfcJh onf? wyfrawmf pwifwnfaxmifcJhol OD;atmifqef;om toufxif&Sm;&SdcJhygrl ,if;tm%modr; f r+ukd oabmwlna D yvdrr hf nf[k jynfov l x l u k kd jyo&efjzpfonf? awmfvSefa&;aumifpD0if (17) OD;om &Sdonfhteuf (14) OD;onf xdkcsDwufr+ pDpOf a&;ESiy fh wfoufonfh tpnf;ta0;odk wufa&mufc-hJ uonf? Adv k r f ; csKyfwifazu Adv k c f sKyfatmifqef;aoqH; k cJ& h r+ukd 0rf;enf;woajymqdc k o hJ nf? Akv d c f sKyfae0if;u x&yfvdkuf_yD; bmvdk 0rf;enf;ae&rSmvJ? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;[m vlaysmhw a,mufyJ? 'ghtjyif wkdif;jynf&J jy\emawGtay: olx ufpm&if b,fvdkudkifwG,f &r,fqdkwm ig trsm;}uD; ydkodw,f [k cyfjywfjywfajymqdkvdkufonf? Adv k c f sKyfatmifqef;. tmZmenfAr d mefokd oGm;a&mufrnfh r[mpDru H e d ; f }uD; rSm csufcsif;yif aysmufu, G o f m G ;cJa h wmhonf? 12 acwfydif*sme,f xkwfa0ol OD;wifarmif0if; 13 onf 1997 ckESpf/ azazmf 0g&Dvxkwf *sme,fwGif 'kwd,t}udrfxkwfa0aom u|Ekfyf. pmtkyftay:wGif cH iHa k &;om;&mY if;tjyif TT xdkxdk tESDodkaom acgif;aqmifwdk. aemufvdkufqdkol tcsKdwo kd nf rdrw d q kd &m. Edi ki fa H &;&efo[ l k xifrw S o f r l sm;tay: rdrw d b kd mom rdrd wdt k pDtpOfjzifh }udrz f efrsm;pGm yl;aygif;}uHpnfr+ yvm-uonf? pma&;q&m &efue k f baqGudk,fwdkifu olESihf OD;jrv+difwdkonf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;. &nf&G,fcsuf/ OD;wnfcsufrsm;tay: txiftjrifrm S ;ap&ef cyf; l l;/ cyf&rf;&rf; tjrwfxw k f vkyf aqmifrr + sm;wGif yg0ifaqmif&u G c fa hJ -umif;/ 1972 ckEp S y f i kd ; f Y befaumuf&dS rdwa f qG t0ef;t0ki d; f twGi; f wGif zGi[ fh 0efcc H z hJ ; l onf [k azmfjycJo h nf? txufygjy\emESiy hf wfoufI u|ea f wmf. ,k-H unftm;xm;onfh vkya f zmf uki db f ufwOD;jzpfco hJ l OD;wifarmif0if;. &efue k b f aqGEi SE hf i S hf awGqp Hk Ofu ajymqkd csur f sm;tm; aumufEw k r fw S o f m;xm;jcif;rsm;rSm OD;jrv+i du f trnfazmfxw k c fa hJ om olEi S hf &efue k b f aqG twlwI JG *VKefO; D apmESihf Adv k c f sKyfatmifqef;wkt d ay: Edi ki fa H &;
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(Prof. Josef Silverstein, Rutgers University, N.J, USA tm;
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w,f? vlpkvla0; tpnf;tHk;udk tajccHwJh acgif;aqmifr+ enf;twwfynmeJ vufeufwyfqifxm;olrsm;&J tm%meJ wifhw,fr+jzpfw,f? jrefrmEkdifiH&J tem *wfukd a&G;cs,fwifajrmufya JG wGu qH; k jzwfrm S r[kwb f J aoewfu qH; k jzwfrm S jzpf w,f? jrefrmhEi dk i fa H &;rSm cifAsm;wdk vdt k yfwmu Eki dr f ,fb h ufu prdze kd J aoewfawG tajrmuftjrm; &Sz d y kd jJ zpfw,f [k rSwc f sufcscJz h ; l onf? a'gufwm barmf. taumif;rjrifaom udwifer dw d z f wfro + nf 4 OD;apmESifh wu,fvufawG jzpfvmcJhonf? eef;pOfrudkfudk t&,leef;wufEkdifa&;twGuf ydib f uf[o l r#ukd vH; k 0O\k& H i S; f vif;ypfonfh okwo f ifa&;udk jrefrmtm%ml;rsm; ,aewdkif usihfoHk;vsuf&Sdonf? trSeftm;jzifh Ttcsufudk pwifoabmaygufol rSm OD;atmifqef;udk,fwdkifyifjzpfonf? 1946 ckESpfOD;ydkif;wGif olonf xdktcsdefu bk&ifcjH zpfaom qm&,f*se D ,fa':refprpfEi S fh awG _yD; ol. txD;user f E + i S hf rdwa f qG enf;yg;r+wdkESihf ywfouf_yD; ESpfudk,f-um;ajymcJhonf? xkdtcsdefu OD;atmifqef; onf rsuf&nf0Jvsuf trsKd;om;acgif;aqmif qdkolawG[m b,favmuf-um -umcHovJ/ 'Dwi dk ; f jynfrm S awmh ody-f um-umrcHygbl;? olwr kd m S &efoo l y d r f sm;vGe; f w,f? touf&i Sa f ezdk (3) ESpq f w kd m trsm;qH; k ar#mv f if& h rSmyJ? usaemht f wGua f wmh 5 aemufxyf (18) vxuf ydkae&zdk wGufrxm;ygbl; [k qdkcJhonf? aemufxyf (18) v -um_yD; oltoufrqHk;+H;rD (6) &uftvdkwGif OD;atmif qef;onf &efukefrdY vlxkpnf;a0;yGJ}uD;wckudk rdefcGef;ajymcJhonf? xkdaeonf Zlvdkifv (13) &ufae jzpf_yD; vwfwavma&G;cs,fjcif;cHxm;&aom wkdif;jynfy v$wfawmf. wdk;wufr+ tajctaeESihf ywfouf_yD; olu ajymqdkcJhonf? xkdpnf; a0;yGJ}uD; wufa&mufolrsm;onf olr defc Gef;udk E+wfqufrdefc Gef;tvm; cHpm;-u& onf? cifAsm;wdkudk usaemf uaeajymcJhcsifw,f [laom edrdwfjyaemufqHk;p um;jzifh OD;atmifqef;u olr dec f Gef;udk tqHk;owfcJhavonf? 1947 ckESpf/ ZlvdkifvwGif 0ef}uD;tzGJ wzGJvHk;eD;yg;udk &Sif;vif;ypfjcif;onf okwfoifa&; tawG;tac:. yxrqHk;ESihf tkdif;tpdkif;qHk; &v'fjzpfonf? uHwl tusK; d ay;jzpfrnfh aemufwzGJ rm S wyfrawmfjzpfonf? orki d; f . ta&;ay: tajct aersm;u ocifwjzpfvJ ppfom;jzpfol OD;ae0if;udk _Adwdo#u avhusifhoif-um;cJh olrsm;jzpf-u_yD;/ ynm&nfjrihr f m;vSaom t&m&So d ; kH OD;jzpfonfh Akv d r f; csKyf wifx G /f AdkvfcsKyf xGef;vSatmifESifh 'k=AdkvfcsKyf}uD; prpf'Gef;wdkESifhtwl vkyfazmfudkifbuf tjzpf ae&mcsxm;ay;cJo h nf? AdkvfcsKyfae0if;taejzifh ola&muf&Sdae&aom tajctaewGif tawmf rtD
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t-urf;zufrt + arG
rvnfcHpm;&ayvdrfhrnf? ol ydifbufrsm;rSm r-umrDyif towfcH&olcH&/ &mxl;rS z,f&m S ;cH&olc& H jzpfue k -f uavonf? u|ea f wmf.zcifjzpfol Av kd c f sKyfxe G; f vSatmifEi S fh '= k Adv k c f sKyf}uD;prpf'e G; f wdo k m ta-umif;jycsuf tcdi kt f vHr k &Sb d J &mxl;rS xkwy f ,fjcif;cH&onfr[kwa f cs? u&if wdkif;&if;om;rsm;ESihf tjcm;e,fpyfa'o&Sd vlxkudk pdwfauseyfap&eftwGuf 'k=AdkvfcsKyf}uD; prpf'Gef;udk umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyftjzpf a&G;cs,fcJhjcif;jzpf&ef rsm; ygonf? xdk&nf&G,fcsuftwGufyif tjcm;u&ifvlrsKd;ESpfOD;jzpfonfh qif;'f[wfpf ppfausmif;qif; Adkvfr; csKyf apm-um'dk;udk ppfqifa&; OD;pD;csKyftjzpfvnf;aumif;/ Adv k r f ; }uD; &S D ; d+ udk avwyfO; D pD;csKyftjzpfvnf;aumif; wyfrawmfxy d w f ef; &mxl; rsm;twGuf a&G;cs,fcjhJ cif;jzpfonf? 'k=Adv k c f sKyf}uD; prpf'e G ; f ESit fh wl olwE kd p S O f ; D onfvnf; &mxl;rS xkwy f ,fjcif; cHcJh&onf? 1949 ckESpf/ Zefe0g&DvwGif u&iftrsKd;om;tpnf;tHk; (KNU) u vufeufui kd a f wmfve S c f sdew f i G f wyfrawmfxr J S ,if;xdyw f ef; u&if (3) OD;rSm tpd; k &udk qufvufopPmapmiho f q d jJ zpfonfrm S ,Hr km S ;oHo,jzpfp&m r&Sy d gacs? odkjzpfI olwdkxkwfy,fcH&jcif;onf vlrsKd;a&;oufouftay:wGif tajccHIaomfvnf; aumif; odkr[kwf olwdkudk &Sif;vif;ypfEkdifa&;twGuf csufaumif;&&SdoGm;ol ydif bufwOD;a-umiha f omfvnf;aumif; jzpfEi dk a f yonf? tm;aumif;aom ydifbufwdkif;udk z,f&Sm;ypf&ef OD;ae0if; pGJpGJ_rJ_rJjzpf&jcif; . tpdwftydkif;w&yfonf ol. tm;i,fpdwfrS trsm;qHk; tajccHjcif; jzpfEkdifacs &Sdayonf? OD;ae0if;. i,femrnfrSm +armifjzpfonf? udk+armifonf *syfqif aumvdyr f S 1931 ckEp S w f i G f ausmif;xGuc f& hJ _yD; ,cifcsmcsv D rf; (,ck ud, k r hf if;ud, k f csif;vrf;) &Sd &efukefrd/ qifajczkH;&yfuGuf pmwkdufcGJwckwGif ti,fwef;pma&; av;jzpfcJhonf? ol. txky`wWdudk a&;om;ol a'gufwm armifarmifu jrefrm jynfESihf AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if; (Burma and General Ne Win) pmtkyfwGif xdkpma&; tvkyo f nf ocifvi l ,fuav;tm; pmrsm;/ a-u;eef;rsm;udk wdww f qdwp f pfaq; zwf+_yD; ykvdyftzGJ. v+yf&Sm;r+udk ol&Jabmf&Jbufrsm;tm; udwiftoday;EkdifcJh onf? olonf axmufvS rf;a&;tvkyfwGif xufoefonf? xkdtvkyfonf owif; &,la&; pcef;aumif;wckjzpfco hJ nf [k a&;om;cJo h nf? xdktcsdefu ol. &Jabmf&Jbufa[mif;jzpfcJhol wOD;wa,mufur# OD;ae 0if;xHrS wpHkw&m owday;cHcJh&jcif;udk jyefvnfrSwfrdjcif; r&Sd-uacs? OD;ae0if; jrif;ydifuGif; r-umc%oGm;cJhjcif;onfvnf; ol. EkdifiHa&;v+yf&Sm;r+udk tum
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tuG,f ,lxm;r+w&yfjzpfa-umif;jrif;ydifuGif;onf vltrsm;pka0;&m ae&m jzpfonf? olonf jrif;wpfay;r+rsm;udo k m em;axmifonfr[kw/f tpd; k &Xme toD; oD;wGif vkyu f i kd a f e-uaom olt odrw d a f qGrsm;xH vSny hf wfom G ;vm_yD; aemufq; kH owif;rsm;udk ar;jref;pHkprf;cJhonf [k a'gufwmarmifarmifu OD;ae0if;. vli,fb0udk pdwful;pdwfoef;aumif;aumif;jzihf qufvufyHkazmfxm;onf? OD;ae0if;tm; axmufcHtumtuG,fay;olrsm;xJwGif wOD;jzpfaejcif; twGuf olr-umc% xkwy f ,fypf&mwGif a'gufwmarmifarmif yg&Sr d oGm;bJ &Sio f ef vGwfajrmufaejcif;jzpfayvdrfhrnf? Tonfudk udwifcefrSef;I &Edkifonf[kqdk Eki dy f gonf? a'gufwmarmifarmifonf aysm! h o hH w l OD;jzpfonf? olonf OD;ae0if;t ay: rnfonf_h cdr; f ajcmufrr + # rjzpfapcJ? h if;tjyif uyfzm;owW0gjzpf&eftwGuf ol . ,cif ynmwwft&nftcsif;rsm;udk pGefv$wfypf&efvnf; olu 0efrav;acs? 1988 ckEp S /f -o*kwv f twGi; f xkt d cse du f jrefrmEki di fw H i G f Oya't& &yfwnfEi dk a f om wckwnf;aom EkdifiHa&;ygwD}uD;jzpfonfh jrefrmhqdk&S,fvpfvrf;pOfygwD (rqv) . OuU@ESifh jynfaxmifpjk refrmEki di f. H orRwtjzpfyif rnfrnf&&r[kwa f om a'guf wmarmifarmifuy kd if wifajrmufapcJa h yonf? od& k mwGif ydr k t kd pGr; f tp&Sa d om tjcm;yk*Kd~ vfrsm;rSmrl okwo f ifa&;vrf;pOf. om;aumifrsm; jzpfcJh-u&onf? OD;atmifqef;. ausmif;om;b0u t&if;ESD;qHk; a&mif;&if;wOD; jzpfcJholjzpf_yD; 'k=0ef}uD;csKyf/ umuG,fa&;0ef}uD;wm0efrsm;ukd vGwfvyfa&;_yD;aemuf xrf;aqmifcJhol Adkvfvusfmonf olt aejzifh tpkd;&&mxl; tm;vkH;rSEkwfxGuf_yD; pD;yGm;a&;avmutwGif;okd 0ifa&muf&ef taumif;qkH;jzpf a-umif; qkH;jzwfcJhonf? 6 OD;atmifqef;. tjcm; t&if;ES; D qH; k a&mif;&if;wOD;rSm Adv k a f usma f Zmjzpfonf? olonf 1950 ckESpfrsm; tv,ftxd wyfrawmfxJwGif qufvuf&SdaecJhonf? wkwjf ynf}uD;wGif uGejf rLepfwa kd tmifyc JG _H yD; wqufwnf; ,leefjynfe,frS jrefrm jynfxx J u G a f jy;_yD; usL;ausmv f mol ulrifwefwyfrsm;tm; qefu siw f e G ; f vSea f om wdkufyGJtrsm;tjym;udk olonf atmifjrifpGm aqmif&GufEkdifcJhonf? 1950 ckESpfrsm; apmapmydkif;wGif AkdvfausmfaZmonf tvGefausmf-um;aom wyf&if;r;wOD;jzpfcJhonf? OD;ae0if;udk,fwdkifuvGJI ArmhwyfrawmfxJwGif quf vufwm0efxrf;aqmifaeol &JabmfoHk;usdyf0ifxJrS olwOD;om usefawmhonf? tvGet f rif; da k oav;pm;jcif;cH&aom &Jabmfo; kH usy d o f nf acwfopfjrefrmhordi k; f wGif 'm&Dqefqef taetxm;eD;yg;rsKd;okdyif a&muf&SdoGm;cJhonf? olwdkonf
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t-urf;zufrt + arG
jrefrmEki di f. H vGwv f yfa&;zcifrsm;ESifh Eki di fv hH ufeufui kd w f yfrsm;udk pwifxa l xmif D t (BDA) ESifh bDtifea ft cJo h r l sm; r[kwy f gvm;? xka d -umifh bDti dk a f t (BIA)/ bD'a (BNA) wdk. ti,fwef;t&m&Sdrsm;udk OD;ae0if;taejzifh pdk;&drfylyefp&m r&Sdacs? AdkvfausmfaZmomv#if wyfrawmfwGif tm%mtwGuf wOD;wnf;aom ol. ,SOf ydib f ufjzpfonf? bmwD;vfvifhwem (Bertil Lintner) u a'grmef[kef (Outrage) wGif txufjrefrmjynf&dS uGejf rLepfygwD Armjynfukd 1956 ckEp S w f i G f atmifrmCtrnf 0Sujf zifh tywfwu dk p f pfqifa&;yvky& f mwGif odr; f ydu k r f a d om uGejf rLepfpcef;wckrS v#Kd0SufpmtcsKdudk &&SdcJhonf? oufaocHtaxmuftxm; (odkr [kwf) wdkufdkuf qufo, G r fw + pHw k &mudk jyojcif;r&Sb d v J suf Adv k a f usma f Zmonf owif;ayguf-um; r+jzihf tpGyfpJGcH&onf? jynfolvlxkonf wkefv+yfacsmufcsm;oGm;_yD; rnfonfudk ,Hk&rnfrod jzpfoGm;cJhonf? odk& mwGif AkdvfausmfaZmudk wyfrawmfrS xkwfy,fcJh _yD; acwW,m,Dxdef;odrf;xm;cJhonf? olpGJcsufcdkifrmaprnfh taxmuftxm; wdwu d sus ray:aygufvmonft h wGuf 1957 ckEp S w f i G f Akv d a f usmfaZmudk jyefvnf v$wfay;cJhonf? odk jzihf olb 0wdk;wufr+vrf;a-umif;rSm ysufpD;oGm;cJh_yD; olonf &efukefrd/ prf;acsmif;&yfwGif wyfrawmfrS ay;aom oihfwifhHkr#om&Sdaom yifpif vpmav;jzifh tajccsaexkdifcJhonf 7 [k a&;om;cJhonf? aomif;usef;r+a-umifh wpdwfwydkif;taejzifh ppfwyfonf tiftm;&&Sdvm cJo h nf? Adv k c f sKyf}uD;ae0if;onf wyfrawmfwi G f olq y k u f i kd r f _+ rJ_rHap&ef tvkyr f sm; aecJo h nf? 1958 ckEp S /f atmufwb dk mvwGif tH-h op&majcvS r; f tjzpf olu kd 0ef}uD; csKyfwm0ef,& l ef jynfov l w $ a f wmfu tqdk yvdu k o f nf? OD;Ekacgif;aqmifaom oef &Sif;zqyvESihf OD;AaqG/ OD;ausmf_idrf; qdk&S,fvpfacgif;aqmifESpfa,muf OD;aqmif aom wnf_rJzqyv[lI OD;aqmif zufqpfqefu sifa&; jynfolv Gwfajrmufa&; tzGJ csKyf}uD;onf ESpjf crf;uGo J m G ;cJ_h yD; tusK; d quftjzpf Eki di fa H &;tusyt f wnf;}uD; ay:aygufcJhonf? a&G;aumufyGJopf _yD;pD;onftxd tdrfapmifhtpdk;&udk OD;aqmif &ef Akv d c f sKyf}uD;ae0if;udk vkyy f i kd c f i Gt fh m%m tyfEi S; f cJa h vonf? AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if;. tdrfapmifhtpdk;& pGrf;aqmifr+rsm;onf trSefwu,f tm;jzifh cs; D rGr; f zG,jf zpfonf? &efue k f rda wmfonf oef& i S; f oGm;onf? Oya'ESifh wnf _idrfr+udk jyefvnftpm;xkd;EkdifcJhonf? ESpfOD;ESpfbufr#waom tajccHrsm;jzifh aomif;usef;oltajrmuftjrm; vufeufcscJhonf? Tatmifjrifr+onf tkyfcsKyfr+ ,E&m;twGif;&Sd t&nftcsif;jynfhrD_yD; oGufvufxufjrufaom t&yfom;0ef
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xrf;rsm;/ tqifhjrihf ppfwyft&m&Sd}uD;tcsKdESifh 'kwd,urBmppfrS ppfjyef}uD;rsm; trsm;pka-umihfjzpfonf? tpdk;&rl0g'onf t&if;&Sif0g'jzpf_yD; vufawGusonfh twGuf rl0g'onf tvkyjf zpfco hJ nf? 1960 ckEp S w f i G f uwdyxm;aom a&G;aumuf yGJrsm;udk usif;ycJh_yD; AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if;onf OD;AaqGESihf OD;ausmf_idrf;acgif;aqmif aom tkyp f b k uf tav;ay;cJo h nf? 1958 ckEp S w f i G f tusyt f wnf;jzpfcv hJ ifu h pm; OD;Ekonf vlxkaxmufcHr+udk qufvuf&&SdcJh_yD; tjywftowf tEkdif&&SdcJhonf? rJqEN&Sifrsm;taejzifh EkdifiHa&;wGif ppfwyf0ifpGufr+udk rESpfcdufa-umif; OD;AaqG/ OD;ausmf_idrf; tkyfpkudk jiif;y,fvdkufjcif;jzifh jyovdkuf-uonf? odkaomfvnf; 1962 ckESpf/ rwfv (2) &ufaewGif wkdif;jynfonf uHqdk;rdk; arSmifuscJhavonf? vludufrsm;pGmjzifh a&G;cs,fcHxm;&aom 0ef}uD;csKyf/ 0ef}uD; tm;vHk;/ jynfaxmifpk}uD;. wkdif;&if;om; vlenf;pkrsm;. jynfe,facgif;aqmif rsm;ESihf qefu sifbuf yvmEkdifolrSefor# tzrf;cHcJh&avonf? 1947 ckESpf/ 'Drkdu a&pD zGJ pnf;tkyc f sKyfykH tajccHOya'}uD;udk zsufor d ; f vdu k o f nf? jrefrmEki di f. H zuf '&,fwnfaqmufyHkonf ppfwyfpdk;rkd;aom A[dktajcyEkdifiHawmf,E&m;udk vrf; z,fay;cJ& h avonf? tm%modr; f &jcif;tm; tvGet f rif; ,d, k i G; f ysufp; D vmaom jynfaxmifpk}uD;. tajctaersm;a-umifh[lI ta-umif;jycJhonf? &efukef. xdkumvudk rSwfrdol u|efawmftygt0if jynfoljynfom;rsm;taejzihf xdkoda k om ,dk,Gif;ysufpD;aeonfh rnfonfht&dyfvuQ%mudkr# xkdtcsdefu rawGrdcJhygacs? aomif;use; f r+ukd aumif;pGmxde; f xm;Eki do f nf? pD;yGm;a&;rSm aumif;rGev f su& f o dS nf? 1960 ckESpf/ a&G;aumufyGJ_yD;aemuf EkdifiHa&;&moDOwkonf ododomomyif wnf _idrv f suf&o dS nf? AkdvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if;. ppftm%modrf;r+onf aoG;ajrusr+r&Sd[k r-umc% a&;om;cJhaomfvnf; trSefpifppfwGif xdkodr k [kwfacs/ 1948 ckESpfrS 1952 ckESpft xd jrefrmEkdifiH. yxrqHk;aom orRw}uD;tjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifcJhaom pyfa&$ odu k . f (17) ESpt f &G,f om;i,fjzpfol pdi k; f _rD;onf tm%modr; f r+. yxrqH; k om; aumifjzpfcJhonf? pyfa&$odkufonf &S rf;vlrsKd;wd. k t"duacgif;aqmifwOD;jzpf_yD; zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpkpepft& jrefrmEkdifiH. pnf;vHk;nD!Gwfr+udk xdef;odrf;xm; Eki dr f nf[k tcki dt f rm ,H-k unfaxmufco H w l OD;jzpfonf? xkt d csdeu f u|efawmf ae xki da f omtdro f nf ukuKdU if;ESifh [mrpfwpfvrf;qHw k i G& f o dS nfh pyfa&$ou kd . f &efue k f tdrE f i S fh udu k t f enf;i,fr#om uGma0;onf? pyfa&$ou kd x f H u|efawmf t}udrr f sm;pGm oGm;vnfz; l _yD; tdrr f }uD;ESiw fh v JG suf
186
186
t-urf;zufrt + arG
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if;tcef;ESihf wGJbufxm;aom rSwfpkrsm;wGif apmqdkif;anmifa&$u ola vh vmawG&Sdr+udk TuJhodk txl;y a&;om;xm;jyefonf? pmrsuE f m S (28)t&efppf&r J sm; xlxyfpm G apmih-f uyfaeaom 0ef}uD;csKyfEi S fh 0ef}uD;rsm;. tdrr f sm;udr k l aoewfwcsufr# rypfcwfcjhJ cif;rSm xl;qef;vSygonf tm%m&Sifpepfonf ppfwyf. vlowf,E&m;udk w&pyftoHk;csvsuf ol vrf;a-umif;wGif&Sdaeaom tjypfrJhjynfolrsm;udk &Sif;vif;wdkufpm;oGm;cJhonf? wcse du f jynfor l sm;. cspjf rwfE; dk r+uc kd & H _y; D *k%, f 0 l ifh uGm;zG,jf zpfaom wyfrawmf onf tm%m&SifwOD;. tm%mwnf_rJa&;twGuf olcg;ydkufaqmif udk,fydkifppf wyftoGio f kd ajymif;vJjcif; cHvu kd & f avonf? apmqdi k; f anmifa&$u ol nt D owf cH&r+ukd ajzrajyEki dp f m G atmufygpum;&yfrsm;jzifh jyefvnfowdw&&Sc d jhJ yefygonf? u|efawmfn h u D kd u|efawmf ppfaq;-unfa h wmh '%f&m (2) ck awG&ygw,f? kdifz,fusnfqefwcku olajcusif;0wftwGif; azmuf0ifxm;ygw,f? olacgif; aemufbufrm S vnf; ao;i,fwhJ usnq f a H yguf&mwck &Sa d ejyefygw,f? 'g[m aoG; at;at;eJ owfxm;wm xif&Sm;ygw,f? ppftkyfpku aoG;at;at;eJ wGufcsuf owfjzwfc& H wJh vufeufrhJ vli,fv& l , G f jrefrmEki di fo H m; axmifaygif;rsm;pGmxJrm S ol[m yxrqH; k jzpfvr d r hf ,fvkd ajymEki dy f gw,f orRwa[mif; udk,fwkdifyifv#if xdkaeeHeufY zrf;qD;ac:aqmifoGm;jcif;cH& _yD; tif;pdefaxmifxJY Ekd0ifbmvtwGif;wGif uG,fvGefoGm;cJhavonf? ,if;ESifh ywfoufI tao;pdwt f csuftvufrsm; xkwjf yefa-unmjcif; rycJa h y? &S r; f jynf 8 e,fY oDaygapmfbGm; apm-umqkdif udk ppfwyfu ac:aqmifoGm;cJh_yD; olonf olr dom;pkxHodk rnfonfhtcgr# jyefa&mufrvmawmhacs? OD;ae0if; tm%modrf; _yD; r-umrDyif awmif}uD;rd ajrmufbuf&Sd Axl;rd wyfpcef;wGif olu dk w&m;pD&if jcif;rybJ uGyr f sufypfco hJ nf[k ,H-k unf&avonf? 1958 ckESpfrsm;uJhodk tdrfapmifhtpdk;& oufwrf; c%wmr#om r[kwfbJ tm%mudk a&&SnfudkifpGJ&ef &nf&G,fcsufjzifh ppfwyfu tm%modrf;,lrSef;odom xif&m S ;vmaomtcg Zlvi kd v f twGi; f &efue k f rda wmfY ausmif;om;qlyr l + ay:ayguf vmavonf? jrefrmhqdk&S,fvpfvrf;pOf[k ac:wGifaom OD;ae0if;. rl0g'topf udk OD;b_idrf;/ OD;odef;azjrihf (ocifodef;az) tp&Sdonfh tpGef;a&muf0g'a&;&m orm;rsm;udk ac:I axmufcc H i kd ; f cJo h nf? 'Dru dk a&pDokd jyefom G ;&ef a0;oGm;yH& k onf ESihftr# ausmif;om;rsm;u olwdkobm0t& uefuGufqENjy-uavonf? olwdk . qENjyr+rsm;onf t-urf;zuf&ufpufrr + sm;ESio hf m &ifqi dk f uHawG&avonf?
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tm%modrf;_yD; (4) vt-um Zlvdkifv (7) &ufaewGif &efukefwuUodkvf 0if;udk ppfwyfu 0dkif;&Hvdkuf_yD; atmfwdkrufwpfaoewfrsm;/ pufaoewfrsm;jzifh ypfcwfcJhavonf? (15) a,mufom aoa-ucJhonf[k w&m;0ifa-unmcJh&m ,if;ta&twGufrSm t"dy`m,fuif;rJhvS_yD; enf;vGef;vSonf? rsufjrifoufao rsm;u ppfwyf. om;aumifrsm;rSm &mausmfonf[k qdc k -hJ uonf? aemifaomtcg EkdifiHhacgif;aqmifrsm; jzpfvmrnfh udkatmifqef;/ udkausmf_idrf;/ udkEk/ udkAaqGESihf tjcm;vli,frsm; 1930 ckESpfrsm; ywf0ef;usifwGif pwifawGqHkcJh&m ae&mjzpf_yD; acwfopf jrefrmhrsK; d cspp fw d " f mwfaygufzm G ;cJ& h m orki d; f 0if wuUov kd o f r*~taqmuf ttHu k y kd if ppfwyfu aemufwaewi G f 'di k; f erdu k jf zifh azmufcy JG pfvu dk a f vonf? OD;ae0if;onf rnfoa kd om qefu sir f r + sK; d udr k # onf;rcHca hJ cs? 1960 ckEp S f a&G; aumufyGJwGif oltav;ay;cJhaom OD;AaqGESihf OdD;ausmf_idrf;wdkudkyif OD;ae0if;u zrf;qD;_yD;av_yD? ,cifu olq&ma[mif;rsm; jzpfcJh-uaom ocifxGef;tkyfESifh ocifApdefwdkonfvnf; vljrifuGif;rS aysmufuG,foGm;-u&onf? ,if;wdkonf OD;ae0if;xuf tqihjf rihc f -hJ uolrsm;jzpfI ab;z,fjcif; cHc& hJ avonf? wyfrawmftaejzifh if;. jrefrmhenf;jrefrmh[efjzifh jrefrmhq& kd , S v f pf vrf; pOfudk vufawGtaumiftxnfazmf_yD; wESpfceft-umwGif tkyfcsKyfaeaom ppf tkyp f t k wGi; f wGiy f if &mxl;rS xkwy f ,fjcif;rsm; pwifjzpfay:vmavonf? ,cifu vGwv f yfca hJ om owif;pmrsm;rSm csKyfui kd jf cif; cHvm&onf? pD;yGm;a&;vkyi f ef;rsm; udk jynfolydkifodrf;_yD; ppfwyfu ajymif;vGJudkifwG,fvmonf? OD;ae0if;. udk,f ydkifjrefrmhqdk&S,fvpfvrf;pOfygwDrSvGJI usefygwDtm;vHk;onf w&m;r0ifa-umif; a-unmjcif;cH&onf? ,if;vkyu f i kd a f qmif&u G c f sur f sm;udk olv r l sm;xJuyif vlwi kd ; f oabmwlnDcJh-uonfawmh r[kwfacs? olt kduft&m qufcHrnfhol[k ,lqjcif; cH&aom a&mif;&if;a[mif;jzpfol Akv d r f; csKyfa[mif; atmif}uD;onf 1963 ckEp S w f i Gf awmfvSefa&;aumifpDrS xkwfy,fjcif;cH&_yD; axmifoGif;tusOf;cscH&avonf? ppfwyfu wnfaqmufaeaom acwfopfjrefrmEkdifiHawmfwGif vHk;0tav#mhay;/ t+H;ay;rSomv#if touf&Sif&yfwnfEkdifayrnf? jrefrmEkdifiHawmfudk ,Hk-unfr+ESihf tm;vH; k oabmwlnr D t + ay:wGif wnfaqmufjcif;r[kwb f J wOD;wnf;. tm%m &Sif tkyc f sKyfra + tmufwi Go f m wnfaqmufjcif;jzpfavonf? 1970 . q,fpkESpf tv,fydkif;ESpfrsm;wGif ausmif;om;qlylr+rsm;u jrefrm EkdifiHudk udkifv+yfaecJhonf? 1974 ckESpf/ Ekd0ifbmv (25) &ufaewGif urBmausmf jrefrmEkdifiHom; urBmhukvor*~}uD;. twGif;a&;r;csKyfa[mif; OD;oefo nf e,l;
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a,mufrdw Gif uG,fvGefoGm;cJhonf? olt avmif;udk ajrryfo*[f&eftwGuf jref rmEki di fo H kd av,mOfysjH zifh o,faqmifom G ;cJo h nf? wurBmvH; k u av;pm;-unf!_kd y; D f rif; remvdk urBmausmy f * k Kd~ vfwOD;jzpfonfh OD;oef 9 tay: OD;ae0if;onf tvGet 0efwr kd j+ zpf_y; D olt avmif;udk &efue k f rdp e G& f dS omrefocsKi ; f wckwi Go f m ryE fv HS o kd nf? odkaomfvnf; ausmif;om;rsm;u trsKd;om;ol&Jaumif;wOD;ESihf xkdufwefaom EkdifiHawmfpsmye jzpfapcsif-uonf? ausmif;om;rsm;onf OD;oeftavmif; xnfh xm;onfh acgif;udk vk,l-u_yD; &efukefwuUodkvf0if;twGif;odk o,faqmifoGm;cJh -uonf? Ak'<bmom &[ef;awmfrsm;uvnf; xdkv+yf&Sm;r+wGif yl;aygif;yg0if-u onf? ,if;v+yf&Sm;r+onf udwifwGufqxm;ouJhodkyif aoG;at;at;jzifh acs r+ef;jcif;cH&avonf? ppfom;rsm;u ausmif;om;rsm;udk aoewfrsm;jzifh ypfcwfcJh _y; D ausmif;om;&maygif;rsm;pGmrSm tpkvu kd t f yHvu kd f towfcc H& hJ avonf? w&m; 0ifxkwfjyefa-unmr+rSm aoqHk;ol (9) OD;/ '%f&m&ol (74) OD;ESihf zrf;qD;cH&ol (1800) OD;jzpfonf? OD;oeft a&;tcif;jzpfyGm;_yD; (2) ESpft-umwGif wyfrawmftwGif;wGif }uD; rm;aom xkwfy,fr+wck xyfrHjzpfjyefonf? arrdp pfwuUodkvf ausmif;qif;t&m &Sdi,ftcsKdu OD;ae0if;udk &Sif;vif;ypf&ef }uHpnfud;pm;cJh-uonf? -unf;wyfrS Adkvf}uD;tkef;ausmfjrihf OD;aqmifaom t&m&Sdi,frsm;onf ydkrdkvGwfvyfI ydkrdk 'Drdk ua&pDusaom jrefrmEki di fa H wmfukd wnfaqmuf&ef pdwu f ; l ,Ofc-hJ uonf? oda k omf olwdk.t}uHtpnfrSm ay:aygufoGm;cJh_yD; acgif;aqmifrsm; tzrf;cHcJh-u&onf? Adkvf}uD;tkef;ausmfjrihf 10 onf ao'%fuscH&_yD; uGyfrsufjcif;cHcJh&onf? ratmifrjrifjzpfom G ;onfh tm%modr; f &ef ud;yrf;r+wi G f yg0ifywfoufjcif; r&Sa d omfjim;vnf; wyfrawmf. OD;pD;csKyfa[mif; Adv k c f sKyf}uD;ol&wifO; D 11 taejzifh ,if;tr+ESihf qufEG,fr+&SdaecJhonf? olonf ESpf&Snfaxmif'%ftjypfay;jcif;cHcJh& avonf? OD;wifO; D tay: opPmapmiho f o d nf[k txifc& H ol wyfrawmft&m&Sd (200) cef ppfaq;ar;jref;jcif;cH&_yD; 1976 ckESpf/ Ekd0ifbmvwGif jrefrmhqdk&S,fvpfvrf; pOfygwD0ifESihf au'g (50000) ausmftm; vuf&Sd tkyfcsKyfaeaom ygwDrS xkwf D onf jrefrmEki di f. H y,fa-umif; OD;ae0if;ud, k w f i kd f a-unmcJa h vonf? 12 OD;wifO; ppfO; D pD;csKyfrsm;xJwi G f vlcspv f c l iftrsm;qH; k OD;pD;csKyfwOD;jzpfonft h wGuf tiftm; aumif;aom ydib f ufwOD;tjzpf owfrw S c f & H _yD; ola emufvu kd [ f k ,lqcH&olrsm; ESit fh wl z,f&m S ;cH&jcif;jzpfavonf? 1980 ckESpf apmapmydkif;umvwGif okwfoifa&; onf vufawGtoHk;cs
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t-urf;zufrt + arG
cH&jyefavonf? Tw}udrfwGif ypfrSwfonf EkdifiHa&;orm;rsm;vnf;r[kwf/ 'Drdk ua&pDa&;wdkufyGJ0if ausmif;om;rsm;vnf;r[kwf/ oabmuGJvGJaom ppfwyf t&m&Sdrsm;vnf;r[kwf/ OD;ae0if;tpdk;&twGuf t"du taxmuftyHh a'gufwkdif }uD;jzpfaom jrefrmEkdifiH. tiftm;aumif;vSonfh ppfaxmufvS rf;a&;wyfzGJ jzpf avonf? &Jabmfo; kH usy dE fi St fh wl *syefwi G f &Sa d epOfumvY OD;ae0if;onf a-umufp&m aumif;vSaom *syef ppfykvdyf uifaywkdif. axmufvS rf;a&;oifwef;twGuf txl;a&G;cs,fjcif;cHcJh&onf? *syefacwfwGif uifaywdkifwdkv ufcsuf cHcJh&olrsm; onf olwdkvkyf&yfrsm;udk ,aewdkif rSwfrdaeqJjzpfonf? vlwa,mufudk olv#Kd (spy) [k pGyfpGJvdkufjcif;rSm uifaywdkif. vufpGJpum;vHk;jzpfonf? Tpum;vHk; onf olwdktenf;tusOf;omwwfaom t*FvdyfpmrS ,loHk;vdkufaom a0g[m& jzpfonf? olv#Kd[w k o f nfjzpfap/ r[kwo f nfjzpfap/ vufonf;cGc H m G jcif;/ oGm;ESifh qHyifwu dk dk qGJE+wfjcif;jzifh vlwa,mufonf trsm;tm;jzifh olv#Kd[k 0efcHr+yav awmhonf? oHo,&Sdolrsm;udkom Todk &ufpuf-urf;uwfonfr[kwf? jrefrmAdkvf avmif; ausmif;om;rsm; ppfa&;jyavhusihf&mwGifyif xdkodk &ufpuf-urf;uwf wwfonf? Tenf;vrf;rsm;onf tusKd;xda&mufr+&SdrSef; tcsKdu oabmayguf yif aygufjim;aomfvnf; ppfa&;jyavhusihfuGif;twGif; rw&m;_cdrf;ajcmufyr+ cH&_yD; jynfov l x l w k &yfv; kH tay: zufqpft-urf;zuf0g' usio fh ; kH r+wu kd kd jyefvnf -um;odvm&aomtcg jrefrmAdv k a f vmif; ausmif;om;trsm;pktaejzifh aemufq; kH wGif *syeftm; jyefvnfqefu sifavawmhonf? ppf}uD;_yD;onfESihf jrefrmhwyfrawmfonf *syefudk tajccHcJh&r+ trsm;tjym; tm; ajrryo f *[y f pfvu kd a f wmhonf? 1947 ckEp S /f -o*kwv f (29) &ufaewi G f um uG,fa&;0ef}uD; Adkvfvusfmonf _Adwdo#udk,fpm;vS,f a*s 'AvsL z&D;rif; (J.W S a f &;xd; k vdu k o f nf? TpmcsKyf oabm Freeman) ESifh oabmwlpmcsKyfw&yf vufrw wlnDr+t& ppftoHk;taqmifypPnf;ud&d,mrsm;ESifh ppfa&,mOfwpD;udk _Adwdo#wdk u jrefrmEki di ft H m; ay;&rnfjzpf_y; D _Aw d o d # -unf;wyf/ a&wyf/ avwyfwu kd jrefrm EkdifiHwGif tajcpkduftzGJwzGJudk xlaxmifum jrefrmhumuG,fa&;wyfzGJ topfjyef vnfzGJpnf;&mwGif ulnDoifwef;ay;&rnfjzpfonf? xdkoabmwlnDr+udk 1954 ck ESpfwGif aemufqHk;Y zsufodrf;cJhaomfvnf; _AdwdefEkdifiHwGif oifwef;ay;r+rsm;udkrl xkdaemufydkif;wGif tvGwfoabmtm;jzifh qufvufaqmif&GufcJhonf?
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xko d ifwef;ay;r+rsm;wGif axmufvS r; f a&;wyfzJG0ifrsm;udk oifwef;ay;r+rsm; vnf; aemufyi kd ; f wGif wd; k csJyg0ifvmcJo h nf? jrefrmEki di ft H aejzifh t&nftcsi; f &So d nfh vli,fvl&G,frsm;udk _AdwdefEdkifiHodk apv$wfI vef'efrda wmf &JwyfzGJ r+cif;ppfaq; a&;Xme (paumhwvef,'f) rS omru _Adwdo#axmufvS rf;a&;XmerS (MI. 6) u yg oGefoif!ef-um;r+rsm; &,lapcJhonf? oifwef;trsm;pkrSm &SufzD;vf &Jody`H (Sheffield Police Academy) wGif yvkyfjcif;jzpf_yD; vufa&G;piftcsKdomv#if ydkrdk tqifjrihfonfh v#Kd0SufaxmufvS rf;a&; oifwef;ausmif;jzpfonhf &Sufrd'f (Shetmead) odk oGm;a&mufwufcGihf&&Sd-uonf? TuJhodk axmufvS rf;a&;tpOftvmjzifh jynfhpHkolwOD;rSm pufbD;vufudkif yHp k H E+wc f rf;ar$;ydi k& f i S jf zpfI E+wc f rf;ar$;vGi[ f k emrnfay;jcif;cH&aom Adv k r f; }uD;vGif jzpfonf? 1930 jynfv h e G E f p S r f sm;wGif olonf ocifwOD;jzpfcu hJ m rsK; d cspy f gwD acgif; aqmifjzpfol OD;apmESihf tcsif;rsm;cJhzl;onf? 1962 ckESpfY OD;ae0if; tm%modrf; ,lcsdew f i G f E+wc f rf;ar$;OD;vGio f nf ppfaxmufvS r; f a&;wyfzJG . t}uD;tuJ jzpfae qJyif? xkdaemuf rsm;pGmr-umrD oludk tem;,lcGihfycJhonf? tem;,lcGihfyjcif; qdo k nfrm S xkwy f ,fvu kd jf cif;udk w&m;0ifo; kH E+e; f onfh toH; k tE+e; f jzpfonf? olu kd qufcHolrSm Akdvfr; csKyfwifOD; jzpfonf? vkyfief;cGifoHk; rsufvHk;jyL;rsufqefjyL; rsur fe Sr f sK; d wyfavh&o dS nft h wGuf Akv d r f; csKyfwifO; D ukd rsur fe Sw f ifO; D [k ac: -uonf? 1950 jynfhvGefESpfrsm;wGif qdkifyef ypPzdwfu|ef;Y olonf tar&duef A[kd axmufvS rf;a&;Xme (CIA) . oifwef;udk wufa&mufcJhonf? olonf trSef wu,ftm;jzifh OD;ae0if;. arG;pm;om;jzpfonf? OD;ae0if;onf oludk 1972 ck ESpfwGif ppfaxmufvS rf;a&;wyfzGJ. t}uD;tuJtjzpf ceftyfvdkufonf? olwm 0efonf _Adwdo#tpOftvmudk azmufxGuf_yD; ppf}uD;_yD;onfhaemuf zsufodrf;cH cJ& h aom uifaywki d f (odr k [kw) f *smr%D. oGuv f ufxufjrufvo S nfh *wfpwm ydkwdk. vrf;a-umif;twdkif; axmufvS rf;a&;wyfudk v#Kd0Suf&Jwyf toGifajymif; vJypf&efjzpfonf? Todkvkyfaqmifjcif;onf Adkvfr;}uD;vGif t"duxm; vkyf aqmifcJhouJhodk vdktyfonfh ppfaxmufvS rf;a&;owif;rsm;om pkaqmif;&efr [kwfbJ jynfolvlxkw&yfvHk;udk xdef;csKyfxm;Ekdifrnfh v#Kd0Suf&Jwyf zefwD;xl axmif&ef &nf&G,favonf? ydkrdkta&;}uD;onfhtcsufrSm ppfwyftwGif; tqihf wkdif;wGif &SdaeEkdifaom oabmxm;uGJvGJolwdkif;udk &SmazGazmfxkwfI z,f&Sm;jcif; jzifh ppfwyfukd teD;uyfapmih-f uyf-unf hx + m;&efjzpfonf? ppfwyfu olu kd qefu sif umjyefonfEi S fh olZmwfor d ; f _yDjzpfa-umif; OD;ae0if;u odavonf?
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t-urf;zufrt + arG
ta-umif;w&m; wdkufqdkifr+wdka-umifhr[kwfbJ olwdkavhusihfay;vdkufol u zefwD;v+HaqmfonfhtwGufa-umihf uifaywdkif tpOftvmonf Todk TES,f wzef jyefvnfarG;zGm;vmcJhavonf? Todk jzihf ppfaxmufvS rf;a&;wyfzGJonf jrefrmEkdifiHwGif a-umufvefr+ rif;rlaeaprnfh EdkifiHa&; &JtzGJtpnf;wck jzpfvm avonf? Adv k c f sKyfwifO; D onf ppfa-uma&;pcef; tajrmuftjrm;udk tif;pdea f xmif wGif }uD;-uyfwnfaqmufc_hJ yD; A[da k xmufvS r; f a&;H; k udk tif;pdea f xmifokd ajymif; a$vu kd o f nf? xkp d pfa-uma&;pcef;rsm;xJwi G f emrnfysufjzifh tausmf-um;qH; k rSm r*Fvm'HkavqdyfteD;&Sd a&-unftkdifpcef;jzpfonf? txdef;odrf;cH EdkifiHa&;orm; rsm;tm; !SOf;yef;EdSyfpufI ppfaq;ar;jref;&mwGif Akdvfr;csKyfwifOD;udk,fwdkif tm;wufoa&m yg0ifavh&o dS nf[k owif;jzpfay:cJo h nf? oabmxm;uGv J o JG [ l k oHo,&Sc d& H olrsm;onf eHeufr; kd rvif;rD olwa kd etdrf rS zrf;qD;cH&avh&Sd_yD; rsufpdrsm; pnf;aESmifcH&um a&-unftdkif odkr [kwf tvm; wl pcef;rsm;odk ac:aqmifoGm;cH&avh&Sdonf? rsufpdusdef;avmufatmif xkd;xm; onfh rD;a&mifatmufwGif ppfaq;ar;jref;r+ yvkyfonf? pD;u&ufaq;vdyfrD;jzifh tom;udk xkd;onf? *syefwdkv ufpGJ a&pufcs ESdyfpufenf;tjyif taemufwdkif;yHkpH jzpfaom v#yfppfusifpuf (electric shock) udkvnf; toHk;rsm;onf? OD;ae0if;.tkduft&mqufcHrnfhol 'kwd,tqihfyk*~dKvf[k ,lqcH&aom Akv d r f; csKyfwifO; D onfvnf; ola &Su oGm;ESi_fh y; D ol Adv k r f; csKyfatmif}uD;. uH-urRm rsKd;udk ta-umif;jycsuf vHk;0 uGJjym;jcm;em;pGmjzifh uHawG&avonf? 1960 ckESpf rsm; apmapmydkif;umvu xm;&SdcJhaom jrefrmhqdk&S,fvpfvrf;pOfygwD. wif;rm aom rl0g'rsm;jzihf -unfr h nfqv kd #if Akv d r f ; csKyf atmif}uD;onf yjyifajymif;vJa&; orm; vpfb&,f0g'Djzpfonf? rdbrJh Adv k r f; csKyfwifO; D onf ola rG;pm;zcif OD;ae0if; . ,Hk-unfpdwfcs&aom aemufvdkufwa,mufjzpfaomfvnf; ppfaxmufvS rf; a&;wyfzGJudk wnfaqmuf&if; olonf tm%m tqrwef}uD;xGm;vmonf? ol vlrsm;omv#if EkdifiHjcm;odk oGm;csifovdk oGm;vmEkdifonf? EkdifiHjcm;xkwf pmapmif rsm;udkvnf; axmufvS rf;a&;udpPtvdi k Sm zwfcGihf&&Sd-uonf? Todk E+dif;,SOftaetxm;jzifh xGef;awmufvmaom EkdifiHtwGif;rS EkdifiH udk ol. wOD;wnf; ydib f ufr&Sd tjrifq h ; kH tkyp f ; kd oltaetxm;tay: tm;aumif; aom _cdrf;ajcmufr+w&yftjzpf OD;ae0if; cHpm;rdvmonf? 1983 ckESpf/ arvwGifrl Akv d r f ; csKyfwifO; D tz,f&m S ;cH&avawmhonf? axmufvS r; f a&;t}uD;tuJ aemuf wOD;jzpfol Adv k r f ; }uD;bde k E D i St fh wl olonf xkwy f ,fjcif;cH&_yD; olu, kd w f i kd f zefw; D
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cJa h om emrnfq; kd vSonfh a&-unfti kd f xde; f odr; f a&;pcef;odk apv$wjf cif; cHc& hJ av onf? Adkvfr;csKyfwifOD;. tawmfqHk; axmufvS rf;a&;olv#Kd &maygif;rsm;pGm vnf; txkwy f ,fc-H u&onf? jrefrmEki di f. H oGuv f ufxufjrufva S om axmuf vS r; f a&; vkyi f ef;&yfrsm; ,m,D&yfom G ;avmufatmifyif ppfaxmufvS r; f a&; wyf zGJwckvHk; tiftm;csdeo J Gm;cJhonf? Ttajctaeay:wGif yxrqHk; tcGihfta&;,loGm;olrsm;rSm ajrmufudk;&D; ,m;rsm;jzpf-uonf? rsufrSefwifOD;udk xkwfy,f_yD; (5) vt-um/ 1983 ckESpf/ atmufwdkbmvwGif awmifudk;&D;,m;rS tm%mtqihfjrihfudk,fpm;vS,ftzGJ jref rmEkdifiHodk tvnfa&muf&SdvmcJhonf? (9) &ufae Y xkdudk,fpm;vS,ftzGJonf &efukefrdawmf&Sd tmZmenfAdrmefodk oGm;a&mufI usqHk;av_yD;aom jrefrmhol&J aumif;rsm;tm; *g&0y-uonf? xda k wmifu; kd &D;,m;ud, k p f m;vS,r f sm;onf olwkd . orRw c|rf'l;0S rf (Chun Doo Hwan) ESifh ZeD;onfwdk qdkufta&muftvmudk apmihfar#mfae-upOf eHeuf (10) em&D/ (55) rdepfwGif jyif;xefaom AHk;wvHk; aygufuGJcJhavonf? tmZmenfAdrmef. acgif;rkd;tv,fydkif;aygufxGufoGm;_yD; r+d yGihfyHk rD;cdk;vHk;}uD; tlxGufvmcJhonf? ,if;aygufuGJr+toHudk &efukefwrdv Hk;vdkvdk -um;cJ& h _yD; awmifu; kd &D;,m; vHk cHa&;tapmifh w&mausmfcefr m S aoG;rsm;pd& k v J$ suf ajy;v$m;aeonfukd jrifawG -u&onf? (15) OD; yGc J si; f _y; D aoqH; k cJ_h y; D xdt k xJwi G f 0ef}uD;tzGJ0if (4) OD; yg&So d m G ;cJo h nf? ,if;0ef}uD; (4) OD;rSm pD;yGm;a&;&m pDrHudef;0ef}uD;ESihf 'k=0ef}uD;csKyfjzpfol +qyf *|ef; (Shu Suk-Joon) / EkdifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD; vDbrfqyf (Lee Bum-Suk) / ul;oef; a&mif;0,fa&;ESifh pufr+0ef}uD; uifa'gif0SD; (Kim Dong-Whie) ESihf pGrf;tifESihf obm0t&if;tjrpfqdkif&m 0ef}uD; qlqefcsL; (Suh Sang-Chui) wdk jzpf-uonf? orRw. pD;yGm;a&;&m twGif;0efcsKyfvnf; aoqHk;cJh&onf? '%f&m&ol (12) OD; wGif yl;wGp J pfO; D pD;csKyfrsm;. OuU@jzpfol Adv k c f sKyf}uD; vDuA D ufEi S fh awmifu; kd &D;,m; owif;axmuf (5) OD; yg0ifonf? orRwESihf olZ eD;twGuf &nf&G,fI AHk;axmifcJh jcif;jzpfaomfvnf; rdepftenf;i,faemufus_yD;rS olwdk a&muf&SdvmonfhtwGuf tysuftpD;rsm;vSaom TAH; k aygufur JG ' + %frS olwv kd w G a f jrmufom G ;cJ-h uonf? jrefrmppfwyfEi S fh &JwyfzJGrsm;u AH; k azmufco JG r l sm;tm; csufcsif;vdu k v f & H m S azG -uonf? wywftwGif;wGifyif ajrmufudk;&D;,m;olv#KdESpfOD;udk t&Sifzrf;rdaomf vnf; wOD;rSm ypfcwfzrf;qD;pOfwi G f aoqH; k oGm;cJo h nf? trSew f &m;ay:aygufc_hJ yD; jrefrmtpkd;&udk EkdifiHwumu csD;usL;cJh-uonf? odk&mwGif avhvmoltrsm;pk
196
196
t-urf;zufrt + arG
owdrrlro d nfh t"dutcsufw&yf&a dS vonf? ,if;tcsufrm S wcsdeu f oGuv f uf xufjrufvSaom ppfaxmufvS rf;a&;tzGJtaejzihf vGefcJhonfh (5) vcefuom qdk;qdk;&Gm;&Gm; tiftm;csdeJ roGm;cJhv#if ,ckAHk;aygufuGJr+ ay:aygufvmEkdifp&mt a-umif;r&So d nfh tcsufjzpfayonf? ,cktcg axmifoGif;tusOf;uscHae&_yDjzpfaom Adkvfr; csKyfwifOD;uJhodk cdkif rmI tvkyf ud;pm;aom axmufvSr; f a&;r;csKyftopfwOD; xyfrc H eft yf&ef vdt k yf a-umif; OD;ae0if;taejzifh &Si; f &Si; f vif;vif; oabmaygufro d nf? ola&G;cs,v f u fkd f olrm S Adv k r f; }uD; cif!e G f jzpfonf? Akv d r f; }uD;cif!e Go f nf jrefrmEki di f H ta&Sbufjcrf; &Sd u&ifppfrsufESmpmwGif wyfpGJxm;aom trSwf (44) ajcjrefwyfr. wyfrr; jzpfonf? ol. ppfoufwrf;wav#mufvHk; olonf Hk;vkyfief;t&m&Sdom jzpfcJh onf? Adkvfr;}uD;cif!Geftm; a&G;cs,fr+onf toifhawmfqHk; a&G;cs,fr+jzpfonf? tb,fa-umihe f nf;? olonf Armhwyfrawmfwi G f ppfom;yDyo D o jzpfco hJ r l [kwa f cs? wdu k y fr JG sm;jzifh jynfE h u S a f eaom wyfrawmfwi G f olonfwu kd y fw JG yGr J # rE$c Jz hJ ; l acs? ol vdv k r l sK; d wyfrawmfwi G f &Sm;yg;vSonf? TuJo h kd &mxl;opfwi G f ceft yfjcif;a-umihf olonf tvGeftusL; aus;Zl;wifayvdrfhrnf? odk jzpfI olt aejzifh opPmapmifhod da k oawmhrnfqo kd nfrm S ar;p&m rvda k wmhygacs? Adv k r f; }uD; cif!e G. f yxrqH; k ppfajrjyifrm S 1988 ckEp Sw f i G f jrefrmEki di f H wrsK; d om;vH; k u ppftm%m&Sip f epfukd qefu sia f wmfve Sc fo hJ nft h cse du f rSjzpfonf? rwfv twGif; ausmif;om;rsm; qENjyr+rsm;u ZGefvwGif r_idrfoufr+rsm; ydkrkdjzpfyGm;ap_yD; Zlvi dk v f wGir f l jrefrmhq& kd , S v f pfvrf;pOfygwDtaejzifh ta&;ay: ygwDnv D mcH usif; y&avawmhonf? pdw0 f ifpm;p&maumif;onfrm S OD;ae0if;u ol. aemufq; kH w&m; 0if&mxl;jzpfonfh rqvygwD OuU@&mxl;rS EkwfxGufa-umif; a-unmvdkufjcif; jzpfonf? rqvygwDOuU@ESifh jynfaxmifp}k uD;. orRwtjzpf acgif;aqmiftopf jzpfvmolrm S OD;pdev f i G jf zpfonf? trSwf (4) Armhkdifz,fwyfwGif ESpfOD;twl&SdaepOfumvuyif OD;pdefvGifrSm OD;ae0if;. ,H-k unfpw d c f s&aom opPmcHwOD;jzpfco hJ nft h wGuf ,if;odk acgif;aqmif ajymif;vJvdkufjcif;udk jrefrmvlxk}uD;u cyf!Hh!Hh jyufvHk;wckuJhodk oabmxm; -uonf? 1950 ckESpf/ -o*kwfvwGif u&ifaomif;usef;r+acgif;aqmif apmbOD; }uD;udk ajc&mcH&m S azGEi kd c f _hJ y; D owfjzwfEi dk c fa hJ om jrefrmppfwyfwyfzJGukd acgif;aqmif cJholrSm Akdvfr;pdefvGifjzpfI olonf xkdtwGuf emrnf}uD;oGm;cJhonf? Adkvfr;}uD; pdev f i GO f ; D aqmifaom wyfzJG rsm;onf 1962 ckEp S /f Zlvi kd v f wGiv f nf;aumif;/ 1970
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197
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198
t-urf;zufrt + arG
vlxkudk Todkt l;vkyfI r&awmhacs? jynfolvlxktaejzifh rqvtm%mydkifwdk . ta-umudk aemausaeav_yD? ausmif;om;rsm;/ Ak'<bmom&[ef;awmfrsm;/ a&Saersm;/ ausmif;q&mrsm;/ q&m0efrsm;/ v,form;}uD;rsm;/ pufHktvkyfHk tvkyform;rsm;ESihf qdkufum;orm;tp olawmif;pm;tqHk; jynfolrsm;onf ydkrdk rsm;jym;pGm qENjyr+rsm;wGif yg0ifvm-uonf? Tr# xkEi Sx fh nfEi S fh tkwa f tmfaomif; eif; qENjyr+rsKd; uHawG&v#if urBmhrnfonfhae&m&Sd rnfonfhtpdk;&rsKd;rqdk yduGJ ysufp; D oGm;_yD; ydyuQ ajz&Si; f I&Eki da f om vdu k a f vsmr+rsKd; yvky& f ayvdrr hf nf? odk aomfvnf; okwfoifa&; tawG;tac:udk tppftrSef udkifwG,fxm;aom jrefrm ppfwyfonf wvufrr# qkwfray;cJhacs? vkdufavsmr+rsm; yvkyfrnfhtpm; ,if; wdk. vHk;0O\Hk tm%mqkyfudkifxm;r+tm; apm'uwufrdaom jynfolvlxkudk wyfrawmfu tjypfay;'%fcwfavawmhonf? pufwifbmv(18)&ufaewi G f jrefrmhwyfrawmf.t}uD;tuJ Adv k c f sKyf}uD; apmarmif. tcef;u a&mufvmonf? [efjytm%modr; f yGjJ zifh a'gufwm armif armifudk z,f&m S ;ypfvu kd o f nf? ppfwyfrsm;udk xyfra H pv$wjf yefonf? taumif;qH; k zGJpnf;yHkjzifh v+yf&Sm;&if; ppfwyfonf jynfolwtkyfpk_yD;wtkyfpkudk jruf&dwfonfh yrm &Sif;csoGm;avonf? jynfolvlxktajrmuftjrm; xyfrHaoaus&jyefonf? vwfvwfqwfqwftowfcx H m;&aom vufeufrhJ jrefrmt&yfom; axmifaygif; rsm;pGm. tavmif;rsm;tay:wGif EkdifiHawmf_idrf0yfydjym;r+wnfaqmufa&;tzGJ [laom ppftpkd;&w&yfudk xlaxmifvdkufavonf? (9) vcef _idrfoufoGm;aomf vnf; omom,m,mum; r[kwfacs? uefu u G q f ENjyr+rsm;. xkxnfyrm%omru tpkvu kd t f yHvu kd f owfjzwf r+twdkif;twmonfvnf; 1988 ckESpf ta&;awmfyHkudk 1962 ckESpfESihf 1974 ckESpf ta&;tcif;rsm;rS uGJjym;jcm;em;apayonf? ,cifu uefuGufqENjyr+rsm;udk tenf;ESit fh rsm; ausmif;om;rsm;uom yvkyc f -hJ uonf? ,ckw}udrf v+y& f m S ;r+wi Gf rl jynfolvlxku av;pm;-unf!kdonfh xif&Sm;aom acgif;aqmifwcsKd yg0ifvm avonf? ,if;yk*~dKvfrsm;onf OD;ae0if;. tjrifhqHk; tm%mydkifqdkifr+udk twdt vif; pdefac:cJh-uonf? OD;ae0if;ae&mwGif olkyfao;kyfrsm; jzpfonfh OD;pdefvGif/ a'gufwm armifarmifESihf ,ckAdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmifwkdu tajymif;tvJ jrefqef pGm tqihfqifh qufcHcJh-u&onf? -o*kwfv uefu GufqENjyr+wGif yxrqHk; vlod &Sif-um; xkwfazmfajym-um;vmol jrefrmEkdifiH. EkdifiHhacgif;aqmifa[mif;}uD;rSm vGefcJhonfh (8) ESpfu EkdifiH&yfjcm;wGif cdkv+H&mrS jrefrmEdkifiHodk jyefvmcJhol OD;Ekjzpf
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onf? touf (80) ausm_f yjD zpfaom ,cif0ef}uD;csKyfa[mif;u 1962 ckEp S f tm%m odrf;r+onf w&m;r0ifbJ ,if;. tpdk;&onfomv#if w&m;0ifwckwnf;aom tpd; k &jzpfonf[k a-unmvdu k a f vonf? od& k mwGif 'Drkdua&pDv+yf&Sm;r+}uD;rSaeI vluduftrsm;qHk; acgif;aqmift jzpf Akv d c f sKyfatmifqef;. orD;jzpfol a':atmifqef;pk-unfay:xGuv f mjcif;onf 13 f (26) &ufaew i G f a&$w* d b kH & k m; ydr k kd ta&;}uD;aumif; }uD;ayvdrr hf nf -o*kwv . taemufbufapmif;wef;rkcfOD;wGif yvkyfaom vlxkpnf;a0;yGJ}uD;Y olr yx rqHk;t}udrf ay:xGufvmonfhtcg jynfolvlxk axmifaomif;csDI wufa&muf vmcJ-h uonf? trsm;pkrm S ausm-f um;vSaom olr. zcifjzpfoa l -umifh olrudk vm a&muf-unfh+vdk-ujcif;jzpfonf? oda k omfvnf; ra-umufr&GH&Sdr+/ OD;ae0if;. vl owf&ef 0efrav;aom ppfom;rsm;. _cdrf;ajcmufr+rS rwGefr&GHr+ ponfh olr. ud, k y f i kd t f &nftcsif; oufoufrsm;uom olrudk r-umrDyif xifay:ausmfapmap cJa h vonf? olr &Sa d ejcif;uyif OD;ae0if;twGuf _cr d ; f ajcmufrw + &yfjzpfaecJo h nf? usq; kH 14 oGm;&Smaom wyfrawmf. zcifxr H S t,H-k unf&qH; k &Jabmf&b J ufwOD; taejzihf wyfrawmfukd vufajymif;tarGqufc& H ,lc& hJ [ef Zmwfvrf;/ vl-um;xJ ysHEa HS eap &ef 1962 ckEp Su f pI OD;ae0if;u ud;pm;cJo h nf? ,cktcgwGir f l Adv k c f sKyfatmifqef; . orD;jzpfou l , kd w f i kd u f OD;ae0if;ESihf ol. wygwDtm%m&Sip f epfukd twdtvif; pdea f c:vsu& f a dS eav_yD? ppfaxmufvS r; f a&; t}uD;tuJjzpfvmol Adv k r f ; }uD;cif!e G t f aejzifh olrudk wefjyefacszsuf&efESihf wwdkif;wjynfvHk; ay:aygufvsuf&Sdaom v+yf&Sm;r+}uD;udk z,f&Sm;&Sif;vif;ypf&ef wm0ef&Sdvmavonf? a':atmifqef;pk-unf. t&if;ESD; qH; k aemufvu kd w f OD;rSm ,cifa&wyfrawmfrS Adv k r f; a[mif;wOD;jzpf_y; D u|ea f wmf. rdwfaqGa[mif;ESihf &Jabmfa[mif;wOD;jzpfol OD;baomf (odr k [kwf) armifaomfu jzpfonf? -o*kwv f (31) &ufaewi G f armifaomfuonf ol. rdwa f qGjzpfol {&m 0wDa&wyfpcef; wyfr;Adkvfr;}uD; oef;!GefxH yk*~dKvfa&;pmwapmif atmufyg twkdif; a&;cJhonf? wyfrawmftaeeJ a':atmifqef;pk-unfukd &efov l o kd abmxm;_y; D vky}f uH owfjzwfzdk tpDtpOfawG vkyfaew,f? tJ'DtxJrSm udk,fvJ vlowform;wdk&J ypfrw S w f ck jzpfaew,f armifaomfuonf aemufwESpft-umwGif tzrf;cHcJh_yD; tvkyf-urf;ESihf
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t-urf;zufrt + arG
tESpf (20) axmif'%fcsrSwfcHcJh&onf? 1991 ckESpfwGif olonf tif;pdefaxmif twGif;wGif aoqHk;cJhavonf 15 1988 ckESpf/ pufwifbmvwGif ta,mifaqmif tm%modrf;r+jzpfyGm; _yD;aemuf a':atmifqef;pk-unfonf wEki di fv H ; kH tESH c&D;oGm;_yD; vlxt k m; awGqkH cJo h nf? olroGm;av&mwki d; f wGif olrtm; ol&a J umif;wOD;tjzpf udqc kd -hJ uonf? 1989 ckESpf/ {_yDv (5) &ufaewGif &efukeftaemufawmifydkif;wGif&Sdaom {&m 0wDjrpf0u|e; f ay:a'orS "EkjzLrdu av;odk olra&muf&o dS m G ;cJo h nf? olrESifh vlw pk vrf;wcktwdkif; av#mufvmcJh&mwGif ppfwyfrS Adkvf}uD;jrifhOD;onf olw yfESihft wl olrudk xdyfwdkuf&ifqdkifvmcJhonf? if;t&m&Sdu olppfom;rsm;tm; aoewf udk usnx f ; kd I olrudc k se d& f , G & f ef trdea f y;vdu k o f nf? oda k omfvnf; a':atmifqef; pk-unfu olr dwfaqGa&mif;&if;rsm;tm; vrf;ab;odq k if;&ef ajymvdkuf_yD; olrw OD;wnf; owWd&SdpGm a&Sq ufwdk;oGm;cJhonf? uHaumif;axmufrpGmyif Adkvfr; wOD; xdktcsif;jzpfyGm;&modk a&muf&Sdvm_yD; Akdvf}uD;jrihfOD; qufvufrvkyfaqmifEkdif&ef wm;jrpfcJhonf? rnfodkyifqdkap e0w. oabmwlnDr+t&om Akdvf}uD;jrihfOD;u ,if;odk aqmif&u G c f jhJ cif;jzpfayonf? olonf &mxl;wd; k jric hf c H& hJ onf? Akv d r f ; . uH -urRmudr k l rod&awmhacs? tajctaeonf wif;rmvmcJo h nf? {_yDvapmapmydi k; f wGif &efue k f rdY usif; yaom e0w. owif;pm &Sif;vif;yGJwGif (7) &ufaexkwf vkyfom;jynfola epOf owif;pmtwdkif;qdk&v#if tajctjrpf r&Sdolrsm;. rdk;vHk;jynfh rkom0g'rsm; ESihf ywfoufI Akv d c f sKyf}uD;apmarmifu &Si; f vif;jycJo h nf? ,if;oda k om aumvm[v wckrm S {_yv D (2) &ufaexw k f befaumufaepOfxw k f The Nation owif;pmwGif yg&Sdaom owif;wyk'fjzpfonf? ,if;owif;u aemufqHk; aumv[vwckrSm weoFm&Dwdkif;twGif;wGif tpdk;&. OD;aqmifr+jzifh vl (30) yg0ifaom wyfzGJwzGJ udk zGJpnf;cJha-umif;/ ,if;wyfzGJudk 'kwd, *VKefOD;apmtkyfpk[k emrnfay;xm;_yD; vufeuftjynfw h yfqifxm;a-umif;ESifh ,if;wyfzJG. vkyi f ef;wm0efrm S a':atmif qef;pk-unfudk vkyf}uHowfjzwf&ef jzpfa-umif; [lIjzpfonf [k a&;om;xm; onf? olw. dk &nf&G,fcsuf txajrmufatmifjrif_yD;ygu if;tkyfpkonf tcsdeft wef-um ajratmuf0ifom G ;&efjzpfonf? rnfoy dk ifjzpfap/ a':atmifqef;pk-unfrSmrl ypfcwfjcif; rcHcJh&ay? oda k omf vnf; 1989 ckEp S /f Zlvi kd v f (20) &ufaewi G f &efue k w f uUov kd & f y d o f mvrf;&Sd olr aetdrfudk ppfwyfu 0dkif;vdkuf_yD; olrudk tus,fcsKyfcsxm;vkdufawmhonf? 16
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OD;ae0if;aexki d& f m tif;vsm;uefea H b; tjcm;wbufurf;Y olr aeae&_yD; xda ke &monf olr.zcifukd vky}f uHowfjzwf&ef *VKefO; D apmtkyp f u k tpDtpOfqJG Zmwf wdkufcJhonfhae&m teD;wGifyif jzpfavonf? olrwnfaxmifcJhaom ygwDjzpfonfh trsKd;om;'Dru dk a&pDtzGJ csKyf. 'k=OuU@onfvnf; zrf;qD;cHc& hJ _yD; axmif'%fEp S f &Snu f soGm;cJo h nf? olonf ,cifuvnf; axmif'%fuscHc& hJ zl;onf? ,if;yk*Kd~ vf rSm 1988=89 'Dru dk a&pDta&;awmfy. kH a&Swef;rS ay:xGuv f mcJa h om wyfrawmf . ppfOD;pD;csKyfa[mif; AdkvfcsKyf}uD;wifOD; jzpfavonf? a':atmifqef;pk-unfrSm xdef;odrf;cHvdkuf&aomfvnf; olr. vludufrsm; a&yef;pm;r+rSm usqif;roGm;cJh ay? olrudk ab;z,fxw k v f u kd _f y; D aemuf 1988 ckEp S /f pufwifbmvu tm%modr; f pOfu uwday;cJo h nft h wdi k; f taxGaxGa&G;aumufyu JG kd usif;yay;&ef pdwc f soGm; &_yD[k ppfwyfu awG;xifcJhavonf? odk jzihf 1990 jynfhESpf/ arv (27) &ufae wGif jrefrmjynfolvlxkonf a&G;aumufyGJwGif rJay;cJh-u&onf? trsKd;om;'Drkdu a&pDtzGJcsKyfonf jynfov l w $ a f wmfu, kd p f m;vS,a f e&m (485) ae&mteuf (389) ae&mudk tHh-op&m aumif;avmufatmif tEdkif&&SdcJhavonf? rqvwjzpfvJ wpn (wdkif;&if;om; pnf;vHk;nD!Gwfa&;ygwD) onf (11) ae&mr#om tEdkif&&Sd cJhonf? ,if;qENrJonf OD;ae0if;udk qefu sifa-umif;ESihf a':atmifqef;pk-unfudk axmufca H -umif; jyovdu k a f yonf? jynfolvlxku rdrdwdk.toHudk xkwfazmfcJhaomfvnf; ppfwyfu emcH&ef jiif;qefcjhJ yefavonf? jynfov l w $ a f wmfukd usif;yjcif;rycJa h y? xkt d pm; a&G;cs,f cH v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,f (60) ausmfudk zrf;qD;cJh_yD; trsm;tjym;rSm tao;tzGJ pGJcsufrsm;jzifh v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,ftjzpfrS kyfodrf;cHcJh-u&onf? v$wfawmf ukd,fpm;vS,f (10) OD;cef xkdif;=jrefrme,fpyfodk xGufajy;wdrf;a&SmifoGm;cJh-u onf? if;xGufajy;oGm;olrsm;onf 1990 jynfhESpf/ 'DZifbmv (18) &ufaewGif trsKd;om;!Gefaygif;tpdk;&udk xlaxmifvdkuf-uonf? 1947 ckESpf/ Zlvdkifv (19) &ufaewGif vkyf}uHowfjzwfcH&ol wOD;jzpf_yD; OD;atmifqef;. tudkawmfol OD; b0if;. om;jzpfol a'gufwm pdef0if;u ,if;tpkd;&tzGJudk OD;aqmifcJhavonf? 'Dru dk a&pDenf;uspGm a&G;cs,fjcif;cH&aom tpd; k &w&yfu &efue k f rdw i G f tkyc f sKyf& rnfhtpm; OD;ae0if;. vufa0cHom; ppfaxmufvS rf;a&;wyfzGJ. t}uD;tuJ Akv d r f ; }uD; cif!e G f ESpt f enf;i,ftwGi; f tvsiftjref -oZmtm%mwufvmonf udo k m jynfov l x l u k rsufjrifu, kd a f wG jzpfc& hJ avonf? if;. oabmxm;wif; rmol tkyp f 0 k ifrsm;onfvnf; ae&m ydr k c kd i dk c f efv mcJ-h uonf?
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OD;apm. aoewform;rsm; twGif;0efHk;twGif; 0ifa&muf_yD; OD;atmif qef;ESihf ol. vkyfazmfudkifbufrsm;udk vkyf}uHowfjzwfcJhonfrSm ,cktcg (59) ESpf&SdvmcJhav_yD? OD;apmonf tm%mtwGuf olydifbufrsm;ukd &Sif;vif;ypfcJh onf? oda k omfvnf; xdyfqHk;acgif;aqmifum; oludk,fwdkifjzpfrvmEkdifcJhacs? ol. tarGrSmrl qufvuf&SifoefaeqJyif? OD;atmifqef;udk vkyf}uHowfjzwfr+ jzpfyGm; _yD;onfhaemufydkif; okwfoifa&;enf;udk OD;ae0if;ESihf ol. twGif;pnf;&Sd aemuf vdkufrsm;u atmifatmifjrifjrif usihfoHk;cJhavonf? 1947 ckESpf/ ZlvdkifvtwGif; -urRmiifonfh xdkaewGif trsKd;om;acgif;aqmifwOD; usqHk;cJh&Hkwifru wEkdifiH vHk;. kd;om;jrihfjrwfr+ESihf vufawGtouf0ifv+yf&Sm;aeaom 'Drkdua&pDpepf tay:wGif xm;&Sdonfh EkdifiH. *k%f,l0ihfuGm;r+onfvnf; tpdwfpdwftr$mr$m ysujf ym;use& f pfc& hJ avonf? OD;ae0if;taejzihf vky}f uHowfjzwfru + kd rpDrH r}uHpnfcv hJ #iy f if olonf OD;apm . tpOftvmtwdkif; xJxJ0if0if usihfoHk; rif;vkyftkyfcsKyfolwOD;jzpfavonf? OD;atmifqef;.orD; a':atmifqef;pk-unfurl touf (32) ESpft&G,fwGif owfjzwfjcif;cHvdkuf&I _yD;qHk;atmif rvkyfaqmifoGm;EkdifcJhaom trsKd;om;ol&J aumif;.tvkyfudk qufvufaqmif-uOf;vkyfaqmif&ef ud;pm;jcif;om jzpfav onf? jrefrmEki di ft H aejzifh ,aetcgor,wGif _ir d; f csr; f aom 'Dru dk a&pDpepfusaom om,m0ajymaom EkdifiHwEkdifiHtjzpf &yfwnfaeoihf_yD;/ ,if;okyfouef. trSwt f om;tjzpf a':atmifqef;pk-unfukd jrefrmtrsm;pku +jrifae-uavonf? 17 waeaewcsdec f sdeY f vGwv f yfaom 'Dru dk a&pD jrefrmEki di fa H wmfwi G f ,if;oda k om pGr; f &nfEi S jfh ynfp h o kH nfh acgif;aqmifrsm; ay:xGuv f mrnfrm S aocsmvSygonf? ydkrdkaysmf&$ifzG,faumif;aom tem*wfaersm;odk ar#mfrSef;&if; xkdtcsdefwGif ,if;acgif;aqmifaumif;rsm;udk xyfrHvufv$wf tqHk;+H;cHI rjzpfawmhay?

eef;&if;0efOD;apmESifh twGif;0efOD;wifxGf ICS wkdukd vef'efrdawmfwGif 1941 ckESpf atmufwkdbmEkd0ifbmvrsm;twGif; awG&ykH? _Adwdo#tpkd;&. zdwf-um;csuft& 0ef}uD;csKyf 0ifpwifcsmcsDESifh wjcm;acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh pum;vufqkHaqG;aEG;cJh-uonf?
1948/ arv (8) &ufae/ tif;pdefaxmifwGif; tk%fwufcsdefwGif OD;apm uGyfrsufcH&csdefeD; ud;pifay:wGif awG&ykH 203
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Adv k c f sKyfEi St hf wl tzd; k wefacgif;aqmifaumif;rsm; u|Ey fk w f -kd um;rS aysmufu, G o f m G ;cJa h v_y? D ol&a J bma-umifva S om &efo. l om;aumifjzpf cJ-h u&onfh if;wdt k m;vH; k rSm jrpfa&jyifvm $ Y jzpfay:vmaom a&ryfyrm (odr k [kwf) a&yef;yGm;rsm;rS wzef jzpfwnftyfaom a&ylaygif;rsm;yrm tvm;omefwv l . S ? u|Eky f w f kd cHpm;&or#um; Oyrmtm;jzifh E+i d; f ,SOf wdi k; f wmI r&Eki da f umif;wnf? h
(ocifEk toHvi $r hf e dc f e G ;f =22 Zlvi kd v f / 1947)
jrefrmEdi ki f. H xdyw f ef;acgif;aqmifrsm;tm; 1947 ckEp S /f Zlvi kd v f (19) &uf ae Y owfjzwfcJhonfh OD;apm. &mZ0wfjypfr+a-umihf xdktwGuf jypf'%fuscH&r+ ESihf ywfoufI The Burma Bulletin 1 pmapmifwGif ESpfaygif;rsm;pGmt-um u|ef awmf aqmif;yg;oHk;yk'fa&;cJhzl;onf? xdkaqmif;yg;rsm;udk yH;r,f/ yH;r,f= vl -urf;jzpfw,f/ wap>/ iSua f ysmoD;ESifh oHy&m&nfESifh u|ea f wmht f m; vufri d+ c fs umE+wq f ufyg[lIacgif;pOfwyfc. hJ ? xda k qmif;yg;rsm;u u|efawmftm; tH-h o p&m aumif;avmufatmif wkHjyefun l r Dr + sm; &&Sa d pcJo h jzifh u|ea f wmht f aejzifh pmtkyf yHp k H a&;om;&mwGif taxmuftuljzpfapcJa h yonf? pmtkyjf zpfvmaomtcgYvnf; pHkprf;ar;jref;r+rsm; a0zefcsufrsm; &&SdcJhjyefygonf? u|Ekfyfwdk trdajr. vGwfvyf a&;r&rD aoG;jzifh ay;qyfcJh&aom acwfopforkdif;udk pdwf0ifpm;olrsm;twGuf tcsKdrSm ya[Vdqefqef pdwf0ifpm;zG,faumif;vSonfhtwGuf u|Ekfyfwdktaejzihf xyfrp H a k qmif;r+rsm;/ jyefvnf&i S; f vif;csufrsm; csufcsif;yvkyc f & hJ ayonf?
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befaumuf. The Nation owif;pmwGif yg&Sdvmonfh emrnfausmf pm h mtkyt f ay: aumufEw k f a&;q&m r,f,m'l;AGKd ufpf (Mair Dubois) . u|efawmfp oHk;oyfcsufrSm tao;pdwfus_yD; tawG;tac: eufeJvSayonf? odkaomfvnf; olonf jrefrmEkdifiHom;ESihf EkdifiHjcm;om; pma&;q&mrsm; a&;om;r+tcsKday:wGif om ol.awG;ac:r+udk tajcpdkufxm;ayonf? txl;ojzifh OD;xGef;vSatmif yg0if cJh&onfhtcef;uESihf ywfouffI t_idrf;pm;Akdvfr; csKyfa[mif; OD;armifarmifa&; om;aom jrefrmhtrsK; d om;a&;v+y& f m S ;r+rsm; (1940=1948) (Burmese Nationalist Movements (1940-1948) udk tppftrSef t&if;cHtjzpf udk;um;xm;av onf? r,f,m'l;AGKd ufpu f ,if;pmtkyy f g atmufygpmyd' k r f sm;udk ud; k um;xm;onf? pmrsufEm S (317) 0ef}uD;tzGJ cef;rrSm OD;atmifqef;. ud, k y f i kd t f cef;jzpf _yD; jrefrmh&JwyfzGJ. &mZ0wfr+cif; pHkprf;axmufvS rf;a&;Xme t}uD;tuJ 'kwd, &JAdkvfcsKyf Hk;cef;.tay:wnfhwnfh txyfwGif&Sdonf? vkyf}uHr+jzpfyGm;csdefu Oa&myppft&m&Sd (2) OD;/ 'kw, d &JAv kd c f sKyf (pDti dk ' f ) D tcef;wGif &Sa d e-u_yD; ypfcwf r+rsm; jzpfyGm;_yD;_yD;csif; if;wdkE SpfOD; *spfum;wpD;jzihf armif;xGufoGm;cJh-uonf[k aemufw&ufaexkwf owif;pmrsm;u a&;om;cJh-uonf? aemufydkif;wGif if;wdk ESpfOD;rSm jrefrmhppfOD;pD;XmerS awmifydkif;ckdif/ ppfOD;pD;r;=Adkvfr;csKyfeuf&Sf (Brig D pD;XmecsKyfrS axmufvS r; f a&;ppfO; D pD; Adv k r f ; csKyf=Adv k r f ; csKyf Nash) ESifh jrefrmhppfO; dS onf Edkuf (Brig Knight) wdk jzpfa-umif; od&& pmrsufESm (321)tH-op&maumif;onfhtcsufrSm pDtkdif'Dt}uD;tuJ taejzifh bmjzpfaeonfukd od&a dS e_y; D tcif;jzpfym G ;_y; D _y; D csi; f rnfou l kd zrf;qD;&rnf udk od&Sdaeonfhtcsufjzpfonf? r+cif;pHkprf;axmufvS rf;a&;Xme (pDtkdif'D) t}uD; tuJ/ 'kwd,&JAdkvfcsKyf OD;xGef;vSatmiftaejzifh aoewfypfcwfr+rsm; jzpfyGm;_yD; rdepfydkif;twGif;rSmyif &JAkdvfcsKyf (IGP) udk AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;tcef;xJodk ac: aqmifoGm;cJh_yD; aerukefrDrSmyif &JwyfzGJwzGJudk OD;aqmifI OD;apm_cH0if;odk oGm;cJh Jabmf wyfzGJ0ifrsm;ESifh zGJpnf;xm;aom onf? (,if;wyfzGJrSm BAPS ac: jynfol& t&efppfwyftzGJ jzpf_yD; ppfrjzpfru D _Adwo d # &J*s; D rifh (wyf) rS _Adwo d #t&m&Sr d sm; OD; aqmif_yD; yef*syfESihf e,fpyfa'orsm;rS tdENd, rlqvifrsm;ESifhom zGJpnf;xm;
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onfh BMP ac: Armppfyv k y d t f zGJ ukd tpm;xk; d zGJ pnf;xm;onft h zGJ jzpfonf pmrsufESm (339)/ rSwfcsuf (123) vlowform;rsm; twGif;0efHk; taqmufttHw k i G; f rSxGuc f m G oGm;_yD; rdepftenf;i,f-um_yD;aemuf (pDti dk ' f D t}uD; tuJ/ 'kw, d &JAv kd c f sKyf OD;xGe; f vSatmifonf olt cef;rS &JAv kd c f sKyftcef;odk ul;oGm; _yD; tay:xyftcef;rS kw f w k o f o J t J oH-um;&a-umif;ESifh oGm;-unf h o + iha f -umif; ajymqdkI tay:xyfwufoGm;cJh&m tjzpfqdk;}uD;udk awG jrifcJh&jcif;jzpfonf Todk txufwGif qufpyfwifjycJhonfh jzpfpOfrsm;wGif yg&SdcJhaom u|Ekfyf zcif. tcef;uESihf ywfoufI a&;om;ajymqdkr+rsm;udk u|efawmfhtaejzifh tav;wrl jyefvnfrwHkjyefca hJ -umif; r,f,m'l;AGKd uf (pf) u a&;om;azmfjycJo h nf? &nf!e ; f csur f sm;rSm &efue k x f w k f owif;pmrsm;rS owif;rsm;tay: tajccHxm;yH& k avonf? vky}f uHowfjzwfrj+ zpfym G ;_y; D aemufw&ufwi G f yHE ky dS a f zmfjycJa h om Oa&my t&m&Sd (2) OD; owif;udk &nf!e ; f xm;a-umif; 0efcr H + yxm;avonf? xdo k kd tkwf atmfaomif;wif;jzpfaeaom tcse dw f i G f u|ea f wmfpa k qmif;&&Sx d m;aom owif;rsm; rSm tjzpfrSefrsm;ESifh vkyf}uHowif;rsm; a&maxG;aeonf? vkyf}uHowfjzwfr+udk e,fcsJ _Adwdo#wdku }uHpnfcJhjcif;jzpfonf? 2 jrefrmhEkdifiHa&;orm;rsm;rSm e,fcsJ _Adwdo#wdk. xifovdk jc,fvS,ftoHk;csr+udk cHcJh&onf? a'ocH jrefrmtrsKd;om; ydnmOfcH 0efxrf;rsm;rSm olwdk. (txuft&m&Sdq&morm;) _Adwdo#wdkt ay: ,dr; f ,ki dr ft + wGuf tjypfqz kd , G & f mjzpfonfponfwr kd m S vlxt k -um; xif&m S ;onfh ,lqcsufrsm; jzpfaecJhonf? T,lqcsuf oHk;csuftay: a0zefwdkufckduf&mwGif vusfmorm;rsm;xuf vuf0Jorm;rsm;u ydkrdkjyif;xefpGm wdkufcdkufonf? uGefjrL epf aepOfowif;pmrS a&;om;wdkufcdkufr+rSm tjyif;xefqHk;jzpfavonf? ,if;odk v#if tydkiftEkdifa&;om;ajymqdkr+rsm;rSm vkyf}uHowfjzwffr+}uD; _yD;_yD;csif;yif ydkrdk qd; k &Gm;vm_yD; xde; f rEki do f r d ; f r& jzpfvmonf? 1947 ckESpf/ Zlvkdifv (19) &ufae eHeufcif; tv,fcefwGif *VKefwyfzGJ0if vlowform; (4) a,mufonf 0ef}uD;rsm;aumifpDcef;rtwGif;odk twif;0if a&muf_yD; tcef;wGif;&Sd olrsm;tm; olwu dk dkifaqmifvmaom atmfwkdrufwpf ao ewfrsm;jzifh puUef (30) cef -um ypfcwfc-hJ uonf? aoewfypfor H sm;rSm taqmuf ttHkwck ydusoGm;ouJhokd vnf;aumif;/ vufypfAHk; 'gZifaygif;rsm;pGm aygufuGJ ouJo h v kd nf;aumif;/ ajymif;us,f atmfwr kd ufwpfvufeuf}uD;rsm; ypfcwfouJh odk vnf;aumif; tvm;omefwlvSonf? uyfvsut f cef;um; Adv k c f sKyf. uk, d a f &;vufaxmuf Adv k x f e G ; f vS.tcef;
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jzpf_yD; xkt d cse d w f i G f {nfo h nfjzpfol ArmhppfO; D pD;XmecsKyf OD;pD;Adv k c f sKyf (General Officer Commanding Burma Command) . ukd,f&Hawmf (aide-de-camp) Adkvfoef;0if;ESifh pum;ajymvsuf&Sdonf? aoewfrsm; ypfcwfonfESifh olwkd -urf; jyifwi G f 0yfaecJ-h uaomfvnf; r-umcif jyefx-u_yD; Adv k x f e G ; f vSonf pnf;a0;cef; r}uD;twGi; f okd tajy;0ifa&mufco hJ nf? olonf yxrqk; H a&muf&v dS moljzpfonf? (tcef; 1/ pmrsufESm 46)? vufeufudkif vlowform;rsm; avSum;ay: wufvm onfudk jrifvdkuf&aom tpdk;&tr+aqmiftzGJ. vufaxmuftwGif;a&;r;jzpfol OD;wift; Hk onf xkc d ef;rodk aemufxyf0ifa&mufvmoljzpfonf? xkdae/ paeae eHeuf (9) em&DrS pwifI TtaqmufttHktwGif;wGifyif jrefrmEkdifiH &JAdkvfcsKyf OD;barmifonf tqihfjrifh rdj y&Jt&m&Sdrsm; tpnf;ta0;udk }uD;-uyfyvkyv f su& f o dS nf? &efue k f rda wmf &Jrif;}uD; OD;atmifcse d E f i S fh 'kw, d &JAv kd f 3 csKyf OD;xGe; f vSa S tmifwv kd nf; xkt d pnf;ta0;odk wufa&mufvsuf&o dS nf? olwkd onfvnf; aygufur JG r + sm;a-umihf xdwv f efa csmufcsm;oGm;-uonf? ,if;aygufuJG r+udk oufaoxGufqdk&mwGif &efukefrd&Jrif;}uD;u tkwfrsm; ydusoHuJhodkvnf; aumif;/ u|Efy k . f zcifu tH; k tH; k uGuf uGuq f n l o H r H sm;tjzpfvnf;aumif; xifjrif cJ-h uonf? odk jzifh xda k etpnf;ta0;onf wefo m G ;cJo h nf? &JwyfzGJ. Hk;cef;rsm;onf ESpfxyftaqmufttHkjzpfaom twGif;0efHk;. ta&SbuftaqmifwGif wnf&Sdonf? tpdk;&Hk;cef;rsm;rSmrl ta&S/ taemufESihf awmifbufww kd i G f qufpyfwnf&a dS eaom taqmufttHr k sm;twGi; f ae&m,lxm; -u_yD;/ ajrmufbufwGif taqmifao;wckom&Sdonf? ,if;ajrmufbuftaqmif onf (xdt k cse d u f a&wyfrS ,m,Dawmif;,lwyfpx JG m;aom) pdea f ygvf (St. Paul's) ausmif;udk rsuE f m S rlvsu& f _dS yD; av;axmify h /kH twGi; f 0ef; kH taqmufttH. k pwkw ajrmuf rsufESmpmjzpfvsuf&Sdayonf? ta&Sbuftaqmif ajrnDxyfwGif&Sdaom jrefrmEdi ki f H &JAv kd c f sKyf; kH cef;rSmrl Akv d c f sKyf.tcef;ESifh wnfw h nfq h efu sifbufwi G& f dS onf?taemufbuftaqmifyxrxyfwi G& fa dS omAkv d c f sKyf.tcef;onf zwfIwyf I&aom eH&t H &Sir f sm;&S_d yD; tpd; k &tr+aqmiftzGJ cef;rtjzpf wd; k csJtoH; k csI&onf? txl;cHkHk;u oufaorsm;udk -um;emr+ pwifv#if pwifcsif;yif Ttr+}uD; . w&m;0ifwi kd w f ef;oljzpfaom &efue k f rda wmf &Jrif;}uD; OD;atmifcse d o f nf w&m; vdb k ufrS yxrqH; k pwifoufaocHojl zpfvmonf? olonf jrefrmEki di f H &JAv kd c f sKyf Hk;cef;rS taemufbuftaqmifodk vrf;av#mufvmcJh_yD; aumifpDcef;rodk a&muf aomtcg AdkvfxGef;vSESihf OD;wiftkH;wdkudk ,if;ae&mwGif awGcJh&a-umif; olu
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aumifpD0ifrsm;wGif txl;t&m&Sdrsm; oufawmfapmifhrsm;&Sd-u_yD; AdkvfxGef;vSESifh udkaxG;wdkr Sm xdktcsdefu teD;tem;wGif &SdaecJh-uonf? Todka om udwifowd xm; vkyfaqmifr+tcsKd &Sdyif&Sdjim;aomfvnf; tm;vHk;csKyf-unfhvkdufaomtcg ud wifumuG,fr+rSm tvGeftrif;vdktyfaecJh_yD; xkdtcsdefu twGif;0efHk;rSm wu,f yif wHcg;r&S= d "m;r&S d tajctaejzpfco hJ nf? t"du0ifayguf}uD;rsm;rSm [if;vif; yGiv hf suf&_dS yD;H; k csdet f wGi; f wGiy f ifarmfawmf,mOfrsm;/ vrf;oGm;vrf;vmrsm; O'[dk jzwfoef;oGm;vmvsu& f a dS yonf? OD;apmu udwifaxmufvSr; f &ef apv$wc fo hJ nfh tzGJEi S fh vlowform;wdk pD;eif;vku d y f goGm;aom *spu f m;wdk vG,v f , G u f u l l 0ifxu G f oGm;vmEkdifcJhjcif;u T wHcg;r&Sd/ "m;r&Sd tajctaeudk jyoaeayonf? vHkcHa&;twGuf udwifumuG,fr+ vdktyfjcif;. tjcm;odomxif&Sm;onfh tcsufrSm t"duacgif;aqmifjzpfol AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;udk,fwdkifu &efoludk tav;rxm;bJ olt zdk jynfov l x l . k arwWmjzihf vHk cHaeonf[k vGr J m S ;pGm cHpm;rd aejcif;jzpfonf? TonfrSm jynfolvlxktrsm;pk}uD;udk &nf&G,f&if;jzpfonf? ol taejzihf 0if0 h gyv$m;r+ukd rESpf rdo jl zpfonft h wGuf tvkyr f m S jzpfap/ tdrr f m S jzpfap/ oloGm;av&m rnfonfhae&mYjzpfap oltwGuf txl;umuG,fapmihfa&Smufr+ vdt k yfonf[k olu rxifjrifrc d a hJ cs? oda k omfvnf; xdt k cse du f tE&m,fonf xifxif&m S ;&Sm; eD;uyfvsu& f o dS nf? _Adwdo#wdk. vufeufwdkufrsm;rS vufeufESihf cJ,rf;rD;ausmuf tajrmuftjrm; tcdk;cHxm;&onfudk olvnf;odonf? Zlvdkifv (15) &ufaeu ,m,DjynfxJa&; 0ef}uD; (aysmfbG,f) OD;jrvdkufygvsuf AkdvfcsKyfudk,fwdkif bk&ifcHxH oGm;a&mufum b&if;*ef;rsm;/ tyky d pPn; f rsm;ESifh ywfoufaom oHo,jzpfz, G u f p d & P yfrsm;ESihf ywf oufI awG&x dS m;csuu f kd owif;ay;ydc k a hJ o;onf? ,if;udp& P yfrm S ZGev f (24) &uf aewGif jzpfyGm;cJh_yD; wu,faysmufqHk;oGm;onfhtcsdefESihf aysmufqHk;a-umif; od&Sd csdefwdt k -um; tcsdeftwef-um uGm[-umanmif;oGm;cJhonfESihfywfoufI ol. pd; k &dra f omuudk OD;atmifqef;u qm[l;bwfp& f ef udk xdt k csdeu f xkwa f zmfajym jycJy h gonf? Tr#avmuf tvGet f rif;ta&;}uD;aomudp& P yfrm S ,refaeurS xdyf ydkif;acgif;aqmifrsm; od&SdcJh&onf? (tcef; 4/ pmrsufESm =137) oHk;&uf-um_yD; aemuf vkyf}uHr+}uD;rjzpfyGm;rD w&uftvdkwGif ocifEkonf qm[l;bwfpf&efxH oGm;a&mufI ppfwyfvufeufwu kd u f rnfor l nf0grSe; f rodaom olrsm;udk cJ,rf; rD;ausmuf tajrmuftjrm; xkwfay;cJha-umif; xyfrH owif;ay;ydkcJhao;onf? Adv k c f sKyfEi S fh bk&ifcw H kd awGq_kH yD;aemuf &efue k f rdx w k o f wif;pmrsm;u ,if;owif;
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wOD;ESifh bif*av onf taygif;toif;jzpfvsuf&Sdonf? odk jzpfonfhtwdkif; bif*avtaejzifh olw. dk tpDtrHrsm;bufodk ,drf;,dkif vkdufygvmrnf[k ,lq&onfh EdkifiHa&;-oZmwduUr&Sdol jrefrmwOD;ESihf rdwfaqGzGJ vdkyHk ay:cJhygonf? xkdtcsufESihfywfoufI 1947 ckESpftwGif; tjzpftysufwckudk qmbOD;u jyefajymif;a&;om;csufrm S atmufygtwki d; f jzpfonf? u|Ey fk w f o kd nf zGJpnf;tkyc f sKyfyt kH ajccHOya'udk a&;qGa J eqJjzpfonf? rGeE f i S fh u&ifwdkxuGr+tay: ,if;onf tawmftwef -oZmoufa&mufr+&SdcJhayonf? waeaomtcg nae (5) em&DcGJwGif trnftm;jzifh a':e,fbm;rif;yuf (csf) (Donald Burman Petch) [k ac:aom tqihfjrifh rdj ytkyfcsKyfa&;t&m&SdwOD;onf a&$awmif-um;&Sd u|Ekfyf.tdrfwGif u|Ekfyftm; tcsdef;tcsufr&SdbJ vma&mufawG qHkavonf? u|Ekfyfonf ,cifu Todk xkdolvma&mufawGqHkvdrfhrnf[k rxif rSwc fa hJ cs? u|Ey fk o f nf xdo k t l m; odaomfvnf; olu kd rawGrjrifco hJ nfrm S ESpt f awmf -umcJa h v_y? D w&Ha&mtcgu olEi Su fh |Ey fk o f nf ajrmif;jrwGif twl&a dS ecJ-h u_y; D olu ta&;ydkifjzpfI u|Ekfyfu puf&Sifw&m;ol}uD;wOD;jzpfonf? 1930 ckESpfwGif u|Ekfyf onf w&m;v$wfawmfodk &mxl;wdk;jrifhjcif;cH&csdefrSpI olESihf u|Ekfyfwdk rawGcJh-u awmhacs? olvmvnfcsdefwGif olonfvnf; weoFm&Dwdkif;. wdkif;rif;}uD; jzpfae ay_yD? olESifh u|Ekfyfonf ydoE<m& pum;rsm; ajymqdk-u_yD;aemuf yuf (csf) u bOD;/ cifAsm;wdk tck vGwfvyfa&;&awmhr,f? cifAsm;wdt k aeeJ zuf'&,ftpkd;& yHp k z H JGvr d r hf ,fvkd u|efawmfem;vnfxm;w,f? weoFm&Dwi dk ; f udk jynfe,fwcktjzpf u&ifawGudkay;zdk cifAsm;&J vkyfazmfudkifbuf vli,frdwfaqGawGudk cifAsm;bmvdk rqGJaqmifwmvJ? 'Dtwkdif;omqdk&if u&ifeJ ArmawGt-um; tjyif;txef ydif qdkifr+awG jzpfvm-uvdrfhr,f? u&ifawGtaeeJ armfvrdifudk olwdk& J t"du qdyf urf;vkyfEkdifovdk cifAsm;wdk& J &efukefudk cifAsm;wdk& J t"duqdyfurf;vkyfEkdifwmyJ r[kwfvm;? 'Dvdk tydiftqdkif&SdrS wdk;wufrSmaygh[k oluajymonf? xkdodkajymonfhtwGuf u|Ekfyfonf t}uD;tus,f a'golykefxrdonf? xdk a-umihf u|Efkyfu cifAsm;u uav;uvm;pum; ajymaewmyJ? 'grkefa0wm r[kwfbl;? cifAsm;em;vnf&rSmu weoFm&Dwkdif;rSm u&ifawGu vlenf;pkjzpf_yD; ArmawGu vlrsm;pkqw kd myJ? ArmawGtjyif rGea f wGvJ &Sa d o;w,f? 'Dawmh vlenf; pku vlrsm;pkudk tkyfcsKyfzdk cifAsm;rar#mfvifheJa v? cifAsm;ajymovdkom vkyfvkduf &if r-umcif jy\emawG jzpfvmvdrr fh ,f? b,fvy kd jJ zpfjzpf u&ifawGukd wki d; f wck ay;zdk zGJpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHkOya'xJrSm u|efawmfwdk xnfhqGJxm;_yD;_yD? 'ga-umihf 'DudpP
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&Snfvsm;aomuGef&ufjzifh ukdvkdeDEkdifiHwkd. pD;yGm;a&;ukd tykdifpD;tkyfpkd;xm;-u onf? tpk; d &tzGJ twGi; f wGiv f nf; if;wk. d tkyp fu k tm%mcse dc fi G! f m S ukd xde; f xm; -uonf? jyefvnfodrf;ykduf_yD; 'kdrDeD,Htqifhukd vufrcHbJ vkH;0vGwfvyfa&;ukd awmif;qkr d + xif&m S ;vmonfw h i dk f olwt dk aejzifh a'oqki d& f m Eki di fa H &;orm;rsm;ukd odrf;oGif;pnf;kH;&ef olwkdukd,folwkd vkdtyfonf[k rxif-uacs? *VKefOD;apm. EkdifiHa&;&nfrSef;csufrsm;um; tqkH;tpr&Sdacs? ol& nfrSef;csuf jynfhajrmufap&ef rnfokda om pnf;urf;uvem;ukdr# *krpkdufcJhacs? EkdifiHjcm;rS aiGa-u;taxmuf tyHhukd &Sm}uH&,lxdef;odrf;EkdifolrSm olomv#if yxrOD;qkH;ol jzpfayonf? ol. eef;&if;0efb0 xdyfqkH;a&mufcsdefwGif _Adwdo#bk&ifcH qma':refprpf. ta&;ay; jcif;cH&oljzpfonfESifhtnD tpkd;&pdwfuduf &mxl;wck&&ef ay;aomvmbfaiG vufc& H ,lrE + i Sy hf wfoufI ar;&mwGif olu 0efc H o Hk mru aiG tajrmuftjrm;jzpf a-umif; wkd;wkd;wdwfwdwfajym_yD; aemufwcgryvkyfawmhyg[k jznfhpGufvsuf bk&ifcHukd tajymiftysufajym-um; ajymqkd&JcJhonf? 9 ppfyGJ'%fjzifh ysufpD;aekHomru EkdifiHa&;/ vlr+a&;t& +yfaxG;ayGvDae aom EkdifiHokd OD;apmtaejzifh jyefvm&jcif;jzpfonfhtjyif ykdIta&;}uD;onfu b,folurS olukd ta&;w,lr&Sd-uawmhonfh EkdifiHjzpfaejcif;yif? olykHpHtwkdif; oloGm;&mvrf;wGif ydwf&yfaeol rnfolukdrqkd z,f&Sm;ypf&ef tpDtrHrsm;csrSwf ae_yD; tvSL&Sifrsm;ESifh aiGa-u;&Ekdifrnfhae&mrsm;ukd toJtrJ&Sm}uHaecJhonf? a'ocH axmufyHhrnfholrsm; enf;yg;ae_yDjzpfI ol&Sm}uHr+e,fukd ykdrkdjzef -uuf& awmhonf? 1947 ckEp S f tapmyki d; f wGif oHo,jzpfz, G f v+y& f m S ;r+rsm; jzpfvmcJo h nf? atmifqef;=tufwvDpmcsKyfcsKyfq_dk yD;aemuf Akv d c f sKyfEi S hf uk, d p f m;vS,r f sm; wki d; f jynfjyefvmcsdew f i G f olu t*Fvefwi G f acwW aemufcsefae&pfco hJ nf? xkt d csdew f i Gf OD;aqmifEkdifiHa&;ygwDukd qefusifwkdufckduf&mY tokH;y&eftwGuf aiGa-u; trsm;tjym;ukd trnfrazmfvkdonfh tvSL&SifwOD;u olukday;cJha-umif;ESifh t*Fvy d t f &if;&Sir f sm;xHrv S nf; tvm;wl aiGa-u;ta&twGuu f dk ol&&Sc da hJ -umif; d + pm=50) jrefrm owif;xGuv f mcJo h nf? (+=Rangoon Guide Daily owif;ay;ykr t}uD;wef;t&m&Sdtqifhu if;oHo,&SdaeykH&onfomru _Adwdo#umuG,f a&;Xme vk-H cHa&;t&m&Su d ArmppfXmecsKyf (Defence Security Office-Burma Command) . 1947 ckESpf -o*kwfv (20) &uf owif;ay;ykdr+wGif u|efawmf.zcif d -f umjrifp h m G pum;ajymqkr d w + i G f olt ae jzpfol 'Dti dk * f s= D pDti dk ' f D (DIG-CID) ESihf tcse jzifh bk&ifhtpkd;&ESifh a,bk,stm;jzifh _Adwdo#wkdtay: ,if;oHo,0ifaer+rsm;rS
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u|efawmhfxuf ydkxdcdkufw,f [k nnf;wGm;a-umif; pyfaq;[kefudk jyefajymif; ajymqdc ko hJ nf? rdi k; f yGea f pmfbm G ;}uD;onf aemufw&ufwi G f uG,v f e Go f m G ;cJa h vonf? pyfaq;[kefonf ,cktcg ol. ZeD;onfESihfwuG orD;oHk;a,muf/ om; wa,mufEi St fh wl -opa-w;vsEi kd i f /H qpf'eDrdw i G f aexdi kv f su& f o dS nf? 1993 ckEp S /f atmufwkdbmvY uifbm&mrd& Sd -opa-w;vs trsKd;om;wuUodkvf (Australian National University) wGif usif;yaom ta&Sawmiftm&Se,fpyfa'orsm;ESihf ywfoufaom aqG;aEG;yGJwckodk &S rf;vlrsKd;rsm; 1947=67 pmwrf;wapmifudk olwifoi G; f cJo h nf? ,if;pmwef;wGif Adv k c f sKyfatmifqef;onf ay;xm;aom uwd udk wnfavh&Sdonfhacgif;aqmifrsKd;jzpfI &S rf;wdku olt ay: ,Hk-unfr+tjynfht0 xm;&SdcJhonf? wdkif;yjynfyv$wfawmfu if;. vkyfief;&yfrsm;udk t_yD;rowfEkdif rDrSmyif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;acgif;aqmifaom xdyfydkif; trsKd;om;acgif;aqmif}uD; rsm; 1947 ckESpf/ Zlvdkifv (19) &ufaewGif uHraumif; ta-umif;rvSpGm vkyf}uH owfjzwfcHcJh&onf? ,if;odk AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef; usqHk;cJh&r+onf aemifESpfaygif; rsm;pGm t-umwGif &S rf;vlrsKd;rsm;tay: Y usa&mufvmrnfh uH-urRm trsKd;rsKd; wdktwGuf t}uD;rm;qHk;ESihf wckwnf;aom tajccHta-umif;tcsuf jzpfayvdrfh rnf [lI olu wifjycJo h nf?
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av;pm;&aom tmZmenfacgif;aqmif}uD;rsm;. om;wOD;jzpf_yD; olzcif jzpfolESihf oludk,fwdkif ywfoufaeaom rSwfwrf;rSwf&mrsm;rSwqihf u|efawmfxH odk tcsKdaom ta-umif;t&mrsm;udk a0r#ay;ydkulnDcJholrSm OD;b0if;.om;/ a':atmifqef;pk-unf. tudw k 0rf;uGa J wmfol a'gufwmpde0 f if;jzpfonf? olu (a':atmifqef;pk-unfajymcJhzl;onfhtwdkif;) olb0tawGtuHudk pwifajymcJhonf? u|efawmfhzcif aoqHk;pOfu u|efawmfonf i,fvGef;vSI rrSwr f c d y hJ g [k qdo k nf? rSey f gonf? xdq k ; kd &Gm;vSaom tjzpftysuf jzpfym G ;pOfu olonf touf wESpE fi Sa fh jcmufvt&G,r f #om &Sa d o;onf? a':atmifqef;pk-unf uvnf; tvm;wlyif atmifqef;[laom yk*~dKvfa&;txky`wWdpmtkyf. tcsD; ed'gef;udk Toem;pzG,p f um;vH; k rsm;jzihf tpysK; d xm;cJo h nf? -opa-w;vsEi kd i f /H uGi; f (p) vefwuUodkvf (Queensland University) u 1984 ckESpfwGif xkwfa0cJhaom tm&Sacgif;aqmifrsm; pmpOfwGif Ta&;om;r+ yg&SdcJhjcif;jzpfonf? rdwfquf
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tcef;jzpfonfh tpOD;v$rf;rdk;r+rsm; Y olz cifonf touf (13) ESpfwGif t*Fvdyf pmoifcsifvGef;vSI olZ mwdewfarmufrdr S if;bmom&yfoif-um;&m jrefrmjynf tv,fyi kd ; f &Sd a&eHacsmif;rd trsKd;om;ausmif;odk xGuc f m G oGm;cJa h -umif; jyefajymif; a&;om;xm;cJhonf? xkdausmif;Y OD;atmifqef;onf ausmif;q&mwOD;jzpfaom oltudk OD;b0if;. apmifha&Smufr+udk &&Sd_yD; oltudku pnf;urf;wif;-uyfr+ESihf udk,fydkifawG;ac:r+wdu k dk tnDtr#aygif;pyfum oly nma&;ESihf usef;rma&;udk }uD; -uyfay;cJhonfhtwGuf uHaumif;cJha-umif; olru a&;om;xm;onf? av;ESpft-umwGif nDtpfudk (2) OD; uGJuGmcJh&onf? tudkjzpfolu ol. ausmif;q&mvkyfief;udk qufvufvkyfudkifaepOfrSmyif nDjzpfolu txufwef; ausmif;rS wuUov kd 0 f ifci G fh &&Sc d o hJ nft h wGuf &efue k w f uUov kd Y f ynmqnf;yl;&ef olv rf;ol qufav#mufca hJ vonf? OD;atmifqef;onf trsK; d om;a&;v+y& f m S ;r+rsm; ESifh jynfhESufaeaom (15) ESpfwmumvudk ausmfjzwfcJh_yD; trsKd;om;ol&Jaumif; wOD;tqihfudk &&SdcJhavonf? 1946 ckESpf/ pufwifbmv (26) &ufaewGif topfa&muf&Sdvmaom (,m,D) bk&ifcH _Adwdo#AdkvfcsKyf qm[l;bwf&efpfu tzGJ0if (9) OD;yg&Sdaom tr+aqmifaumifpu D kd zGJ pnf;cJ& h m (zqyv) tzGJ csKyfrS OD;atmifqef;tygt0if (6) OD;yg0ifum OD;atmifqef;udk 'k=obmywdtjzpf ceft yfcJhonf? aemufwESpf/ {_yD vwGif wdkif;jynfyv$wfawmftwGuf a&G;aumufyGJrsm;usif;ycJh&m olonf ppf_yD; acwf ESpfrsm;wGif wyfrawmfrSxGufI t&yfom;b0jzihf EdkifiHa&;odk 0ifa&mufcJh _yD; (a&eHacsmif;rde,f/ zqyv tzGJcGJ. OuU@tjzpf a&G;cs,fjcif;cHcJh&aom) OD;b0if;rSmvnf; rauG;rde ,f/ taemufajrmuf v$wa f wmftrwfavmif;wae&m wGif 0ifa&mufta&G;cHc& hJ ayonf? 1947 ckESpf/ Zlvdkif (22) &ufaewGif vGefcJhaom oHk;&ufu vkyf}uHowfjzwf jcif;cH&aom acgif;aqmifrsm;twGuf trSwfw& 0rf;enf;pum;udk toHv$ihfajym -um;&mwGif OD;Eku a'gufwmpde0 f if;. zcifjzpfot l m; bk&ifc. H tr+aqmifaumif pDY ceftyfjcif; ta-umif;xkwfazmfajymqdkcJhonf? OD;b0if;onf u|efawmfESihf aumvdyfY twlwl wufa&mufcJholwOD;jzpfygonf? olonf EdkifiHa&;e,fxJodk aemufusrS 0ifa&mufvmcJo h w l OD;jzpfaomfvnf; ol. ud, k y fi kd u f , kd & f nfu, kd a f oG; rsm;ESifh tusihfrysufr+u ol,ckxrf;aqmifaeaom ae&mESihf xkdufwefoljzpfjcif; a-umifh tr+aqmifaumifpp D m&if;wGif olt m;xnfo h i G; f &ef u|efawmfpw d u f ; l &cJ_h yD; Akv d c f sKyfEi S hf arrdY awG -upOfu u|ea f wmfu, kd w f i kd f t}uHycJjh cif;jzpfonf [k OD;Ek
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u xkwa f zmfajymqdc k o hJ nf? xko d kdjzifh OD;b0if;onf ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;ESifh axmufya hH &;qdi k& f m aumif pD0ifjzpfvmcJ_h y; D olY (ZeD;onfEi S fh uav; (6) a,muf (a,musm f ;av; (4)a,muf/ rdef;uav; (2) a,muf) &Sdonfhteuf udkpdef0if;rSm (5) a,mufajrmuf uav; jzpfonf? olwdkonf 1947 ckESpf/ Zlvdkifv vqef;ydkif; OD;b0if; raoqHk;rD (14) &ufrm S yif a&eHacsmif;rS &efue k f rda wmfokd ajymif;a&$vmcJ-h uonf? xdt k cse d u f ,ck a':atmifqef;pk-unfaexki d& f m eHygwf (54) ESifh rsuE fm S csi; f qdi k f vrf;wbufjcrf;&S/d wuUodkvf&dyfomvrf; trSwf (51) aetdrf}uD;Y olwdktm; ae&mcsxm;jcif;cHcJh& onf? tdrftopfodk a&muf&Sdvm&mwGif udkpdef0if; rSwfrdor#rSm wpHkwa,mufu ole m;vmI 'Dtdrf[m rif;wda k e&r,fh tdrfyJ [k olu dk ajymqdkjcif;yifjzpfonf? xdt k cse d u f OD;atmifqef;wdk rdom;pkrm S uefawmf}uD;teD;/ wm0gvdr; f &Sd tpd; k &tdrfwGif aexkdifvsuf&Sd&m wuUodkvf&dyfomvrf;ESifh twefi,fa0;aomfvnf; rdom;pk (2) pkonf r-umc% awGqHk-u_yD; uav;i,farmifES rwpkwdk twlwl upm;-uum aysmf&$ifvmcJh-uonf? oda k omf ,if;odk olwda k rmifES rwpk aysmf&$ifr+ onf a&Svmrnfh (14) &uf (19/ 7/ 47) rwkdifrD ,m,Doabmr# aysmf&$ifae-u& onfh b0tdyr f uf wckr#om jzpfae&Smonfur kd l olwr kd od-uacs? xdkaemuf 0rf;enf;zG,ftjzpftysuf jzpfvmcJhonf? Zlvdkifv (19) &ufae u aumifpDcef;rtwGif; tpnf;ta0;Y OD;b0if;onf ol nD. nmbufwef;wGif aumifpD0if OD;tA'l&mZwfESihf 'D;'kwfOD;bcsKdwdkt -um; xkdifaecJh_yD; aoewfusnf qef (8) csufxdrSefum yGJcsif;_yD; aoqHk;oGm;cJh&onf? xkdtcsdefu oltoufrSm (46) ESpr f #om jzpfavonf? xdkaemufwGifrl OD;b0if;. kyftavmif;udk &efukefjynfolaq;Hk}uD;. &ifcGJHkrS *sLAvDa[m odk EkdifiHawmfpsmyetjzpf xm;&Sd&ef o,faqmifoGm;cJh-u onf? OD;b0if;. rdom;pkonfvnf; ol. usef&pfaom kyftavmif;udk &Sdcdk; uefawmh&ef r-umc%qdkouJhodk *sLAvDa[modk oGm;cJh-uonf? odka omf a'guf wmpdef0if;taejzifh ,if;odk oGm;cJh-ujcif;ukdvnf;aumif;/ EkdifiHawmfpsmyetcrf; tem;rsm;udkvnf;aumif;/ tmZmenfAdrmefY *loGif;ryfESHjcif;udkvnf;aumif; rSwf rdjcif;r&Sa d wmhacs? oljyefvnfpOf;pm;owd&aeao;onfrm S txl;yvkya f om tcrf; tem;rsm;wGif olz cifvJavsmif;&m tmZmenfAdrmefodk olwdr k dom;pkoGm;a&mufI yef;acGcscJh&onfh tcsdefrsm;udkom jzpfavonf? xdka emuf a'gufwmpdef0if;onf ynm&yfqi kd & f m qnf;yl;avhvmr+rsm; qufvufyvkyc f _hJ y; D [rf;bwf wuUov kd r f S
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ocsFmynm&yfwGif a'gufwmbGJudk &&SdcJhavonf? olonf oD&dvuFmESifh Edkifkd bDwdkwGif&Sdaom udkvHbdkwuUokdvfESihf EdkifkdbDwuUodkvfwdktjyif aemifwGif &efue kY f oif-um;a&;wm0efrsm; ,lco hJ nf? olonf olz cifEi St fh vm;wlpm G pdww f nf _ir d a f t;aq;_y; D ynmydc k soif-um;a&;Y arGavsmr f & + &Su d m Edi ki fa H &;e,fxo J kd 0if&mY vnf; aemufuscJo h nf? 1988 ckEp S w f i G f ES rjzpfol a':atmifqef;pk-unfu taxG axGtwGi; f a&;r;tjzpf aqmif&u G u f m trsK; d om;'Dru dk a&pDtzGJcsKyfukd zGJpnf;vdu k f aomtcgY olonf rdk;_cdrf;aomtcg rdk;ud;ygwwfouJhodk tzGJ0ifwOD;tjzpf 0if a&mufc& hJ onf? oda k omfvnf; ppftm%mydi kr f sm;u trsK; d om;'Dru dk a&pDtzGJcsKyfukd zsufodrf;cJhv#if ulnD0kdif;&H taxmuftcHtjzpf &nf&G,fum zGJpnf;cJhaom topf ygwD tzGJwckjzpfonfh trsKd;om;'Drkdua&pDygwD udk OD;aqmif&ef olu dk a&G;cs,f cJhonf? odk jzpfonfhtavsmuf 1990 ckESpf/ arva&G;aumufyGJwGif OD;pdef0if;onf yJc; l wki d; f rJqENe,frS vG,v f , G u f u l l tEki d& f &Sc da hJ vonf? xde k nf;wlyif wki d; f jynfukd tkyfcsKyf&ef trsKd;om;'Drkdua&pDtzGJcsKyfudkvnf; jynfolvlxku rJqEN tjywf towfay;um a&G;cs,fcJhaomfvnf; ppfwyfu *k%foduQmuif;rJhpGm wdkif;jynfudk w&m;r0if qufvufty k c f sKyfaecJa h vonf? olwo kd nf Eki di fa H &;t& zrf;qD;r+rsm;/ xde; f odr; f r+rsm;/ txl;ojzihf topfa&G;cs,fcx H m;&aom v$wa f wmfu, kd p f m;vS,f rsm;udk w&m;r0ifjyefvnfy k o f r d ; f r+rsm;tm; trsKd;om;'Dru dk a&pDtzGJ csKyfEi S fh r[m rdwy f gwDrsm;tay: enf;rsK; d pHjk zihf (rqvESiw fh pnwd. k ud, k p f m;) yvkyo f m G ;cJo h nf? trsKd;om;'Dru dk a&pDtzGJ csKyfrS ta&G;cs,fc& H aom v$wa f wmfu, kd p f m;vS,f rsm; aemufq; kH wGif v#Kd 0u S a f wGq-kH u_yD; ta&G;cs,c f H v$wa f wmfu, kd p f m;vS,f tpk wpkukd ,m,Dtpd; k &w&yf zGJpnf;&ef !e-f um;cJo h nf? a'gufwmpde0 f if;ESifh vkya f zmf udkifbuf (7) OD;onf xkdif;e,fpyfwGif&Sdaom jrefrmEdkifiH 'Drdku&ufwpfr[mrdwf tzGJ. e,fajrjzpfaom vGwfajrmufe,fajr odk xGufajy;vmEkdifcJhonf? jrefrm EdkifiH 'Drdku&ufwpf r[mrdwftzGJ. ulnDr+udkvnf; tjynfht0&&SdcJhjcif;a-umifh 1990 ckESpf/ 'DZifbmv (8) &ufaewGif rme,fyavmY 0ef}uD;csKyftjzpf a&G;cs,f jcif;cH&aom a'gufwmpdef0if;u -um;jzwftpdk;&w&yfudk jynfaxmifpkjrefrm EdkifiH trsKd;om;!Gea f ygif;tpdk;& tjzpf a-unmcJhavonf? xda k emuf tajctae t&yf&yfa-umifh a'gufwmpdef0if;ESifh ol. 0ef}uD;tzGJ0iftcsKdonf xkdif;EkdifiHrS tar&duefjynfaxmifpo k kd a&$ajymif;oGm;a&mufum olw. kd XmecsKyfukd 0g&Siw f ef 'Dpw D i G f zGihf vSpc f & hJ onf? a'gufwmpde0 f if;onf rv$r J a&Smifomvufxyf_y; D wESpo f m&Sa d o;vsuf om;
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ysHESHvsuf&Sdonf? ESpfv,fydkif;wGif bk&ifcH qm&J*sDe,f a':refprpf jyefoGm;&_yD; if;ae&mudk AdkvfcsKyfqm[l;bwf&efp f u qufcHcJhonf? aphpyfaqG;aEG;jcif;tm; jzihf atmif qef;=tufwvD pmcsKyfudk atmifatmifjrifjrif tqHk;owfvkduf_yD; aemuf 1946 ckESpfrS 1947 ckESpfodk ul;ajymif;oGm;cJhonf? wESpftwGif; vGwfvyf a&;&&rnfqdkonfh &nfrSef;csufyef;wdkifudkvnf; ol. jyif;jyif;xefxef ud;pm; tm;xkwfr+t& vS rf;jrifawGae&ay_yD? jrefrmhEdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifrsm; &Sm}uHae onfum; pD;yGm;a&; wd; k wufrr + sm; &&Sa d prnfh vGwv f yfa&;jzpfonf? olwt kd aejzifh udkvdkeDpD;yGm;a&;yHkpH vufa0cHb0udk tqHk;owfapvdk_yD; ,if;udk w&m;Oya't& EkdifiHydkifyvkyfjcif;/ jynfolydkif or0g,r/ yk*~vdu yHkpHrsm;jzifh tydiftqkdif zGHzd;wdk; wufapjcif;wdu k dk OD;pm;ay;aqmif&Gufvsuf tcsKyftjcmtm%m (3) &yfudkvnf; ygwDpkH qd& k , S v f pfpepfopfw&yfjzifo h m tpm;xd; k vkyu f i kd v f -kd ujcif;jzpfonf? xdka-umihf 1947 ckESpf/ azazmf0g&Dv apmapmydkif;wGif OD;atmifqef;onf &S rf;jynfawmifydkif; yifvHkrdY &S rf;/ ucsif/ csif; (u&ifbufrS avhvmol=4= OD;) wdkESihf usif;yyvkyfaom nDvmcHw&yfodk wufa&mufcJhonf? xkdtcgu olonf (zqyv) tzGJcsKyfudk udk,fpm;yoGm;jcif;jzpf_yD; olESihftwl OD;wifxGf/ Adkvfcif armifuav;wdk vku d y f goGm;cJo h nf? Adv k c f sKyf. k; d om;yGiv fh if;r+/ vlrsKd;}uD;pdwr f &Sd r+/ owWd&Sdr+/ pGJ_rJpGm ud;pm;r+/ tajrmftjrif}uD;rm;r+/ udk,fusifhw&m;aumif;rGefr+ ponfh *k%fowif; ausmfapmr+onf olt&if a&Sajy;a&mufESihfvsuf&Sdum oludk xdkae&mY aygif;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;. t"durdKiftjzpf +jrifjcif;udk cHcJh&onf? oHk;&uft-um aqG;aEG;!SdE+dif;-u_yD;aemuf olonf wdkif;&if;om;udk,fpm;vS,f rsm;. ,Hk-unfr+udk &&SdcJhum wdkif;&if;om;udk,fpm;vS,frsm;u trsKd;om;vGwf ajrmufa&;v+yf&Sm;r+wGif yg0ifyl;aygif;aqmif&Guf&ef oabmwlnDcJh-uavonf? xda k emuf yifvHkpmcsKyf}uD;udk t_yD;owf atmifjrifpGm csKyfqdkEkdifcJh-uonf? xdkrSwyg; &efukefwGif 1947 ckESpf/ azazmf0g&Dv (27) &ufaeusif;yy vkyfcJhaom jrefrmjynf t*Fvdyfukefonf}uD;rsm;toif;. ESpfywfvnf tpnf; ta0;odk AdkvfcsKyfu bk&ifcH. tr+aqmifaumifpD 'k=obmywdtjzpf wuf a&mufc_hJ yD; xdt k pnf;ta0;Y obmywdre d c f e G ; f udk wHk jyefajym-um;pOfu vGwv f yf a&;&_yD;v#if r-umrDygwDpHk qdk&S,fvpfpD;yGm;a&;pepf wnfaqmuf&ef &nf&G,f xm;a-umif; xkwa f zmfajymqdo k m G ;onfrm S pdw0 f ifpm;zG,jf zpfonf? jrefrmjynfY ta&;}uD;aom pufr+vkyfief; t&yf&yfudk jynfolydkifvkyf&ef u|Efkyfwdk }uH&G,fxm;a-umif;/ xdkodkyvkyfrSom jynfolvlxkw&yfvHk; vlb0.
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(Selected telegrams Concerning the Assassination and Trial)
qm[l;bwf&efrS avmhyufopfavm&ihx f o H kd a-u;eef;pm/ tki dt f t kd m= trf42504

(Sir Hubert Rance to Lord Pethick-Lawrence. Telegram, IOR: M/4/2504)
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ygonf? vGefcJhonfhESpf&ufu OD;apmu olowif;pmrSaeI zqyvtzGJcsKyfudk jyif;jyif;xefxefpdefac:cJhygonf? qufvufpHkprf;ppfaq;r+rsm; yvkyfvsuf&Sd&m oihx f H tqufrjywf owif;ay;yda k eygrnf? 2? ,l*ef'gwGif &Sa d om *smrefvr l sK; d / OD;apm. r,m;qdo k u l p d E P i S fh ywfoufI OD;apm. ZeD;onfu olESihf uGm&Sif;vdkpdwf jyif;jyaea-umif;vnf; pDtkdif'Du tpD&ifcy H gonf? 3? OD;atmifqef;/ OD;ay:xGe; f / a'gufwmbarmf/ OD;apmESihf OD;Apdew f u kd kd usaemf ,aeawGqHkcJhygonf? OD;atmifqef;u oltr+aqmiftzGJudk tpD&ifcH&rnfjzpfI reufjzef/ odr k [kwf we*FaEGae aev,fcif;/ odr k [kwf wevFmae eHeufwi G f olu kd 1 u|efawmfxyfra H wGygrnf? 4? oydwftaetxm;t& tm;&p&mraumif; (xyfrH=raumif;) yg? tpnf;ta0;_y; D tpnf;ta0;ESifh ,if;tpnf;ta0;rsm;wGif tpD&ifcp H mrsm;om waev; kH -um;emae&ygonf?reufjzefwe*FaEGae/aev,fwi G f pt D ,fva f t(CLA) aumfrDwD. vuf&Sd tzGJ0ifr[kwfawmhaom tzGJ0if (3) OD;udk u|efawmf awGyg onf? xko d r l sm;xJwi G f t&mxrf;/ tr+xrf;aygif;pHt k zGJcsKyf. OuU@vnf; yg&Sy d grnf? qm[l;bwf&efxHrS tm;vfatmhzv f pfw0 kd ( J vf) (Earl of Listowel) xHokd a-u;eef;pm/ tki dt f t kd m= trf42714 csufcsif; tjzpfq;kH ? &efue k /f 1947 ckEp S /f Zlvi kd v f (19) &uf/ (12;00) em&D vufcH&&Sd? Zlvdkifv (19) &uf/ (08;40)em&D eHygwf 281/ bk&ifcx H r H S ud, k y fi kd a f -u;eef;= ,aeeHeuf (10) em&DcGJwGif pwif;*ef;aoewfudkif ArmoHk;OD;u tr+aqmif tzGJ ukd tpnf;ta0;xki da f epOf wku d c f u dk r f + yvky-f u&mwGif xdcu kd a f oqH; k olrsm; aoqHk;= OD;&mZwf/ OD;bcsKd/ ocifjr/ OD;b0if;/ ref;bckdif '%f&m&olrsm;=OD;atmifqef;(&ifbwfaygufxu G ' f %f&m&)/rdi k; f yGea f pmfbm G ;/ 2 xyfrHI tjynfhtpHk tpDt&ifcHygrnf? tm'AvsL'Dazmifvm (R.W.D. Fowler) (bk&ifc. H acwWtwGi;f 0ef) xHrS qm*Dbwfvw d 0 fw d f (Sir Gilbert Laithwaite) xHokd a-u;eef;pm= tki dt f t kd m= trf42714 csufcsif;tjzpfq;kH ? &efue k /f 1947 ckEp S /f Zlvi kd v f (19) &uf/ (16;25) em&D
274
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jyqdkvsuf&Sd aomfvnf; taxmuftxm;r&Sdyg? 6? bk&ifcHtaejzifh AkdvfcsKyf b&pf (*f)/ AkdvfcsKyfaomrwf (pf)/ &JwyfzGJ ppfaq;a&; t&m&Sc d sKyftjyif jynfwi G; f vHk cHa&;ESifh ywfoufaom tjcm;yk*Kd~ vfrsm;ESifh ,aeee H uf awGqa kH qG;aEG;r+rsm; yvkyc f o hJ nf? ArmhppfXmecsKyftaejzifh aemifjzpf vmrnfhjy\emrsm;twGuf udwifjyifqifr+rsm; yvkyfvsuf&Sdonf? 7? bk&ifcHtaejzifh avmavmq,fwGif ocifEk/ OD;atmifZHa0/ aysmfbG,f OD;jrwdkESihf wdkifyif!SdE+dif;vsuf&Sdonf? tr+aqmiftzGJopfzGJpnf;a&; tqdkycsuf owif;rsm;ESit fh wl aemufxyfa-u;eef;pmudk ,if;wki dy f if!E dS i d+ ; f r+ _yD;_yD;csif; xyfrH ay;ydy k grnf? qm[l;bwf&efxHrS tm;vfatmhzv f pfw0 kd J (vf)xHokd a-u;eef;pm/ tki dt f t dk m= trf42714 csufcsif;tjzpfq;kH ? &efue k /f 1947 ckEp S /f Zlvi dk v f (20) &uf/ (10;15) em&D vufcH&&Sd? Zlvdkif (20) &uf/ (08;00) em&D eHygwf 287/ bk&ifc. H ud, k y fi kd a f -u;eef;/ u|Eky fa f y;ydk aom a-u;eef;pm trSwf (281) ESihf qufwu kd a f y;ydk aom a-u;eef;pmrsm;? OD;apmtay:wGif oHo,jzpfr+ A[dk yvsu& f o dS nf? ,refae eHeuf (11) em&D xd; k _yD;_yD;csif; pGyu f s,ftusrsm; 0wfxm;aom vl (5) OD;vku d y f gvmvsuf *spfum; wpD; OD;apmaetdro f kd a&muf&v dS mcJo h nf? ,refae/ aev,fyi kd ; f wGif OD;apm.tdru f kd &Jrsm;u 0ifa&mufp; D eif;cJ_h yD; OD;apmESifh vl (10) OD;tm; udwifumuG,o f nft h ae jzihf xdef;odrf;cJhonf? kdifz,f (18) vufESihf pwif;*ef;wvuf awG&SdcJhonf? _cH0if;twGi; f &Sd *spu f m;wGif aemufbufY eHygwfjym;r&Sy d g? eHeufcif;wGif 0ifa&muf pD;eif;wkdufckdufcJholrsm; toHk;yaom *spfum;wGifvnf; aemufbufY eHygwfjym; r&S[ d k ,H-k unf&ygonf? qm[l;bwf&efxHrS tm;vfatmhzv f pfw0 kd J (vf) xHokd a-u;eef;pm/ tki dt f t kd m=trf42715 csufcsif;tjzpfq;kH ? &efue k /f 1947 ckEp S /f Zlvi kd v f (21) &uf/ (16;25) em&D vufcH&&Sd? Zlvdkifv (21) &uf/ (15;00) em&D eHygwf 294/ bk&ifc. H ud, k y fi kd a f -u;eef;/
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qm[l;bwfp& f efxHrS tm;vfatmhzv f pfw0 kd J (vf) xHokd a-u;eef;pm/ tki dt f t dk m=trf42714 ta&;}uD;v#Kd0Suf? &efue k f rd/ Zlvi kd v f (28) &uf/ (18;35) em&D vufcH&&Sd? Zlvdkifv (28) &uf/ (21;00) em&D eHygwf= 320/ bk&ifc. H ud, k y fi kd a f -u;eef;/ atmufazmfjyyg a-u;eef;udk 132 Portland Street, London W 1armif}uD;xHrS u|efawmfvufc& H &Sc d o hJ nf? p? u|Ekfyfay;ydka om a-u;eef;rsm;onf rnfonfhta-umif;a-umihfrod&bJ OD;apm. rdom;pkxo H v kd nf;aumif;/ olr w d a f qGrsm;xHov kd nf;aumif; a&muf&jdS cif; r&Sdyg? ,ckowif;pum;udk bk&ifcHrif;taejzihf olx Hya dk qmifay;ygu tudkjzpfol u|Ekfyfonf tvGeftxl;0rf;ajrmuf0rf;omjzpfygrnf? owif;pum;rSm Todk jzpf onf? vuf&SdtajctaerSaeI tjyif;txef jyefvnfwHk jyefr+rsm; jzpfEkdifajc&Sd onfhtwGuf ygvDrefrS rihfrdwfaqGrsm;u ighudk 'DbufrSaeI rif;twGuf tum tuG,fay;&ef jyifqifr+rsm; yvkyf&ef t}uHay;-uonf? Todk jrifonfhtwkdif; rif;. vHk cHa&;udk tvGep f; kd &dry f y l efro d nft h wGuf bk&iha f &Sa e&&Sa d &;ESifh rift h wGuf ckcu H muG,a f &;twGuf vkt d yfaomjyifqifrr + sm; yvkya f &;twGuf csuc f si; f vdt k yf onfh aygif (300) udk b%ftm; a-u;eef;jzifh v$a J y;&eftwGuf rif;u !e-f um;ay; yg&ef ig tEl;t!Gwfawmif;yefvkdufygonf? b%fodk !ef-um;csufydkvdkuf&efESihf bk&ifcHrif;rSwqihf ighxH ta-umif;jyefyg&ef/ owif;pum;tqHk;? bk&ifcr H if;tm; Ta-u;eef;udk jrefrmtpd; k &tzGJ 0ifrsm;xH v$a J jymif;ray;&ef awmif;yeftyfygonf? qH; k? Towif;pum;pmudk OD;apmxH oihfavsmfaom vrf;a-umif;jzifh ay;ydkEdkif a&;twGuf jynfxJa&;0ef}uD; wOD;wnf;xH (wOD;wnf;xH) u|efawmf ydkvdkufyg onf? armif}uD;. aemufq; kH pmyd' k y f g awmif;yefcsufukd txift&Sm;yif u|efawmf vufrcHEi dk y f g? Tarmif}uD;yif [efwifxHvdyfrlI ay;ydkaom a-u;eef;pmwGif [efwif taejzihf OD;apm.ZeD;xHrS aygif (300) r&&Sdygu ol&d,owif;pm. tkyfcsKyf a&;r;rsm;xH csOf;uyf&ef t}uHya&;om;xm;a-umif; jrefrmjynfawmifyi kd ; f ae&m k w + i G f u|ea f wmf owd rS vwfwavm&&Sa d om tki dt f ufpt f ufpf (ISS) owif;ay;ydr xm;rdco hJ nf? OD;apmtaejzihf ckcu H muG,a f &;twGuf y%mrjyifqifrr + sm;yvky& f ef if;aiGvkdtyfa-umif; olu ajymcJhonf?
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290
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a-umihq f a kd omf u|ea f wmfwu kd kd axmifxa J c:vm_yD; &ufrsm;r-umrDyif tcsKd &t J &m &Sdrsm; a&muf&Sdvm_yD; tzrf;cHyk*~dKvftcsKdudk pwifppfaq;ygonf? xdkodk tcsKdudk ppfaq;_y; D aemuf usey f* k Kd~ vfrsm;udk qufvufppfaq;jcif;ryawmhyg? xdy k* k Kd~ vfrsm; udk axmifrx S w k o f m G ;_yD; &Jrsm;tvd& k o dS uJo h kd twif;t-uyfxu G q f a kd prnfukd u|ef awmf pdk;&drfylyefa-umufvefaerdygonf? tr+wr+udk bufrvdkufaom w&m;Hk; (odkr [kwf) cHkHk;wcku ppfaq;rnfqdkonfrSm tvGefaumif;vSaomfvnf; wcsdef wnf;rSmyif if;w&m;Hk; (odkr[kwf) cHkHk;onf &Jrsm;uwifjyaom oufaorsm; twdi k; f om ppfaq;oGm;rnfomjzpfonf? w&m;ol}uD;wOD;wa,muf (odr k [kw) f w&m;ol}uD;rsm;u &Jrsm;u zefw; D xm;wifjyvmaom oufaotrSm;rsm;udk tao tcsmodvsufESihfyif Hk;awmftaejzifh wjcm;enf;vrf;r&SdI ,if;oufaorsm;udk vufcc H& hJ onfh om"utr+rsm; trsm;tjym; twdwu f &Sc dz hJ ; l ygonf? u|ea f wmfwkd udk enf;vrf;pHkoHk;I acsr+ef;&ef tm%m&ygwDtzGJ0ifwOD; (odr k [kwf) tzGJ0ifrsm; u wdkufkdufzdtm;ay;r+atmufwGif &Jt&m&Sdrsm; txift&Sm; a&muf&Sdaeonfh ,cktqifo h nf apmao;aomfvnf; tvGet f a&;}uD;aom tqihjf zpfa-umif; bk&if cHrif;xH u|efawmf axmufjywifjyvd& k if;jzpfygonf? Ttr+wGif;odk ppfaq;&ef &nf&G,fcsufjzifh txl;&Jt&m&Sdrsm;tm; T wdkif;jynfodk apv$wfay;&ef bk&ifhtpdk;&tm; csOf;uyfay;yg&ef bk&ifcHrif;tm; u|efawmf kd;om;pGm awmif;yefvdkygonf? w&m;enf;vrf;twkdif; r#r#ww jzpfap&eftwGuf jzpfEi dk y f gu toif. axmufcc H suE fi St fh wl u|ea f wmf. k; d om;pGm awmif;qdkr+udk bk&ifhtpdk;&xHarSmuf odk bk&ifcHrif;u qufvufwifjyvdrfhrnf[k u|efawmf ar#mfvifh,Hk-unfvsuf&Sdygonf? 5 0ef}uD;rsm;aumifp/D yxrtxl;tpnf;ta0;/ rSww f rf;/ tdi kt f t kd m=trf42555 wufa&mufor l sm;/ ocifEk (obmywd)/ OD;jr (aysmb f , G ) f / OD;atmifZa H 0/ OD;b*sr;f / ocifve G ;f abmf/ OD;jr ([oFmw)/ ocifwif/ Akdvfvusfm/ OD;0if;/ Akdvfzdk;uGef;/ OD;azcif/ eHygwf 337/ qm[l;bwf&efxHrS tm;vfatmhzv f pfw0 kd J (vf) xHokd &efue k f rd/ 1947 ckEp S /f -o*kwv f (2) &uf/ (11;45) em&D 2 (c) zqyvtzGJcsKyfacgif;aqmifrsm;udk z,f&Sm;_yD;onfESihf bk&ifcHu olu kd tac:v$wI f tpk; d &zGJ ci dk ; f vdrr hf nfrm S usde; f aoa-umif; OD;apmu olv r l sm;udk ajymcJo h nf? Toda k jymjcif;rSm r,HE ki dk p f &mjzpfonf? Towif;om rSec fy hJ gu OD;apm
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taejzihf T&mZ0wfr+twGuf uGefjrLepfygwDrsm;rS wa,mufr[kwf/ wa,muf a,muftay: oHo,0ifvdrfhrnf[k OD;apmu awG;qcJhonf[k u|efawmfajym& rnfjzpfygonf? ta&Sawmiftm&Sajrjyifwyfrsm; (South East Asia Land Forces) rS ppf;kH odk ? a-u;eef;pm? tki dt f t kd m= t,fv f 'AvsLtufp f 1/ 669 csufcsif;? puFmyl/ 1947 ckEp S /f -o*kwv f (6) &uf/ (12;30) em&D 12804axmufvSrf;a&;=-o*kwfv(3)&uftxd jrefrmjynf jyefvnftpy? 1? aphpyfr+rsm; tajcwnfvm_yD; tajctae_idrfouf/ atmufazmfjyyg jzpfEi dk a f jc rsm;udr k l pOf;pm;&ef? (u) _Adwdo#qefu sifa&; tHkuGaygufuGJr+? (c) tpdk;&tm; tiftm;csnfhe& J ef ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD (BCP) rS ud;yrf; tm;xkwfr+rsm;? (*) tpdk;&udk zwfcs&ef twdkuftcHygwDrsm;rS ud;yrf;tm;xkwfr+rsm;? (C) Armjynfue G jf rLepfygwDEi S fh zqyvtzGJ csKyfwkd !Gea f ygif;zGJ r? + (u) . tE&m,f avsmhenf;oGm;aomfvnf; _Adwdo# qefu sifa&; 0g'jzefr + quf vufjzpfay:vsuf&Sdonf? qdk;qdk;0g;0g;wckck jzpfysufygu tvGeftrif; wif;rmr+ESihf tE&m,fjzpfay:vmEkdifonf? Tvkyf}uHowfjzwfr+wGif _Adwdo#wdk yg0ifywfoufaeonf[k trsm;xifjrif,Hk-unfaer+ (odkr[kwf) _Adwdo#wdk. aumif;pGGm ,Hk-unfouf0ifr+tay: us,fus,fjyef jyef oHo,&Sdaer+ (odkr[kwf) vlrsK; d a&;jy\em tjzpftysuw f r kd m S erlemrsm;jzpfonf? (c)onf jzpfEi dk a f jc&So d nf? (*) udk avmavmq,f av#mhwGufI&aomfvnf; vHk;0z,fxm;I r&? Armjynf uGefjrLepfygwDtaejzifh tmacsmifvGef;onfhtwGuf (C) onf jzpfEkdifajcr&Sdyg? zqyvtaejzifo h m vGwv f yfa&;&&So d nftxd tpd; k &udk pkpnf;xde; f odr; f xm;&ef use& f a dS evdrr fh nfjzpf _y; D twdu k t f cHrsm; wd; k wufvm&efom trsm;qH; k jzpfEi dk y f gonf? 2? Armhwyfrawmf? a*:&cg;wyfzGJ0iftenf;i,frSvGJI wyfrawmftaejzifh jrefrm tpk; d &tay: qufvufopPmapmiho f _d y; D axmufc& H ef jzpfEi dk o f nf? Eki di fa H &;t& tusKd;pD;yGm;rwlaom tjrift& csif;/ ucsifEi S fh u&ifwr kd m S rl arGrao/ wkwr f usKd; taetxm;jzpfaeonf? Armhwyfrawmftaejzihf _Adwo d #tusKd;pD;yGm; (odr k [kw) f if;tusKd;pD;yGm;wkdu dk axmufcH&ef wm0ef,lr+twGuf opPmapmihfodvdkpdwfr&Sd[k
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,lq&rnfjzpfonf? Armhwyfrawmfu xm;&SdEkdifajc&Sdaom oabmxm;tay: us,fus,fjyef jyef a,bk,s-unfjh cif;u (c) (*) (C) wdw k i G f olt aejzihf wnf_idrf atmif xde; f odr; f &rnfo h jl zpfEi dk a f jc&Sa d -umif; !ejf yvsuf&o dS nf? (u) wGir f l ol. wnf_idrfatmif xdef;odrf;rnfh wefzdk;onf vuf&Sdtpdk;&taejzifh _Adwdo#qefu sif a&; pdwc f p H m;r+tay: rnfr# twdi k; f twmtxd r#a0cH,r l nf (odr k [kw) f qefu sif rnf (odr k [kw) f xde; f odr; f uefo wfvp kd w d & f r dS nftay: rlwnfaeonf? (3) ed*; kH ? ocifEt k aejzihf Eki di fa H cgif;aqmiftjzpf OD;atmifqef;xufomaomf vnf; ol Y vlxkudk qGJaqmifEkdifr+r&Sdacs? topfa&G;cs,fvdkufaom 0ef}uD;Xme tay:Y jynfov l x l u k rwker f v+yjf zpfaer+ xyfaqmif;vdu k a f omtcg &v'ftm;jzifh tpd; k &onf bufaygif;pHr k S twku d t f cHrsm; &Sa d eavonf? 4? txufazmfjyyg qufoG,fr+udk rydkv$wfrD Zlvdkifv (30) &uf aepGJjzihf qm[l; bwfu tm;vfatmhzv f pfw0 kd v J x f H t}uHyay;ydc k a hJ om twGi; f a&;owif; pum;udk owdxm;-unfv h #if pdw0 f ifpm;zG,jf zpfonf? if;owif;rSm qm[l;bwf k eee H ufu pum;ajymrd&m Twdi k; f onf &mhzp f wH; k [rf (Ralph Stoneham) ESifh xda jynfwi G f vlcspv f c l iftrsm;qH; k Oa&mywdu k o f m;[k olu trnfwyfxm;aom pwH; k [rfu vkyf}uHr+jzpf_yD;aemuf ol jrefrmrdwfaqGrsm;u oltay: pdwfcHpm;r+ odod omom ajymif;oGm;cJa h -umif; qm[l;bwfukd jyefajymjycJo h nf[I l jzpfonf? f rmif* hr kd m&D (Field Adv k c f sKyf}uD; qmeD;vf&pfcsD (General Sir Neil Ritchie) u zD;vfrm&S,a Marshall Montgomery) xHokd a-u;eef;pm/ tki dt f t kd m= trf42715 csufcsif;tjzpfq;kH ? puFmyl/ -o*kwv f (7) &uf/ (21;47) em&D H S pDti dk * f sD (CIGS) twGuf xdyfwef;v#Kd0Suf? 1011trfat*suif (Jakin)/ &pfcsDxr ud, k y fi kd a f -u;eef; ta-umif;t&mrSm jrefrmjynfEi So hf ufqi kd a f om xyfrH tao;pdwr f sm; (pmyd' k f 3/ 4/ ESifh 5 udo k m atmufwi G f ud;k um;xm;onf) 3? bk&ifcHESifh pum;ajym/ ,if;Zlvdkifv (15) &ufaewGif rdk; (Moore) u TxGuf qdc k suu f kd yvkyc fa hJ -umif; today;cJ_h y; D e,fbufqi dk & f mESifh ppfbufqi dk & f m vrf; a-umif;rsm;twkdif; pHkprf;ppfaq;r+rsm; yvkyfaecJh_yD[k ,lqonfhtwGuf ,if;xGuf qdkcsuftusOf;udk bk&ifcHtm; u|Ekfyfu ay;cJhonf? bk&ifcHu OD;atmifqef;ESihf ocifEw k u kd kd OD;apmonf vufeufrsm;udk olt r d a f b;&Sd uefxw J i Gf 0Sux f m;a-umif; ajymjycJo h nf?
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4? Zlvdkifv (20) &ufaewGif 0ef}uD;rsm;tay: v#Kd0Suf}uHpnfrnfhudpPtm; pDtkdif'Du OD;atmifqef;udk today;cJhonf[k em;vnfygonf? odk jzpfI vkyf}uHr+ cH&csdefwGif OD;apmtygt0if trsm;tjym;zrf;qD;&ef OD;atmifqef;onf ol0 ef}uD; rsm;ESihf wdi ky f ifaejcif;jzpfonf? vky}f uH&mwGif toH; k yaom vufeufrsm;rSm attdk ,l (AOU) rS &&Sdaom vufeufrsm;ESihf trsKd;tpm;uGJvGJaejcif;udk rSwfom;&ef ta&;}uD;ygonf? (trSm;= attdk'D) 5? vkyf}uHowfjzwfr+jzpfonfh &ufpGJtrSefrSm Zlvdkifv (19) &ufjzpfonf? *&if;0k'f (Greenwood) xJrS if;trSm;&ufpGJudk u|efawmf&cJhjcif;jzpfonf[k u|efawmfxifygonf? odkaomfvnf; u|efawmf (&pfcsD) (Ritchie) onf c&D;oGm; aepOfjzpf_yD; oihfxHrS oif. tcsufjyrdwWL u|efawmhfwGif r&SdonfhtwGuf trSm; trSef rppfaq;Eki dc fy hJ g? qm&J*sDe,f a':refprpfxr H S tm;vfatmhzv f pfw0 kd ( J vf) xHokd tki dt f t kd m= t,fv f yDt kd 97 yk*Kd~ vfa&;ESit hf wGi;f a&;v#Kd0Su? f pwd' k rfywfvpf[rfi d+ ;f ,m;? 1947 ckEp S /f -o*kwv f (10) &uf OD;atmifqef;ESihf olv kyfazmfudkifbufrsm;udk vkyf}uHowfjzwfr+twGuf H; k wifppfaq;r+ukd OD;apmtaejzihf &ifqi kd & f rnfukd u|ea f wmfjrifry d gonf? OD;apmudk pGJEkdifonfh rnfuJhodkaom oufao&Sdaeonfudkvnf;aumif;/ T,kwfrmvSonfh &mZ0wfjypfrw + i G f olonf tjypfro hJ vm;/ tjypf&o dS vm;udv k nf;aumif; u|ea f wmf trSefwu,frodyg? oltouf&Sifa&;twGuf ud;pm;&mwGif olonf tpOfojzifh aumif;rGea f om rsK; d cspw f OD;tjzpfuv kd nf;aumif;/ OD;atmifqef;/ zqyvwdE k i Sr fh wl uGJjym;pGm 'Drkdu&ufaumif;wOD;tjzpfudkvnf;aumif; jyoEkdif&eftwGuf OD;apm taejzifh twdwo f rki d; f tawmfrsm;rsm;udk azmfjyvdp k w d & f E dS i dk a f jcudk u|efawmfre S ; fq jrifrdygonf? u|efawmhfukd oloufaowOD;tjzpf qifhac:vdkpdwf&Sdrnfudkvnf; u|ea f wmfpOf;pm;I &ygonf? u|efawmft h aejzifh TH; k wifw&m;pGr J w + i G f wae&mu yg0if&rnfqv kd #if u|ea f wmfwOD;wnf;twGuo f mru bk&ift h pd; k &twGuy f g pdwt f aESmiht f ,Sujf zpf &r+xuf tenf;i,f ydy k gvdrr hf nf? oda k omfvnf; Todkjzpf&vifu h pm; u|ea f wmfu h kd qiha f c:rnfqy kd gu u|ea f wmft h aejzifh uln& D ef ud;pm;oiho f nf[c kp H m;rdygonf? 6 OD;apmukd u|efawmfaumif;pGm odonfhtwGuf olt ay: Y u|efawmfjrifcsif&m jrif
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jcif; r[kwy f g? olonf yk*Kd~ vfa&;t& rdwa f qGaumif;wOD;omru aumif;rGea f om t}uH^m%frsm; ay;EkdifolwOD;tjzpfvnf; u|efawmft_rJwapawGuHrdygonf? 1941 ckEp Sw f i G f jrefrmEki di fr H S xGuc fm G oGm;_y; D aemuf olt aejzihf qd; k qd; k 0g;0g; ajcvS r; f rSm;rsm; yvkyfcJhrdaomfvnf; usL;ausmfr+udk &ifqkdif&eftwGuf jrefrmEkdifiHtm; yHkpHwpHkw&m&&Sdatmif yvkyfonfh u|efawmfhud;yrf;r+rsm;wGif olonf tultnD t}uD;tus,fay;cJy h gonf? olt wGuf t}uD;tus,fvt kd yfaeaom ,ckvkd tcsdef rsdK;wGif olt wGuf pum;ajymqda k y;&ef pdwq f ENr&Sz d t kd wGuf pOf;pm;&ef u|efawmhf 6 rSm wGeq f w k a f erdygonf ? OD;atmifqef;tm; vkyf}uHowfjzwfr+onf u|efawmfhtwGuf ya[Vdo zG,jf zpfaeygonf? OD;apmESifh OD;b&ifukd u|ea f wmfaemufq; kH awG&c dS se du f olwo kd nf zqyv. zufqpfqefqefyvkyr fr + sm;ESifh jrefrmEdi ki ft H wGuf rSeu f efonfh 'Dru kd a&pD yHo k mefay:xGe; f a&;twGuf vdt k yfrt + a-umif; tawmfajymqdc k -hJ uonf? ola rmf awmfum;xJwi G f olt m; owfjzwf&ef ud;pm;olrsm;rSm zqyvjzpfonf[k OD;apmu ,Hk-unf_yD; a-umufvefa eolwOD;jzpfonf? odka omfvnf; zqyvurl EkdifiHa&; tjrwf&&eftwGuf vkyf}uHowfjzwfr+udk enf;vrf;wcktjzpf oHk;vdrhfrnfr[kwf a-umif;/ jyif;jyif;xefxefajymqdkcJh-uygonf? OD;apmonf &nfrSef;csuf}uD;oljzpf onf? ppfrjzpfrDumvu OD;apm. ydifbufwOD;ESpfOD; kwfw&uf qdkouJhodk aooGm;-u&onf[k aumvm[v jzpfay:cJr he S; f odygonf? oda k omfvnf; vlrsm;udk tpkvdkuftyHvdkuf owfjzwf&eftwGuf pnf;Hk;pD&ifvkyfaqmifjcif;rSm OD;apm. tusihp f du k E f i S fh rudu k n f [ D k u|efawmfxifygonf? tu,fI w&m;Hk;u qihfac:ygu oGm;a&mufI oufaocH&efrSm u|ef awmfw h m0efjzpfonf[k u|efawmfEi S fh oabmwlnr D + &Sr d &Sd oifx h r H S od&v dS y kd gonf? qm[l;bwf&efxHrS tm;vfatmhzv f pfw0 kd J (vf) xHokd a-u;eef;pm/ tdi kt f t kd m= trf42714 csufcsif;tjzpfq;kH ? &efue k f rd 1947 ckEp S /f -o*kwv f (25) &uf/ 10; 15 em&D? v#Kd0Suf? vufcH&&Sd/ -o*kwv f (25) &uf/ 10; 50 em&D? eHygwf 408/ bk&ifc. H ud, k y fi kd a f -u;eef;/ -o*kwv f (23) &uf/ paeae n (9) em&Dwi G f jynfxa J &;0ef}uD; OD;ausmf _idrf;onf u|efawmhftm; ta&;w}uD;vma&mufawGqHk_yD; OD;apmu vmbfay;I oltwGuf pmay;pm,lyvkyfcdkif;xm;aom axmift&m&SdwOD;u if;pmrsm;udk
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8? ,refae naeu ruf*GdKif;,m;u OD;xGef;vSatmifESifh awG&ef oGm;cJh&m OD;xGef;vSatmifESihf OD;ausmf_idrf;wdktr+udpPaqG;aEG;ae-uonfudk awGcJha-umif;/ ruf*KdG if;,m;u u|ea f wmfu h kd today;ygonf? bif*avudk (5) em&D-um ar;jref;cJh aomfvnf; &v'frSm pdwfauseyfp&mraumif;a-umif; (xyfrH=raumif;a-umif;)/ oufaojy&ef cufcJaomfvnf; bif*avtaejzifh OD;apmxH pma&;om;&ef ud;pm;rnf[k OD;xGef;vSatmifu rxifa-umif; ruf*GdKif;,m;udk ajymjycJhygonf? 9? OD;ausmf_idrf;u oltaejzifh ,ckudpPwckvHk;udk 0ef}uD;tzGJa&SarSmufodk olwif jy&awmhrnfjzpfa-umif; ruf*KdG if;,m;udk ajymjycJo h nf? ,aeyif ,if;udpu P kd OD;ausm_f idr; f u yvkyr f nfjzpf_yD; ocifEE k i St hf wl u|ea f wmht f m; ,ae naewGif oGm; a&mufawGq& kH ef ud;pm;rnfjzpfa-umif; ruf*KdG if;,m;udk xyfra H jymqdc k y hJ gonf? 10?,ckavmavmq,fwi G f Tudpt P m;vH; k udk twwfEi dk q f ; kH vltenf;qH; k om today;xm;ygonf? odkaomfvnf; xHk;pHtwdkif; rnfonfhowif;ayguf-um;_yD;/ rnfov kd r JG m S ;pGmt"dym ` ,fjyefq-kd urnfukd u|ea f wmftvGet f rif;pd; k &drv f su& fy dS gonf? 11? bif*avudk ,aeee H uf u|ea f wmfawGygrnf? ,cknaewGif OD;ausm_f ir d; f/ ocifEkwdkESifh pum;ajymqdk_yD;aemuf ,ckudpP&yfudk ydkrdk&Sif;vif;pGm oHk;oyfEkdif&ef twGuf tao;pdwt f csut f vufrsm; ydr k& kd &Sv d r dr fh nf[k u|ea f wmfar#mv f ify h gonf? d #aumifpo D kd owd 12? bif*avae&mqufco H l *sifuif (Jenkins) u _Adwo xm; a&;om;xm;aom a-u;eef;pmwapmif ay;ydc k Jhygonf? qm[l;bwf&efxHrS tm;vfatmhzv f pfw0 kd J (vf) xHokd a-u;eef;pm/ tki dt f t kd m= trf42714 csufcsif;tjzpfq;kH ? &efue k f rd/ 1947 ckEp S /f -o*kwv f (27) &uf/ (09;30) em&D v#Kd0Suf ? vufc& H &S/d -o*kwv f (27) &uf/ (00;45) em&Dey H gwf 419/ bk&ifc. H ud, k y fi kd a f -u;eef;/ u|Eky f. f a-u;eef;pmrsm; 408/ 410ESihf 412/ bif*av u|ea f wmf ,aeee H ufcif;wGif ocifEE ki S hf OD;ausm_f ir d; f udk awGygonf? tjcm; udpP&yfrsm;-um;wGif bif*avudpPudk u|efawmfwdk aqG;aEG;-uygonf? 2? 0ef}uD;rsm;taejzifh bif*avudk tvGet f rif; ouFmruif;jzpfaeonfrm S oHo,jzpfp&mr&Sy d g? ,if;ouFmruif;jzpfaer+rsm; &Si; f vif;oGm;onfw h i kd f bif*av taejzifh Tae&mwGif qufvufae&ef vdktyfyHk&ygonf? ,ae OD;ausmf_idrf; xkwfazmfajymjyaom tcsufrsm;ESifh ,cka-u;eef;rwdkifrD a-u;eef;pmrsm;wGif u|efawmf tpD &if rcHcJhaom tcsufrsm;rSm atmufygtwdkif;jzpfygonf?
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&Sdae&ef vdktyfa-umif; ,if;pmu azmfjyxm;ygonf? (*)OD;apmuolt &yfjrihjf rifE hi S fh rdwa f qGta-umif;azmfjycJ& h mwGif axmifyi kd }f uD; u ol[m bk&ifcHr[kwfbl;vdk u|efawmfar#mfvifhygw,f [k jyefajymcJha-umif; OD;ausmf_idr; f u ajymjyygonf? xdt k cg OD;apmu bk&ifcu H toH; k rusygbl;? olu kd OD;atmifqef;eJo cifEkwdu k aiG (12) odef;eJ 0,fxm;_yD;om; jzpfae_yD [k jyefajz cJo h nf? 8? bif*avonf tajctaet&yf&yf. om;aumifwaumifjzpfaomfvnf; tcsdef uom ,if;udk jyoygvdrfhrnf[k u|efawmfxifygonf? Akv d c f sKyf}uD; qmeD;vf&pfcsDxr H S qm[ife&D ruf*;D (Sir Henry MacGeagh) xHokd a-u;eef;pm/ tki dt f t dk m = trf42715 csufcsif;tjzpfq;kH ? puFmyl/ 1947 ckEp S /f -o*kwv f (29) &uf/ (19;20)em&D xdyw f ef;v#Kd0Suf eHygwf 18927at*sD=3/ k y fi kd a f -u;eef;? &pfcsDxr H S a*sat*sD (JAG) xHokd ud, u|Ekfyf.-o*kwfv(25) &uf/a-u;eef;trSwf 18778 at*sD=3 ESihf -o*kwf v (29) &uf/ a-u;eef;trSwf 18927 at*sD=3 wdkudk qufvufvsuf oifhtm; k S vufeuf tajctaewckv; kH od&a dS eap&ef 226 (AOD)jrefrmESihf (AAD) 7 jrefrmwdr rsm;cd; k ,lrE +i S hf r-umcifujzpfym G ;cJa h om vky}f uHowfjzwfru + kd e,fbufqi dk & f m pHp k rf; ppfaq;r+rsm;ESiy fh wfoufI u|Efy k o f o d r# tajctaeudk tusOf;H; k wifjyygonf? 1? _Aw d o d # pHp k rf;a&;ppfc kH ; kH u vufeufrsm;ESifh cJ,rf;rD;ausmufrsm; cd; k ,lru + kd ppf aq;I _y; D pD;oGm;_y; D ,if;udk oifx h H t&m&Sw d OD;u vufxv d ufa&muf ay;tyfchJ D onf? (-o*kwv f (26) &uf/ *st D y dc f su f sL. tcsujf y (GHQ Signal) 18802 at*s= 3 udk-unfh)? ,if;pHkprf;ppfaq;r+rsm;. &v'frsm;udk a&;om;_yD; u|Ekfyf. -o*kwf v (25) &ufa-u;eef;trSwf 10511 at*sD= 3 wGif ay;_yD;jzpfonf? 2? vky}f uHowfjzwfru + kd e,fbufpp kH rf;ppfaq;r+rsm;ESifh ywfoufI atmufyg t&m &Sr d sm; yg0ifywfoufaeyH& k ygonf? (u) &efukef&Jodk v$Jajymif;ay;cJhaom tdENd,ppfwyfrS Adkvf}uD;ADAD,ef;udk e,fbuf &Jrsm;u zrf;qD;cJhonf? olonf usdef;aoeD;yg; OD;apmESihf ywfoufcJh_yD; vufeufrsm;ESihf cJ,rf;rD;ausmufrsm; ckd;,l&ef tay;t,lvkyfcJhyHk&onf? (c) tkdiftD;trftD; (IEME) rS Adkvfr;,ef; (Young) udk e,fbuf&JrS zrf;qD;cJo h nf (-o*kwv f 24 &ufaewi G) f ? OD;apmudk vufeufrsm; a&mif;csonf[k
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trsKd;om;vGwfajrmufa&;wkdufyGJrsm; vif;xifjzefcsda&; &efukefrd1961? Adkvfr; baomif; (armifokw) ArmawmfvSefa&;orkdif; &efukef/ 1972? cifarmif!dk tn-wppfonfwOD;. rSwfwrf; &efukef/ 1969? a=u;rkH OD;aomif; OD;ae0if;ESifhvufrGHtm%mom;rsm;/ Rego Park,NY USA 1990? Adkvfae0if;. ppf"m;jyvrf;pOf vGwfajrmufe,fajr rme,fy avm/ 1964? Akdvfae0if; Zmwfvrf;+yfor# (ukd,fwkdifxkwf) Tamarac, Florida,USA 2001? OD;ae0if;. jymwqkyf/ (ukd,fwkdifxkwf) Tamarac, Florida, USA 2004? =uif[dk;Ekdif0if; (a'gufwm) AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifhjrefrmhtmZmenfrsm;vkyf}uHr+}uD; twGif;a&;rsm; udk,fwdkifxkwf Fort Lauderdale, Florida 1992? armifjynfol pDtm'DbD (odkr[kwf) jynfajy;wausmhjyef jyef-um;a&; 0ef}uD;Xme/ &efukef/ 1990? jra'gif;!dk &JabmfokH;usdyf &efukef/ 1994? a&$uavmif acwftvdkufowif;pmrsm; avhvmokH;oyf-unfh&m0,f yxrwGJ/ jyef-um;a&;0ef}uD;@me/ &efukef/ 1992? vlxkOD;vS axmifeJvlom;vlxkykHESdyfwkduf(ukd,fwkdifxkwf)rEav;/ 1957 ckESpf? ppf/ tcspfeJaxmif OD;wifarmif0if; EkdifiHa&;orm;ESifhEkdifiHa&;pDpOfxkwfa0ola':cifrsKd;at; acwf-ydif *sme,f/ befaumuf/ 2000 ckESpf? atmifoef; atmifoef;.atmifqef; yk*HykHESdyfwkduf/ &efukef 1965? odef;azjrifh olwkdacwf/ olwkdtwdwf/ olwkdt&dyf wkdif;vif;pmay/ &efukef/ 2000 ckESpf? pmrsufESm 206=208? rsKd;cspfa,mifaqmif *VKeftwk OD;apm aqmif;yg;/ Adkvf waxmifowif;pm/ 1966 ckESpf Zlvkdifv 19 &uf? wuUokdvfae0if; (AkdvfxGef;vS) atmifqef;OD;wkd taz ca&zl;pmpOf/ &efukef/ 1967 ckESpf? jynfaxmifpkAdokumAdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;pDpOfolwif&Sdef? OD;jroef;tokdif;t0kdif;pmay/&efukef-rdrSxkwfa0/1997ckESpf arv? wyfrawmfordkif; (1945=48)/wwd,wJG/ppfordkif;jywdkufESifhwyfrawmfarmf uGef; wdkufr;kH;/ &efukef/ 1995? wyfrawmfa&$&wk jyef-um;a&;0ef}uD;@me/ &efukef/ 1995? 303
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Aung San Suu Kyi. Burma and India: Some Aspects of Intellectual life under Colonialism. New Delhi Indian Institute of Advanced Study & Allied Publishers, 1990. Aung San of Burma. Edingburgh: Kiscadale, 1991. Freedom from Fear. London: Penguin Books, 1991. Letters from Burma.First published by Mainichi Shinbunsha asBiruma kara no tegami, 1996. Published in English in Penguin Books,1997. Aung Moe Htet To Stand and be Counted-The Suppression of Burma's Members of Parliament. The All Burma Student's Democratic Front, Bangkok, (Editor) 1998. Edited by Aung Moe Htet. Aung Saw Oo. Reflections on Aung San Suu Kyi. Chiang Mai, Thailand, 1991. Allen, Louis Burma: the Longest War 1941-45. First published in Great Britain by G.M. Dent, 1984. Phoenix Press, 2000. History of Modern Burma. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Cady John F.A. Press, fifth printing 1978. Collis, Maurice . Last and first in Burma (1941-1948). London: Faber & Faber,1956. Dun, Gen Smith. Memoirs of the Four-Foot Colonel. Ithaca, New York, Cornell University Southeast Asia Programme, Data Paper no. 113,1980. Feaver, George. The Webbs in Asia-1911-12 Diary. (Macmillan, 1992) Introduced and edited by Prof. George Feaver, Professor of Political Science, University of British Columbia, Canada. Furnivall, John S. The Fashioning of the Leviathan - The Beginnings of British Rule in Burma. The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia 1991. From The Journal of the Burma Research Society vol.29, no. 1, April 1939, pp. 3-137. Edited by. Prof. Gehan Wijeyewardene. Gravers, Mikael. Nationalism as Political Paranoia in Burma: An Essay on the Historical Practice of Power. Nordic Institute of Asian Studies Reports no. 11, Denmark, 1993. Burma. Hutchison House, London, 1950. Editor Sir Reginald Hall, D.G.E. Coupland. Herbert, Patricia Burma. (World Biographical Service # 320) Clio Press Ltd., M. (Compiler) Oxford England & ABC-CLIO Santa Barbara USA, 1991. The Victim. Kyipwayay Press, Mandalay, 1976. Translated by Than Hla, Ludu U. Tun & Kathleen Forbes. Original title War, Love & Prison in Burmese self-published. History of Burma from the earliest times to March Htin Aung. 1824, the beginning of the English conquest. London: Longmans Green, 1925.
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Izumiya, Tatsuro. The Minami Organ. Translated by Prof. Tun Aung Chain, Rangoon Arts and Science University, 1985. First Published in Japan as Sono na wa Minami Kikan, Tokyo 1967. Kyaw Min. The Burma We Love. Calcutta. India Book House, 1945. Outrage: Burma's Struggle for Democracy. London: White Lotus, Lintner, Bertil. 1990. Aung San Suu Kyi and Burma's Unfinished Renaissance. Bangkok. White Lotus, 1991. Burma in Revolt-Opium Insurgency since 1948. Bangkok. White Lotus1994. From Sangha to Laity: Nationalist Movements of Maung Maung, Burma 1920-1940. New Delhi. Manohar (for the Australian (ex- Brig) National University), 1980. Burmese Nationalist Movements1940-1948. Edinburgh: Kiscadale, 1989. Maung Maung,Dr. A Trial in Burma; The Assassination of Aung San. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1962. Burma's Constitution. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1959 (ed). Aung San of Burma. The Hague: Martinus Nifhoff (for Yale University Southeast Asia Studies), 1962. Burma and General Ne Win. Bombay. Asia Publishing House, 1969. Maung Maung Gyi. Burmese Political Value: the Socio-Political Roots of Authoritarianism. New York. Praeger,1983. Maung Maung Pye. Burma in Crucible. Rangoon. Khittaya Publishing House, 1952. McEnery, John. Epilogue in Burma: 1945-48: The Military Dimensions of British Withdrawal. Bangkok. White Lotus (reprint) 2000. Mitzutani, Inao. A Bunch of Bananas-with memoirs of Col. Kodomatsu Masakazu. Edited & published by The Historical Section (Shigakka), College of Liberal Arts, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan, 1984. Grandfather Longlegs - The Life and Gallant Death of Major Morrison, Ian. H.P. Seagrim, GC, DSO, MBE. Faber & Faber Ltd, London 1946. Mya Sein,Daw. The Administration of Burma. Kuala Lumpur, Singapore, London: Oxford University Press, 1973. Nu, U. U Nu-Saturday's Son. New Haven & London, Yale University Press, 1975. Translated by U Law Yone. Edited by Dr. Kyaw Win. Politics, Personality and Nation Building: Burma's Search for Identity. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press1962. Twilight over Burma - My Life as a Shan Princess.University of Sargent, Inge. Hawaii Press 1994. Death of a Hero: The U Thant Disturbances in Burma. December Selth, Andrew. 1974, Australia-Asia Paper #49 (Centre for the Study of AustraliaAsia Relations, Griffith University, Brisbane,1989). Burma's Armed Forces: Power without Glory. East Bridge, Norwalk, CT 06850 USA, 2002. Silverstein, Josef. The Political Legacy of Aung San. Ithaca: New York. Southeast Asia Programme Data Paper no. 86, 1982. Burma: Military Rule and the Politics of Stagnation. Ithaca/London. Cornell University Press, 1977. Pye, Lucian W.

Thaung, Kyemon U. A.Journalist, A General and an Army in Burma. Bangkok. White Lotus, 1995. Thein Pe Myint. Selected Short Stories of Thein Pe Myint. Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 1973. Translated by Patricia M. Milne, with introduction and commentaries. The Union of Burma: A Study of the First Years of Independence. Tinker, Hugh. London. Oxford University Press,1957. Burma: The Struggle for Independence 1944-48 (in two Volumes), London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 1984. Tint Way, Dr. Trauma and the Cross-Cultural Self: A Burmese Case Study. A psychoanalytic paper published in The Self in Conversation Volume II Journal of the Australian & New Zealand Association of Psychotherapy, 2003. Trager, Frank N. Burma: From Kingdom to Republic. London: Pall Mall, 1966.
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Burma: The Curse of Independence. Pluto Press, London Sterling VA, USA., 2001. Tzang Yawnghwe, The Shan of Burma: Memoirs of a Shan Exile. Singapore. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 1987. Chao. Cries from Burma - A Report on Conditions for Political Prisoners Win Naing Oo. in Burma's Infamous Insein Prison. Bangkok. All Burma Student's Democratic Front, 1996. Ziegler, Phillip. Mountbatten. Originally published: New York: Knof 1985.
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Is Trust Vindicated, The Chronicle of a Trust, Striving and Triumph, Director of Information, Government of the Union Of Burma, 1960. The Conspiracy of Treasonous Minions within the Myanmar Naing-gan and Traitorous Cohorts Abroad, Ministry of Information, Government of Myanmar, Rangoon, 1989. Political Situation of Myanmar & it's Role in the Region by Lt. Col Hla Min, Office of Strateqic Studies, Ministry of Defence, 21st Edn.Nov. 1999.
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uko d m 0wfc-hJ u&onf? rk; d zGz J & JG m G aeonft h wGuf okcavSum;rStqif; ajcacsmfus oGm;onf? olwifyg;emoGm;rnfhtpm; olvufusKd;oGm;&if aumif;rSm[k olqkawmif;rdonf? 'grS oltaejzifh *spfum;ukd armif;&rSmr[kwfawmh[k olu OD;vSudk ajymjycJo h nf? 2 The Burman - (1947=ckESpf/ atmufwdkbmv 22 &uf) txl;r+cif; w&m;kH;/ w&m;vdkjyoufaorsm;udk ppfaq;jcif;= Hk;vkvifaomif;pdefu 1947=ckEp S /f Zlvi kd v f (19) &ufwi G f tr+aqmifaumifpc D ef;rwHcg;0Y olonf wm0ef uscJh_yD; eHeuf(10)em&DrSpI ola cG;ajcxdkifcHkay:wGif xdkifaecJha-umif;/ p}uFefvrf; wGif vrf;ovm;aeaom a[mif;EGrf;aeonfh t0wftpm; 0wfxm;aom vlw a,muf (r+ef}uD;) udk olowdxm;rda-umif;/ ,leDazmif;0wfvl (4) OD;a&mufvm _yD;/ wHcg;&Sd&modk OD;wnfoGm;&mwGif tcGifhr&SdbJ twif;0ifcGifhr&Sda-umif;udk xdkol rsm;udk oluajymcJha-umif;/ OD;&mZwf. tdENd,vlrsKd; Hk;vkvifuvnf;xdktcsdef u tem;wGif&SdaeI txJr0if&ef xdkolrsm;udk ajymcJha-umif; xGufqdkcJhonf? 3 The Burman (txufygowif;pm) w&m;vdkjyoufao udkoef;u OD;&mZwf. ud, k a f &;vufaxmuftcef;wGi; f rS ud, k & f a H wmf uda k xG; ajy;xGuv f m onfukd oljrifawGca hJ -umif;ESifh &ef}uD;atmifu olu kd aoewfjzifh ypfcscJa h -umif;/ oufaoxGuq f c kd o hJ nf? xda k emuf &ef}uD;atmifu udo k ef;udk aoewfjzifh cse dv f u kd f &m olu owif;axmufwOD;jzpfa-umif; atmfajymvdu k o f jzihf olu kd rypfca hJ -umif; xGuq f c kd o hJ nf? 4 The Burman (txufygowif;pm) w&m;vdjk youfao OD;zd; k pdef (pDti kd ' fr D) S CID u tkwe f & H r H sm; yduso-H um;&onft h cse d w f i G f olonf twGi; f 0efrsm;H; k twGi; f &Sd olHk;cef;wGif&Sdaea-umif; oufaoxGufqdkcJhonf? pHkprf;&ef taemufbuf taqmifokd olxu G v f mcJo h nf/ vufaxmuf&r J if;}uD; ACP rpPwm bwfpf (Busk) xdkae&modk a&mufESihfae_yD; OD;zdk;pdefu vufaxmuf&Jrif;}uD;. ud;rJha-u;eef; um;rSwqifh &efukefrdtwGif;&Sd &Jpcef;tm;vHk;odk a&'D,dkpufjzihf owif;ay;ydkcJh onf? olonf tcif;jzpfyGm;&modk qufvufxGufoGm;cJh&m udkaxG;udk '%f&m jyif;xefpGm&&Sdvsuf -urf;jyifay:wGifvJaeonfudk awG&onf? udkaxG;rSm pum; tenf;i,fajymEdkifao;&m u|efawmfhudk bmta-umif;rS r&SdbJ ypfcwfoGm;cJh-u w,f [k olu a kd jymcJo h nf? OD;zd; k pdeo f nf Adv k c f sKyf.tcef;okd xyfro H m G ;cJ& h m p}uFef vrf;xdwdkifatmif aoG;rsm;pD;qif;aeonfudk awGcJh&onf? 5 OD;Ek. OD;Ek=wmawpaeom; (Saturdays Son) = (a,;wuUodkvf
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yHkESdyfwdkuf/ e,l;a[AifESihf vef'ef 1975) pmrsufESm 133/ ocifEk[m bdvyf&J tat;'%fur kd cHEi kd b f ; l / bdvyfrm S w}udrz f sm;w,f/ Zlvi kd v f v,favmuf &efue k f jyefa&mufwJhtcgrSmvnf; xyfzsm;aeao;w,f/ tJ'ga-umifh Zlvdkifv (18) &uf nbufrm S Adv k c f sKyfatmifqef;[m ocifEt k r d u f kd a&mufvmw,f? Adv k c f sKyfatmif qef;udk tvkyt f r+aqmiftzGJ &J 'kw, d em,utjzpfu 0ef}uD;csKyftjzpfokd ajymif; zdt k wGuf _Adwo d #tpd; k &wdu k pDpOfaewJt h a-umi;f/ 0ef}uD;csKyf tufwvD rSmvdu k f wJt h wdi k; f ocifEu k Adv k c f sKyfatmifqef;ud a k jymjyw,f? wem&Davmuf-umwJt h cg Adv k c f sKyfatmifqef; xjyefom G ;w,f? Ak'w < &m;awmftvdt k &ajymr,fq& kd if olwkd ESpfa,muf&Ja&puf[m 'Db0rSm 'Dr#yJygw,f? aemufwaereuf (11) em&D avmuf&SdwJhtcg AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;eJ 0ef}uD;wcsKd usqHk;oGm;wJhta-umif;udk jrefrmhtvif; OD;wifu w,fvDzkef;eJ vS rf;_yD;ajymwm ocifEk-um;vdkuf&w,f? ocifEv k J twGi; f 0efrsm;H; k udk csuc f si; f vdu k o f m G ;w,f? aq;H}k uD;udk tavmif;awG ,loGm;_yDqdkwmeJ aq;Hk}uD;udk ocifEkvdkufjyefw,f? AdkvfcsKyftavmif;udk-unfh &if; rae nuyJ pum;ajymae-uao;wmudk ajy;jrif_yD; ocifEk[m d+uf}uD;wiif ida k ew,f 6 r[moD&dok"rR a':cif-unf (16412=271288)? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;. ZeD;/ ajrmif;jrwGif arG;zGm;/ OD;zkd;nif; a':zGm;pkwkd. om;orD; (10) OD;teuf (8) a,mufajrmuf? ausmif;_yD;aemuf q&mjzpfoifESifh olemyq&mroifwef;rsm; atmifjrif_yD; ausmif;q&mtjzpf acwWr#vy k u f i dk _f yD; olemyq&mrtjzpf qufvuf vkyfukdifcJhonf? *syef0ifodrf;ykduf_yD; tapmykdif;umvwGif rdawmfwGif yxrqkH; aq;kHxlaxmif&mY yg0ifcJhonf? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; vlemtjzpfwufa&mufpOf olemyt}uD;tuJjzpfol a':cif-unfukd AkdvfcsKyftm; -unfh+apmifha&Smuf&ef uHw&m;. wku d q f i dk r f[ + q k & dk rnfvm;rod wm0efay;tyfjcif;cH&onf? odyr f -umrD 1942 ckESpf pufwifbmv (6) &ufaewGif olwkd vufxyfcJh-uonf? (5) ESpf-um aysmfaysmf&$if&$ifaygif;oif;cJh_yD; olrtaejzifh cifyGef;onfukd qkH;+H;cJh&avonf? Adv k c f sKyf. rJqENe,f &efue k f rd vrf;rawmf. trwfae&mukd olrtm; qGa J qmif,l apcJhonf? olronf vlr+zlvkHa&;Xme !ef-um;a&;r;wm0ef,l&eftwGuf trwf tjzpfrS Ekwx f u G c fo hJ nf? aemufwi G f jynfaxmifpk vlrz + v l a Hk &;aumifpu D dk OD;aqmif cJhonf? 1960 ckESpf ZlvkdifvwGif tdENd,EkdifiHESifh eDaygEkdifiHwkdokd oHtrwftjzpf ceftyfcHcJh&_yD; (7) ESpfr# wm0efxrf;aqmifcJh_yD; jrefrmEkdifiHokd jyefvm_yD; tem;,lcJhonf? tif;,m;uefabmifab;wuUodkvf&dyfomvrf; olraetdrfwGif
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olr.b0rSm aysmf&$ifat;_idrf;vSonf? 1988 ckESpf 'DZifbmv (27) &ufaewGif olr.touf (77) ESpftwGif; olruG,fvGefcJhonf? 7 at;&Sm;0d(cf) (Asia Week)/ 1993 ckESpf/ rwfv (3) &uf/ aqmif;yg;. tqk; H yki d; f / urBmay:&Sd t}uD;qk; H tmCmw/ ol (ae0if;) . Akv d c f sKyfatmifqef;ay: xm;&Sdaom rkef;wD;r+onf jrefrmhvGwfvyfa&;ol&Jaumif;. (ouf&Sdxif&Sm; &Sdaeaom) om;orD; (2) OD;wkdtay:xd qufvuf&Sdaeao;ygovm;/ a':atmif qef;pk-unf b,frm S &Sa d eonfudk u|ea f wmfwt dk m;vk; H od-uygonf? Adv k c f sKyfatmif qef;wGif atmifqef;OD;[kac:aom om;wOD;&Sdygao;onf? olonf ava-umif; qkdif&m tif*sifeD,mwOD;jzpf_yD; tar&duefjynfaxmifpkY aexkdifvsuf&Sdonf? atmufygtjzpftysufrSm t*FvefwGif vGefcJhaom tESpfESpfq,fcefu ausmif; om;av;wOD;r#omjzpfaom atmifqef;OD;okd jzpfysuc f jhJ cif;jzpfonf? xkt d cse d o f nf d cwfjzpfonf? qH&n S v f i l ,fonf vef'ef&dS jrefrmoH; Hk 0k'p f awmh (Woodstock) wka Y &SdaepOf OD;ae0if;u xkdae&mokd a&mufoGm;cJhonf? ppfoHr;u xkdvli,fonf rnfoljzpfa-umif; OD;ae0if;ukd today;vkdufonf? OD;ae0if;onf a'gotkd; aygufux JG u G _f yD; 'DacG;rom; ukd oH; Hk 0if;xJu tckcsufcsif; uefxw k y f pfvu dk [ f k trdefay;cJhonf? ppfoHr; &JxGef;tm; teD;uyfqkH;av,mOfysHjzifh &efukefjyefykd vku d o f nf? 8 touf (7) ESpfom&Sdao;aom atmifqef;vif;onf &efukefrd/ wm0g vde; f vrf; aetdr_f cH0if;twGi; f &$H Ep S r f sm;ygaom a&tdi kw f i G f a&epf_yD;aoqH; k cJo h nf? 9 0ifa&mufpD;eif;aomtzGJudk &J0efaxmuf (Police Superintendent) tuf (pf) 'D *syf (S.D.. Jupp) uOD;aqmifco hJ nf? 1928 ckEp S /f 'DZbFmvwGif rpPwm*syf udk Armjynf&w J yfzJGokd ceft yfco hJ nf? 10 The Burman (1947 ckESpf/ atmufwdkbmv (23) &uf/ w&m;vdkjy oufaojzpfol Armhvufeufudkif wdkufcdkufa&;&JwyfzGJrS acgif;aqmif &Jwyf-uyf (Head Constable) rif;Edkifonf 0ifa&mufpD;eif;onfhtzGJwGif yg0ifcJh_yD; oludk aoewfESihfcsdef&G,f_yD; ypf&ef yrlcJhonfhtwGuf ol. typfcH&olrSm r+ef}uD;jzpf a-umif; Hk;awmfwGif twnfyajymqdkcJhonf? 1947 ckEp S /f atmufwb dk mv (9) &ufaexw k f jrefrmhtvif; owif;pmwGif vkyf}uHr+}uD; pwifppfaq;onfh ,cifaeta-umif; aqmif;yg;Y a&;om;xm; onfrSmr+ vlowform;/ }uH&mygol tpGyfpGJcH&ol w&m;cH (7) OD;tm; vufeuf ukdifykvdyfrsm;u vufxdwfcwfapmifha&Smufxm;um kH;cef;wGif;okd 0ifvmcsdefwGif
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r+ef}uD;tm; vusfmbuf vufwykdif;jywfaeol [k azmfjyxm;ygonf? 11 1989 ckESpfwGif u|efawmfonf tdyfcsfatpwkdem (H.A. Stonor) ESifh pma&;om;qufoG,fcJh&m 1997 ckESpf Zlvkdifv (19) &ufwGif bDbDpD (2) kyfjrifoH -um;tpDtpOfu EkdifiHawmfvkyf}uHr+ taxmuftxm;kyf&Sifukd jyo_yD;aemuf _Adwdefjrefrmtoif;. ukd,fykdifuGefysLwm uGef,ufae&mwGif olwifjycJhaom tcsufukdyif olu xyfrHtxl;ya&;ygonf? b,fvkdyJjzpfjzpf tm;vkH;xJrSm ykHrSefr[kwfbJ xl;jcm;aewmu OD;apmukd,fwkdif&J v+yf&Sm;r+awGyJ? eef;&if;0ef a[mif;wa,muftaeeJ OD;apmrSm Eki di fa H &;&nfre S ; f csua f wG &Sa d eao;wm oHo, 0ifp&m rvkdygbl;? 'gayr,fh tJ'DtcsdefrSm ol&JtytrlawGuawmh tm%m&zkd r[mpDrHudef;}uD; csufcsif;}uHpnfaewJh vlwa,mufykHrsKd;awmh ray:ygbl;? wu,fwrf;u OD;apmtaeeJ vkH;0bmrS rvkyfcJhbJ tzrf;cH&wJhtxd oltdrfxJ xki da f ecJw h myJ? rpPwm tdyc f sfatpwke d monf vky}f uHrj+ zpfpOfu jrefrmjynftwGi; f tajcpkdufxm;aom 0Jvfcsf&J*sDrifhrS ti,fwef;t&m&Sdjzpfonf? olonf aemufykdif;wGif vef'ef&Sd jrefrmawmifwef;om;rsm;. rdwfaqGrsm;tzGJ ukd 0ifa&mufco hJ nf? 12 vlxkOD;vS/ axmifeJvlom; (okcZmwfa-umif;jyef) pmrsufESm 107? OD;apm. _cH0if;twGif;wGif usef;rm}uHckdifaom a,musfm;OD;a& (30) ausmf aexkdifvsuf&Sd_yD; olwkdtm;vkH;ukd 1947 ckESpf Zlvkdifv (19) &ufaewGif tif;pdea f xmifodk ac:aqmifom G ;cJo h nf? 13 txl;ckHkH;. pD&ifqkH;jzwfcsuf (1947 ckESpf w&m;qkdifjcif;trSwf=1) rS w&m;kH;a&;om;csuf? ,cktcg OD;apmESifh tvGefrsm;jym;aom oltdrfom;pk tzGJ0ifrsm;ukd &mZ0wfr+jzpf_yD; em&Dykdif;twGif; zrf;qD;Ekdifjcif;rSm rpPwmcef; (w&m;vkdjyoufao=39) u twGif;0efcsKyfESifh olkH;cef;wGif pnf;a0;aeaom OD;xGef;vSatmif (w&m;vkdjyoufao=38) xH olukd,fwkdif oGm;a&mufay;yko d nfh owif;a-umifjh zpfonf?
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cJo h nf? om;orD;rsm;rSm OD;rsKd;cifEi S hf cifcif{jzpfonf? 4 w&m;ol}uD;OD;aratmif (MA, LlM., bm;=tuf=avm) (1880=1926)/ A[dkw&m;Hk;. w&m;ol}uD;rif;/ bk&ifcHtr+aqmifaumifpD/ jynfxJa&;0ef}uD; qm=armifcifae&mudkqufcHcJhonf? 0dkiftrfbDat (YMBA) . OuU@ (1919) / Oya'ynm&yfqi kd & f mygarmuQEi S fh &efue k w f uUov kd . f ynm&Sit f zGJ 0if/ Ak'b < mom xH; k wrf;Oya'ESiy fh wfoufI xdyw f ef;ynm&Si/f ppfu}J uD; armifaxmfav;. aemuf xyfajr;wOD;jzpfol a':odef;jrudk vufxyfcJhonf? om;orD;rsm;rSm owdk;atmif/ xGe; f vSatmifEi S fh rjrpdew f kd jzpfonf? aemifwi G f ,m,Db& k ifcjH zpfvmol qma*sat armif}uD;u if;. jynfxJa&;0ef}uD;tdkuft&mudk qufcHcJhonf? 5 armifarmif (Adkvfr;csKyfa[mif;) oHCmrS omrefvlokd jrefrmEkdifiH. trsK; d om;a&;v+y& f m S ;r+rsm; 1920=1940/ 1980 ykE Hy dS /f pmrsuE fm S 258 rSwc f suf (16)? t*Fvdyf=jrefrmujym; ckdif&J0efaxmuf aZAD;,m; (Xavier) taejzifh vlacgif; rsm;ukd w&m;0if"mwfykHkdufEkdifa&;twGufom pm;yGJay:wifcJhjcif;twGuf tjypf ajymp&mjzpfco hJ nf? rnfoq dk a dk p vlty k }f uD;pkrv d m_yD; owif;pmorm;rsm;uvnf; "mwfykHrsm;kdufEkdifcJh-uonf? (aemufqufwGJjzpfay:vmaom vlxk. tvefw -um;uefuGufatmf[pfr+rsm;a-umifh jynf-rd&Sd ppfwyftaejzifh aemufykdif;wGif xkwfjyefcJh&aom tjzpftysuf ta-umif;t&mrS aumufEkwfcsuf) 6 xdkaqmif;yg;rSm aemifaomtcg tdk;a0 owif;pmydkif&SifESihf t,f'Dwm jzpfvmrnfh OD;ndKjr.vuf&mjzpfygonf? 7 tzrf;tqD;cH&olrsm;wGif aemifwcsdew f i G f 0ef}uD;rsm;jzpfvmrnfh udA k aqG ESihf udkA[def; ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;jzpf-uygonf? 8 wuUodkvfrS udkvSa&$/ *syfqifaumvdyfrS udkatmifausmfESifh (rdr )oef;wdk OD;aqmifaom ausmif;om;trsm;tjym;u eef;&if;0ef a'gufwmbarmfOD;aqmif onfh twGi; f 0efrsm;H; k odk oGm;a&mufqENjy-uygonf? 9 rnfoluaygufvdkufonfrod/ ol&d,wdkufa&S Am'HyifatmufrS jrif;pD; ykvdyf a*:&mqm*sifwOD; bdvyf&nfykvif;rSef_yD; jrif;ay:rStus/ jrif;pD;ykvdyfrsm; u pka0;ae-uaom vlrsm;tm; eHygwfwkwfrsm;ESihf dkuf-uygawmhonf? 10 xdktcg yxrurBmppf(1914=1918) jyef ocifbdk;vS}uD; OD;aqmifxm; onfh vl (6000) tiftm;&Sdonfh vlxkcsDwuf-uygonf? 11 atmifqef;udk b,fow l u,fowfovJ ordi k; f taxmuftxm; kyjf rif oH-um; rSww f rf;ky& f i SE fi Sy fh wfoufI _Aw d o d #toHvi $a hf umfya kd &;&Si; f (2) wDADG BBC
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ywfoufol yk*Kd~ vftawmfrsm;rsm;udk awGqa kH r;jref;cJo h nf? u|ea f wmfuy kd g zdwa f c:I 1996 ESpu f e k y f i kd ; f wGif t*Fvefjynfokd oGm;a&mufcy hJ gonf? Edi ki fa H wmf vky}f uHr+ ESpf (50) jynfh txdr; f trSwt f jzpf 1997 ckEp S /f Zlvi kd v f (19) &ufaewi G f *&dwf _Adwe d f (Great Britain) . xkwv f i $r hf Y + aumufEw k c f suftwdr k sm;udk a&G;cs,f jyocJo h nf? a&G;Ekwx f m;aom ud; k um;csur f sm;udk TrSwc f sur f sm;atmufwi G f azmfjyoGm;ygrnf? vlawGar;jref;cH&ol tJ&pf/ bufwmpbD (bk&ifcH. udk,f&Hawmf=1942/ Eric Battersby, ADC) u ol (a':refprpf/ Dorman- Smith) uawmh oludk azsmfajzwJh vlawGeJ &$ifjrL;apEkdifwJh vl&Sdor#eJ txufpD;qufqHEkdifwJh olwkdif;udk ESpo f ufw,f? txufuvlawGua kd wmh olrudub f ; l ? olu kd {nfc h H pojzihf vkyE f i dk f wJh atmufcv H a l wGua kd wmh oabmusw,f? u|ea f wmfajymcsiw f mu wjcm;vlrsm; awGukd b,fvv kd r l sKd;vJqw kd m cefr e S ; f -unfw h a hJ e&mrSm u|efawmft h xift& ol[m t}udrfrsm;pGm vHk;vHk;rSm;,Gif;cJhw,f? OD;apmeef;&if;0efjzpfpOfu bk&ifcu H Eki di fu H kd oluwqihf tkyc f sKyfcw hJ ,f? a':refprpf&J owW0gr[kwf&if olvufrcHEkdifbl;? OD;apmu olowW0gjzpf w,f? oloabmuswJv h jl zpfcw hJ ,f [k ajymqdc k o hJ nf? 12 aemifwGif Adkvf&efatmif[k xif&Sm;vmoljzpfonf? 1948 ckuGefjrLepf (CPB) ykeu f efrw + i Gy f g0ifom G ;_yD;/ 1997 ckEp S w f i G f (CPB) ygwDuyif uGyr f sufvu kd f onf? 13 Adv k r f; }uD; qlZu l ; D (c) rDemrD rql,dk (c) Adv k r f; dk ud; (bDti dk a f t Adv k c f sKyf}uD; rDemrD)? owWd&Sdaom wkwfjynf ppfqifa&; ppfjyef/ ol txl;pdwf0ifpm;onfrSm ta&Sawmiftm&Sjzpf_yD; Armvrf;r}uD; jyefvnfzGifhvSpfonfESifh r[mAsL[m t& ta&;ygvmaom jrefrmEki di ft H ay:ESihf Oa&mywGif ppfyr JG m S ra&Smifrv$o J mjzpf vmonft h csdew f i G f *syefb& k ifw h yfrawmf. r[mpDru H e d ; f rsm;wGif tmkp H ; l pku d v f m cJhonf? jrefrmEkdifiHtwGif;okd *syefwt kd aejzifh ykdrkd_yD; vG,fvG,f0ifEkdifzkd vkdouJhokd tm&Swkdufom;csif; r[mrdwfyEkdifonfh tajymif;tvJ tcGifhta&;ay;jcif;jzihf wkwu f e G jf rLepfrsm;bufodk olw. dk vuf0, J r d ; f aer+ ukd wefjyefEi dk z f dk vkt d yfonf? xkdokd yvkyfEkdif&ef jrefrmrsKd;cspfrsm;t-um;wGif _Adwdo#qefu sifa&;tiftm;pkrsm; tm;aumif;aumif;ESihf &Sa d erSjzpfayrnf? Tokd jzifh Adkvfr;}uD; qlZluD;onf 1939 ckESpf apmapmuyif ppfOD;pD;XmerS vkyfief;w&yf taumiftxnfazmf&ef wm0eftay;cH&onf? oltaejzifh (6)
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vwmumvtwGif; jrefrmEkdifiHtajctaeukd avhvm&efESifh tquftoG,frsm; wnfaqmufEkdifa&;twGuf pl;prf;&SmazG&efjzpfonf? ,kdrD,l&Dowif;pm. owif;axmuf rDemrDrql,t dk jzpf Adv k r f ; }uD;onf 1940 ckEp S f arvwGif &efue k o f dk a&mufvmcJhonf? OD;apmu olESifhawGqkH&ef tpysKd;cJh_yD; *syefu ppftultnD xkESifhxnfESifh ay;Ekdifrnfvm;[kar;cJhonf? qlZluD;u olrSm owif;axmuf wa,mufomjzpfygonf[lI ta-umif;jyum a&SmifxGufcJh&onf? xkdaemuf *syef=jrefrm cspf-unfa&;toif;zGJonfhtcg qlZluD;u twGif;a&;r;jzpfvm_yD; xif&Sm;aom jrefrmvlrsKd;wOD;jzpfonfh a'gufwmodrf;armifu jzpfajrmufa&; tusKd;aqmifjzpfvmonf? Adkvfr; }uD;taejzifh olu kd ykdrdkod&Sd&if;ESD;vm_yD; olw. kd vGwv f yfa&;ud;yrf;r+wi G f ulnE D i dk o f nfh olt &nftcsif;ukv d nf; jrefrmjzpfot l m; txifw}uD;jzpfvmapcJo h nf? qlZu l ; D taejzifh jrefrmEki di ft H wGi; f &Sd v#K0 d u S t f quf toG,r f sm;ta-umif; avhvmEki dv f mcJ_h yD; bke; f awmf}uD; OD;em*gtdjzifh jrefrmt"du &yk*Kd~ vfrsm;ESihf qufo, G r f r + sm; ykr d w kd ; dk csJEi dk c f o hJ nf? 14 tDZlrd,m wufqlkd= rDemrDatmf*ef pmrsufESm (23)? *syefemrnfrsm;ukd Akv d r f; }uD; qlZu l ; D u pOf;pm;ay;cJjh cif;jzpfonf? jrefrm[l aom pum;vk; H pktwGuf a&;&aom yxrqk; H aom *syefpum;vk; H ukd ESpy f i dk ; f cGv J u dk f _yD; vlESpfa,muftwGuf rdom;pkemrnfrsm;tjzpf tokH;yvkdufonf? atmifqef; twGuf tkdrkd'gESifh vS-rdiftwGuf tDwkd'gjzpfonf? olwkd. ukd,fykdifemrnfrsm;ukd a'gufwmodrf;armif.trnfrS &,lcJhonf? odrf;rSm awtDcsD/ armifrSm rGef*sD? Tokdjzifh rsK; d cspjf refrmESpO f; D twGuf *syefemrnfrsm;jzpfaom tkr d' dk grGe* f sE Di S hf tDw' dk gaw tDcsDwr dk m S arG;zGm;vmcJo h nf? 15 tifemtdk rDZlwmeD (Inao Mitzutani) (*syefaxmufvS rf;a&; 1940) u &efue k E f i S fh ,leef qufo, G x f m;aom Armvrf;r}uD;udk jzwfawmuf&efrm S rDemrD uDuef (Minami Kikan) . tcef;ujzpfonf? ,if;odkvkyf&efrSm jrefrmhvGwf vyfa&;v+yf&Sm;r+udk axmufcH&efjzpfonf? tdENd,&Sd _Adwdo#udkarmif;xkwf&ef u|Ey fk w f kd jrefrmjynfwi G f &Sa d ecJo h nf? jrefrmvGwv f yfa&;udk ay;&efr[kwy f g? jrefrm Edi ki fw H i G f vHk cHaom ajcukyp f cef;r&Sb d J u|Eky f w f p kd pfwyftaejzifh tdE, dN oda k &muf&dS &ef rjzpfEi kd y f g [k ajymqdc k o hJ nf? rpPwm rDZw l meDonf ,if;toHvi $x hf w k r f r + wdi kf rD 1997=ckEp S w f i G f uG,v f e G o f m G ;cJo h nf? 16 uka d qmif; (c) Akv d x f e d 0 f if;? T&Jabmfo; Hk usdy0 f ifta-umif; Eki di f jH cm;om; pma&;q&mrsm;u Tokd azmfjycJh-uonf? olonf tcGifhaumif;tcgaumif;wGif
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*syefY ausmif;om;wa,muftjzpf a&muf&SdaecJhjcif;omjzpf_yD; ppfoifwef; rqif;&aomfvnf; ta&;}uD;tvkyw f m0efrsm; aqmif&u G & f onf? olonf vli,f wOD;taejzifh rsKd;cspfpdwf&Sd_yD; *syefukd jzpfEkdifacs&Sdaom r[mrdwftjzpf tav; xm;cJo h nf? *syefodk oGm;a&mufynmoif&ef vkv d m;cJ_h y; D 1938 ckEp Sw f i Gr f S a'gufwm odrf;armifu xkdokd yvkyfEkdif&ef pDpOfaqmif&Gufay;cJhonf? olonf -uufaygif ap;vkyfief;wGif t"du pdwf0ifpm;r+&Sdaomfvnf; xl;jcm;vSpGm owif;pmvkyfief;/ ykHESdyfvkyfief;/ owif;pmtwwfynmESifha-umfjimvkyfief;oifwef;rsm;ukd wuf a&mufcJhonf? xkdaemuf olonf wkdusKdpufr+ twwfynmoifausmif;ukd wuf a&mufcJh_yD; ykHESdyfvkyfief;ukd qufvufqnf;yl;cJhonf? 1941 ckESpf Zefe0g&Dv apmapmykdif;wGif olonf Adkvfr; }uD; qlZluD;/ atmifqef;/ vS-rdifwE dk Sifh qufoG,frd onf? rwfvwGif a&a-umif;rS olu kd befaumufokdy kdv kduf_yD; csif;rkdifwGif (6) v cef axmufvS rf;a&;vkyfief;rsm; aqmif&Gufaponf? olonf a&a-umif;rSyif *syefokd jyefvmcJhonf? oltjyefc&D;wGif tykdwm0efwck,lcJh&onf? ,if;rSm azmfrq dk mokd tjcm;&Jabmfrsm;ESihf yl;aygif;Eki da f &;twGuf oGm;a&muf&ef uke; f vrf; jzifh befaumufoa dk &muf&v dS maom ocifoef;wifudk twlapmifa h &Smufac:aqmif vmcJh&jcif;jzpfonf? olonf oef;wifukd azmfrkdqmwGifxm;cJh&m oef;wifonf iSufzsm;a&m*gjzifh ,if;ae&mwGif aoqkH;cJhonf? olu *syefokd EkdifiHa&; wm0ef rsm;jzifh qufvufxGufcGmoGm;cJhonf? olonf azmfrkdqmokd jyefvm_yD; ppfoif wef;wGif yg0ifcJhonf? olwkdtrsm;pkrSm befaumufwGif jyefvnfpkHkH;rd-uaomf vnf; Adkvfxdef0if;taejzifh trdajrtwGif;okd bDtkdifat. xkd;azmuf0ifa&mufr+ wGif yg0ifEi dk jf cif;r&Sc da hJ cs? tb,fa-umifq h a dk omf ,k; d ',m;&Sd *syefb& k ifw h yfrawmf . 0g'jzef jzL;a&;Xmeu olukdvkdtyfaeaoma-umifhjzpfonf? jynfwGif;&Sd vlxk xH olu a&'D,kdtoHv$ifhr+rsm; yvkyfcJh_yD; av,mOfrS }uJcspmrsm;ukdvnf; olu a&;ay;cJh&onf? _Adwdo#wkd rEav;ukd odrf;ykduf_yD;aemuf arvwGifrS olonf jrefrmjynfodk jyefvnfa&muf&c dS o hJ nf? 17 ukdxGef;&Sdef (1918=1989)? ausmif;om;b0u olu kd oHr%dxGef;&Sdef[k vlodrsm;onf? &efukefwuUokdvf ausmif;om;or*~. twGif;a&;r;jzpfcJhonf? _Adwdo#wyfwkdtqkwfwGif bDtkdifat (BIA) ESifh wkdufyGJrsm;jzpf&mY a&$awmif wku d y f w JG i G f &Jabmfo; Hk usdyw f t dk -um; emrnf}uD;vm_yD; Adv k & f efEi dk t f jzpf ausmf-um; vmcJhonf? 'kwd,urBmppftwGif; a'gufwmbarmfonf EkdifiHawmf t"dywd t&Sifrif;}uD;tjzpf jrifhwufoGm;&m Adkvf&efEkdifukd ol. ppfzufvufaxmufESifh
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tyg;awmf_rJtjzpf a&G;cs,fcJhonf? Akdvf&efEkdifu a'gufwmbarmf.orD;jzpf ol wifZm (Tinza) ESifh aemufqkH;wGif vufxyfcJhonf? 1970 ckESpfwGif olonf xkdif;EkdifiHY zGJpnf;cJhaom OD;Ek. ae0if;qefu sifa&;wyfzGJrsm;wGif yl;aygif;yg0ifcJh onf? 1980 ckESpfwGif vGwf_idrf;csrf;omcGifhtrdet f & jrefrmEkdifiHokd jyefvmcJhonf? 1989 ckEp S w f i G f uG,v f e G o f nf? 18 tDemtkr d Z Dw l meD=iSua f ysmoD;wwG J (orki d; f Xme=&S* D wfum=vpfb&,f tEkynmaumvdyf/ um*kd&SDrmwuUokdvf/ ukd&Drkdwkd/ um*kd&SDrm/ *syef/ 1948 ckESpf) pmrsufEm S 36? eHeufcif;wckrm S ocifpv H i d+ E f i S hf tjcm; (4) a,mufw[ dk m oabFmaiGpm&if; ukdiftcef;ukda&mufvm_yD; ocifxGef;tkyfu EkdifiHa&;orm;b0cH,lxm;oltaeeJ -unfh_yD; olukd acgif;aqmiftjzpf owfrSwf&r,fvkd awmif;qkdaea-umif;ESifh 'Dawmif;qkc d suu f dk olwv dk ufrcHEi dk a f -umif; ajymvmygw,f? 'ga-umifh &JabmfawG tm;vk; H ukd oabFmaiGpm&if;uki dt f cef;ukd ac:vku d y f gw,f? oabFmaiGxe d ; f &Sir f if (rpfZlwmeD) u *syefukdra&mufrcsif; b,fvkdtajctaersKd;rSmrS EkdifiHa&;v+yf &Sm;r+ukd oabFmay:rSm cGifhrybl;? 'Dpnf;urf;ukd csKd;azmufwJhol b,foljzpfjzpf 'Dae&muae_yD; uk, d E hf i dk i fu H dk a&ul;jyef&r,f vkd olwu dk dk owday;ajymqkv d u dk y f g w,f? ,if;tjzpftysufrSm &efukefrS pifumyltoGm; yifv,fjyifrSm ukdlrml oabFmay:wGif jzpfysufcJhjcif;jzpfonf? T (11) a,muf aemufqkH;tokwf ckd;xkwf&mwGif ocifpHv+difESifh (4) a,mufrSm ocifukd,fawmfr+dif;tkyfpkrSjzpf_yD; ocifxGef;tkyf/ +armif (ae0if;) ESifh (4) a,mufrSm Apdef=xGef;tkyf tkyfpkrSjzpf -uonf? 19 jrefrm=*syefqufoG,fr+rSm jrefrmjynfw0S rf; aexkdifvsuf&Sdaom *syefvlrsKd;tcsKdrSwqifh aqmif&GufcJh&onf? rpfZlwmeDu olpmtkyf (iSufaysm oD;wwG) J pmrsuE f m S (13) wGif if;ta&twGur f m S (300) cef& o dS nf[k a&;cJo h nf? if;wkdrSm oGm;q&m0efrsm;/ "mwfykHq&mrsm;/ tESdyfonfrsm;/ ukefonfrsm;ESifh pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;ESifh b%fvkyfief;wkdrS pD;yGm;a&;ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;jzpf-uonf? q&m0efrsm;/ Ak'<bmombkef;awmf}uD;wyg;/ qHoq&mrsm; (wOD;rSm rEav;wGif taumif;qkH; qHoqkdifwqkdifzGifhvSpfxm;_yD; u|efawmhfrdom;pkrS a,musfm;jzpfol rsm; ,if;qkdifwGif qHyif!Syf-uonf) ESifh tjcm;toufarG;0rf;ausmif;vkyfief; vkyfaqmifolrsm;ukdvnf; csefxm;Ir&ay? xif&Sm;aom q&m0efwOD;rSSm a'guf wmbarmfEi S hf tjcm; Eki di fa H &;orm;rsm; t_rJwrf;ukor+ cH,a l eus q&m0ef jzpfol
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a'gufwmqlumqmqlZu l ; D jzpfonf? 1938 ckESpfrSpI aexkdifvmcJhol bkef;awmf}uD; OD;em*gtdonf ocifacgif; aqmifyi dk ; f ESihf rDemrDuu D eft-um; ul;oef;qufo, G a f y;&mY txl;ojzifh tm;oGef cGefpkduf&SdvSonf? t_idrf;pm;a&wyfAdkvf}uD;jzpfcJhol oGm;q&m0ef ukdulbl+dZkdu ocifatmifoef; (Akv d p f }uFm) . zcifjzpfol OD;jromrSwqifh Apde= f xGe; f tkyf ocif rsm;ESifhvnf;aumif;/ tjcm;oGm;q&m0efwa,mufjzpfol umrkd&SDwmu olvlem jzpfol ocifukd,fawmfr+dif;tkyfpkrS 'k=acgif;aqmifjzpfol ocifjrESifhvnf;aumif; teD;uyfqufo, G r f r + sm; &Sc d -hJ uonf? oGm;q&m0efwOD;jzpfol tkw d mu Aef;armfrS a':oDEi S hf ta-umif;ygcJ_h yD; aemifwi G f a':oDu *syefra S eI toHvi $0 hf g'jzefc o hJ nf? ukew f u dk p f wk; d pD;yGm;a&;vkyi f ef;&SiE fi S hf y&dabm*ukeo f nf rpPwm [mwmemumu vnf; OD;jromESifh rdwfaqGjzpfcJhonf? *syefukefoG,fr+A[kd. t}uD;tuJ rpPwm tkdbmtaejzifh t_rJaxmufvS rf;apmifh-uyf-unfh+&onfh vkyfief;wGif yg0if aqmif&GufcJhonf? oHkH;rS aumifppf0efjzpfol rpPwm [GrRm ESifh ppfwyft&m&Sd jzpfolwkdonfvnf; yg0ifywfoufaecJhonf? txufwGif emrnfazmfjycJhol t&yfom;tawmfrsm;rsm;wkdonf bk&ifhwyfrawmfESifh jyefvnfvkdufygvmcJh_yD; *syefppftkyfcsKyfa&;wGif ulnDcJh-uonf? (&if;ESD;qJ tultnDay;qJjzpfaom rEav;rS qHoq&m}uD;yg tygt0ifjzpfonf)? 20 OD;atmifcif=ae0if;/ EkdifiHa&;kyfykHv$m/ tykdif; (1)? {&m0wD pmapmif ygaqmif;yg;/ csif;rki d /f -o*kwv f 2000 ckEp S /f twGJ (8) trSwf (8) pmrsufEm S (22)? ae0if;onf arG;&mygzsufqD;a&;orm;jzpfonf? tvGefi,fvSaom uav; b0uyif t-urf;zufr+ESifh zsufqD;a&;wkdwGif oltpGrf;tpukd jyocJhonf? aygufacgif;&GmwGif olwufaeaom rlvwef;ausmif;ukd rD;+dzsufqD;&ef ud;pm; cJhzl;onf[kqkdonf? tb,fha-umifhqkdaomf olonf qufvufynmroifvkdaom a-umifh[l.? *E0ifajrmuf&a J bmfo; Hk usdyw f dk 1941 ckEp S w f i G f *syefatmufY ppfynmqnf; yl;ae&aom [kdifeefu|ef;ay: Y ol. tzsufobm0u ay:vGifvmjyefonf? ae0if;yvky& f aom pGr; f &nfppfaq;r+u olw i G f tzsut f arSmifv h y ki f ef; (Sabotage)/ zsufvkdzsufqD; taESmifht,Sufay;&ef aoG;aqmifEkdifpGrf; (Subversion) ESifh tcuftcJawGu wywfkdufa&Smifwdrf;Ekdifr+ (Subterfuge) wkdwGif e*kdrlvt&nf tcsif;&Sa d ejcif;ukd jyovsuf&o dS nf? 21 tDemtkr d pfZw l meD=iSua f ysmoD;wwG J pmrsufEm S 56=59?
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1919 ckESpfwGif arG;zGm;? 1941 ckESpf {_yDvwGif &efukefrSxGufcGmaom *syefukef onfoabFmjzifh ac:xkwo f m G ;cJa h om 'kw, d tokwf rsK; d cspf (7) OD;wGif olyg0ifonf? [ki de f efu|e; f *syefppfoifwef;ukd wufa&mufco hJ nfh &Jabmfo; Hk usy d t f zGJ 0ifwOD;jzpf onf? 1941 ckEp S f 'DZifbmwGif zGJpnf;cJa h om Armhvw G v f yfa&;wyfrawmfu trdajr twGi; f atmifjrifpm G csDwufvmonft h cg twlvu dk y f gvmcJo h nf? t_rJwrf;wyfr awmfESifh&SdaecJh_yD; 1950 rS tapmykdif;ESpfrsm;twGif; atmifjrifpGmqifE$JcJhaom autef,laomif;usef;olrsm;ESifh wkwfjzLusL;ausmfolrsm;tm; awmfvSefwkduf yGJrsm;wGif Adkvfr; csKyftjzpf xif&Sm;ausmf-um;cJhonf? wyfrawmf. txl;c|efqkH; tqifhjrifh ppfajrjyift&m&Sdjzpf_yD; -um&SnfpGmvufwGJcJhaom a&mif;&if;tay: Y ae0if;u tjrifr-unfrvifjzpfvmcJo h nf? ol. vufo; Hk okwo f ifa&;vrf;pOfudk tok; H cs_y; D uGejf rLepfygwD Armjynfodk owif;rsm; ayguf-um;onf[k yxrpGyp fv JG suf w&m;0if&mxl;csum 1957 ckEp S f ZGev f wGif xkwy f ,fypfco hJ nf? Adv k a f usma f Zmonf olrdom;pkESifh &efukefrd prf;acsmif;wGif twef-umaexkdifcJhonf? 1976 ckESpf ESpfvnfwGif AdkvfausmfaZmonf Arm=wkwfe,fpyf yefqef;&Sd uGefjrLepfygwD Armjynftajcpku d p f cef;okd xGuo f m G ;cJ_h yD; uGejf rLepfrsm;ESihf yl;aygif;cJo h nf? 1989 ckESpf {_yDvtwGif; tjcm; pDyDbDacgif;aqmifrsm;ESifhtwl olvnf; wkwfjynfokd xGufajy;vGwfajrmufcJhonf? olonf ,cktcg ulrif;wGif aexkdifvsuf&Sdonf? bDbDpD (2) kyfjrifoH-um;u olukd w,fvDzkef;jzifh awGqkHar;jref;&mwGif _Adwdo# tpd; k &u tmZmenf}uD;rsm;ukd owfjzwf&ef pDpOfcjhJ cif;jzpfa-umif; olu wnfw h nfh }uD; xkwa f zmfajymqkc d o hJ nf? olt ajymu atmifqef;ukd trSew f u,fowfou l _Adwdo#tpkd;&yJ? 'g[m olwk& d J qufuGufyJ? [k jzpfonf? 10 acsmifZefanmifa&$(Chao Tzang Yawnqhwe) (tjcm;trnf ,l*si; f oku d ) f? 1939=2004? Zlvi dk f (24) &ufwi G f aoqk; H ? olrwki dr f D olt ar p0f[efcef anmifa&$ a'0D (uG,v f e G _f yD; ol p0fa&$ou dk /f jynfaxmifpjk refrmEki di fa H wmf. yxrqk; H orRw 1948=52 . -uif,mawmf) onf 2003 ckESpf Zefe0g&Dv (17) &ufaewGif uae'gEkdifiH Aeful;Am;rd Y touf (86) ESpfwGif uG,fvGefcJhonf? 1962 ckESpfwGif ae0if;tm%modrf;&mwGif p0fa&$okdufrSm xdef;odrf;csKyfaESmifcH&onf? xkdESpf Ek0 d ifbmvwGif olaoqk; H oGm;_yDjzpfa-umif; olr o d m;pkudk today;cJo h nf? 11 1976 ckESpfv,fwGif wkwf=jrefrme,fpyfwGif&Sdaom yefqdkif;&Sd uGefjrL k a f e&modk Adv k r f; csKyfausma f Zmonf oGm;a&muf epfygwD (Armjynf) (CPB) tajcpdu cJ_h yD; uGejf rLepfrsm;ESifh yl;aygif;cJo h nf? 1989 ckEp S /f {_yDvwGif olonf tjcm; pDyb D D
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acgif;aqmifrsm;ESit fh wl wkwE f i kd i fo H kd xGua f jy;vGwa f jrmufom G ;cJo h nf? olonf ,cktcg ulrif;wGif aexdi kv f su& f y dS gonf? bDbp D D (2) wDAu DG 1996 ckEp S w f i G f olu kd w,fvz D e k ; f jzihf qufo, G a f r;jref;cJ& h m olu _Adwo d #tpd; k &u vky}f uHowfjzwfru + kd tuGuc f spDrc H jhJ cif;jzpfonf[k wyftyfajymqdc ko hJ nf? 12 atmif}uD; (t_idrf;pm;Akdvfr;csKyf)? ae0if;. nmvufkH;? 1963 ckESpf azazmf0g&DvwGif awmfve Sa f &;aumifpr D S aemufq; Hk Ekwx f u G c f& hJ onf? oka d omfvnf; olociftay: Y olu qufvufopPm&SdaecJhonf? ESpfrsm;pGm-um_yD;aemuf ,l.,cif vkyfazmfukdufzuf ppfwyft&m&Sdrsm;ESifh aumifpD0ifrsm;xH 1988 ckESpf arv (9) &uf &efukef[k &ufpGJwyfxm;aom pm&Snf}uD;wapmifukd olu a&;cJh onf? xkp d mrSm jrefrmvka d &;xm;jcif;jzpf_yD; u|efawmfv h ufxJ a&mufvmaomtcg u|efawmfu t*FvdyfbmomjyefqkdI tar&duefEkdifiH 0g&Sifwef'DpD&Sd pDtm'DbD Eki di fw H umqki d& f m XmecsKyfodk qufvufjzefa 0Eki d& f ef pDpOfay;ykc d o hJ nf? atmif}uD;. pmwae&mwGif 1962 ckEp S f Zlvi dk v f twGi; f u wuUov dk a f usmif;om;rsm;ukd &uf&uf pufpufowfjzwfr+ta-umif; olu ajymjyxm;onf? tm%mxdyfacgifcsKyf. vufaxmufjzpfco hJ w l OD;u vlowfui G; f rsm;teD; &Sa d ecJ_h yD; olt azmfjycsufrsm;rSm tHp h &maumif;avmufatmif xl;jcm;vSonf? ausmif;om;ta&;tcif; ay:ayguf vmonfhtcg vkHcHa&;aumifpDatmufwGif ta&;tcif;aumfrwDw&yfukd zGJpnf; vkduf_yD; toHv$ifhkH (jrefrmhtoH) wGif tajcpkdufxm;cJhonf? ,if;aumfrwDukd Adv k r f ; }uD;ausmfaZm jynfxa J &;0ef}uD;u OD;aqmif_yD; tjcm;0ef}uD;rsm; trSwf (4) Armhvufeufui dk w f yfrS Adv k p fe dv f i G f (om;owform;) tygt0if ppfwyfEi S hf t&yfzuf &Jt&m&Sd trsm;tjym;yg0ifonf? xka d umf rwDwi G f rnfonfa h e&mu olyg0ifonfudk atmif}uD;u razmfjyaomfvnf; 1962 ckEp S f Zlvi dk v f (7) &uf aocif;jzpfym G ;onfh ae vnf ausmif;om;rsm;v+yfaqmfr+rsm; pwifonfhtcg oltaejzifh jrefrmhtoHwGif &Sdraea-umif;ESifh ypfcwfonfhta-umif; -um; odwJhtcgusrS xkdae&mokd oGm;cJh a-umif; olu ajymqkdcJhonf? xdckdufepfematmif &nf&G,fvkyfaqmifcJhaom orki d; f 0ifausmif;om;or*~taqmufttkt H m; 'ki d; f rrku d jf zifh zdcr JG w + i G f olu , dk w f i dk f ypfre da f y;cJa h -umif; ae0if;azmfjycsuu f dk aemufyi dk ; f wGif -um;odc& hJ a-umif;/ ok& d mwGif or*~taqmufttkHzdcsr+. wm0efonf oltay: usa&mufvmcJha-umif; olu tckdiftrm ajymqkdcJhonf? tu,fI ae0if;trdefr ay;cJhv#if tjypfajymcH&rnfhol rSm olomv#ifjzpfonf[k ,lqcJhonfukd olu rnfonfhtcgr# rjiif;cJha-umif; atmif}uD;u qkdcJhonf?
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acgif;aqmifrsm;ukd vky}f uHowfjzwf&ef }uHpnfol t"duw&m;cHtjzpf tpGyp f c JG & H onf? 1977 ckESpf Zlvkdifv (27) &ufwGif tif;pdefaxmifY olukd ud;ay;uGyf rsufcJhonf? tkef;ausmfjrifhonf xdktcsdefu umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf (-unf;) jzpfol Akv d c f sKyf}uD;ausmx f if. uk, d a f &;t&m&Sjd zpfonf? ,if;}uHpnfrw + i G f yg0ifywfouf onf[k oHo,t0ifcH&aom ppfwyfrS ti,fwef;t&m&Sd w'gZifcefr Sm zrf;qD;cH &_yD; axmifcscH&olc& H / t_idr; f pm;tay;cH&olc& H jzpfom G ;-uonf? 17 pdefvGif (t_idrf;pm;Adkvfr; csKyf) om;owform; [k trkef;cH&ol? ol. ocif tm%m&Sifae0if;ESifh eD;pyfoljzpf_yD; b0wav#mufvkH; ,kH-unfpdwfcs&ol wOD;taejzifh *k%fycsD;jrifhcH&aom pG,fpkH&yk*~dKvfwOD;tjzpf opPm&SdpGm tr+awmf xrf;cJhonf? 1943 ckESpfrSpI awmfvSefa&;wGif yg0ifcJh_yD; rsKd;cspfArmhwyfrawmfrS Armhwyfrawmftopfwi G f t&m&Sjd zpf&ef av#mufxm;cJo h nf? oka d omfvnf; t&m&Sd a&G;cs,fa&;tzGJu olu kd ra&G;cs,fcJhacs? pdefvGifu &Jabmftjzpf pm&if;oGif;cJh_yD; trSwf (4) AsL;&pfzf (4th Bur:f) wyf&if;r;jzpfol Akdvfr;ae0if;. ukd,fykdiftr+ xrf;tjzpf xrf;aqmifcJhonf[k ,kH-unf&onf? xka d emuf t&m&SdjzpfvmcJhonf? 1951 ckEp S f -o*kwv f wGif yxrqk; H emrnf}uD;zkd jzpfvmcJo h nf? xkp d Ofu 'k=Adv k r f; }uD; at;armif. uGyu f r J a + tmufwi G f u&ifjynfe,f v+i d; f bGJ teD; autif't D p dk cef;ukd 0ki d; f &mwGif olyg0ifc_hJ yD; wku d y f t JG wGi; f u&ifacgif;aqmif apmbOD;}uD;ukd tao&rd onf? xka d emuf taz}uD;. opPmawmfcH aemufvu dk E fi S hf vlowform;tjzpf 1962 ckESpf ZlvkdifvwGif wuUokdvfausmif;om; &maygif;rsm;pGmukd taoypfcscJhaom wyfpr k sm;ukd ol uGyu f c Jo hJ nf? orki d; f 0if ausmif;om;or*~taqmufttku H v dk nf; azmufcGJzdcscJhonf? olt aejzifh aoG;v$rf;r+trsKd;rsKd;twGuf wm0ef&SdcJh_yD; OD;oef psmye kyfysufqif;ysufjzpf&r+ESifh &Spfav;vkH; &ufpufr+rsm;u olt wGuf emrnf tysu& f qk; H rsm;jzpfco hJ nf? ae0if;u olu dk ol.,kwr f m&ufpufaom vkya f qmifr+ rsm;twGuf aumif;pGmcs; D jri c hf o hJ nf? 2002 ckEp S f rwfvwGif olq &mocif tdrt f us,f csKyfozG,fcH&_yD;aemuf r-umrDyif olvnf; w&m;r0if&&Sdaeaom cHpm;cGifhrsm;/ -oZmtm%mrsm; qk; H +; H cJ_h yD; rjzpfpavmufaom ppfwyfyifpifvpmav;jzifh qif;&J EGrf;yg;pGm &SifoefaecJh&onf? ol. tpmtdrfa&m*gtwGuf pifumylwGif ukor+cH ,l_yD;tjyef 2003 ckESpf {_yDv (9) &ufaewGif &efukefrd Y aoqkH;cJhonf? 18 'kw, d urBmppftwGi; f Adv k c f sKyfatmifqef;vufatmuf&dS bDti dk a f twyfodk d OuU@ 0ifa&mufcp hJ Ofu touf Adv k c f sKyf}uD;a[mif; ol& wifO; D ,ck NLD 'kw, (16) ESpo f m&Sa d o;onfh vli,fwOD;jzpfonf? vGwv f yfa&;r&rD Armhwyfrawmfudk
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jyefvnfzJG pnf;onht f cg olonf t&m&St d qifjh zpfvmcJo h nf? usL;ausmfvmaom d dk jyefvnfwu dk c f u dk & f mY olonf emrnf ulrifwefwkwjf zLwyf Kuomintang wku ausmw f yf&if;r;wOD;jzpfco hJ nf? olonf ol&bGJ ESpx f yfur G ; f &&Sc do hJ nf? wyfrawmf OD;pD;csKyfEi S hf umuG,a f &;0ef}uD;tjzpf 1974 ckEp S w f i G f wk; d jrifo h m G ;cJo h nf? Adv k }f uD; tke; f ausmjf rif. h Adv k c f sKyfae0if;ESihf taygif;ygwcsKt d m; vky}f uHowfjzwf&ef }uHpnfr+ wGif ywfoufonf[a l om pGc J sujf zifh if;.jrifr h m;aom &mxl;}uD;rsm;rS olu dk 1976 ckESpfwGif xkwfy,fypfcJhonf? owif;xdrfcsefr+jzifh axmif (7) ESpfuscH&_yD; yifpif vnf;r& vkyfoufqk qka-u; cHpm;cGifhrsm;vnf; ray;awmhacs? okda omf olonf ol.ud;pm;r+jzifh &efue kw f uUov dk r f S Oya'bGJ &&Sc do hJ nf? 1988 ckEp S f pufwifbmv wGif trsKd;om;'Dru dk a&pDtzGJ csKyf zGJ pnf;onft h cg rsKd;cspf&a J bmfa[mif;rsm;tzGJ . acgif;aqmifykdif;rSaeI yg0ifyl;aygif;cJhonf? atmifqef;pk-unfu taxGaxG twGi; f a&;r; yxrwGif olu 'kw, d OuU@ jzpfonf? xka d emuf OuU@ jzpfvmonf? 1989 ckESpf ZlvkdifvwGif taxGaxGa&G;aumufyGJtwGuf pnf;kH;aepOf olESifh atmifqef;pk-unfwkd ESpfOD;vkH;ukd tdrfwGif;tus,fcsKyfcsxm;jcif;cHcJh&onf? xka d emuf ppfc Hk ; Hk u olu dk tvky-f urf;ESihf axmif'%f (3) ESpf csrSwc f _hJ yD; 1992 ckEp S f azazmf0g&DvwGif aemufxyf (7) ESpf xyfrw H ; dk jric hf o hJ nf? 19 OD;atmifcif=ae0if;/ EkdifiHa&;kyfykHv$m/ tykdif; (2) {&m0wDpmapmifyg aqmif;yg;/ csif;rkdif twGJ (8) trSwf (9)/ pufwifbmv 2000 ckESpf/ pmrsufESm (28)? ae0if;[m ol&J vkH;0O\kHjzpfwJhtm%mukd b,fvkdwefzkd;ukdyJ ay;&ay;& ay;_yD; vGefcJhwJh tESpf (40) ausmftwGif; tm%mukd vk,lxdef;odrf;cJhw,f? ol&J -ydifzufawGukd xkwfypfcJhw,f? ol&J rdwfaqGawG/ &Jabmf&Jbuf aemufvkdufawG tay:rSmvJ opPmazmufcw hJ ,f? 1977 ckESpf azazmf0g&DvrSm usif;ycJhwJh rqv&J wwd,t}udrf nDvmcH usif;ypOfu v#Kd0 u S r f a J y;wJt h cg ygwDacgif;aqmiftpOfvu dk r f m S ol[m eHygwf (4) ae&mukd tqifhusoGm;cJhw,f? okdaomfvJ olwkd[m oltay:rSm qkd&S,fvpf'Drkd ua&pDudk k; d om;pGm ,k-H unfo& l ,fvdk em;rvnfrv + c JG w hJ mjzpf_yD; olu a dk v#mhwu G f cJh-uwmjzpfw,f? tJ'Dtcg ol[m ygwDEkdifiHa&;ukd pdwf0ifpm;ykHrjyayrJh axmuf vS rf;a&;wyf&J tultnDukd&,l_yD; ygwDoefpifa&;ta-umif;jycsufeJ ygwD0if (54000) ukd xkwy f pfvu dk w f ,f? tJ't D cse d u f tpk; d &tvkyr f m S ygwD0ifjzpfa&;[m r&Sr d jzpfvt dk yfaeygw,f? tJ'a D emuf olq ENtwki d; f [m t&m&mukd csKyfui dk v f myg w,f? okdaomfvJ ygwDoefpifa&;[m ae0if;tay: }uD;}uD;rm;rm;wefjyefkduf
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cwfr+jzpfcJhygw,f? 1978 ckESpfrSm ygwDu xkwfy,fcH&wJh ref;aiGatmif acgif; aqmifwJhtzGJ[m ae0if;ukd vkyf}uHowfjzwfzkd ud;pm;cJh-uygw,f? olwkdu olt wGif;pnf;xJu vlawGukdyg z,f&Sm;ypfzkd ud;pm;cJh-uygw,f? 'gayr,fh tJ'D }uHpnfr+[m taumiftxnf razmf&ao;cifrSmbJ ay:aygufoGm;_yD; }uHpnfol rsm;tm;vkH; ao'%ftjypfay;cH-u&w,f? okda omfvJ olwkdu kd rpD&ifrD vGwf_idrf; csrf;omcGifhtrdef (1980 ckESpf) u ref;aiGatmifukd toufcsrf;om&m &apcJhyg w,f? ref;aiGatmif[m axmifuxGufvm_yD; (2) ESpft-um autif,lu &efukefukdwkdufckduf&mrSm OD;aqmifcJhjyefw,f? okdaomfvJ oleJtaygif;ygrsm;ukd vsijf refpm G zrf;rdcjhJ yefygw,f? 20 bDbDpD (2) wDAGD (txufygtpDtpOf)/ a':atmifqef;pk-unf= usr azazudk jrefrmjynf&Jar#mfvifhcsuftjzpf vlawGujyef-unfhaewm[m usr 'Drdk ua&pDv+yf&Sm;r+}uD;xJ yg0ifvm&jcif;&J ta-umif;t&if;jzpfygw,f? tJ'Dawmh usrrSm ulnz D w kd m0ef&a dS ew,fvkd cHpm;rdygw,f? 21 at;&Sm;0dcf (Asia Week)/1993ckESpf rwfv (3) &uf/ aqmif;yg;. yxrykdif;= urBmajray:&Sd t}uD;rm;qkH;tmCmw (txufwGif aemufqkH;ykdif;ukd ukd;um;_yD; tcef; (1) eHygwfpOf=6) aemifwGif &JabmfokH;usdyf [k ausmf-um; vmrnfholrsm; *syef.vufatmufY ppfoifwef;oif,laepOfuyif jrefrmEkdifiH. vGwfvyfa&;ol&Jaumif;jzpfvmrnfh AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;tay: ae0if;u rnfr# rkef;wD;a-umif; jrefrmwkdif;od&Sd-uonf? ol.ajymjyIyifroifa h om vlra + &;tusiy hf sur fr + sm;twGuf vltrsm;a&Sw i Gf oludk t&SufuGJapaoma-umifh ae0if;u olxuftouf (3) ESpf i,faomfvnf; ynmtvGefxl;c|ef_yD; rsm;pGmkkd;om;aom vli,facgif;aqmiftm; rkef;wD;cJhonf? OD;ae0if;onf if;tjzpftysufrsm;tjyif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;u oltm; tjcm; usL;vGer f r + sm;twGuf tqifc h scjhJ cif;rsm;ukv d nf; rnfonft h cgr# rarhaysmufca hJ cs? wcgaomf Adv k c f sKyfatmifqef;u ae0if;ukd pdwy f suv f e G; f onft h wGuf 'kw, d urBmppf. rkew f i dk ; f qefaomESpr f sm;twGi; f *syefrS trdajrokt d jyef a&vrf;c&D;wGif ickH;rwaumifa-umifh wavSvkH;rykyfcif ae0if;ukd z,f&Sm;ypf&efxd olcsdefqawG; awmpdwfY armcJh&a-umif;ukd &JabmfokH;usdyf0if Adkvf&efEkdiftm; ajymjy_yD; wm0ef ay;cJa h o;onf[k tqk& d y dS gonf? 22 ukvor*~ pD;yGm;a&;ESihf vlr+a&;aumifpD. vltcGifhta&;aumfr&Sif txl;udk,fpm;vS,f ,dkZdk,dkumwm (Yozo Yokata) u 1993 ckESpf/ azazmf0g&Dv
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(17) &ufwGif (49) }udrfajrmuftpnf;ta0;odk wifoGif;aom tpD&ifcHpm tD;pD tif 4 199337 / pmrsufESm 19 (u)=armifaomfu (c) OD;baomf/ touf (65) ESpf (trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJcsKyf A[dkaumfrwD0if) onf 1989 ckESpf/ Zlvdkif v (23) &ufwGif zrf;qD;jcif;cHcJh&onf? ta&;ay:jy@mef;r+ tufOya'. yk'fr 5 (u) ESifh 5 (c) t& 1989 ckESpf/ atmufwdkbmvwGif olu dk tvkyf-urf;ESihf axmif '%fEp S ( f 20) tjypf'%fcsrSwc f o hJ nf? olonf aemufausm tmHa k -umr}uD; a&m*g wckjzpfonfh vnfyif;cdkifa&m*gudk jyif;jyif;xefxef (severe Spondylitis) cHpm;& vsuf&Sd&m 1990 ckESpf/ pufwbFmvtwGif;wGif tif;pdefaxmifxJY tpmiwfcH qENjyaepOf t}uD;tus,ftdu k c f c H & hJ onf? xda k -umihf ol. nmbufwjcrf; ao oGm;cJhonf? 1991 ckESpf/ ZGefv (9) &ufwGif uG,fvGefcJhonf? 23 a':atmifqef;pk-unfonf _Adwo d #vlrsKd;jzpfol rdu k u f ,ft& J pf ( Michael Aris) udk 1972 ckESpfwGif vufxyfcJhonf? a'gufwm rdkufu,f ADvefukwf tJ&pf onf wdAufESihf [dr0Emavhvmr+ESihf ywfoufaom atmufpfzdk'f (Oxford) wuUodkvf. okawoeynm&Sifjzpfonf? atmufpfzdk'fwuUodkvf pdeftefaxmfeD aumvdyf. ausmif;tkyftjzpf 1998 ckESpfwGif xrf;aqmifaepOf uifqma&m*g zdpD;r+cHcJh&onf? &efukefwGif&Sd olZeD;onftm; aemufqHk;E+wfquf&ef jrefrm ppftkyfpktm; jynf0ifcGifhADZmay;yg&ef arwWm&yfcHcJhonf? odkaomfvnf; ppfAdkvf csKyfrsm;u uk%mw&m; acgif;yg;pGmjzihf ADZmay;&ef jiif;qefcJhonf? a'gufwm tJ&pfonf 1999 ckEp S /f rwfv (27) &ufae/ ol. (53) ESpa f jrmufarG;aewi G f vef'ef &Sd csmcsDaq;HkwGif uG,fvGefcJhonf? ppftpdk;&onf olwdk.om;ESpfOD;jzpfonfh tJvpfZENm; jrifhqef;atmifESihf uif (rf) xdefvif;wdk. EdkifiHul;vufrSwfwdkukd ESpt f awmf-umuyif zsuo f r d; f cJo h nf? olwu kd kd olr c d ifxv H nfywf&ef wcgw&Hro S m cGihf ycJo h nf? 24 bDbDpD (2) wDAGD (txufygtpDtpOf)/ rSwfwrf;kyf&Sifonf AdkvfcsKyf. wOD;wnf;aomorD;jzpfo. l pl;&Sem-unf;zG,a f jymqdr k j+ zpfonfh usr azazom toufxif&Sm;&SdaecJhr,fqdk&if 'Drdkua&pD[m touf0if v+yf&Sm;aecJh rSmjzpf_yD; wnfwa hH ecJr hm S jzpfw,f? olu kd qH; k +; H cJ& h wm[m aysm& f i $z f, G & f m 'Dru kd a&pD jrefrmEdi ki fH awmfukd wnfaqmufzkd tcGit hf a&;udk usrwdq k ; kH H; + cJ& h wm jzpfygw,f? 'gayr,fv h J 'kwd,tcGifhta&;awG[m t_rJvmwwfp_rJrdk usrwdk wwfEdkifwkH; tJ'DtcGifhta&; awGukd t&trd zrf;udi k& f rSmjzpfygw,f [laom pum;&yfrsm;jzihf tqH; k owfxm; avonf?
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cH0efxrf;=1947) ESihf awGqHkar;jref;cJh&mrS olESihf olvkyfazmfudkifbufrsm; 1947 ckESpf/ Zlvdkifv (19) &ufaewGif twGif;0efrsm;Hk;Y&Sdaea-umif; ajym-um;csufudk aumufEw k a f zmfjyxm;onf? aumifpc D ef;reJ tawmfe; D wJh H; k cef;xJrm S u|efawmf wdk wckckpm;aomufae-uwkef;/ atmfwdkrufwpf aoewfoH ESpfcsufoHk;csufudk u|ea f wmfwkd kww f &uf-um;vdu k & f ygw,f olonf aumifpc D ef;rodk oGm;a&mufchJ &m Todk jrifcJh&onf? ae&mwumrSm aoG;awGcsnfhyJ/ tawmhfudkrsm;w,f/ 'DvdkaoG;rsKd; u|efawmf wcgrS rawGzl;bl;? bmjzpfvdkvJqdkawmh teD;uyf_yD; aoewfawGeJ ypfcw hJ mr[kwv f m;? aoewf'%fa-umifh pm;yGw J i G; f u ypPn; f awGeJ pm;yGJtpdwftydkif;awGvJ wppDusKd;yJhysufpD;ae-uw,f? aoG;tdkifawGxJrSm uefausmufvGifhxGufoGm;wJh zdeyfawG&Sdae-uygw,f? tqifhjrifh _Adwdo#t&m&Sd trsm;tjym;onf twGif;0efrsm;Hk;twGif;wGif olw dk Hk;cef;rsm;&Sdae-uonf? 6 [l;wifum.jrefrmEdi ki f /H vGwv f yfa&;ud;yrf;r+1944=48pmrsuE fm S (872)? 7 qm/ bOD;onf xdktcsdefu w&m;v$wfawmf. w&m;ol}uD;ESihf zGJpnf; yHkOya'tzGJwGif ta&;ygaomtzGJ0ifwOD;jzpfonf? 1952=57 wGif EdkifiHawmf orRwjzpfonf? armifarmif (Adv k r f ; csKyfa[mif;) oHCmrSomrefvo l dk jrefrmEki di f. H trsKd; H csKyfwi Gf om;a&;v+y& f m S ;r+rsm; 1980 ykE Hy dS /f pmrsuE fm S (260)/ rSwc f suf (20)? w&m;k; acwWw&m;ol}uD;wm0ef,lxm;aom OD;bOD;onf txl;w&m;ckHkH;wGif yg0if_yD; q&mpHukd ppfaq;cJhonf? OD;bOD;tm; pma&;olu okyfazmfxm;onfrSm bcif e,fyi dk 0 f efaxmufonf OD;OwWrtm; yxrjypf'%f pD&ifcsuc f sco hJ jl zpfonf? 8 z&ef/ tif/ xa&*g (Frank N.Trager) jrefrmEki di f H bk&ifE h i dk i fr H S orRwEki di fH ok d (Burma: From Kingdom to Republic) (vef'ef ayg(vf) arm(vf) ykHESdyfwkduf 1966 ckEp S) f pmrsuE fm S 105? 'kw, d urBmppftwGi; f u trSwf (136) _Aw d o d #wyfzJG . wyfzJG0ifa[mif;rsm;yg0ifaom u&ifrsm;ukd taxmuftyHa h y;a&;}uHpnfrw + &yf ukd 1948 ckESpf pufwifbmvwGif azmfxkwfcJhonf? [l;wifum (Hugh Tinker) jynfaxmifpjk refrmEki di f H vGwv f yfa&;yxrESpr f sm;ukd avhvmr+(vef'efatmuf(pf) zk' d w f uUov kd f pmykE Hy dS w f u dk f 1957ckEp S f pmrsuE fm S 37)? umvuwWm;&Sd 'k=Akv d r f; }uD; k& f dS a'vDar;(vf)owif;pmrS a*s/pD/wl;avmh(cf)(J.C. Tulloch-M.C.) trf/pD/ ESihf &efue tvufZENm; uif;bJ(vf) (Alexander Campbell) (ESpfOD;vkH;rSm 136 wyfzGJrS jzpfcJh -uonf) wkd. v+yf&Sm;r+rsm;ukd jrefrmtpkd;&u &SmazGawG&SdcJh_yD; uif;bJ(vf)ukd &efukefrS xkwfypfjcif;cH&onf? aemuftr+wckrSm Seventh-Day Adventist
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c&pf,mefbkef;}uD;wOD;jzpfol a*s/ 'AvsL/ abmf(vf)'0if (J.W. Baldwin) . tr+ jzpfonf? vGwv f yfa&;r&ao;rD _Adwo d #wu dk olu dk jrefrmEki di fr H S jynfEi S' f %fcwfcH &onf? olonf vef'efwi G f jrefrmEki di f H awmifwef;om;rsm;. rdwa f qGrsm;tzGJ tpnf;ta0;rsm;ukd oGm;a&mufwufc_hJ y; D 1949 ckEp Sw f i G f autif,o l dk oGm;a&muf yl;aygif;cJo h nf? 1951 ckEp St f xd olwE dk i St hf wlaexki dc f _hJ y; D tzsm;a&m*gjzifh uG,v f e G f cJhonf? olocsKif;tkwf*lay:wGif Tae&mwGif u&ifvlrsKd;rsm;ukd cspfcifjrwf Ekd;olwOD; vJavsmif;ae onf [laom pmwrf;a&;xkd;xm;onf? 9 arm&pf/ aumvpf (Maurice Collis) jrefrmjynfY aemufq; Hk ESihf yxrqk; H (1941=1948) azbmESihf azbmvDrw d uf/ vef'ef) pmrsufEm S 2526? 10 rl&if; jrefrmhtvif;owif;pmudk 1914 ckESpfwGif jrefrmEdkifiHY pwif wnfaxmifcJh_yD; 1969 ckESpf/ Zefe0g&Dv (31) &ufaewGif ppftkyfpku jynfolydkif odrf;cJhonf? 1998 ckESpf/ ZGefv (15) &ufrSpI befaumufwGif acwfydif*sme,f pmyHE ky dS w f u kd r f S jyefvnfu kd E fy dS x f w k a f 0cJo h nf? 11 tdv k A D m *d; k vfprpf (Oliver Goldsmith) . oabmaumif;a,mufsm;wOD; 12 bDbDpD (2) wDAGD (txufygtpDtpOf)/ wifqufol = atmifqef;udk H kd zrf;qD;jcif;ryEki dr f D 0ef}uD;csKyf uvD;rif/h tufwvD (Clement Altee) u bk&ifcu jyefac:vdkufonf? vlawGar;jref;cH&ol tJ&pf/ bufwmpbD= qma':refprpf uawmh aemifwr&ao;bJ aemufrS rdwfaqGwOD;pD pma&;vdkufwmu= usKyfwdk u atmifqef;&J ola vmufta&;rygwJh vkya f zmfui kd b f ufawGukd qGJ ud;cs_y; D om;yJ? 'ga-umihf olu b,fta-umif;a-umihf *sL&Da&Sr m S tcGit fh vrf; r,lEi dk o f vJqw kd m usKyfem;rvnfEkdifbl;? olu dk aopm;aoap pD&ifcsufcs&if usKyfwdku oem;uk %may;zdk aocsmrSmaygh? 'gayr,fh tJ'v D kd tajctaeay:rSom ta&;,lEi dk r f m S ? 13 [l;wifum (Hugh Tinker) t,f'w D m jrefrmEki di f H vGwv f yfa&;ud;yrf;r+ vef'ef/ bk&ifr}uD;. pma&;ud&, d m k; H cef;/ 1983=84 twGJ (1) pmrsufEm S 543/ tcsuf 563? 14 bDbp D D (2) wDAGD (txufygtpDtpOf)/ atmifqef;pk-unf= armihb f ufwef (Mountbatten) u em;vnfr+&Sdwmu usrzcif[m jrefrmjynfrSm todtrSwf y&r,fh tiftm;jzpfa-umif;eJ olu vufcc Hw hJ muvJ trSet f wdi k; f r[mrdwa f wGukd Armhwyfrawmfu xl;uJpGm tultnDay;Ekdifa-umif;udk ,Hk-unfw,fqdkwm usr xifygw,f? 15 'k=Adkvfr; }uD;vS rif;/ jrefrmEkdifiH. EkdifiHa&;tajctaeESifh a'otwGif;
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oltcef;u (umuG,fa&;0ef}uD;Xme/ 21 }udrfajrmufxkwfa0jcif;/ 1999) pmrsufEm S 36? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;pdwful;cJhonfrSm _Adwdo#wkdxHrS vGwfvyfa&;&_yD; aemuf jrefrmEki di f. H vkt d yfcsufrsm;ESit hf nD zGJ pnf;tkyc f sKyfyHk tajccHOya' (1947 ckEp S ) f ukd jyefvnfjyifqif&efjzpfonf? uHta-umif;raumif;vSpm G Tonfrm S jzpf ay:rvmcJa h wmhacs? tb,fa-umifq h a dk omf r-umao;cifuyif _Adwo d #owif;Xme rsm;okd xkwfjyefay;cJhaom tvGeftxl;ta&;}uD;aom taxmuftxm;rsm;t& _Adwdeftajcpkduf jrefrmEkdifiH awmifwef;om;rsm;. rdwfaqGrsm; tzGJu vGwfvyfa&;r&rD AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh 0ef}uD;tzGJukd vkyf}uHowfjzwfr+ESifh 1947=48 ckEp S f ywf0ef;usifrsm;wGif u&ifaomif;usef;r+rsm; jzpfym G ;atmif pDr! H e f -um;cJjh cif;jzpf_yD; if;wko d nf _Adwe d . f ukv d e dk e D ,fcsJ uGeq f maA;wpf tpk; d &ESihf wdusaom tquft oG,frsm;&SdaecJhonf? 16 a':atmifqef;pk-unf. atmifqef; (uGif;pfvef;wuUodkvf=-opa-w vs/ 1984) pmrsufESm=(33) olyGifhyGifhvif;vif;0efcHcJhouJhodk olonf rrSm;r,Gif; Edkifaomol r[kwfyg? odkaomf ol.pdwfrSm tpOft_rJ us,fjyefvsuf&Sdaom pdwjf zpfum tpOfrjywf zGH zd;wd; k wufEi dk a f om pGr; f tm;&Sa d eonf? 17 w&m;Oya' pdk;rdk;r+ESifh vHkcHr+wdkudk tpm;xdk;Edkif&efESifh 'Drdkua&pD a&G;aumufyGJrsm; usif;yEdkifa&;twGuf udwifjyifqifr+rsm; yvkyfEdkif&ef vkyfydkif cGifhtm%m tyfESif;vsuf tpdk;&w&yfudk OD;aqmifEdkif&eftwGuf 1958 ckESpf/ atmufwdkbm vwGif jrefrmEdkifiHawmf jynfolv $wfawmfu AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if;udk emrnfpm&if;wif tqdk ycJo h nf? ae0if;tm; uefo wfxm;aom wm0efoufwrf; rSm 1958 ckEp S /f Ek0 d ifbmvrS 1960 ckEp S /f azazmf0g&Dvtxdjzpfonf? 18 npmpm;yGw J ckY vl0ifpm;r+ta-umif; ajym-um;r+wckudk wqifc h H jyefvnf -um;od&_yD; ,if;rSm &$ifjrL;zG,f[k xif&aomfvnf; ta&;}uD;onfh ykHjyifwyk'f jzpfonft h wGuf xyfcgxyfcgajymjcif;jzifh ykr da dk umif;rGev f mygvdrr hf nf? ol.tkyp f; dk r+ apmapmykdif;wGif tm%m&Sifae0if;onf xkdif;rif;orD;wyg;ukd EkdifiHawmfnpm pm;yGJw&yfjzifh wnfcif;{nfhcHonf? rif;orD;u olronf 1767 ckESpfu jrefrmwkd t,k', < -rdawmfudk odr; f yku d p f Ofu olt ukE d i St hf wl uGyr f sufjcif; cHc-hJ u&aom rif; orD; jyefvnf0ifpm;cJjh cif;jzpfonf[k ae0if;ukd ajymjyonf? tu,fI aemufb0 rsm;wGif tcse d -f um&Snp fm G uGu J m G cJ& h aom olt ukE di S hf jyefvnf qkq H nf;&ef ar#mv f ifc h hJ _yD; olwE dk p S O f ; D yl;aygif;I jrefrmEki di fu H dk zsuq f ; D vufpm;acs &ef olrraorD use d q f c dk hJ
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a-umif; olru ajymjyjyefygonf? ae0if;u olrbuf tenf;i,f,drf;vkduf_yD; olrem;em;uyfum wk; d wk; d av;ajymygonf? igu rift h uky d? J -unfa h v? ig jrefrm jynfukd bmvkyfxm;ovJ? at;'gtpyJ&Sdao; w,f [l.? 19 a'gufwmwifa h 0 BA, MBBS (Rgn), MRACMA, MM (Psychotherapy) (Sydney), FRANZCP onf Westmead aq;kHwGif pdwfa&m*g txl;ukq&m0ef (Staff Specialist Psychiatrist) wa,mufjzpf_yD;/ jyifyukd,fykdifaq;ukcef;wGif pdwa f 0'em cGjJ crf;pdwjf zmukx; Hk jzifh ukool q&m0ef (Psychotherapist) wa,muf jzpfonf ? if;pdwfyg0ifpm;onfh bmom&yfrsm;xJwGif tuGif;rJhtm%m&Sifpepf vufatmuf aexki d& f jcif;. tusK; d quf&v'frsm;ESihf tqky d g&v'frsm;. om;pOf ajr;qufwi dk f qk; d usK; d oufa&mufapr+rsm;/ ppfajy;'kuo Q nfrsm;ESihf nO; f yef;ESy dp f ufc/H "m;pmcHrsm;twGuf pdwa f 0'em ukx; Hk rsm; ponfwy dk g0ifonf? 20 Tae&mwGif u|ea f wmf t*Fvy db f momjzifh a&;cJo h nfp h mtkyw f i G f ',fe& D ,f f efonfh atmufyga&;om; (vf)'Dz; dk (Danicl Defoe:1661-1731) . pmayrS avsmu csufukd ukd;um;jyxm;ygonf?
The best of men cannot suspend their fate: The good die early, the bad die late.
a-u;rkO H; D aomif;/ xif&m S ;ausm-f um;aom owif;pmq&mESihf pma&;q&m? tar&duefEi dk i f H zavmf&' D ge,fwi G f ,cktcg aexki dv f su& f _dS y; D +armif (c) ae0if;. b0jzpfpOfrsm;ukd taumif;qk; H yka H zmf Eki do f jl zpfonf? olonf pmtkyw f apmifwzGJ jzpf atmif atmufygukd,fa&;twKy`wWdrsm;ukd taumif;tqkd; rcGif;rcsefa&;om;cJh onf? (1) Adv k a f e0if; ppf"m;jyvrf;pOf/ 1944 ckEp S f Zlvi dk v f wGif a&'D,b dk m;rm;/ rme,fyavmu ykE Hy dS x f w k a f 0onf? (2) owif;pmq&mwOD;/ Adv k c f sKyf}uD;wOD;ESihf jrefrmjynf&dS ppfwyfwwyf/ 1995 ckEp S w f i G f 0+u d v f ; dk wyfp/f befaumufEi S hf csifer D m S ykE H y dS x f w k a f 0cJo h nf? (3) Adv k a f e0if;Zmwfvrf;+yo f r# (Akv d a f e0if;. +ya f xG;ayGvD Zmwfvrf; tjynft h pk) H 2001 ckEp S w f i G f uk, d w f i dk x f w k a f 0 _yD; OD;ae0if;. jymwqky f / 2004 ckEp Sw f i G f uk, d w f i dk x f w k a f 0? trSwf (2) rSvI JG uset f m;vk; H jrefrmbmomjzifjh zpfonf? Eki di f& H yf jcm;a&muf jrefrmpma&;q&mrsm;onf ae0if;ESiy hf wfoufI aqmif;yg;rsm; ykHrSefa&;avh&Sd-u&m tcsKdrSm ol.oDva-umifh tusifhysufr+rsm;tajctae/ bufvu dk r fr + sm;ESihf tawG;tac:vGa J csma f er+rsm;tay: txl;yxm;-uonf? tvm;
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wl t"dutcsufrsm;tay: tajccHaom u|efawmfwkd. tufaq;rsm;ESifh tawG; tjrifrsm;onf at;&Sm;0dcf r*~Zif;wGif 2003 ckESpf Ekd0ifbmvwGif b0&Sifrif; w&m;ae0if; ESifh 1993 ckESpf ZlvkdifvwGif ol&Jaumif;wOD;.t&dyf tjzpf azmfjycH&_y; D befaumufrS xkwa f 0aom acwfydi f *sme,fwi G f &Spa f v;vk; H ESpy f wf vnftxdr; f trSwp f mapmiftwGuf ae0if;.0Suv f uf tp&So d nfh aqmif;yg;rsm; azmfjycHc& hJ onf? ,if;oka d om aqmif;yg;rsm;ukd u|efawmf vkya f zmfui dk z f ufrsm;ESihf u|ea f wmfu, dk w f i dk f pDtm'DbD owif;rsm;ESihf tjrifrsm; pmapmifwi G f a&;om;xkwf a0cJo h nf? 22 ae0if;ESifhtwl olorD; cifpENm0if; (owif;rsm;wGif ol.q&m0eftjzpf azmfjy-uonf)/ olr. cifye G; f at;aZmf0if;ESihf ajr; ausma f e0if;wkd vku d y f gcJ-h uonf? _yD;cJhaom tESpf (20) twGif; tusifhysufqkH; urBmhacgif;aqmif (10) OD;pm&if;wGif ql[m wkt d aejzifh xdyq f ; Hk tqift h jzpf Eki di fw H umjrifomxifomtzGJrS xkwa f 0aom urBmvk; H qki d& f m tusiy fh sur ft + pD&ifcp H mu 2004 ckEp S f rwfvwGif tqifo h wfrw S c fH &onfrm S pdw0 f ifpm;zG,jf zpfonf? 23 +armifonf ti,fwef;pma&;av;tjzpf tvkyfvkyfzuf a':wifwifukd 1930 ckEp S v f nfwi G f vufxyfc_hJ yD; om; (2) OD; xGe; f um;cJo h nf? olwu dk _JG yD;aemuf Adv k c f sKyf}uD;ae0if;tjzpf rpPpa f uwDawmif}uD; (c) auwDboef; (c) cifaroef;ukd 1950 ckEp St f apmyki d; f wGif vufxyfco hJ nf? olrwGif orD;ok; H OD;yg&Sv d mcJ_h y; D ae0if;ESihf orD; (2) a,muf/ om; (1) a,muf &&Sc do hJ nf? olronf 1972 ckEp Sw f i G f uG,v f e Gc f hJ onf? 1970 ckEp Sv f nfwi G f a':-umqef[a k c:aom &cki dt f rsK; d orD;wOD;ukd ZeD;r,m; ycJhonf[k aumvm[vjzpfcJhonf? ukef;abmifrif;qufrS bk&ifrif;wkef;rif;. jrpfawmfol *|e fp dk f b,fvmrD (June Rose Bellamy) (c) &wemewfr,fudk 197576 ckESpfwGif w&m;0ifvufxyfcJhjyefonf? ,if;tdrfaxmifrSmvnf; acwWr#omcH_yD; tdrw f i G; f &efjzpfrt + wGi; f aq;vdyjf ymzefcu G jf zifh ypfaygufrj+ zifh tqk; H owfom G ;cJo h nf? rnfou l pypfaygufonfEi Sy hf wfoufI owif;jyefy m G ;r+twGi; f 0d0g'uGv J r JG r + sm;&Sc d hJ onf? aemufqkH;od&Sd&onfh vufxyfxdrf;jrm;r+rSm &efukefwuUokdvforkdif;XmerS okawoe uxdu a':eDejD rifE hi S jhf zpfonf? olrESiu hf _JG y; D jyefvnfvufxyfjyefonft h wGuf ,if;ukd ESpf}udrf[kwGufv#if pkpkaygif; (6) }udrf&Sdonf? 24 Tpmyk' dE fi Sy hf wfoufI u|ea f wmf t*Fvy db f momjzifh a&;cJo h nfh pmtkyw f i Gf +dwfpyD;,m; (William Shakespeare: 23.4.1564-23.4.1616: in Julies Caesar) a&;om;csufrsm;rS jrefrmjynf. vuf&SduH-urRmESifh oufqkdif&m pum;rsm;ukd
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There is a tide in the affairs of men, - Which taken at the flood, leads on to fortune; - Omitted all the voyage of their life - Is bound in shallows, and in miseries.
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+U Aung Khin - Who Killed Gen Aung San

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