Chapter 12

Exercise Solutions
EX12.1
A
1 + A
A
A
A =
1
1 + A =
Af
Af
Af =

a.

1 1
1
1
=

= 0.05 0.0001 = 0.0499

Af A 20 104

Af

b.

20

(1/ ) (1/ 0.0499 )

20
= 0.998
20.040

EX12.2
A
1 + A
1 1
1
1
=
6 = 0.01 106
=
Af A 100 10

Af =

= 0.009999
dA Af dA
=

Af
(1 + A) A A A
dAf 100
dAf
= 6 ( 20 ) %
= 0.002%
Af
Af
10
dAf

EX12.3
Bandwidth = H (1 + A0 )
A
105
= H 0 = ( 2 )(10 )

100
At

= ( 2 ) (104 ) rad / sec f = 10 kHz

EX12.4
(a)
vOA = A1 A2 vi + A2 vn
= (100 )(10 ) vi + (10 ) vn
So 1000vi
S
=
= 100 i
No
10vn
Ni
(b)
A1 A2
A2
vOC =
vi +
vn
1 + 1 2
1 + 1 2

105
10
v +
vn
5 i
1 + ( 0.001)10
1 + ( 0.001) (105 )

So 103 vi
S
=
= 104 i
N o 0.1vn
Ni

EX12.5
a.
V = VS V fb = 100 99 = 1 m V
5
Av = 5000 V/V
0.001
V fb 0.099
V fb = V0 =
=
= 0.0198 V/V
V0
5
V0 = AvV Av =

Avf =

Av
1 + Av

5000
Avf = 50 V/V
1 + ( 0.0198 )( 5000 )

Rif = Ri (1 + Av ) = ( 5 ) 1 + ( 0.0198 )( 5000 ) Rif = 500 k

b.

R0 f =

R0
4
=
R0 f 40
1 + Av 1 + ( 0.0198 )( 5000 )

EX12.6
a.
I = I S I fb = 100 99 = 1 A
Ai =

=
Aif =

I0
5
=
Ai = 5000 A/A
I 0.001
I fb
I0

0.099
= 0.0198 A/A
5

Ai
5000
Aif = 50 A/A
=
1 + Ai 1 + ( 5000 )( 0.0198 )
Rif =

b.

Ri
5
=
Rif 50
1 + Ai 1 + ( 0.0198 )( 5000 )

R0 f = (1 + Ai ) R0 = 1 + ( 0.0198 )( 5000 ) ( 4 ) R0 f = 400 k

EX12.7
Avf =

Avf =

Av
104
=
Avf = 3.9984
Av
104
1+
1+
1 + ( R2 / R1 )
1 + ( 30 /10 )
105
= 3.99984
105
1+
1 + ( 30 /10 )

3.99984 3.9984
100% 0.0360%
3.9984

EX12.8
Use a non inverting op-amp.
R
R
1 + 2 = 15 2 = 14
R1
R1

Let

R2 = 140 K
R1 = 10 K
1
= 0.066667
R2
1+
R1

Input resistance.
Rif = 5 ( 0.06667 ) ( 5 103 ) 1.67 M
Rof =

50

( 0.066667 ) ( 5 103 )

0.15

EX12.9

RE

ii

R + rk
E 1+ h
FE

80
0.026
( )(
)
rk =
= 4.16 k
0.5
Then
rk
4.16
=
= 0.0514 k
1 + hFE
81
Then we want

io
RE
80
= 0.95 =

ii
81 RE + 0.0514
h
io = FE
1 + hFE

or

RE

= 0.9619
RE + 0.0514
which yields
RE ( min ) = 1.30 k
and
81
V + = I E RE + 0.7 = ( 0.5 )(1.3) + 0.7 V + ( min ) = 1.36 V
80

EX12.10
Use the configuration shown in figure 12.20.
RS = 500 , RL = 200

Let 1 +

RF
= 15
R1

For example, let R1 = 2 K

RF = 28 K

EX12.11
a.
R2
20
VG =
(10 ) 5 =
(10 ) 5
20 + 30
R1 + R2
VG = 1 V
VS = 1 VGS
ID =

VS ( 5 )
RS

= K n (VGS VTN )

( 1) VGS + 5 = (1.5)( 0.4 )(VGS 2 )

4 VGS = 0.6 (V 2GS 4VGS + 4 )

0.6V 2GS 1.4VGS 1.6 = 0

VGS =

1.4

(1.4 )

+ 4 ( 0.6 )(1.6 )

2 ( 0.6 )

VGS = 3.174 V

g m = 2 K n (VGS VTN ) = 2 (1.5 )( 3.17 2 )

g m = 3.52 mA / V

RD
2
I0 =
( g mVgs ) =
( 3.52 ) Vgs
2+2
RD + RL
I 0 = 1.76Vgs
Vi = Vgs + g mVgs RS Vgs =

Vgs =

Vi
1 + g m RS

Vi
= ( 0.4153) Vi
1 + ( 3.52 )( 0.4 )

I 0 = (1.76 )( 0.4153)Vi Agf =

I0
= 0.731 mA / V
Vi

b.
For K n = 1 mA / V 2
From dc analysis:
4 VGS = (1)( 0.4 )(VGS 2 )

4 VGS = 0.4 (V 2GS 4VGS + 4 )

0.4V 2GS 0.6VGS 2.4 = 0

VGS =

0.6

( 0.6 ) + 4 ( 0.4 )( 2.4 )

2 ( 0.4 )
2

VGS = 3.31V
g m = 2 (1)( 3.31 2 ) = 2.623 mA / V
2
I0 =
( 2.623) Vgs = 1.311Vgs
2+2
Vi
Vgs =
= Vi ( 0.488 )
1 + ( 2.623)( 0.4 )

I 0 = (1.31)( 0.488 )Vi

Agf =

I0
= 0.6398 mA / V
Vi

% change =

0.731 0.6398
12.5%
0.731

EX12.12
Use the circuit with the configuration shown in Figure 12.27.
The LED replaces RL .
1
RE = 100
RE

Agf = 10 mS = 10 103 =

EX12.13
dc analysis:
10 V0
V0
= ID +
4.7
47 + 20
I D = K n (VGS VTN )

(1)

(2)

20
VGS =
(3)
V0 = 0.2985V0
20 + 47
2.13 V0 ( 0.213) = I D + ( 0.0149 ) V0
(1)
I D = 2.13 V0 ( 0.2279 )

From (2):
2.13 V0 ( 0.2279 ) = 1 ( 0.2985V0 ) 1.5

2.13 V0 ( 0.2279 ) = 0.0891V0 0.8955V0 + 2.25

2

0.0891V0 0.6676V0 + 0.12 = 0

2

V0 =

0.6676

( 0.6676 ) 4 ( 0.0891)( 0.12 )

2 ( 0.0891)
2

V0 = 7.31 V
10 7.31 7.31

= 0.572 0.109
4.7
67
I D = 0.463 mA
ID =

VGS =

a.

0.463
+ 1.5 = 2.18
1
g m = 2 K n (VGS VTN ) = 2 (1)( 2.18 1.5 ) g m = 1.36 mA/V

V0 Vgs
V0
+ g mVgs +
= 0 (1)
RD
RF

Vgs Vi
RS

Vgs V0
RF

=0

(2)

1
1 V0 Vi
+
+
Vgs
=
RS RF RF RS
V
1 V
1
Vgs + = 0 + i
20 47 47 20
Vgs ( 0.0713) = V0 ( 0.0213) + Vi ( 0.050 )
Vgs = V0 ( 0.299 ) + Vi ( 0.701)

From (1):
V0
V Vgs
+ (1.36 ) Vgs + 0
=0
4.7
47 47
V0 ( 0.213) + (1.36 ) Vgs + V0 ( 0.213) Vgs ( 0.0213) = 0
V0 ( 0.234 ) + Vgs (1.34 ) = 0
V0 ( 0.234 ) + (1.34 ) (V0 )( 0.299 ) + (Vi )( 0.701) = 0
V0 ( 0.635 ) + Vi ( 0.939 ) = 0 Avf =

V0
= 1.48
Vi

b.
For K n = 1.5 mA / V 2
From dc analysis:
2.13 V0 ( 0.2279 ) = 1.5 ( 0.2985V0 ) 1.5

= 1.5 0.0891V0 0.8955V0 + 2.25

2

= 0.1337V0 1.343V0 + 3.375

2

0.1337V0 1.115V0 + 1.245 = 0

2

V0 =
V0 =

1.115

(1.115) 4 ( 0.1337 )(1.245 )

2 ( 0.1337 )
2

1.115 0.7597
V0 = 7.01 V
2 ( 0.1337 )

10 7.01 7.01

= 0.636 0.105
4.7
67
I D = 0.531 mA
ID =

0.531
+ 1.5 = 2.09
1.5
g m = 2 K n (VGS VTN ) = 2 (1.5 )( 2.09 1.5 )

VGS =

= 1.77 mA/V

From ac analysis:
V0
V Vgs
+ (1.77 )Vgs + 0
=0
4.7
47 47

V0 ( 0.213) + (1.77 ) Vgs + V0 ( 0.0213) Vgs ( 0.0213) = 0

V0 ( 0.234 ) + Vgs (1.75 ) = 0
V0 ( 0.234 ) + (1.75 ) V0 ( 0.299 ) + Vi ( 0.701) = 0
V0 ( 0.757 ) + Vi (1.23) = 0 Avf =

% change =

V0
= 1.62
Vi

1.62 1.48
9.46%
1.48

EX12.14
a.
Input resistance.

V0 Vgs
V0
+ g mVgs +
= 0 (1)
RD
RF
Ii =

Vgs V0
RF

(2)

So V0 = Vgs I i RF
1

1
1
V0
+
+ Vgs g m
= 0 (1)
RF
RD RF

1
1
1

Vgs I i ( 47 )
+ + Vgs 1.36 = 0
47
4.7 47

Vgs I i ( 47 ) ( 0.234 ) + Vgs (1.34 ) = 0

Vgs
Vgs (1.57 ) = I i (11.0 ) Rif =
= 7.0 k
Ii

Output Resistance.

IX =

VX
VX
+ g mVgs +
RD
RS + RF

RS
20
Vgs =
VX =
VX = 0.2985VX
20 + 47
RS + RF
V
VX
I X = X + (1.36)(0.2985)VX +
4.7
20 + 47
I X = VX [ 0.213 + 0.406 + 0.0149]
R0 f =

b.

VX
= 1.58 k
IX

From part (a)

Vgs I i ( 47 ) ( 0.234 ) + Vgs 1.77 = 0

47

Vgs
Vgs (1.98 ) = I i (11) Rif =
= 5.56 k
Ii

IX =

VX
VX
+ (1.77 )( 0.2985 ) VX +
4.7
20 + 47

I X = VX [ 0.213 + 0.528 + 0.0149] R0 f =

VX
= 1.32 k
IX

EX12.15
Use the circuit with the configuration shown in Figure 12.41
Let RF = 10 K
EX12.16
5.5
VTH =
(10 ) = 0.9735 V
5.5 + 51
RTH = 5.5 || 51 = 4.965 k

I BQ =

0.973 0.7
= 0.00217 mA
4.96 + (121)(1)

I CQ = 0.2605 mA
r = 11.98 k, g m = 10.02 mA / V
Req = RS || R1 || R2 || r

= (10 ) || 51|| 5.5 || 12

= 2.598 k

From Equation (12.99(b)):

Req
T = ( g m RC )
R + R + R
F
eq
C
2.598

= (10 )(10 )
T = 2.75
10
82
2.598
+
+

EX12.17 Computer Analysis

EX12.18

V = Vt , V0 = AvV = AvVt
R1 || Ri
R1 || Ri
Vr =
V0 =
( AvVt )
R
||
R
+
R
2
1 i
R1 || Ri + R2
T =

R1 || Ri
Vr
= Av

Vt
R1 || Ri + R2

or
T=

Av
R
1+ 2
R1 Ri

EX12.19
f
Phase = 180 = 3 tan 1 5
10
f
or tan 1 5 = 60 f = 1.732 105 Hz
10
(100 )
T ( f ) = 1 =
3
2

1+ 5

10

(100 )
= 0.08
=
3
1 + (1.732 )2

EX12.20
Afo =

1000
= 7.092
1 + ( 0.140 )(1000 )

( 0.140 )(1000 )

T =1=

f
f
1 + 3 . 1 +
4
10

5 10

f
1+ 6
10

By trial and error, at f = 7.65 104 Hz

( 0.140 )(1000 )
2
2
1 + ( 76.5 ) 1 + (1.53) 1 + ( 0.0765 )
( 0.140 )(1000 )
=
= 1.00
76.5
( )(1.828 )(1.0 )

T =

Then
= tan 1 (76.5) + tan 1 (1.53) + tan 1 (0.0765)
= [89.25 + 56.83 + 4.37 ] = 150.45

Phase Marge = 180 150.45 = 29.5

EX12.21
The new loop gain function is
105
1
T ( f ) =

f
f 1 + j f 1 + j f

1 + j
1 + j

107
5 108
f PD
5 105

f
f

f
f
1
Phase = tan 1
+ tan 1 7 + tan 1
+ tan
5
8
5 10
10
5 10

f PD
For a phase margin 45 Phase = 135, the poles are far apart so this will occur at approximately
f = 5 105 Hz. Then
105

T ( f ) = 1 =

5 105
1+
1+1 1 1
f PD
105

1=

(1.414 )

5 105
1+

f PD

5 105
9
1+
= 5 10
f PD

f PD

5 105
5 109

f PD = 7.07 Hz

EX12.22
Af ( 0 ) =

A0
1 + A0

2 105

1 + ( 0.05 ) ( 2 105 )

Af (0) 20

f C = f PD (1 + A0 ) = 100 1 + ( 0.05 ) ( 2 105 ) fC 1 MHz

EX12.23
Phase Margin = 45 Phase = 135
This will occur at approximately f = 107 Hz

105

T ( f ) = 1 =

107
1+
2 1
f PD
2

107
9
1+
= 5 10
f
PD
107
f PD = 141 Hz
f PD
5 109

TYU12.1
A
Af =
1 + A
A f + A f A = A

Af = A (1 Af )
A=

Af
1 Af

80
1 ( 80 )( 0.0120 )

A = 2000

TYU12.2
dAf
dA Af dA
1
=

=
.
Af
(1 + A) A A A
dA dAf
=
A
Af

A
f

5 105
dA
= 5%
= ( 0.001)

A
100

TYU12.3
Af f H = A0 f1
Af =

6
A0 f1 (10 ) ( 8 )
Af ( 0 ) = 32
=
fH
250 103

TYU12.4
V = VS V fb = 100 99 = 1 mV
Ag =

=
Agf =

I 0 5 mA
=
Ag = 5 A/V
V 1 mV
V fb

I0

99 mV
= 19.8 V/A
5 mA

Ag
1 + Ag

TYU12.5

5
Agf = 0.05 A/V = 50 mA/V
1 + (19.8 )( 5 )

I = I S I fb = 100 99 = 1 A
Az =

=
Azf =

V0
5V
=
Az = 5 106 V/A
I 1 A
I fb

V0

99 A
= 1.98 105 A/V
5V

Az
1 + Az

TYU12.6
r =

a.
gm =

I CQ

VT

5 106

1 + (1.98 105 )( 5 106 )

Azf = 5 104 V/A = 50 V/mA

hFEVT (100 )( 0.026 )

=
= 5.2 k
I CQ
0.5

0.5
= 19.23 mA / V
0.026

+ 19.23 ( 2 )
+ g m RE

r
5.2

=
Avf =
1

+ 19.23 ( 2 )
1 + + g m RE 1 +
5.2

(19.42 )( 2 )
Avf = 0.97490
1 + (19.42 )( 2 )
= r + (1 + hFE ) RE = 5.2 + (101)( 2 ) Rif
=

Rif

r
5.2
=2
R0 f = 0.0502 k 50.2
1 + hFE
101

R0 f = RE

b.

= 207.2 k

hFE = 150 r = 7.8 k, g m = 19.23mA/V

+ 19.23 ( 2 )

(19.36 )( 2 )
7.8

Avf =
=
1 + (19.36 )( 2 )
1

1+
+ 19.23 ( 2 )
7.8

Avf = 0.97482 0.0082% change in Avf

Rif = 7.8 + (101)( 2 ) = 209.8 k 1.25% change in Rif
R0 f = RE

r
7.8
=2
= 2 0.0517
1 + hFE
151

R0 f = 50.36 0.319% change in R0 f

TYU12.7

V0 = ( g mVgs ) RS
Vi = Vgs + g m RSVgs
Vi
Vgs =
1 + g m RS
g m = 2 K n I DQ = 2

( 0.2 )( 0.25 ) = 0.447 mA / V

Avf =

V0
g m RS
=
Vi 1 + g m RS

Avf =

( 0.447 )( 5 )
Avf
1 + ( 0.447 )( 5 )

= 0.691

Rif =

I X = g mVgs =

VX
RS

Vgs = VX

1
I X = VX g m +

RS

1
1
R0 f =
RS =
5
gm
0.447
R0 f = 1.55 k

TYU12.8 Computer Analysis

TYU12.9 Computer Analysis
TYU12.10

a.

Agf =

b.

Agf =

hFE Ag

1 + ( hFE Ag ) RE

( 200 ) (103 )
Agf
1 + ( 200 ) (103 )(103 )

( 200 ) (104 )
Agf
1 + ( 200 ) (104 )(103 )

1 mA/V

= 103 A/V=1 mA/V

Percent change is negligible. ( 4.5 107 % )

( 200 ) (104 )
( 200 ) (103 )

1 + ( 200 ) (104 )(103 ) 1 + ( 200 ) (103 )(103 )

103

( 200 ) (104 ) 1 + ( 200 ) (104 )(103 )

(10 )( 2 10 )( 2 10 )
3

(200)(103 )[1 + (200)(104 )(103 )]

(103 )(2 109 )(2 108 )
200 104 200 103

(103 )( 2 109 )( 2 108 )

TYU12.11
T = Ai =

T ( f1 )

Ai 0

= 4.5 109

(10 ) ( 0.01)
5

f
f
1 + j 1 + j 10

f1

3
10
=1=
2
f
1+ E
10

f
1 + E = 106
10
2

f E = 10 106 1 f E 104 Hz

104
f
Phase = = tan 1 E = tan 1

10
10
= tan 1 (103 )

90
Phase Margin = 180 90 Phase Margin = 90
TYU12.12
0

f
f
1+ j 1 + j
f1
f2

f
f
Phase = tan 1 + tan 1
f1
f2

T = Ai =

Phase Margin = 60 Phase = 120

f
f
120 = tan 1 4 + tan 1 5
10
10

At f = 7.66 104 Hz,

Phase = tan 1 ( 7.66 ) + tan 1 ( 0.766 )
= [82.56 + 37.45]
= 120

(10 )
5

T ( f ) = 1 =

1+ ( 7.66 ) 1 + ( 0.766 )
2

(10 )

1=

( 7.725 )(1.26 )

= 9.73 105

TYU12.13
Phase Margin = 60 Phase = 120
f
Phase = 120 = 3 tan 1 5
10
f
tan 1 5 = 40 f = 0.839 105 Hz
10
(100 )
T ( f ) = 1 =
3
2

1+ 5

10

(100 )
=
= 0.0222
3
1 + ( 0.839 )2