Chapter 15

Exercise Solutions
EX15.1
For the circuit shown in Figure 15.7
1
f 3dB =
2 RC
or
1
1
RC =
=
= 3.979 106
2 f3dB 2 ( 40 103 )
For R = 75 K
Then
C = 5.311011 = 53.1 pF
We have C3 = 1.414C = 75.1 pF
C4 = 0.707C = 37.5 pF

EX15.2
1
fC =
CReq
or
C=

1
1
=
f c Req (105 )( 20 106 )

C = 0.5 pF

EX15.3
Low-frequency gain: T =
f 3dB =

C1
30
=
= 6
C2
5

3
12
fC C2 (100 10 )( 5 10 )
=
f 3dB = 6.63 kHz
2 CF
2 (12 1012 )

EX15.4
1

f0 =

2 3RC
1
1
RC =
=
= 6.13 106
3
2 f 0 3 2 (15 10 ) 3
Let C = 0.001 F = 1 nF

Then R = 6.13 k so R2 = 8R = 49 k
EX15.5
f0 =
C=

1
1
C =
2 RC
2 f 0 R
1

2 ( 800 ) (104 )

C 0.02 F

R2 = 2 R1 = 2 (10 ) R2 = 20 k

EX15.6

 R1
VTH =
VH
R1 + R2
R1
2=
(12)
R1 + 20
2 ( R1 + 20 ) = 12 R1

40 = 10 R1 R1 = 4 k

EX15.7
R1
VTH VTL =
(VH VL )
R1 + R2
R1
0.10 =
(10 [ 10])
R1 + R2
1+

R2
R
20
=
= 200 2 = 199
R1 0.10
R1

R2
VS =
VREF
R1 + R2

R
1

VREF = 1 + 1 VS = 1 +
(1) VREF = 1.005 V
199
R

I=

VH VBE ( on ) V

R + 0.1
10 0.7 0.7
R + 0.1 =
= 43 k
0.2
R = 42.9 k

EX15.8
At t = 0 , let v0 = 5 so v X = 2.5. For t > 0
t
v X = 10 + ( 2.5 10 ) exp
rX
When v X = 5.0, output switches
t
5.0 = 10 12.5 exp 1
rX
t 10 5 5.0
=
exp 1 =
rX 12.5 12.5
t 12.5
12.5
exp + 1 =
t1 = rX ln
t1 = rX ( 0.916 )
5.0
rX 5.0
During the next part of the cycle
t
v X = 5 + ( 5 [ 5]) exp
rX

When v X = 2.5, output switches

 t
2.5 = 5 + 10 exp 2
rX
t 5 2.5 2.5
exp 2 =
=
10
10
rX
t 10
10
exp + 2 =
t2 = rX ln
t2 = rX (1.39 )
2.5
r
2.5
X
1
Period = t1 + t2 = T = ( 0.916 ) + (1.39 ) rX = 2.31rX Frequency =
2.31rX
rX = ( 50 103 )( 0.01 10 6 ) = 5 10 4 s f = 866 Hz
Duty cycle =

( 0.916 )
t1
100% =
100% Duty cycle = 39.7%
t1 + t2
( 0.916 ) + (1.39 )

EX15.9
a.
rX = RX C X
R1
10
vY =
v0 =
(12 ) = 1.2 V
10 + 90
R1 + R2
R1
= 0.10
=
R1 + R2
0.7

1 + 12
1 + V /VP
T = rX ln

= rX ln
1
1 (0.10)

T = 50 106 = rX ln [1.18] = (0.162) rX

50 106
RX = 3.09 k
(0.1 106 )(0.162)
b.
Recovery time
t
v X = VP + (1.2 VP ) exp
rX
RX =

When v X = V , t = t2

 t
0.7 = 12 + ( 1.2 12 ) exp 2
rX
t 12 0.7
= 0.856
exp 2 =
13.2
rX
1
t2 = rX ln
= ( 0.155 ) rX
0.856

rX = ( 3.09 103 )( 0.1 106 ) = 3.09 104 t2 = 48.0 s

EX15.10
T = 1.1 RC
T = 75 106
Let C = 10 nF
Then
75 106
R=
= 6.82 K
(1.1) (10 109 )

EX15.11
1
1
=
f = 802 Hz
0.693 ( RA + 2 RB ) C ( 0.693) 20 + 2 ( 80 ) 103 ( 0.01 106 )
R + RB
20 + 80
Duty cycle = A
100% =
100% Duty cycle = 55.6%
20 + 2 ( 80 )
RA + 2 RB
f =

EX15.12
P=

a.

1 VP2

2 RL

VP = 2 RL P = 2 ( 8 )(1) VP = 4 V
IP =

VP 4
= I P = 0.5 A
RL 8

VCE = 12 4 = 8 V

b.

I C 0.5 A

So P = I C VCE = ( 0.5 )( 8 ) P = 4 W
EX15.13
VP = 2 RL PL = 2 ( 8 )(10 ) = 12.65 V
V
PS = VS P
RL

VS =

PS R2 (10 ) ( 8 )
=
VP
12.65

VS = 19.9 V

EX15.14

Line regulation =
Now

dV0
dV dV
= 0 Z+
+
dV
dVZ dV

dV0 10
= 1 + = 2
dVZ 10
dVZ rZ
10
=
= 0.00227
=
+
dV
rZ + R1 10 + 4400
So Line regulation = ( 2 )( 0.00227 ) = 0.00454

0.454%
EX15.15

V1 V0 V1
1 1 V
=
V1 + = 0
10
10
10 10 10
V
2 V
V1 = 0 V0 = 2V1 V1 = 0
10
10
2

V0 V1 V0 V0 A0 L (VZ V1 )
+
+
=0
RL
R0
10
V0 V0 V0 A0 LVZ V1 A0 LV1
+
+

=
R0
R0
10 RL R0
10
=

V0
A V
0L 0
2(10) 2 R0

V0
V 1000 ( 6.3) V0 (1000 ) V0
+ I0 + 0
=

10
0.5
0.5
20
2 ( 0.5 )
V0 [0.10 + 2.0 0.05 + 1000] + I 0 = 12, 600
V0 (1002.05) + I 0 = 12, 600
For I 0 = 1 mA V0 = 12.5732

For I 0 = 100 mA V0 = 12.4744

Load reg =

V0 ( NL ) V0 ( FL )
V0 ( NL )

100%

12.5732 12.4744
100%
12.5732
Load reg = 0.786%

EX15.16
a.

IC 3 =

VZ 3VBE ( on )

IC 3 =

R1 + R2 + R3
5.6 3 ( 0.6 )

3.9 + 3.4 + 0.576

I
I C 4 R4 = VT ln C 3
IC 4

3.8
I C 3 = 0.482 mA
7.88

0.482
I C 4 (0.1) = (0.026) ln

IC 4
By trial and error
I C 4 = 0.213 mA
VB 7 = 2(0.6) + (0.482)(3.9) VB 7 = 3.08 V

b.
R13

V0 = VB 8 = VB 7
R13 + R12
2.23

(5) = 3.08
2.23 + R12

( 2.23)( 5 ) = ( 3.08 )( 2.23) + ( 3.08) R12

11.15 = 6.868 = 3.08R12 R12 = 1.39 k

TYU15.1
1
2 RC
1
1
RC =
=
= 1.59 105
2 f3dB 2 (104 )
f 3dB =

Let C = 0.01 F R = 1.59 k

Then
C1 = 0.03546 F
C2 = 0.01392 F
C3 = 0.002024 F
1

T =

f
20
1+
1+

10
f3d
T = 0.124 or T = 18.1 dB

TYU15.2
f 3dB =
RC =

1
1
RC =
2 RC
2 f3dB
1

2 ( 50 103 )

= 3.18 106

Let C = 0.001 F = 1 nF R = 3.18 k

Then

R1 = 2.94 k
R2 = 3.44 k
R3 = 1.22 k
R4 = 8.31 k
T = 0.01 =

1
f

1 + 3 dB
f

f
1
4
1 + 3 dB =
= 10
f
0.01

f3 dB
f 3dB
f 15.8 kHz

10 f =
10
f

TYU15.3
1-pole

2-pole

3-pole

4-pole

T =

T =

T =

T =

1
12
1+
10
1

12
1+
10
1

12
1+
10

1
12
1+
10

3.87 dB

4.88 dB

6.0 dB

7.24 dB

TYU15.4
1
Req =
fC C

or f C C =

1
1
=
= 2 107
Req 5 106

If C = 10 pF fC = 20 kHz
TYU15.5
1
1
f0 =
=
f 0 65 kHz
4
2 6 RC 2 6 (10 )(100 1012 )
R2 = 29 R = 29 (104 ) R2 = 290 k

TYU15.6

f0 =

1
CC
2 L 1 2
C1 + C2

1
(109 ) 2
2 (10 )
9
2 10
6

f 0 = 7.12 MHz

C2
= gm R
C1
C2 1
1
=
g m = 0.25 mA / V
C1 R 4 103
We have
k W
g m = 2 (VGS VTh )
2 L
k 20 A / V 2 , VGS VTh 1 V
gm =

So

W
0.25 103
=
= 12.5
L ( 20 106 ) (1)

and a value of W / L = 12.5 is certainly reasonable.

TYU15.7
R
VTH = 1 VL
R2
R
R
0.10 = 1 ( 10 ) 1 = 0.010
R2
R2
Let R1 = 0.10 k then R2 = 10 k

TYU15.8
a.
R2
10
VS =
VREF =
( 2)
1 + 10
R1 + R2
VS = 1.82 V
R1
1
VTH = VS +
VH = 1.82 +
(10 )
+
R
R
1 + 10
1
2
VTH = 2.73 V
VTL =

b.

R1
1
VS +
VL = 1.82 +
( 10 )
+
R
R
1 + 10
1
2
VTL = 0.91 V

TYU15.9

R
VS = 1 + 1 VREF
R2
R
R
VTH = VS 1 VL and VTL = VS 1 VH
R2
R2
R
Hysteresis Width = VTH VTL = 1 (VH VL )
R2
R
R
2.5 = 1 ( 5 [ 5]) = 10 1
R
2
R2
R
So 1 = 0.25
R2

Then

R
VS = 1 = 1 + 1 VREF = (1 + 0.25)VREF VREF = 0.8 V
R

2
Then
VTH = 1 ( 0.25 )( 5 ) VTH = 0.25 V
VTL = 1 ( 0.25 )( 5 ) VTL = 2.25 V

TYU15.10
R1
1
10
vX =
v0 =
v0 = v0
3
10 + 20
R1 + R2
10
t = 0,
vX =
3
t
10

v X = 10 + 10 exp
3

rX

Output switches when v X =

10
3

10
= 10 13.33 exp
3

t1

rX

t 10 3.33 6.67
=
exp 1 =
13.33
13.33
rX
t 13.33
2
exp + 1 =
rX 6.67
t1 = rX ln (2) = (0.693)rX
T = 2(0.693)rX
f =

1
2(0.693)rX

rX = RX C X = (104 )( 0.110 6 ) = 110 3 f = 722 Hz Duty cycle = 50%

TYU15.11
R1
20
= 0.333
=
=
R
R
+
+ 40
20
1
2

rX = RX C X = (104 )( 0.01 106 ) = 1 104

1 + V / VP
T = rX ln
1

Recovery time

0.7

1+ 8

4
T = 48.9 s
= (1 10 ) ln

1 0.333

 R1
20
vY =
v0 =
(8) = 2.667 V
R
R
+
20 + 40
2
1
t
0.7 = 8 + ( 2.667 8 ) exp 2
rX
t 8 0.7
exp 2 =
= 0.6844
rX 10.66
1
t2 = rX ln
t2 = 37.9 s
0.685

TYU15.12
f =

( 0.693)( RA + RB ) C

RA + RB =

1
( 0.693) fC

Let C = 0.01 F,
RA + RB =

f = 1kHz
1

( 0.693) (103 )( 0.01106 )

Duty cycle = 55 =

= 1.443 105

RA + RB
100%
RA + 2 RB

(1.443 10 ) (100 )
(1.443 10 ) + R
(1.443 10 ) (100 55) R
=
5

55 =

RB

55

= 118 k so RA = 26.2 k

TYU15.13
v01 R2 30
a.
= 1 + = 1 + = 2.5
vI
R1 20
v02
R
50
= 4 =
= 2.5
20
vI
R3

(b)

P=

1 VL2 1 [12 (12)]2

=
= 240 mW
2 RL 2
1.2

Or
P = 0.24 W
c.

12
= V pi = 4.8 V
2.5