13930191-CISCO WAAS-WAN Acceleration

Cisco WAAS
(Wide Area Application Services)
Technical Overview
Philip Nedev - SE pnedev@cisco.com
WAAS4.0
2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Agenda
Enterprise Application Delivery Challenges Introducing Cisco Wide Area Application Services Network Integration and Deployment In-Depth Examination of Optimizations Management and WAE Platforms Summary Q&A
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The WAN Is A Barrier To Consolidation

Applications are designed for LAN environments
High bandwidth Low latency Reliability
Round Trip Time (RTT) ~ 0mS

LAN Switch Client Server
WAN characteristics hinder consolidation

Round Trip Time (RTT) ~ many many milliseconds
Already congested Low bandwidth Latency Packet Loss

Client LAN Switch Routed Network LAN Switch Server
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Bandwidth
Bandwidth constraints keep applications from performing well Too much data and too small of a pipe causes congestion, packet loss, and backpressure
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Packet Loss, Congestion, and Retransmission

Packet loss and congestion cause retransmission which hinders application performance and throughput Commonly caused by saturated device transmit queues in the network path
Packet Loss Congestion
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The Impact of Packet Loss

4,510 4,010
R
R=
MSS 1 .2 RTT p 0.5

: Average Throughput
3,510
Throughput (Mbps)
MSS: Packet Size RTT: Round-Trip Time P : Packet Loss
3,010 2,510 2,010 1,510 1,010 510 10 0.00001%
0.0001%
0.001%
0.01%
0.1%
1.0%
Packet Loss Probability

Assuming 1250-Byte packet size, and 100ms RTT
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Latency
Latency impairs application performance in three ways:
Network latency the amount of time necessary for a message to traverse the network Transport latency the amount of time necessary for the transport mechanism (TCP) to acknowledge and retransmit data Application latency chattiness of an application protocol causing messages to be exchanged across the network
Round Trip Time (RTT) ~ many many milliseconds
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The Impact of Latency

R=
R
MSS 1 .2 RTT p 0.5

: Average Throughput
MSS: Packet Size RTT: Round-Trip Time
Throughput
Expected Expected
1.544Mbps
: Packet Loss
Actual Actual
500Kbps
80 ms Round Trip Time (RTT)

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Need for Application-Specific Acceleration

Many application protocols can not be adequately optimized through simple compression and transport optimizations alone Application protocols are commonly developed in utopian environments, i.e. the client and the server are on the same LAN or very close to one another Application-induced or protocol-induced latency and unnecessary data transfers hinder overall enduser performance
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The Common Internet File System (CIFS) and Network File System (NFS) are two examples of such protocols CIFS and NFS make a portion of a local file system network accessible, and must maintain all of the semantics of the local file system itself, including:
User (or process) authentication and authorization Information security Locating information, directory traversal File access control and locking semantics I/O operations, including open, close, read, write, seek
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The result is that hundreds upon thousands of messages must traverse the network before any usable data is served or function is completed!
Protocol version selection User authentication User authorization Meta data operations Find file
File open, FID Lock segment ranges Read data
Write data
Close file
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Applying compression to communications between the client and server certainly minimizes the amount of bandwidth consumed by each protocol message
But many hundreds or thousands messages must still go back and forth across the WAN in sequence!
Applying transport optimizations to communications between the client and server improves the ability of each message to efficiently and fully utilize available network capacity
But many hundreds or thousands of messages must still go back and forth across the WAN in sequence!
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In this simple example of a 1MB Word document open, over 1000 messages are exchanged With a 40mS RTT WAN, this equates to over 52 seconds of wait time before the document is usable!
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Agenda
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Cisco WAAS Overcomes the WAN

Cisco WAAS is a solution that leverages a hardware footprint (WAE) in the remote office and in the data center to overcome application performance problems in WAN environments
Remote Office
Data Center
WAN O Op pttiim miiz ze ed dC Co on nn ne ec cttiio on ns s
s ns ion cttio ec n ne o nn C o d C e d iz e iz im t p im t O Op
Remote Office
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Cisco WAAS Enables Consolidation

Cisco Wide Area Application Services (WAAS)
Transparent integration Robust optimizations Auto discovery
Infrastructure Consolidation
Remove costly servers Centralize data protection Save WAN resources
WAN
Application Acceleration
Application adapters Advanced compression Throughput optimizations Policy-based configuration
Server and Server and storage storage infrastructure infrastructure
Cisco Cisco WAE WAE
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Cisco WAAS Print Services

Centrally Managed Print Services
Print driver distribution Client driver download repository Status and health reporting
Supports Any Printer

Full feature compatibility Job control and status monitoring Guest and disconnected printing
Print Server Configuration

Network parameters (IP, name, etc) Queue definition and ACLs
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WAAS Accelerates Broad Range of Applications

Application
File Sharing Email Internet and Intranet Data Transfer Software Distribution Database Applications Data Protection UNIX (NFS) Exchange (MAPI) SMTP/POP3, IMAP Notes HTTP, HTTPS, WebDAV FTP SMS Altiris SQL Oracle Notes Backup Applications Replication Applications Any TCP-based Application 2X-10X 2X-10X 2X-50X 2X-50X 2X-100X 2X-50X
Protocol
Windows (CIFS)
Typical Improvement
2X-100X
Other
2X-10X
* Performance improvement varies based on user workload, compressibility of data, and WAN characteristics and utilization. Actual numbers are case-specific and results may vary.
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Cisco WAAS Performance File Services

Operations over T1 (1.544Mbps), 80mS RTT
20 Seconds Opening 5-MB PowerPoint Saving 5-MB PowerPoint Drag and Drop of 5MB PowerPoint 40 Seconds 60 Seconds 80 Seconds
Legend Operation Over Native WAN First Operation with WAAS Future Operation with WAAS 20 Seconds 40 Seconds 60 Seconds 80 Seconds
Download of 8MB Package Microsoft SMS Operation over native WAN
Legend First operation with WAAS, no preposition First operation with WAAS, with preposition Future operation with WAAS
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Cisco WAAS Optimization Architecture
L7: Application Optimization
Video Web Video Web Unified Management Management Unified
Local Enterprise File Local File Enterprise Email Email Apps Services Services Services Services Apps
Other Other Apps Apps
L4: Transport Optimization
Content Content Distribution Distribution
TCP TCP Flow Flow Optimizations Optimizations (TFO) (TFO)
Persistent Persistent Session-Based Session-Based Compression Compression
Data Data Redundancy Redundancy Elimination Elimination (DRE) (DRE)
Application Application Classification Classification and and Policy Policy Engine Engine Logical Logical and and Physical Physical Integration Integration Security Security Monitoring Monitoring Quality Quality of of Service Service
Network Infrastructure
Core Core Routing Routing & & Switching Switching Services Services
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WAAS File Services Introduction

Cisco Wide Area Application Services provides the industrys most innovative and robust file services optimizations:
Application protocol proxy (CIFS, NFSv2) to handle protocol message workload at the edge to mitigate the impact of latency Application data and meta data cache to serve usable content at the edge to mitigate unnecessary data transfers when safe Network compression (DRE, LZ) to minimize bandwidth usage during data transfer scenarios (read or write) TCP optimizations (TFO) to improve utilization of the available network capacity
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Intelligent local handling and optimization of Intelligent local handling and optimization of protocol mitigates latency protocol mitigates latency File caching to remove the need to File caching to remove the need to unnecessarily transfer files, validation unnecessarily transfer files, validation ensures stale data is never served ensures stale data is never served Transparent integration ensures no client or Transparent integration ensures no client or server changes to apply optimization server changes to apply optimization Sessions maintained end-to-end ensures Sessions maintained end-to-end ensures no security reconfiguration no security reconfiguration Auditing, access-control, and quotas are Auditing, access-control, and quotas are fully preserved fully preserved Scheduled preposition to prepopulate Scheduled preposition to prepopulate DRE and edge data cache DRE and edge data cache
WAN
Files
FILE.DOC
Cache
Disconnected mode of operation Disconnected mode of operation allows R/O access to fully-cached allows R/O access to fully-cached content when the server is unreachable content when the server is unreachable
Advanced WAN optimization layer Advanced WAN optimization layer improves throughput and efficiency improves throughput and efficiency Data Redundancy Elimination (DRE) Data Redundancy Elimination (DRE) eliminates redundant network data eliminates redundant network data TCP optimizations to improve TCP optimizations to improve protocol ability to fully utilize network protocol ability to fully utilize network
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Branch Office
IT
Backup
Regional Office
IT
File Backup Cache NAS DAS DAS Files
File
Cache NAS DAS DAS
Files
Data Center Remote Office

IT IT
Backup
NAS SAN Files
WAN
File Cache NAS DAS DAS

Files
Backup
Decentralized Storage Centralized Centralized andStorage Optimized

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Intelligent Message Suppression

IMS provides latency reduction
Eliminate unnecessary message transfer and minimize WAN RTTs Batch composite commands Message prediction and pre-fetch
IP Network
WAN Optimization DRE/TFO/LZ Cache and Protocol Proxy ~90% msgs 10% actual storage
File performance optimizations

Read-ahead caching during file access to increase read cache hits Asynchronous write-behind caching when safe, synchronous writebehind to ensure file integrity
NAS
Origin Server 100% of capacity
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Application-Specific Acceleration
Application and protocol awareness
Eliminate unnecessary chatter Save WAN bandwidth Pre-populate edge cache as necessary Enable disconnected operations
Application Specific Acceleration Safe Caching Read-ahead Prediction Batching
Intelligent protocol acceleration

Read-ahead, prediction, and batching Safe data and metadata caching Improves application response time Provide origin server offload
WAN
WAN Optimization DRE/TFO/LZ
WAASv4 application adapters

CIFS (Windows File Services) Windows printing
Origin Server Offloaded
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Data Caching and Integrity

Edge file segment caching and meta data caching
Data cached on-demand as files or directories are opened Prepopulation of edge cache via CDN-like preposition
Coherency, concurrency, and ACL

Cache validation guarantees no stale data served File locking and AAA handled synchronously with server
OPEN OPEN FILE.DOC FILE.DOC

FILE.DOC
IP Network
NAS
Files
AAA, OPEN, LOCK AAA, OPEN, LOCK APPROVED, LOCKED, VALIDATED APPROVED, LOCKED, VALIDATED
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Integration with WAN Optimization

File services adapter leverage WAN optimization capabilities provided by DRE, TFO, and LZ
DRE and LZ improves open and save operation performance through compression and data suppression TFO enables the protocol to more effectively, efficiently utilize available WAN resources
WAN
FILE.DOC
DRE CACHE
DRE CACHE
LZ
LZ
FILE.DOC
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Intelligent File Preposition

Intelligent preposition capabilities with flexible configuration to prepopulate cache with files before the first user request Leverage Data Redundancy Elimination (DRE) and LZ compression to improve transfer performance and user save performance
IP Network
NAS
Files
Distribute Distribute FILE.DOC FILE.DOC at 3am at 3am

FILE.DOC
Fetch Fetch FILE.DOC FILE.DOC
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File Blocking
Cisco WAAS can be configured to prevent specific types of files from being stored on the data center file server or NAS device Prevent non-desirable file types from consuming precious WAN resources, improve productivity
Save Save SONG.MP3 SONG.MP3 IP Network
NAS
X
MP3
Files
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File Services Flexible Integration Options

Non-Transparent Using Published Names, DFS Compatible Data Center
NAS
Branch1
Windows Client
WAN
\\Pluto\Demo
Core WAE Name: Core1
Edge WAE Name: BR1Cache
\\BR1-Pluto\Demo
Transparent Using WCCPv2 or Policy-Based Routing Data Center

Router
NAS
Branch1
Windows Client
WAN
\\Pluto\Demo
Core WAE Name: Core1

\\Pluto\Demo
Edge WAE
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Integration Example Software Distribution

Transparently optimize CIFS to a remote software distribution server to provide LAN-like access to hotfixes, service-packs, and other updates Preposition to pre-populate edge cache with large packages that users will request to improve download and installation performance
Data Center
Router
NAS
Branch Office
WAN
Download Download XP-SP2.msi XP-SP2.msi from from\\pluto \\pluto
\\Pluto\SWUpdates
Distribute Distribute XP-SP2.msi XP-SP2.msi
XP-SP2
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Print Services Network Integration

Central Manager WAEs register as an Active Directory computer and provide print driver repository and driver distribution functionality Edge WAEs register as an Active Directory computer and provide local print services to an office
Data Center
WAN
DC
Branch Office
PRINT
PRINT
Central Manager WAE Central Manager WAE Phantom Print Server Phantom Print Server
Edge WAE Edge WAE Phantom Print Server Phantom Print Server
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Cisco WAAS Print Services

Many organizations have difficulty consolidating file services because of the WAN burden that would be created due to print services traffic Cisco WAAS provides Windows-compatible print services to eliminate the need for print jobs to traverse the WAN
Data Center
NAS
Branch Office
Router
WAN
JOB JOB
FILE
Driver Driver Distribution Distribution
Print Print FILE.DOC FILE.DOC
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Print Driver Distribution

Print drivers are uploaded to the Central Manager WAE and then distributed to edge print servers or groups of devices Printer drivers are then accessible at the edge of the network for local download (PRINT$ share) to support Click-N-Print functionality
Data Center
WAN
Branch Office
JOB JOB
PRINT FILE
Download Download Driver Driver and and PRINT! PRINT!
DC
Upload Upload Drivers Drivers
PRINT
Distribute HP Distribute HP LaserJet LaserJet Driver Driver
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Agenda
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Seamless, Transparent Integration

Integration into the network fabric with high availability, loadbalancing, and failover regardless of interception mechanism
Physical inline WCCPv2 Policy-Based Routing CSM/ACE Modules
Src Mac AAA Dst Mac BBB Src IP 1.1.1.10 Src TCP 15131 Dst IP 2.2.2.10 Dst TCP 80
APP DATA
Compliance with network valueadded features

Preservation of packet headers Classification - QoS, NBAR, Queuing, Policing, Shaping Security - Firewall policies, Access Control Lists Reporting - NetFlow, monitoring
Src Mac BBB Dst Mac AAA Src IP 1.1.1.10 Src TCP 15131 Dst IP 2.2.2.10 Dst TCP 80 optimized
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Cisco WAE Physical Inline Deployment

Physical inline interception
Physical in-path deployment between switch and router or firewall Mechanical fail-to-wire upon hardware, software, or power failure Requires no router configuration
Scalability and high availability

Two two-port groups Serial clustering with load-sharing and fail-over Redundant network paths and asymmetric routing
Seamless integration
Transparency and automatic discovery 802.1q support, configurable VLANs Supported on all WAE appliances
Cisco WAE 4-port inline card
WAN WAE1
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Inline Interception Deployment Modes
In-path, single WAE, single WAN connection

MGMT WAN WAE1
In-path cluster, single WAN connection

MGMT WAN WAE1 WAE2
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Inline Interception Deployment Modes

In-path, single WAE, redundant WAN links
WAN MGMT
WAN WAE1
In-path cluster, redundant WAN links

WAN MGMT
WAN WAE1 WAE2
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Cisco WAE WCCPv2 Deployment

WCCPv2 interception
Out-of-path with redirection of flows to be optimized (all flows or selective via redirect-list) Automatic load-balancing, load redistribution, fail-over, and failthrough operation
Original Original Flow Flow
Scalability and high availability

Up to 32 WAEs within a service group and up to 32 routers Linear performance and scalability increase as devices are added
Interception Interception Redirection Redirection Service Service Group Group
Transparency and automatic discovery Supported on all WAE platforms
Optimized Optimized Flow WAN Flow
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Cisco WAE PBR Deployment

Policy-Based Routing (PBR)
Out-of-path with redirection of flows to be optimized (all flows or selective via access-list) WAE treated as a next-hop router
High availability
Failover capability allows a secondary WAE to be used should the primary WAE fail IP SLAs ensure availability by tracking WAE liveliness
Policy Policy Route Route WAE WAE = = Next Next Hop Hop
Transparency and automatic discovery Supported on all WAE platforms
Optimized Optimized WAN Flow Flow
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Cisco WAE ACE Deployment

Application Control Engine (ACE)
Industry-leading scalability and performance for the most demanding data center networks Supports up to 16Gbps throughput, 4M concurrent TCP connections, and 350K connections/sec setup
WAN
Optimized Optimized Flow Flow
Fully integrated with the Catalyst 6500 series of intelligent switches Transparency and automatic discovery Supported on all WAE appliances
Catalyst Catalyst 6509 6509 w/ w/ ACE ACE
Industry Leading Functionality

Solution for scaling servers, appliances, and network devices Virtual partitions, flexible resource assignment, security, and control
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Cisco WAAS Auto-Discovery

Cisco WAE devices automatically discover one another and negotiate optimization capabilities
Performed per TCP connection Flexible optimization configuration using ATP Exchange of peer capabilities and limitations
A A
WCCPv2 WCCPv2 or or PBR PBR WCCPv2 WCCPv2 or or PBR PBR
B B
WAN
A:B A:B TCP TCP SYN SYN
B:A B:A TCP TCP SYN/ACK SYN/ACK
A:B B:A SYN TCP B:A TCP SYN/ACK SYN/ACK A:B TCP TCP SYN (marked) (marked) (marked) (marked) ACCELERATION II would ACCELERATION would like like CONFIRMED! to CONFIRMED! to accelerate accelerate this this connection! connection! Here Here are are my my details details
A:B B:A TCP TCP SYN SYN/ACK B:A TCP SYN/ACK A:B TCP SYN (marked) (marked)
WAE1
WAE2
II know Acknowledge WAE1 know Acknowledge WAE1 is is in Acceleration! path, in the the Acceleration! path, lets lets Here accelerate! are Here accelerate! are my my details details
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Non-Transparent Optimization Challenges

Complex configuration and possibility of human error
Doubles network management effort Requires management of two routing topologies Requires management of duplicate feature configuration
WAN
Branch Offices
Compromises network features of upstream routers, switches, and firewalls

Loss of visibility at L3/L4 Firewall policies, ACLs QoS, NBAR NetFlow
Data Center
File/Print Email Application Servers Backup
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Network Integration Overview

With the exception of inline, Cisco WAEs attach to the LAN as an appliance Relies on packet interception/redirection to enable application acceleration and WAN optimization
Interception in each site where deployed Interception in both directions of packet flow
Transparent optimizations maintain compatibility with most IOS features and other platforms
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Use of Tertiary IFs or Sub-IFs

With non-inline modes, the WAE must not be attached to the same segment as the interface performing redirection This is required to avoid routing loops, as we have no way to notify the router to bypass the interception and redirection (shown below)
PBR or WCCPv2 IP Network
Infinite Loop
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Use of Tertiary IFs or Sub-IFs (Cont.)

Tertiary Interface PBR or WCCPv2 IP Network
Fa0/0 Fa1/0 Redirect Exclude
Sub-Interface
PBR or WCCPv2 Fa0/0.10 Fa0/0.20
IP Network
Redirect Exclude
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One-Arm Deployment Example

11 66 22 33 44 55
IP Network
Pros
Simplicity Single interface
Cons
Performance constrained Higher router utilization
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Two-Arm Deployment Example

11 22 33 44
IP Network
55
Pros
Better performance Lower router utilization
Cons
Addl switch port consumed Addl configuration Interface adjacency to node Usually feasible in branch only
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Hierarchical Network Placement Considerations

Locality is key High locality to the core yields a more global level of optimization
Intercept traffic going to/coming from the WAN exclusively (based on placement of interception) Closer to the WAN entry/exit prevents intrasite access from traversing the WAEs Provide optimization for all attached distribution, access layers
High locality to the access layer yields a more focused level of optimization
Optimization restricted to a specific access layer unless significant changes to network routing are introduced May cause intrasite access to traverse the WAEs which causes unnecessary WAE resource utilization
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Hierarchical Network Placement Considerations

Core layer typically reserved for high performance forwarding Distribution layer provides optimal deployment location for WAAS close to core, aggregation for downstream access layers Access layer can be used, but too contained to be used for large scale optimizations
Core
Distribution
Access
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IOS Versions for WCCPv2
Per KB article #1011 http://acpluto/kb/waas/kb.asp?action=article_show&articleID=1011

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WCCPv2 Interception Considerations

WAAS uses service groups 61 and 62 for traffic interception and redirection
Service group 61 hash bucket assignment based on source IP address of the packet Service group 62 hash bucket assignment based on destination IP address of the packet
One service group needs to be in the path of traffic for each direction of traffic flow
Ingress interception (preferred) analyze, intercept, and redirect as packets enter an interface less CPU utilization Egress interception analyze, intercept, and redirect as packets prepare to exit an interface higher CPU utilization
Placement of the services should not be overlooked
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WCCPv2 Configuration Routers

Recommended
62/in 62/in LAN LAN and and 61/in 61/in WAN WAN keeps keeps flows flows to to a a particular particular server server pinned to the same WAE in pinned to the same WAE in both both directions of traffic flow yielding directions of traffic flow yielding better better likelihood likelihood of of compression compression per per server server Load-balancing Load-balancing based based on on nodes nodes outside of the location outside of the location
LAN WAN
61/in 62/in
61/in 61/in LAN LAN and and 62/in 62/in WAN WAN keeps keeps flows flows from from a a particular particular client client pinned pinned to to the the same same WAE WAE in in both both directions of traffic flow yielding directions of traffic flow yielding better better likelihood likelihood of of compression compression per per client client Load-balancing Load-balancing based based on on nodes nodes within the location within the location
LAN
WAN
62/in
61/in 62/in
Note: Note: most most routers routers only only support support GRE-redirect, GRE-redirect, GRE-return, GRE-return, and and hash hash assignemnt, assignemnt, which which are are default default WCCP WCCP service service configuration configuration parameters parameters
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WCCPv2 Configuration Router Isolation

Branch: Branch: 62/in 62/in LAN LAN and and 61/in 61/in WAN WAN keeps flows to a particular server keeps flows to a particular server pinned pinned to to the the same same WAE WAE in in both both directions directions of of traffic traffic flow flow yielding yielding better better likelihood likelihood of of compression compression per server per server Load-balancing Load-balancing based based on on nodes nodes outside outside of of the the location location
LAN WAN
DC: DC: 62/in 62/in WAN1 WAN1 and and 61/out 61/out WAN1 WAN1 keeps flows to a particular server keeps flows to a particular server pinned pinned to to the the same same WAE WAE in in both both directions directions of of traffic traffic flow flow yielding yielding better better likelihood likelihood of of compression compression per server per server No No ACLs ACLs required required to to not not redirect redirect flows flows to/from to/from unoptimized unoptimized branch branch Load-balancing Load-balancing based based on on nodes nodes outside of the location outside of the location
WAN1 IP Network WAN2
LAN
61/in 62/in
61/out
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WCCPv2 Configuration Switches

Recommended
61/in 61/in LAN LAN and and 62/in 62/in WAN WAN keeps keeps flows flows from from a a particular particular server server pinned pinned to to the the same same WAE WAE in in both both directions of traffic flow yielding directions of traffic flow yielding better better likelihood likelihood of of compression compression Load-balancing Load-balancing based based on on nodes nodes within the location within the location
IP Network
62/in 62/in LAN LAN and and 61/in 61/in WAN WAN keeps keeps flows flows to to a a particular particular client client pinned to the same WAE in pinned to the same WAE in both both directions of traffic flow directions of traffic flow Load-balancing Load-balancing based based on on nodes nodes outside outside of of the the location location
62/in 61/in
Note: Note: configuration configuration on on switches switches is is configured configured on on L3 L3 interfaces interfaces or or SVIs SVIs only. only. Configure Configure with with appropriate appropriate parameters parameters (L2-redirect, (L2-redirect, L2-return, L2-return, mask mask assignment) assignment)
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WCCPv2 Availability Monitoring

WCCPv2 keepalive (heartbeat) information is exchanged every 10 seconds between WAEs and the router(s) Should a WAE be unresponsive for three consecutive heartbeats, it is removed from the service group WCCPv2 heartbeat is stateful and process-based
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WCCPv2 Failover
Should a WAE within a service group fail, the portion of the load that it was handling is automatically distributed to other WAEs within the service group Should no additional WAEs be available, the service group is taken offline, and packets are not redirected
Buckets 86128 Buckets 185 Buckets 86170 Buckets 129170 Buckets 171255
X
A B C
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Which Interception Method to Use?

WCCPv2 Inline CSM/ACE PBR
Number of Active WAEs Maximum Number of WAEs Maximum Number of TCP Connections
(with WAE-7326)
32
2
(serial cluster, tested limit)
16000
(not practical but possible)
32
2
(serial cluster, tested limit)
16000
(not practical but possible)
8
(IOS dependent)
240K
15K
4M
7.5K
Maximum Throughput Recommended Use
Up to 32Gbps
(platform dependent)
Up to 2Gbps
(two inline pairs)
Up to 16Gbps
(platform dependent)
Up to 1Gbps
Generally Recommended
Only if WCCPv2 can not be used

(SP managed or low-end router)
Very large scale data center deployments
Last resort
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Agenda
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Networks Without Compression
Congestion! Congestion!
WAN
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Data Transfer Without Compression
WAN
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Networks With Compression

No NoCongestion Congestion or Less or LessCongestion Congestion
WAN
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Data Transfer With Compression
WAN
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Cisco WAAS Advanced Compression

Data Redundancy Elimination (DRE): application-agnostic compression eliminates redundant data from TCP streams providing up to 100:1 compression Persistent LZ Compression: session-based compression provides up to an additional 10:1 compression even for messages that have been optimized by DRE
LZ
LZ
DRE
DRE
Synchronized DRE Context
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Advanced Compression Block Diagram

Signature Matching Add New Entries DRE FIFO Cache Synchronization Cache Synchronization DRE FIFO Signature Matching Add New Entries
Fingerprint Chunk Identification LZ LZ
Fingerprint Chunk Identification
TCP Proxy
TCP Proxy
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DRE Chunk Identification

Analyze incoming data streams using a sliding window to identify chunks Each chunk assigned a 5-byte signature Single-pass used to identify chunks at multiple levels
Basic chunks Chunk aggregation (nesting)
Fp mod
No boundary found
Fp mod
No boundary found
Fp mod
No boundary found
Fp mod
No boundary found
Fp mod
Boundary identified!
After chunks are identified, DRE will begin pattern matching

Chunk1 5B Sig Fp mod
First look for largest chunks Look for smaller chunks if necessary
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DRE Chunk Identification
Level-0 Chunk Level-0 Chunk Basic Chunk Basic Chunk ~256 bytes ~256 bytes
Level-1 Chunk Level-1 Chunk ~1024 bytes ~1024 bytes
Original Data
Each chunk is assigned a 5-byte signature
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DRE Pattern Matching
DRE Database
NO MATCH NO MATCH NO MATCH
Original Original Message Message
NO MATCH
Encoded Encoded Message Message
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TFO Transport Flow Optimization
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Terminology Maximum Window Size (MWS)
ACK
The Maximum Window Size (MWS) is the maximum amount of a data a node can have outstanding in the network unacknowledged The node can not continue transmission until previous transmissions have been acknowledged
Problematic over LFNs Long Fat Networks elephants Inability to fully utilize the available network resources
Generally, ACKnowledgements are sent when an entire TCP window has been received Upon encountering packet loss, the node would be required to retransmit the entire window of data (guaranteed delivery)
Problematic over low-speed links Problematic with large windows
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Terminology Bandwidth Delay Product (BDP)

RTT 10 ms Bandwidth 155 Mbps (OC-3) Amount of data that can be in transit at any one point in time: 155Mbps x 10 ms = 192 KB
The Bandwidth Delay Product (BDP) of a network defines the amount of data that can be in flight within a network at any one point in time
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Challenge
Common TCP implementations on client and server operating systems can be bottlenecks to application performance
Inability to fill-the-pipe, i.e. utilize available bandwidth Inefficient recovery from packet loss, retransmission Bandwidth starvation for short-lived connections
Cisco WAAS Transport Flow Optimization (TFO) utilizes industry-standard TCP optimizations to remove these application performance barriers
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Cisco WAAS Transport Flow Optimizations

Cisco WAAS Transport Flow Optimizations (TFO) is designed to overcome common challenges associated with standard TCP implementations
Window Scaling capitalize on available bandwidth Large Initial Windows maximize transmission after connection establishment Selective Acknowledgement efficient packet loss recovery and retransmission mechanisms Binary Increase Congestion (BIC) quick return to maximum throughput upon encountering congestion
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TCP Maximum Window Size (MWS)

MWS (maximum window size) determines the maximum amount of data that can be in transit and unacknowledged at any given time BDP (bandwidth delay product) defines the amount of data that can be contained within a network at any given time
If MWS > BDP, then application may not be throughput bound (i.e. application can fill the pipe) If BDP > MWS, then application will not be able to fully utilize the network capacity (i.e. application can not fill the pipe)
Does not account for application-layer (L7) latency such as found with protocol-specific messaging
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Link Utilization and MWS, BDP

BDP BDP
Unusable Unusable network network capacity! capacity! Bandwidth
MWS MWS Link Link Utilization Utilization
Latency
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WAAS TFO Window Scaling

Cisco WAAS TFO window scaling (based on RFC 1323) scales the TCP window to 2MB to overcome problems with filling LFNs (Long Fat Networks) Window Scaling applies a binary shift to the decimal value supplied in the data field
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Link Utilization After Window Scaling

BDP BDP Cisco Cisco WAAS WAAS TFO TFO Able Able to to fill fill the the pipe! pipe! Bandwidth
Original Original MWS MWS
Latency
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Cisco WAAS Large Initial Windows

While 80% of network traffic is typically associated with long-lived connections (elephants), approximately 80% of network connections are short-lived (mice) Short-lived connections transmit smaller numbers of packets and are torn down before ever leaving the slow-start phase of TCP Cisco WAAS Large Initial Windows, based on RFC3390, increases initial window size to expedite entry into congestion avoidance mode for high throughput
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Cisco WAAS Large Initial Windows

Packet Packet Loss Loss
Segments per Round Trip (cwnd)
TFO TFO
Slow-Start Slow-Start (discovery) (discovery)
Congestion Congestion Avoidance Avoidance (high-throughput) (high-throughput)
TCP TCP
Round Trips
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Standard TCP Acknowledgement

Standard TCP implementations acknowledge receipt of data by acknowledging the entire window has been received Loss of a packet causes retransmission of the entire TCP window, causing performance degradation as the window becomes larger
Transmit 1 2 3 Receive 1 2 ACK Retransmit 1 2 3 ACK 1 1 2 2 3 3
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Cisco WAAS Selective Acknowledgement

Cisco WAAS employs TCP extensions to improve acknowledgement of transmitted data, improve delivery of missing segments, and unnecessary minimize retransmission Based on RFC 2018 and extensions
Transmit 1 2 3 ACK Retransmit 3 ACK
Receive 1 1 2 2
1 1
2 2
3 3
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Without TCP Proxy
WAN
X TIMEOUT! RESEND ?
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TCP Proxy and TFO
WAN
Window Scaling Large Initial Windows Congestion Mgmt Improved Retransmit
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Standard TCP Congestion Avoidance

Standard TCP implementations employ an exponential slow start to increase throughput to the slow start threshold From the slow start threshold, the congestion window is increased linearly by one packet per round-trip until packet loss is encountered Upon encountering packet loss, the congestion window is cut in half to return to a throughput level safe given the congested environment The net result is saw-tooth throughput, and return to maximum throughput can take hours for long-lived connections and LFNs
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Standard TCP Congestion Avoidance

Packet loss causes connection to enter into linear congestion avoidance (+1 cwnd per ACK) cwnd dropped by 50% on packet loss Segments per Round Trip (Congestion Window)
loss
Linear Congestion Avoidance (+1 cwnd per ACK)
loss
Exponential Slow Start (2x pkts per RTT) Low throughput during this period
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32
Round Trips
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Saw-tooth TCP Throughput

Return to maximum throughput could take a very long time!
Packet loss cwnd
Packet loss
Packet loss
Packet loss
TCP
Slow start Congestion avoidance
Time (RTT)
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Binary Increase Congestion (BIC)

Cisco WAAS employs the Binary Increase Congestion (BIC) congestion avoidance system to improve throughput in lossy environments Uses a binary search to adaptively increase the congestion window, resulting in a stable and timely return to higher levels of throughput Decreases congestion window only by 1/8 (rather than 1/2 as compared to TCP) when packet loss is encountered, mitigating the majority of the performance penalty
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WAAS Throughput and Congestion Avoidance

Adaptive Increase to cwnd Adaptive Increase to cwnd cwnd = cwnd + f(cwnd, history) cwnd = cwnd + f(cwnd, history)
Cwnd decreased by 1/8 on Cwnd decreased by 1/8 on packet loss vs 1/2 with TCP packet loss vs 1/2 with TCP
Packet Packetloss loss cwnd
Packet Packetloss loss
Cisco Cisco WAAS TFO WAAS TFO
Time (RTT)
Standard Standard TCP TCP
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Comparing TCP and TFO
Cisco TFO provides significant throughput Cisco TFO provides significant throughput improvements over standard TCP implementations improvements over standard TCP implementations
cwnd
TFO TFO TCP TCP
Time (RTT)
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TCP Throughput and Latency Optimizations

TCP window scaling improves link utilization and throughput Optimized TCP stack improves recovery and congestion handling Priority for transactional traffic
Link LinkUtilization Utilization Packets Packetsper perRound-Trip Round-Trip
Bandwidth scalability Cisco Cisco WAAS TFO WAAS TFO
Link Utilization
Compatible and friendly to other TCP connections on the network Large initial windows improves throughput for short-lived connections
Cisco Cisco WAAS TFO WAAS TFO Standard Standard TCP TCP TCPFriendliness
RTT Fairness
Packets/RTT
Standard Standard TCP TCP
Bandwidth
Packet Loss Probability

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Agenda
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WAAS Intuitive Central Management

Comprehensive Management
Central configuration Device grouping Monitoring, statistics Alerts, reporting
Easy-to-use Interface
Graphical U/I, Wizards IOS CLI Roles-based administration
Proven Scalability
1000s of nodes Redundancy and recovery
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Cisco WAE Family Positioning

Enterprise Data Center ACE
Performance
WAE-7326 Regional Office or Small Data Center
WAE-612
Branch or Remote Office WAE-512
NME-WAE-502 NME-WAE-302
Scalability
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Remote Office Hardware Platforms

NM-WAE Module
Lowest CapEx and OpEx, integrated within the ISR, addresses 80% of remote branch offices Single processor system, can be clustered with WCCPv2, PBR NM-WAE
Router-Integrated Network Module for the Cisco Integrated Services Router
Supported in ISR models 2811, 2821, 2851, 3825, and 3845
WAE-512 Appliance
Remote office appliance platform Up to 20Mbps WAN connections 1500 optimized TCP connections WAE-512
Remote Office Appliance
250GB RAID-1 disk capacity Deploy w/ inline, WCCPv2, PBR, CSM/ACE
Performance Performance and and scalability scalability are are subjective subjective and and may may vary vary based based on on a a variety variety of of conditions. conditions. WAE WAE WAN WAN bandwidth bandwidth is is not not limited limited by by hardware hardware or or software software
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Data Center Hardware Platforms

WAE-612 Appliance
Regional hub and medium data center deployments Up to 155Mbps WAN connections WAE-612
Regional Hub and Data Center Appliance
6000 optimized TCP connections 300GB RAID-1 SAS disk capacity Deploy w/ inline, WCCPv2, PBR, CSM/ACE
WAE-7326 Appliance
Enterprise data center deployments Up to 310Mbps WAN connections 7500 optimized TCP connections WAE-7326
Enterprise Data Center Appliance
900GB RAID-1 SCSI disk capacity Deploy w/ inline, WCCPv2, PBR, CSM/ACE
Performance Performance and and scalability scalability are are subjective subjective and and may may vary vary based based on on a a variety variety of of conditions. conditions. WAE WAE WAN WAN bandwidth bandwidth is is not not limited limited by by hardware hardware or or software software
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Increased Scalability
Sizing tool will do the job
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Agenda
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Summary
Not all application protocols can be optimized through generic WAN optimization some require application-specific acceleration to function properly over a WAN Cisco WAAS provides robust application-specific and network-layer optimizations to enable application delivery and file server consolidation Cisco WAAS file services provides integration flexibility and can help enable consolidation of additional CIFS or NFSbased platforms such as software distribution servers Cisco WAAS also provides Windows-compatible and centrally-managed print services with driver distribution and disconnected printing capabilities
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Why Choose Cisco WAAS?

Application-specific optimization for file and print services helps to enable file server and data protection consolidation while enabling offline access to fully cached files High performance WAN optimization to reduce bandwidth consumption and maximize throughput, efficiency to significantly improve application delivery over the WAN Network transparency preserves investment in existing network feature configurations and physical integration provides industrys best total cost of ownership model Robust and proven secure central management platform scales to meet the needs of the largest organizations Integration with industry-leading application networking technologies such as the ACE module for data center integration, scalability, and performance Ciscos world-class 24x7x365 technical assistance center
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Questions?
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Time for break!
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Presentation_ID CSBU-EBC
Cisco Systems, Systems, Inc. Inc. All All rights rights reserved. reserved. 2003, 2005 Cisco
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13930191-CISCO WAAS-WAN Acceleration

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Cisco WAAS

(Wide Area Application Services)

Philip Nedev - SE pnedev@cisco.com

2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

The WAN Is A Barrier To Consolidation

Round Trip Time (RTT) ~ 0mS

WAN characteristics hinder consolidation

Already congested Low bandwidth Latency Packet Loss

2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Packet Loss, Congestion, and Retransmission

Packet Loss Congestion

2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Impact of Packet Loss

MSS 1 .2 RTT p 0.5

MSS: Packet Size RTT: Round-Trip Time P : Packet Loss

3,010 2,510 2,010 1,510 1,010 510 10 0.00001%

Packet Loss Probability

Round Trip Time (RTT) ~ many many milliseconds

2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Impact of Latency

MSS 1 .2 RTT p 0.5

MSS: Packet Size RTT: Round-Trip Time

80 ms Round Trip Time (RTT)

Need for Application-Specific Acceleration

2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Need for Application-Specific Acceleration

Need for Application-Specific Acceleration

File open, FID Lock segment ranges Read data

2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Need for Application-Specific Acceleration

2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Need for Application-Specific Acceleration

2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Cisco WAAS Overcomes the WAN

2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Cisco WAAS Enables Consolidation

Server and Server and storage storage infrastructure infrastructure

Cisco Cisco WAE WAE

Cisco WAAS Print Services

Supports Any Printer

Print Server Configuration

2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

WAAS Accelerates Broad Range of Applications

Cisco WAAS Performance File Services

Download of 8MB Package Microsoft SMS Operation over native WAN

2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Cisco WAAS Optimization Architecture

L7: Application Optimization

Video Web Video Web Unified Management Management Unified

Other Other Apps Apps

L4: Transport Optimization

Content Content Distribution Distribution

TCP TCP Flow Flow Optimizations Optimizations (TFO) (TFO)

Persistent Persistent Session-Based Session-Based Compression Compression

Data Data Redundancy Redundancy Elimination Elimination (DRE) (DRE)

2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

WAAS File Services Introduction