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Design of Bolts
Design of Bolts
Design of Bolts
Types of Fasteners, Properties Slip-Critical and Bearing-Type Connections Methods of Tightening Bolts Tension, Shear, and Bearing capacity of bolts
Types of Fasteners
Rivets
Mild carbon steel, Fy = 28 38 ksi Clamping force varied Bad rivet? Difficult & expensive to remove Required crew of 4 skilled workers
Types of Fasteners
Unfinished Bolts
Low-carbon steel, ASTM A307, Fu = 60 ksi Machine, Common bolts Least expensive Typically used in light structures and secondary members (small trusses, purlins, girts etc.)
Types of Fasteners
High-Strength Bolts
started use in 1950s less bolts required More labor (washers) Most economical
Thread
Grip is the distance from behind the bolt head to the back of the nut or washer
Sum of the thicknesses of all the parts being joined exclusive of washers
Thread length is the threaded portion of the bolt Bolt length is the distance from behind the bolt head to the end of the bolt Slide courtesy of David Ruby, Ruby & Associates
High-Strength Bolts
Thread length
A325
WASHER goes under part youre using to tighten bolt (head or nut)
ASTM
A325 A490
Material
Medium carbon steel Heat-treated alloy steel
Fub
105 - 120 ksi 150 ksi
Common Sizes
Markings
Material Specification Underline if Type 3 bolt (weathering steel) Otherwise, Type 1 standard (Type 2 discontinued) Manufacturer (initials or abbreviation; hereCordova Bolt)
A325 COR
SLIP-CRITICAL
Friction-type used when slip resistance desired at service loads (Joints subject to fatigue, bolts in combination with welds, anytime deformation due to slip unacceptable for design)
Slip-Critical Joints
BEARING TYPE
Bearing Joints
In a bearing joint the connected elements are assumed to slip into bearing against the body of the bolt If the joint is designed as a bearing joint, the load is transferred through bearing whether the bolt is installed snug-tight or pretensioned Slide courtesy of David Ruby, Ruby & Associates
Bolt Installation
Turn-of-the-nut
Calibrated wrench
Manual torque wrenches Variation +/- 30% Wrenches MUST be calibrated DAILY
Turn-of-Nut Method
Turn-of-Nut Method
Installation Procedure: Check bolts and nuts for rust and lubrication Install nut and washer with markings up Washer, if installed, must be under the turned element
Step 1 Tighten bolt to snug tight condition having all faying surfaces in tight contact
Turn-of-Nut Method
Step 2 Match-Mark bolt tip, nut and base steel (this procedure is not required By RCSC specification)
Turn-of-Nut Method
Step 4
Check for rotated Tolerance For 1/3 turn, +/- 30 degrees For 1/2 turn, +/- 30 degrees For 2/3 turn, +/- 45 degrees
Turn-of-Nut Method
The turn-of-nut method of installation is reliable and produces bolt pretensions that are consistently above the prescribed values.
Proof Load = yield stress x tensile stress area = approx. 70 80% of tensile capacity Pretension = 70% of tensile capacity
55K
Bolt Tension
40K
10K Snug
1/3 to 1/2
~1-3/4
Bolt Installation
Alternative-design bolts
Twist-off or Tension-control bolts Special wrench required Spline designed to twist off at required level of torque / tension
Spline
ANIMATION http://www.tcbolts.co.uk/2_installation.html
Bolt Installation
Direct Tension Indicators (DTIs)
TENSION FAILURE
SHEAR FAILURE
BEARING FAILURE
Bearing Fracture
Bearing Fracture
Bearing Yield
Bolts in bearing joints are designed to meet two limit states: 1. Yielding, which is an inelastic deformation (above left) 2. Fracture, which is a failure of the joint (above left) The material the bolt bears against is also subject to yielding or fracture if it is undersized for the load (above right)
Resistance Factor
Rn
Pu
0.75
Tensile Strength
Rn
Fn
FnAb
Ft
0.75 F
b u
Shear Strength
Rn
FvAb
b u
P P m=1
P/2 P/2
Shear Strength
P P/2
P/4 P/4
Shear Strength
b u
Rn m uAb m(0.5F ) Ab
Connection length effect = 0.8 shear factor (from tests) = 0.62 0.8 x 0.62 ~ 0.5
A325N
(threads included in shear plane)
Rn m uAb m(0.4F ) Ab
0.5 x 0.75 ~ 0.4
b u
d
Le
Rn = 3.0Fud t
Lc Lc
Rn 1.2LctFu 2.4dtFu
Clear distance (in)
Rn 1.2LctFu 2.4dtFu
Rn 1.5LctFu 3.0dtFu
Rn (boltgroup ) Rn (individual )
Minimum Spacing
2 2 dbolt 3
preferred
3dbolt
Le
1.5dbolt
preferred
[d]
permitted to be 1-1/4 in. at ends of beam connection angles and shear end plates
Le 12t Le 6"