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  • Plasma Wakefield Accelerators Using Multiple Bunches Themos Kallos

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    1) Plasma wakefield accelerators can achieve much higher acceleration gradients than conventional accelerators, but have been limited by the transformer ratio of less than 2. 2) An experiment was conducted using two electron bunches to excite plasma wakes. The first results showed the witness bunch gaining 1.3 MeV of energy over 6mm, corresponding to 200 MeV/m. 3) Increasing the plasma density to 1x10^16 cm^-3 showed even higher acceleration of the witness bunch, demonstrating plasma wakefield acceleration can be increased using multiple drive bunches.

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    1) Plasma wakefield accelerators can achieve much higher acceleration gradients than conventional accelerators, but have been limited by the transformer ratio of less than 2. 2) An experiment was conducted using two electron bunches to excite plasma wakes. The first results showed the witness bunch gaining 1.3 MeV of energy over 6mm, corresponding to 200 MeV/m. 3) Increasing the plasma density to 1x10^16 cm^-3 showed even higher acceleration of the witness bunch, demonstrating plasma wakefield acceleration can be increased using multiple drive bunches.

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    341 views51 pages

    Plasma Wakefield Accelerators Using Multiple Bunches Themos Kallos

    Uploaded by

    timaras
    1) Plasma wakefield accelerators can achieve much higher acceleration gradients than conventional accelerators, but have been limited by the transformer ratio of less than 2. 2) An experiment was conducted using two electron bunches to excite plasma wakes. The first results showed the witness bunch gaining 1.3 MeV of energy over 6mm, corresponding to 200 MeV/m. 3) Increasing the plasma density to 1x10^16 cm^-3 showed even higher acceleration of the witness bunch, demonstrating plasma wakefield acceleration can be increased using multiple drive bunches.

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    of 51

    Plasma Wakefield Accelerators

    using Multiple Bunches


    by
    Themos Kallos

    University of Southern California


    Wednesday, May 9th 2007ad
    SLAC

    CERN

    • SLAC: 50 GeV e- over 3km  17MV/m


    • LHC : 7 TeV p+ over 27km
    • ILC : 500 GeV e- over 30km, $6.5B - Too long, too expensive

    •Limited by wall breakdown


    Witness e-

    2 c e2 n p
    p  
    p  0 me

    Electric field
    ATF SLAC

    • 35 MeV/m over 1.7cm

    Goals: • 50 GeV/m over 90cm


    (higher I, np )
    1. Monoenergetic bunches
    • Energy doubling! (42 GeV84 GeV)
    2. Multiply the energy
    Yakimenko et al., 2003 & Blumenfeld et al., 2007
    Wakefield Amplitude [MeV/m]

    Wakefield and beam density, 1e+016cm-3


    400
    Wakefield  The transformer
    E+
    200 ebeam ratio is always less
    than 2: E  2
    0 E
    E-
    -200
     i.e., A small
    -400
    0 1 2 3 4 5 witness at best gains
    Time [ps] twice the energy of a
    4
    Energy Spectrum after 10mm of plasma single symmetric
    # of particles [100,000 total]

    x 10
    2 driver
    Drive Bunch
    1.5
    Witness Bunch
    1 Initial Spectrum  How can we do
    Final Spectrum better?
    0.5

    0
    54 56 58 60 62 64 66 68
    eBeam Energy [MeV]
    λp λp
    2m
    50 GeV/m

    100 GeV 100 GeV 200 GeV

    2m
    4x50 GeV/m

    100 GeV 4 x 100 GeV 500 GeV


    ACT II
    The 2-bunch experiment
    x
     2 Bunches in energy
     2 Bunches in time? E

    Figure by W.Kimura Next: In time


    Figures by W.Kimura 1
    Fit

    Bolometer signal (arb. unit s)


    TRANSLATING
    Detector MIRROR 0.5 .

    BEAM
    SPLITTER 0

    MIRROR
    0.5
    High Energy Bunch only
    CTR LIGHT 3 2 1 0 1 2 3
    P osition (psec)
    1
    e-BEAM .

    Bolometer signal (arb. unit s)


    1μm Ti foil
    0.5
     Corresponds to
    σz1 =150fs, σz2=90fs
    0

     Charge Ratio
    Q1:Q2 = 2:1 0.5
    Both bunches
     500fs apart 3 2 1 0 1 2 3
    P osition (psec) Next: Plasma
    t t0

    n  n0 e T

    T = 0.6μs

    T = 0.3μs
    Wakefield and beam density, 4e+015cm-3

    (MV/m) [MeV/m]
    200
    Plasma OFF

    W D

    EAmplitude
    0

    Wakefield -200

    0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5


    Time [ps]
    4x1015 cm-3 Initial Spectra
    [100,000 total]
    Plasma ON

    3000 Drive beam


    Witness beam
    # Particles

    Initial
    2000
    Final
    # of particles

    1000

    0
    56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63
    eBeam Energy [MeV]

     -1.3MeV over 6mm  -200MeV/m (Witness)


    Wakefield and beam density, 1e+016cm-3

    [MeV/m]
    Plasma OFF

    (MV/m)
    W D 200

    E Amplitude
    0

    Wakefield -200

    0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5


    Time [ps]
    1x1016 cm-3 Initial Spectra
    [100,000 total]
    Plasma ON

    3000 Drive beam


    # Particles

    Witness beam
    2000 Initial
    Final
    # of particles

    1000

    0
    56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63
    eBeam Energy [MeV]

     +0.9MeV over 6mm  +150MeV/m (Witness)


    Wakefield and beam density, 1e+016cm-3

    Wakefield Amplitude [MeV/m]


    Plasma OFF

    E (MV/m)
    200
    W

    -200

    0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5


    Time [ps]
    Initial Spectra
    1x1016 cm-3
    # of particles [100,000 total]
    Plasma ON

    5000
    # Particles

    4000 Drive beam


    Witness beam
    3000 Initial
    2000 Final

    1000

    0
    56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63
    eBeam Energy [MeV]

     -1.0MeV over 6mm  -165MeV/m (Witness only)

     Unloaded gradient: 165+150=315MeV/m (Driver only)


    T = 0.3μs

     To be submitted to PRL
    ACT III
    The 100-bunch experiment
    13
    x 10 IFEL Microbunched eBeam

    3
    eBeam Density [cm-3]

    -1

    3.8 4 4.2 4.4 4.6


    Time [ps]

    Next: Exp. Layout


    Electron Beam Microbunches
    Ipeak≈100A Ipeak≈600A
    σr=75μm 45 MeV IFEL Buncher Capillary Plasma Energy
    Diagnostic
    1500μm
    Wiggler

    np=1019 cm-3
    Resonant for λp=10.6μm
    10.6μm
    Laser Beam Requirements:
    Establish
    Microbunching
    λ0=10.6μm, 200ps
    Ppeak≈50MW
     Establish 1019 cm-3
    Plasma Density
    Next: IFEL
     Energy exchange between electrons and laser
    E-Field

    Position
    dW   Energy
     e ve  Elaser
    dt 2%
    Energy

    Energy
    Energy

    Position Position Position


    254cm
    Next: In time, CTR
    FFT

    The spectrum contains


    all the information of the
    geometry of the eBeam
    Plasma Density for Various Capillary Lengths  We do not have above
    60kV Discharge, 0.6mm Diameter
    1019 yet…
    1.06E+19 20mm
    Typical
    9.6E+18  Small ionization
    Plasma Density [cm-3 ]

    error bar
    8.6E+18 16mm
    7.6E+18
    fractions (<10%)
    6.6E+18 12mm new
    pulser
    5.6E+18
    8mm new  Large energy density
    4.6E+18
    3.6E+18
    pulser required…
    6mm
    2.6E+18
    1.6E+18 4mm new
    pulser
     …in very short time
    6E+17
    0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
     Plasma current (kA)
    Neutral Gas Pressure [atm]
    deflects beam

     Dynamic pressure
    yields lower density (2-7
    times)

    Photos by J.H.Chen
    Encore
    The 7-bunch experiment
     If Mohamed can’t go to the mountain, the
    mountain must go to Mohamed

     1019cm-3 at 10.6μm
    1018cm-3 at 33.5μm

     Create ~30μm microbunches by using a metal


    grid to block portions of the initial eBeam
    x

    z
    Energy

    Time
    Energy

    Time

    Energy
    Time
    Distance
     350μm separation
     200μm wide (fwhm)
    Add small witness bunch!

    Muggli et al., 2007


     6x50pC
    drivers

     λp = 50μm

     np = 4.4x1017
    cm-3
    Wakefield and beam density, 4e+017cm -3
    400
    Wakefield Amplitude [MeV/m]

    eBeam
    Wakefield
    200

    -200

    -400
    0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
    Time [ps]
    Energy Spectrum after 10mm of plasma
    10000
    # of particles [100,000 total]

    8000

    6000

    4000

    2000

    0
    54 56 58 60 62 64 66 68
    eBeam Energy [MeV]
    Wakefield and beam density, 4e+017cm -3
    400
    Wakefield Amplitude [MeV/m]

    eBeam
    Wakefield
    200

    -200

    -400
    0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
    Time [ps]
    Energy Spectrum after 10mm of plasma
    10000
    # of particles [100,000 total]

    8000

    6000

    4000

    2000

    0
    54 56 58 60 62 64 66 68
    eBeam Energy [MeV]
    Wakefield and beam density, 4e+017cm -3
    400
    Wakefield Amplitude [MeV/m]

    eBeam
    Wakefield
    200

    -200

    -400
    0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
    Time [ps]
    Energy Spectrum after 10mm of plasma
    10000
    # of particles [100,000 total]

    8000

    6000

    4000

    2000

    0
    54 56 58 60 62 64 66 68
    eBeam Energy [MeV]
    Wakefield and beam density, 4e+017cm -3
    400
    Wakefield Amplitude [MeV/m]

    eBeam
    Wakefield
    200

    -200

    -400
    0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
    Time [ps]
    Energy Spectrum after 10mm of plasma
    10000
    # of particles [100,000 total]

    8000

    6000

    4000

    2000

    0
    54 56 58 60 62 64 66 68
    eBeam Energy [MeV]
    Wakefield and beam density, 4e+017cm -3
    400
    Wakefield Amplitude [MeV/m]

    eBeam
    Wakefield
    200

    -200

    -400
    0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
    Time [ps]
    Energy Spectrum after 10mm of plasma
    10000
    # of particles [100,000 total]

    8000

    6000

    4000

    2000

    0
    54 56 58 60 62 64 66 68
    eBeam Energy [MeV]
    Wakefield and beam density, 4e+017cm -3
    400
    Wakefield Amplitude [MeV/m]

    eBeam
    Wakefield
    200

    -200

    -400
    0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
    Time [ps]
    Energy Spectrum after 10mm of plasma
    10000
    # of particles [100,000 total]

    8000

    6000

    4000

    2000

    0
    54 56 58 60 62 64 66 68
    eBeam Energy [MeV]
    Los Angeles VS ATF
    85
    Average Temperature [F]

    75
    65
    55
    45 LA
    35 ATF

    25

    Time

    Source: Weather.com
    Thank you!
    Bane et al., 1985

    • The transformer ratio is 2π-times proportional to the number of plasma


    wavelengths under the beam

    • Not trivial to create these beams!


    Next: Multiple beams
    OSIRIS (Fortran) Themosiris (matlab)

    Particle zpositions
    i ,v i
    • Quasi 2D

    • No field updates

    • x1000 faster

    Lorentz 
    dp  Force
      t  n, m , j n, m
    EvB c • Plasma density scans
    dt

      2n n
    En, m , Bn, m  n  n , E 
    t 2 t
    bunch
    Hγ(434nm) Hβ(486nm) Hα(656nm)

    Kaganovich et al., 1997


    8 Ratio of CTR harmonics vs microbunching
    10
    Ratio of 1st/2nd
    Ratio of 1st/3rd
    6
    Ratio of CTR harmonics

    10 Ratio of 2nd/3rd

    4
    10

    2
    10
    Experiment
    Data Range
    0
    10
    0 0.5 1 1.5 2
    z of each microbunch [ m]

     All 3 data sets agree around σz=0.7μm


    Theory & Simulation
    Wakefield Evolution @65MeV – Resonant Case

    7GeV/m
    1 2

    The electron beam density x100 (1), the theoretical wakefield (2)
    and the Osiris simulated wakefield (3) after 1mm of propagation
    in the plasma. Units: 1=300GeV/m

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