CERTIFICATE This is to certify that in miss R.K.

SWATI has carried out the research embodied in the present dissertation entitled RURAL DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMMES IN INDIA:-AN OVERVIEW.Under my supervision as a part of 8th paper of 6th sem B.A(Hons.) part Third Arts in mahila mahavidhayalay, BHU.This dissertation is an independent work and not constitute part of any material submitted for any research degree or diploma here or elsewhere.

Supervisior Professor Mehta B.H.U. Inu

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT It gives me immense pleasure to express my gratitude to my dissertation supervisor , Prof (mrs.) Inu Mehta, for her able guidance and encouragement .Without her it would not have been possible to bring out this work. I have no words to express my heartful gratitudes to my father Mr. Kamendra kumar roy, mother Mrs. Ragini roy, brother (priyanshu) and sister (R.K.tripti), whose const ant love, affection and support have always been a source of inspiration for me. I Must thank my friends moral support during period of my dissertation work. April,2013 NAME: R.K.SWATI ROLL NO:10131MM236

CONTENT S. NOS. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. INTRODUCTION LITERATURE REVIEW SCOPE AND IMPORTANCE OF RURAL DEVELOPMENT PROBLEMS IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT RURAL DEVELOPMENT-STRATEGIES & CAPACITIES NAME OF RURAL DEVELOPMENT POST INDEPENDENCE 7. COOPERATIVES FOR PEOPLE-CENTRED RURAL DEVELOPMENT 8. 9. 10. RURAL DEVELOPMENT THROUGH DECENT WORK SOME IMPORTANT AGENCIES FOR RURAL DEVELOPMENT CONCLUSION PROGRAMMES: PRE & TOPICS

Rural Development Programmes In ndia:-An Overview INTRODUCTION There are no universally accepted approaches to rural development. It is a choice Influenced by time, space and culture. The term rural development connotes overall development of rural areas to improve the quality of life of rural people. In this sense, it is a comprehensive and multidimensional concept, and encompasses the development of agriculture and allied activities, village and cottage industries and crafts, socio-economic infrastructure, community services and facilities and, above all, human resources in rural areas. As a phenomenon, rural development is the endresult of interactions between various physical, technological, economic, social, cultural and institutional factors. As a strategy, it is designed to improve the economic and social well-being of a specific group of people the rural poor. As a discipline, it is multi-disciplinary in nature, representing an intersection of agriculture, social, behavioural, engineering and management sciences. (Katar Singh 1999). In the Indian context rural development assumes greater significance as 72.22 per cent (according to the 2001 census) of its population still live in rural areas. Most of the people living in rural areas draw their livelihood from agriculture and allied sectors (60.41 % of total work force), and poverty mostly persists here (27.1 % in 1999-2000). At the time of independence around 83 per cent of the Indian population were living in rural areas. Accordingly, from the very beginning, our planned strategy emphasized rural development and will continue to do so in future. Strategically, the focus of our planning was to improve the economic and social conditions of the underprivileged sections of rural society. Thus, economic growth with social justice became the proclaimed objective of the planning process under rural development. It began with an emphasis on agricultural production and consequently expanded to promote productive employment opportunities for rural masses, especially the poor, by integrating production, infrastructure, human resource and institutional development measures. During the plan periods, there have been shifting strategies

for rural development. The First Plan (1951-56) was a period when community development was taken as a method and national extension services as the agency for rural development. Co-operative farming with local participation was the focus of the Second Plan (1956-61) strategy. The Third Plan (1961-66) was the period of restrengthening the Panchayati Raj System through a democratic decentralized mechanism. Special Area Programmes were started for the development of backward areas in the Fourth Plan (1969-74). In the Fifth Plan (1974-79), the concept of minimum needs programme was introduced to eradicate poverty in rural areas. There was a paradigm shift in the strategy for rural development in the Sixth Plan (198085). The emphasis was on strengthening the socio-economic infrastructure in rural areas, and initiatives were taken to alleviate disparities through the Integrated Rural Development Programme (IRDP). During the Seventh Plan (1985-90), a new strategy was chalked out to create skill-based employment opportunities under different schemes. Special programmes for income generation through creation of assets, endowments and land reforms were formulated for participation by the people at the grassroots level.

LITERATURE REVIEW

1.ROLE OF WOMEN IN PROMOTING RURAL SANITATION:STUDY BASED OBSERVATION FROM WEST BENGAL:1)Women plays the decisive role in promption and prper management of householdlevel sanitation in a family. 2.Interestingly it was found that women from 65% of selected household,happily invested their money earned from self help group(SHG)activies while installation of their house-hold.

3.Children from female-headed families werw found much more conscious and concern about personal hygiene norms than male-headed families.

2.THESIS ON COPERATIVE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA BY KATAT SINGH AND R S PUNDIR

Institute of Rural Management, Anand388 001, India August 2000

List of Abbreviations AMUL : Anand Milk Union Limited CEO : Chief Executive Officer CIP : Co-operative Initiative Panel CPRs : Common Pool Resources DCCB : District Central Co-operative BDDP : Dairy Development Programme EEC : European Economic Community FSS : Farmers Service Society GOI : Government of India ICA : International Co-operative Alliance IFFCO : Indian Farmers Fertiliser Co-operative IRMA : Institute of Rural Management Anand KRIBHCO : Krishak Bharti Co-operative LAMPS : Large - sized Adivasi Multipurpose Society LT : Long Term NABARD : National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development NDC : National Development Council NDDB : National Dairy Development Board NEP : New Economic Policy NGO : Non Governmental Organisation NRM : Natural Resource Management OED : Operations Evaluation Department OF : Operation Flood

PACS : Primary Agricultural Credit Society PCARDB : Primary Co-operative Agriculture and Rural Development Bank SCARDB : State Co-operative Agriculture and Rural Development Bank SCB : State Co-operative Bank ST : Short Term WDC : Womens Dairy Co-operative Society WTO : World Trade Organisation

WHY DO WE NEED RURAL DEVELOPMENT Rural development has always been an important issue in all discussions pertaining to economic development, especially of developing countries, throughout the world. In the developing countries and some formerly communist societies, rural mass comprise a substantial majority of the population. Over 3.5 billion people live in the Asia and Pacific region and some 63% of them in rural areas. Although millions of rural people have escaped poverty as a result of rural development in many Asian countries, a large majority of rural people continue to suffer from persistent poverty. The socio-economic disparities between rural and urban areas are widening and creating tremendous pressure on the social and economic fabric of many developing Asian economies. These factors, among many others, tend to highlight the importance of rural development. The policy makers in most of the developing economies recognize this importance and have been implementing a host of programs and measures to achieve rural development objectives. While some of these countries have achieved impressive results, others have failed to make a significant dent in the problem of persistent rural underdevelopment Rural - Is an area, where the people are engaged in primary industry in the sense that they produce things directly for the first time in cooperation with nature as stated by Srivastava (1961). Rural areas are sparsely settled places away from the influence of large cities and towns. Such areas are distinct from more intensively settled urban and suburban areas, and also from unsettled lands such as outback or wilderness. People live in village, on farms and in other isolated houses. Rural areas can have an agricultural character, though many rural areas are characterized by an economy based on logging, mining, oil and gas exploration, or tourism. Lifestyles in rural areas are different than those in urban areas, mainly because limited services are available. Governmental services like law enforcement, schools, fire departments, and libraries may be distant, limited in scope, or unavailable. Utilities like water, sewer, street lighting, and garbage collection may not be present. Public transport is sometimes absent or very limited; people use their

own vehicles, walk or ride an animal. A society or community can be classified as rural based on the criteria of lower population density, less social differentiation, less social and spatial mobility, slow rate of social change, etc. Agriculture would be the major occupation of rural area. Development: It refers to growth, evolution, stage of inducement or progress. This progress or growth is gradual and had sequential phases. Always there is increasing differentiation. It also refers to the over all movement towards greater efficiency and complex situations.

SCOPE AND IMPORTANCE OF RURAL DEVELOPMENT

Rural development is a dynamic process, which is mainly concerned with the rural areas. These include agricultural growth, putting up of economic and social infrastructure, fair wages as also housing and house sites for the landless, village planning, public health, education and functional literacy, communication etc. Rural development is a national necessity and has considerable importance in India because of the following reasons. 1. About three-fourth of India's population live in rural areas, thus rural development is needed to develop nation as whole. 2. Nearly half of the country's national income is derived from agriculture, which is major occupation of rural India. 3. Around seventy per cent of Indian population gets employment through agriculture. 4. Bulks of raw materials for industries come from agriculture and rural sector. 5. Increase in industrial population can be justified only in rural population s motivation and increasing the purchasing power to buy industrial goods. 6. Growing disparity between the urban elite and the rural poor can lead to political instability.

Rural development is a national necessity and has considerable importance in India because of the following reasons. 1. To develop rural area as whole in terms of culture, society, economy, technology and health. 2. To develop living slandered of rural mass. 3. To develop rural youths, children and women.

4. To develop and empower human resource of rural area in terms of their psychology, skill, knowledge, attitude and other abilities. 5. To develop infrastructure facility of rural area. 6. To provide minimum facility to rural mass in terms of drinking water, education, transport, electricity and communication. 7. To develop rural institutions like panchayat, cooperatives, post, banking and credit. 8. To provide financial assist to develop the artisans in the rural areas, farmers and agrarian unskilled labor, small and big rural entrepreneurs to improve their economy. 9. To develop rural industries through the development of handicrafts, small scaled industries, village industries, rural crafts, cottage industries and other related economic operations in the rural sector. 10. To develop agriculture, animal husbandry and other agricultural related areas. 11. To restore uncultivated land, provide irrigation facilities and motivate farmers to adopt improved seed, fertilizers, package of practices of crop cultivation and soil conservation methods. 12. To develop entertainment and recreational facility for rural mass. 13. To develop leadership quality of rural area. 14. To improve rural marketing faciliy 15. To minimise gap between the urban and rural in terms of facilities availed. 16. To improve rural peoples participation in the development of state and nation as whole. 17. To improve scopes of employment for rural mass. 18. For the sustainable development of rural area. 19. To eliminate rural poverty. 20. To solve the problems faced by the rural mass for their development.

PROBLEMS IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT 1. People related: 1. Traditional way of thinking. 2. Poor understanding. 3. Low level of education to understand developmental efforts and new technology. 4. Deprived psychology and scientific orientation. 5. Lack of confidence. 6. Poor awareness. 7. Low level of education. 8. Existence of unfelt needs. 9. Personal ego.

2. Agricultural related problems:

1. Lack of expected awareness, knowledge, skill and attitude. 2. Unavailability of inputs. 3. Poor marketing facility. 4. Insufficient extension staff and services. 5. Multidimensional tasks to extension personnel. 6. Small size of land holding. 7. Division of land. 8. Unwillingness to work and stay in rural areas.

3. Infrastructure related problems:

1. Poor infrastructure facilities like water, electricity, transport, educational institutions, communication, health, storage facility etc.

4. Economic problems:

1. Unfavourable economic condition to adopt high cost technology. 2. High cost of inputs. 3. Underprivileged rural industries

5. Social and Cultural problems: 1. Cultural norms and traditions 2. Conflict within and between groups, castes, religions, regions, languages.

6. Leadership related problems: 1. Leadership among the hands of inactive and incompetent people. 2. Malafied interest of leaders. 3. Biased political will.

7. Administrative problems: 1. Earlier, majority of the programmes were planning based on top to bottom approach and were target oriented. 2. Political interference. 3. Lack of motivation and interest. 4. Unwillingness to work in rural area. 5. Improper utilization of budget.

Rural Development strategies and capacities Rural India finds mention in every document on poverty, inequality, malnutrition, unand disguised employment, agriculture and artisanal livelihoods, and gender

relationships. Almost all these refer to the limited capacities for economic growth and development. Thereby, technologies and investments in people and infrastructure for these technologies have become the bedrock of rural development efforts in the country. This theme presents an overview of S&T strategies for rural development in India. The focus is on understanding the S&T capacities that exist, and how the knowledge and technologies are accessed and used for rural development. India is Rural (2000-01 to 2004-05) Rural Population of 830 Million in 1100 Million Cultivators + Main and Marginal workers 430 Million Urban Literacy Rate (81%); Rural (61%) Female Literacy 45% in Rural Areas (70% in Urban Areas) Malnourished 49% of Children and 39% of Women in Rural India (36% and 20% in Urban Areas) Rural Infant Mortality Rate- 61 (37 in Urban Areas) in 1000 Source: NSSO (various rounds); NCEUS, 2007. Overall rural development efforts in India focus on: Provision of basic infrastructure facilities in the rural areas e.g. schools, health facilities, roads, drinking water, electrification etc.

NAME OF RURAL DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMMES :-PRE AND AFTER INDEPENDENCE RURAL DEVELOPME NT PROGRAMM ES Sr. No. Pre independence 1 Sriniketan Project 2 Marthandam Project 3 Gurgaon Experiment 4 Sarvoday Programme Post early independence(1947-53) 1 Firka Development 2 Etawah Project 3 Nilokheri Experiment 4 Community Development Programme (CDP) Government of 1952 India S.K.Dey 1948 Madras Government 1948 1948 Shri Bhave Vinoba 1948-49 Shri Rabindra 1914 Name of the Started by Year

Programme

Nath Tagore Dr.Spencer Hatch F.L.Brayne 1928 1921

Pilot Albert Mayor

National Extension Service (NES)

Government of 1953 India

RURAL DEVELOPMEN T EFFORTS /

Year

Name

of

the

Programme after independence

PROGRAMMES AFTER INDEPENDENC E No 1 1948 GMFC Grow Food Campaign 2 1950 JMPC Japanese Method Paddy Cultivation 3 1952 CDP Community Development Programme 4 1953 NES National Extension Service 5 1961 IADP Intensive Agriculture District of More

Programme 6 1963 ANP Applied Nutrition Programme 7 1964-65 IAAP Integrated Agricultural Area Programme 8 1964 ICDP Integrated Cattle Development Programme 9 1965 NDP National Demonstratio n Project 10 1966 ODP Oilseed Development Programme 11 1966-67 HYVP High Yielding Varieties Programme 12 1966 FTEP Farmers Training and Education Programme 13 1966 FTC Farmers

Training Centre 14 1966 MCP Multiple Crop Programme 15 1970 DPAP Draught Prone Area

Programme 16 1970 DFAP Dry Farming Area Programme 17 1971 ICDP Integrated Cotton Development Programme 18 1971 WVDP Whole Village Development Programme 19 1971 SFDA Small Farmers Development Agency 20 1971 MFAL Marginal Farmers and Agricultural Labour

Agency 21 1971-72 TADP Tribal Area

Development Programme 22 1973 HADP Hill Area

Development Programme 23 1974 T&V Training and Visit System 24 1974 KVK Krushi Vigyan Kendra 25 1974 TDB Tribal Development Block 26 1975 CADP Command Area Development Programme 27 1976 IRDP Intergraded Rural Development Programme 28 1976 ORP Operational Research Project 29 1976 SF Social

Forestry 30 1977 DDP Desert Development Programme 31 1978 LLP Lab-to-Land Programme 32 1978 NARP National Agricultural Research Project 33 1979 TRYSEM Training of

Rural Youth for Self

Employment 34 1980 NREP National Rural Employment Programme 35 1980 DRDA District Rural Development Agency 36 1980-81 TUP Tribal Upliftment Project 37 1981 RLEGP Rural Landless Employment

Guarantee Programme 38 1982 DWCRA Development of Women

and Children in Areas 39 1984-85 NAEP National Agricultural Extension Project 40 1986-87 NWDP National Watershed Development Project 41 1989 JRY Jawahar Rojgar Yojana 42 1990-91 NWDPRA National Water Development Project Rain Areas 43 1998 NATP National Agricultural Technology for fed Rural

Project 44 1998 ATMA Agricultural Technology Management Agency 45 2005 NAIP National Agricultural Innovation Project

Cooperatives for People-Centred Rural Development Cooperatives play a major self-help role in rural areas, particularly where private businesses hesitate to go and public authorities do not provide basic services. They are instrumental in providing opportunities for productive employment, as well as offering health care, education, potable water, improved sanitation, roads, and market access, while giving a stronger voice to rural groups.

Why action is needed Cooperatives Create opportunity for employment, income generation, and increase the availability of goods and services, all of which also contribute to economic growth. beneficiaries Are strongly rooted in their community, and are thus more likely to positively influence it. Are guided by a set of underlying values and ethics and are schools of social dialogue and democracy. Are based on the values of self-help, self-responsibility, democracy, equality, equity and solidarity; as well as ethical values of honesty, openness, social responsibility, and caring for others.

members are also the

 work.

-type activities into legally protected and productive

Mobilize self-help and motivate people to make better use of their self-help potential.

economic and social development needs of their members and the larger community, because members are both producers and beneficiaries.

Are often the only provider of services in rural communities, given that other types of enterprises often find it too costly to invest in these areas or anticipate low levels of economic return. This is the case for electricity, water resources, financial services, and consumer supplies. In India, for instance, the consumer needs of 67 percent of rural households are covered by cooperatives.

community identity and strengthen the social fabric, particularly important in post-crisis contexts.

Offer an economic future for youth in rural areas, and thus prevent rural depopulation. Themes Rural Policy Briefs Facts and figures cooperatives. In Uganda, for instance, they increased from 554 in 1995 to 7,500 in 2009.1 Roughly one billion people are members of cooperatives, and over 100 million work in them.

in rural areas.

Sustainable energy cooperatives are experiencing rapid expansion, with wind power cooperatives in Canada, Denmark, India and the United Kingdom and photovoltaic cooperatives in Brazil and Mexico. turnover. Cooperatives are resilient to crises. During the ongoing financial and economic crisis, savings and credit cooperatives, and cooperative banks have experienced an increase in almost every facet of their business, including: increases in assets and deposits, in volume of lending, members, and better interest rates.

for USD 1 trillion in

their often limited resources, mobility and voice. This also applies for disadvantaged groups such as indigenous populations and disabled persons.

Withstand crises better than their capital-centered counterparts. of their memberdriven nature, a key approach for rural areas whose populations depend on the resilience of natural resources such as land, water, and soil quality. Encourage modernization by facilitating the dissemination of new technologies and processes.

Agriculture to farmers, through sharing and pooling of resources, improved access to markets, higher returns for their products, and strengthened bargaining position. Cooperatives are a means to facilitate engaging in food processing, thereby allowing their members to access and benefit from higher value-added markets. Farmer cooperatives improve member livelihoods and local re-investments, support rural development and the viability of rural communities. Cooperatives also address the social protection needs of their members, thereby reducing farmers vulnerability, particularly in times of crisis, and prevent them from falling into poverty. cooperatives are involved in agriculture. In Ethiopia, for instance, 900,000 people in agriculture are estimated to generate part of their income through cooperatives.

Health with medical services otherwise not available through public or private health programmes, including home-based care (e.g. for individuals with HIV/AIDS).

services, memberowned, not-for-profit health cooperatives such as in Brazil, Colombia and Japan, may constitute an alternative to private insurers. In Benin, the savings and credit cooperative federation, FECECAM, is providing financial services

including affordable micro-health and life insurance to over 500,000 individual members, 90 percent of whom live in rural areas.

Housing, Infrastructure and Utilities Housing and building cooperatives directly create employment through the construction and maintenance of housing facilities, while providing housing at considerably low costs. For example, housing cooperatives for seniors in rural areas are popular in the USA. Cooperatives develop infrastructure (roads, water, schools and playgrounds), which generates employment, while helping provide an enabling environment for other enterprises, as well as an attractive setting for workers and their families. l in the overall electricity supply of rural areas. Currently, 85 percent of people without electricity live in rural areas of developing countries, mostly in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia. In 2005, 58 percent of rural electricity in Argentina was provided by cooperatives, without which advancements in agriculture would have been compromised and jobs in rural communities lost. Tourism increasing worldwide. Through tourism cooperatives, rural populations can generate important and complementary income. For example, agri-tourism cooperatives in Italy emphasize home-made and locally produced foods for tourists that seek a specifically rural or farm experience.

 Through tourism cooperatives, members may also increase their say in the overall nature, extent, speed and other modalities of tourism development in their area.

Defining a Cooperative

than other corporate forms. It is, an autonomous association of persons united voluntarily to meet

their common economic, social and cultural needs and aspirations through a jointly owned and democratically controlled enterprise. Rural contexts can host a variety of cooperatives, in agriculture (production, processing, marketing, purchasing and sales), but also financial services (banking, credit and loan, insurance), in health, electricity,

telecommunications, water, consumer goods and services, housing, tourism, and handicrafts. Source: ILO: The Promotion of Cooperatives Recommendation, 2002 (No.193)

Savings and credit and other financial organizations to banking is scarce, the large majority of adults store money at home, with friends or through other means.Cooperative financial institutions represent 30 to 50 cent of cooperatives in any given country. Access to finance creates opportunity for producers to purchase goods and services that increase their productivity. For instance, agriculture producers

require access to finance to cover costs between harvesting periods, help them manage seasonal liquidity shortages and cover unforeseen expenses.

Policy options Strengthen the cooperative business model using ILO's Promotion of Cooperatives Recommendation, 2002 (No. 193) practices (e.g. registration procedures, taxation policies, accounting standards, capital standards for financial institutions as well as ability to access funding) that support the establishment and growth of cooperatives, in consultation with cooperative organizations. Develop and implement an adequate regulatory framework for cooperatives, including for instance, labour law, taxation law, accounting standards and competition law. Establish equal treatment between cooperatives and other enterprises, taking into consideration the distinctive structure of cooperatives and their member-

regulation needs to focus, first of all, on the self-control mechanisms of cooperatives. Provide special support for cooperatives that address specific social and public policy needs and activities benefiting disadvantaged groups or regions. Provide for an efficient and effective implementation of the regulatory framework, such as provisions on registration of cooperatives and auditing.

 Promote the establishment of secondary and tertiary cooperative structures (that is, associations of cooperatives) as well as horizontal linkages between primary cooperatives, so that the value-added in the processing and commercialization of products remains with cooperative members. Raise awareness among policymakers, for instance, to promote entrepreneurial diversity in the banking industry, including cooperative banks. business model and its advantages, at all appropriate levels of the national education and training systems, and in the wider society. Materials and Techniques for Cooperative Management Training (MATCOM) This is a high quality, standardized and comprehensive training package. The MATCOM project (1978-1993) developed cooperative management training materials, which were put at the disposal of national cooperative movements and development partners, who could then prepare local versions. MATCOM consists of 40 trainers manuals and 60 learning elements covering different types of cooperatives in various economic sectors, different target groups and different levels of cooperative management. Many of the manuals have been translated into French, Spanish, Portuguese, as well as 40 other local languages. The package is currently undergoing updates and revisions.

COOPREFORM This programme (1993-2002) was part of the ILO-DANIDA initiative on cooperative development in rural areas to promote genuine cooperatives in the context of democratization, decentralization and structural adjustment. At least 61 countries benefited from COOPREFORM assistance directly or indirectly, and some 29 countries either promulgated a new cooperative law or embraced a new cooperatives policy (or both). This prepared the ground for ILOs ongoing substantial work to

support constituents and cooperative organizations to strengthen their policies and legal frameworks in line with R. 193.

SYNDICOOP This joint initiative (2004-2006) among the International Cooperative Alliance (ICA), the International Trade Union Confederation (ITUC) and the ILO helped strengthen organization among informal economy workers, and improve employment opportunities, income and working conditions through cooperatives in Kenya, Rwanda, the United Republic of Tanzania, South Africa and Uganda. Lessons learned from SYNDICOOP have guided programmes such as COOPAFRICA (20072010), which updated and replicated certain aspects in nine African countries (Ethiopia, Kenya, Lesotho, Rwanda Swaziland, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia and Zanzibar). COOPAFRICA aimed at mobilizing the cooperative self-help mechanism to tackle development constraints, such as unemployment, lack of social protection, lack of empowerment and poverty.

Strengthen the productivity of existing cooperatives and their competitiveness, among others by providing for training and other forms of assistance to members,

 office-bearers and staff of cooperatives in order to develop technical, entrepreneurial and managerial skills. organizations, and cooperatives. Encourage employers organizations to extend membership to cooperatives wishing to join them. cooperative members to join them, and to assist their own members to establish cooperatives. ILO's role international governmental legal instrument to promote cooperatives, namely R. 193. the last 15 years alone it has assisted over 65 countries in their cooperative policy and law reform. Most recently, it has contributed to the design of the Ley Marco para las cooperatives de America Latina; the Uniform Cooperative Act for OHADA (Organisation pour l' Harmonisation en Afrique du Droit des Affaires); and the implementation assessment of the 2003 European Union Regulation on cooperatives in the 27 EU member countries and 3 European Economic Area countries. cooperative organizations in developing cooperatives of all types and sizes, focusing on four closely interrelated areas: political importance of cooperatives workers

-specific research, education and training

ILO closely cooperates with the International Co-operative Alliance (ICA), comprised of 240 cooperative member organizations in 90 countries; and is a

member of the Committee for the Promotion and Advancement of Cooperatives (COPAC), composed of ICA, ILO, FAO and UN. 1 ILO: Resilience of the Cooperative Business Model in Times of Crisis (Geneva: 2009) 2 ICA: Statistical Information on the Co-Operative Movement (2011) Available at: http://www.ica.coop/coop/statistics.html#economic 3 Statistical Information on the Co-Operative Movement, op. cit. 4 ICA: Global 300. Available at: <http://www.global300.coop> 5 ILO: Resilience of the Cooperative Business Model in Times of Crisis (Geneva: 2009) 6Information from the National Co-operative Union of India (NCUI) Available at: <http://www.ncui.net/Coop-connect.html> 7 Chambo, Suleman Adam: Agricultural Co-operatives: Role in Food Security and Rural Development (New York: 2009) 8 Pollet, Ignace: Cooperatives in Africa: The Age of Reconstruction Synthesis of a Survey in Nine African Countries, CoopAFRICA Working Paper No. 7 (ILO: Dar es Salaam, 2009) 9 Lemma, Teigist: Growth Without Structures: The Cooperative Movement in Ethiopia (ILO/World Bank Institute, Geneva: 2007) 10 ILO: Cooperatives and Rural Employment, Fact Sheet (Geneva: 2007) 11 ICA: Housing Co-operatives in USA (August: 2007) Available at: <http://www.ica.coop/al housing/attachments/Housing%20Cooperatives%20in%20USA% 0-%20FINAL.pdf> 12 Nietz, Alexandra: Comparative Study on Rural Electrification Policies in Emerging Economies. Keys to Successful Policies (International Energy Agency: Paris, 2010) Available at: <http://www.iea.org/papers/2010/rural_elect.pdf> 13 Federacin Argentina de Cooperativas de Electricidad y Otros Servicios Pblicos Limitada (2011) Available at: <http://www.face.coop/es/servicios/el-cooperativismoen-cifras/>

14 Schneiderman, Ross M. and Doskow, Vivian: "Savings for the Poor," in Newsweek (24 January 2011)

DIFFERENT PROGRAMMES AND AGENCIES FOR RURAL DEVELOPMENT 1.THE DISTRICT RURAL DEVELOPMENT AGENCY (DRDA) The District Rural Development Agency (DRDA) has traditionally been the principal organ at the District level to oversee the implementation of different anti-poverty programmes. Since its inception, the administrative costs of the DRDAs were met by way of setting apart a share of the allocations for each programme. However, of late, the number of the programmes had increased and while some of the programmes provided for administrative costs of the DRDAs, others did not. There was no uniformity among the different programmes with reference to administrative costs. Keeping in view the need for an effective agency at the district level to coordinate the anti-poverty effort, a new Centrally Sponsored Scheme for strengthening the DRDAs has been introduced with effect from 1st April, 1999. Accordingly, the administrative costs are met by providing a separate budget provisions. This scheme which is funded on a 75:25 basis between Centre and States, aims at strengthening and professionalising the DRDAs.

Role and Functions of the DRDA 1 If effective programme design is critical to successful implementation of rural development programmes, so is an effective delivery agency. None of the anti-

poverty programmes can have impact unless they are implemented with clarity of purpose and a commitment to the task. It is here that the DRDAs play a critical role. The DRDAs are not the implementation through overseeing the implementation of different programmes and ensuring that necessary linkages are provided. To this extent the DRDA is a supporting and facilitation organization and needs to play a very effective role as a catalyst in development process.

2 The district Rural Development Agency is visualized as specialized and a professional agency capable of managing the anti-poverty programmes of the Ministry of Rural Development on the one hand and to effectively relate these to the overall effort of poverty eradication in the District. In other words, while the DRDA will continue to watch over and ensure effective utilization of the funds intended for anti-poverty programmes, it will need to develop a far greater understanding of the processes necessary for poverty alleviation/eradication. It will also need to develop the capacity to build synergies among different agencies involved for the most effective results. It will therefore need to develop distinctive capabilities rather than perform tasks that are legitimately in the domain of the PRIs or the line departments. The role of the DRDA will therefore be distinct from all the other agencies, including the Zilla Parishad.

3 DRDAs must themselves be more professional and should be able to interact effectively with various other agencies. They are expected to coordinate with the line department, the Panchayati Raj Institutions, the banks and other financial institutions, resources required for poverty reduction effort in the district. It shall be their endeavor and objective to secure inter-sectoral and inter-departmental coordination and cooperation for reducing poverty in the district. It is their ability to coordinate and bring about a convergence of approach among different agencies for poverty alleviation and would set them apart.

4 The DRDAs are expected to coordinate effectively with the Panchayati Raj Instructions. Under no circumstances will they perform functions of PRIs.

5 The DRDAs will maintain their separate identity but will function under the chairmanship of the Chairman of Zilla Parishad. They are expected to be a facilitating and supporting organization to Zilla Parishad, providing necessary executive and technical support in respect of poverty reduction efforts. Wherever the Zilla Parishads are not in existence of are not functional, the DRDAs would function under the Collector/District Magistrate/Deputy Commissioner, as the case may be.

6 The DRDAs are expected to oversee the implementation of different anti-poverty programmes of the Ministry of Rural Development in the district. This is not be confused with actual implementation, which will be by the Panchayati Raj and other Institutions. The DRDAs will monitor closely the implementation through obtaining of periodic reports as well as frequent field visits. The purpose of the visit should be to facilitate the implementing agencies in improving implementation process, besides ensuring that the quality of implementation of programmes is high. This would include overseeing whether the intended beneficiaries are receiving the benefits under the different programmes.

7 The DRDAs shall keep the Zilla Parishad, the State and Central Government duly informed of the progress of the implementation of the programmes through periodic reports in the prescribed formats. Special report, as and when called for, shall be provided.

8 It shall be the duty of the DRDAs to oversee and ensure that the benefits specifically earmarked for certain target groups (SC/ST, women and disabled) reach them. They shall all necessary steps to achieve the prescribed norms.

9 The DRDAs shall take necessary step to improve the awareness regarding rural development and poverty alleviation particularly among the rural poor. This would involve issues of poverty, the opportunities available to the rural poor and generally infusing a sense of confidence in their ability to overcome poverty. It would also involve sensitizing the different functionaries in the district to the different aspects of poverty and poverty alleviation programmes.

10 The DRDAs will strive to promote transparency in the implementation of different anti-poverty programmes. Towards this end, they shall publish periodically, the details of the different programmes and their implementation.

11 Keeping in view, the substantial investment that are being made in poverty alleviation programmes, the DRDAs shall ensure financial discipline in respect of the funds received by them, whether from Central of State Governments. They shall also ensure that the accounts are properly maintained including in respect of the funds allocated to banks or implementing agencies in accordance with the guidelines of different programmes.

12 Thus the role of the DRDA is in terms of planning for effective implementation of anti-poverty programmes; coordinating with other agencies-Governmental, nonGovernmental, technical and financial for successful programme implementation; enabling the community and the rural poor to participate in the decision marking process, overseeing the implementation to ensure

20 T5 1

adherence to guidelines, quality, equity and efficiency; reporting to the prescribed authorities on the implementation; and promoting transparency in decision making and implementation.

13 In addition the DRDAs shall coordinate and oversee the conduct of the BPL Census and such other surveys that are required from time to time.

14 The DRDAs shall also carry out / aid in carrying out action research/ or evaluation studies that are initiated by the Central/State Governments.

15 The DRDAs should deal only with the anti-poverty programmes of the Ministry of Rural Development. If DRDAs are to be entrusted with programmes of other ministries or those of the State Governments, it should be ensured that these have a definite antipoverty focus. Entrusting of any programme to the DRDAs, other than anti-poverty programmes of the Ministry, be it of any other Ministry of Government of India or the respective State Government will have to be done with the approval of the Secretary, Rural Development of the respective State (s), who should examine such request in consultation with the Ministry of Rural Development, Government of India. In such cases, it must be ensured that adequate provision is made for requisite staffing needed for proper implementation of the programme.

Agriculture & Rural Development

has been the key mantra for

a sustained and long-term economic growth in India. The same is in the sharper focus today with the Government taking keen interest to ensure a comprehensive and visible uplift of this sector through effective implementation of various old and new schemes. The

Government runs its large-scale rural development schemes mainly through the Ministry of Rural Devel- opment, National Bank for Agriculture and Rural De- velopment (NABARD), and Khadi and Village Industries Commission (KVIC). Be- sides, some

autonomous bod- ies like District Rural De- velopment Agency (DRDA), National Institute of Rural Development (NIRD), National Rural Roads Develop- ment Agency (NRRDA) and Council for Advancement of Peoples better Rural India. Given Below is an over- view of the various schemes of NABARD and KVIC related to the rural development: Action and Rural Technology

(CAPART) are also working in tandem with the Government for a

1.NABARD NABARD was set up with a mission to promote sustain- able and equitable agriculture and rural development through institution building

effective credit support, related services,

and other innovative initia- tives. Primarily its objectives are to (i) serve as an apex financing agency; (ii) take mea- sures towards institution build- ing for improving including absorptive capacity of the credit delivery system, monitoring, formulation of rehabilitation schemes,

restructuring of credit institutions, training of person- nel, etc.; (iii) co-ordinate the rural financing activities of all institutions engaged in devel- opmental work at the field level and liaise with Government of India, state governments, Re- serve Bank of India (RBI) and other national level institutions concerned with policy for- mulation;

and (iv) undertake monitoring and evaluation of projects refinanced by it. Schemes Available I. Investment Credit (Medium And Long Term) Refinance: Special Focus: Refinance on liberal terms for strengthening the rural credit delivery system for the development of North- Eastern region; Guidelines of hi-tech and

export-oriented projects in farm and non-farm sectors and set-up Agriculture Development Finance Com- panies financing in Andhra

Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and Karnataka for mercial ventures. Beneficiaries: State

hi-tech/com-

Co- operative Agriculture &

Rural Development Banks (SCARD- Bs), State Co-operative Banks (SCBs), Regional Rural Banks (RRBs), Commercial Banks (CBs),

State Agricultural De- velopment Finance Companies (ADFCs) and Primary Urban Co-operative Banks. Period of Refinance: 15years

Quantum of Refinance: In the range of 90 100 per cent of the project depending upon the nature of Financial Institution involved, Region of Project (whether North- eastern region or other re- gion) and category of Sector involved. Interest on Refinance: 6-6.75 per cent (based on the loan size and activity/region). II. Production Credit NABARD provides short- term various types of production/ market- ing/ refinance for

procurement

activities.

Different types of refinance available, term of refinance, eligible Financial Institutions and rate of interests charge- able for that are given in Table 1 on the next page: III. Rural Infrastructure Devel- opment Fund (RIDF) Beneficiaries: State Gov- ernments, Governmental (SHGs). Activities Covered: Primary Schools, Primary Health Cen- tres, Village Haats, Joint For- est Management, Terminal and Rural Panchayat Raj Institutions (PRIs), Non-

Organisa- tions (NGOs) and Self-Help Groups

Market, Rain Water Harvesting, Fish Jetties, Mini Hydel and System Improve- ment Projects in Power Sector, Rural Drinking Water Supply Scheme, Citizen Information Centres, Anganwadi All Centres and new project

Shishu Shiksha Kendras. Methodology:

concepts

received are placed before the Proj- ects Sanctioning

Committee (PSC) for approval before ac- cepting detailed projects.

Sl.no

Available whom

to Activity/Purpose Rate Short Refinance

of

Term Interest % If level

1.

SCBs on behalf Seasonal of all eligible Agricultural

of NPAs is upto

DCCDs in form Operation (SAO) of consolidated

20% den 5.25 otherwise 5.75 SCBs.

limits

2.

SCBs on behalf For of all

financing 6.50 short

eligible approved

DCCDs in form term of consolidated agricultural/allied and marketing

limits

activities 3. SCBs on behalf Marketing of all eligible crops of 6.00

DCCDs in form of consolidated

limits

4.

SCBs on behalf Primary Weavers 6.00 of all eligible Cooperative

DCCDs in form Societies of consolidated (PWCS) production marketing cloth 5. State Cooperative Banks For Financing 6.25 for and of

limits

Procurement and Marketing Cloth of and

Trading in Yarn by Apex/Regional Weavers Cooperative Societies 6. Scheduled Commercial Banks For Financing 6.25

Working Capital Requirements of Primary Handloom Weavers Cooperative Societies

7.

State Cooperative

For

Financing 6.25

Working Capital

Banks/Scheduled Requirements of Commercial Banks SHDCs SHnDCs and

8.

SCBs on behalf For of DCCBs/DICBs

Financing Apex

Working Capital Societies Requirements of 6.25 Cottage, Village,Small scale, and Industrial Cooperative Societies Primary

Primary Societies Apex 6.00

9.

SCBs on behalf For of DCCBs/DICBs

Financing Apex

Working Capital Societies Requirements of 6.25 Laboer Contract and Labour Cooperative Societies Forest Primary Societies 6.00

10.

SCBs/DCCBs

For

Financing

Working Capital 6.00 Requirements of Rural for Artisans Production

and Marketing

IV. Research and Development Fund Objective: To acquire new insights into the problems of agricultural and rural develop- ment through in-depth studies and applied research and try- ing out innovative approaches backed up by technical and economic studies. Beneficiaries: Approved re- search institutions, organisa- tions and other agencies, which are engaged in action-oriented applied research. V. Other Schemes Besides the above-men- tioned schemes NABARD is also running

Kisan Credit Card and Micro Finance schemes. Both these schemes are not discussed here as they have already been covered in detail in an article published elsewhere in this journal.

2.KVIC Khadi and Village Indus- tries Commission is a statu- tory body established by an act of Parliament in April 1957 for the development of Khadi and Village Industries in India. Broad objectives for its estab- lishment are social objectives of providing

employment, eco- nomic objective of producing saleable articles and the wider objective of creating self-reli- ance amongst the poor and building up of a strong rural community spirit. The high- lights of the main schemes of KVIC are as follows:

Schemes Available I. Rural Employment Generation Programme (REGP) KVIC launched Ru- ral Employment Genera- tion Programme (REGP) or

Gramodyog Rojgar Yojana for

one hand and to effectively relate these to the overall effort of poverty eradication in the district. 3.NIRD National Institute of Rural Development (NIRD) facilitates rural development through government and non-governmental initiatives. NIRD is the countrys apex body for undertaking training, research, action and consultancy functions in the rural development sector. It works as an autonomous organization sup- ported by the Ministry of Rural Development, Gov- ernment of India.

4.NRRDA Construction of rural roads brings multifaceted benefits to the hitherto deprived rural areas and also an effective poverty reduction strategy. Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY ) was taken up by the Government of India with an objective to provide con- nectivity to the unconnected Habitations in the rural areas. In 2002 the National Rural Roads Development Agency (NRRDA) was established to extend support to PMGRY through advice on technical specifications, project appraisal and management of a system of Na- tional Quality Monitors, Management of Monitoring Systems and submission of Periodic Reports to the Ministry of Rural Development.

5.CAPART Council for Advancement of Peoples Action and Rural Technology (CAPART) is an autonomous body registered under the Societies Registration Act, 1860 and is functioning under the aegis of the Ministry of Rural Development. CAPART is involved in catalys- ing and co-coordinating the emerging partnership be- tween

Voluntary Organisations and the Government of India for sustainable development of Rural Areas.

Other Schemes of Rural Development Beside the above-mentioned schemes some more schemes of Government of India like National Ru- ral Employment Guarantee Scheme, National Rural Health Mission, Rajiv Gandhi National Drinking Wa- ter Mission, Rural Infrastructure, Rural Electrification and Indira Awas Yojana are also available but as this compilation stresses on NABARD and KVIC schemes these other schemes have not been discussed. Relevant Websites: NABARD: www.nabard.org KVIC: www.kvic.org DRDA: www.rural.nic.in/drda.htm NIRD: www.nird.org.in NRRDA: www.pmgsy.nic.in/nrrda.asp CAPART: www.capart.nic.in Ministry of Rural Development: www.rural.nic.in Ministry of Agro and Rural Industries: www.ari.nic.in

Conclusion:The governments policies and programs have laid emphasis on poverty elevation, generation of employment and income opportunities & provision of infrastructure and basic facilities to meet the needs of rural poor. For realizing these objectives, self employment and wage employment programs continued to pervade in one form or other institutions in terms of functions,power and finance. Grama Sabha, NGOs, Self help groups and PRIs hav been accorded adequate role to make participatory democracy meaningful and effective.

Rural Development : Review of Nineth Plan Performance

An outlay of Rs. 2000 crore was provided for rural development sector during Nineth Plan period. The budgetary support and allocation from 1997-98 to 2001-02. For various schemes Rs.2498 crores have been provided ]. The year wise outlay and expenditures are indicated below. During the Nineth 5 Year Plan, under IRDP, Income Generating Assets were provided 3235 lakh families through subsidy and credit. During 1999-2000 the IRDP, TRYSEM,OWCRA were merged to form a new self employment program called Swarna (SJGSY). Thus, to sum up we can say that many Government Programs and Schemes have failed in the recent years hence there is essential need of new, innovative and effective programs for the development of rural areas. Jayanti Gram Swarojgar Yojna

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in

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