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Transmission Line Basics II - Class 6: Prerequisite Reading Assignment: CH2
Transmission Line Basics II - Class 6: Prerequisite Reading Assignment: CH2
Transmission Line Basics II - Class 6: Prerequisite Reading Assignment: CH2
F
m
|
\
|
|
.
8.85 c
r
W
C
T
D
pF
m
|
\
|
|
.
L
0
T
D
W
C
F
m
|
\
|
|
.
0.4 t
r
T
D
W
C
H
m
|
\
|
|
.
Z
0
377
T
D
W
C
r
c
r
O
23
Transmission Lines Class 6
Improved Microstrip Formula
Parallel Plate Assumptions +
Large ground plane with
zero thickness
To accurately predict
microstrip impedance, you
must calculate the effective
dielectric constant.
T
D
T
C
c
W
C
From Hall, Hall & McCall:
|
.
|
\
|
+
+
~
C C
D
r
T W
T
Z
8 . 0
98 . 5
ln
41 . 1
87
0
c
( )
D C
C
r
C
D
r r
e
T W
T
F
W
T
1 217 . 0
12
1 2
1
2
1
+
+
+
+
= c
c c
c
( )
2
1 1 02 . 0 |
.
|
\
|
D
C
r
T
W
c
= F
1 <
D
C
T
W
for
0
1 >
D
C
T
W
for
Valid when:
0.1 < W
C
/T
D
< 2.0 and 1 < e
r
< 15
You cant beat
a field solver
24
Transmission Lines Class 6
Improved Stripline Formulas
Same assumptions as
used for microstrip
apply here
T
D2
T
C
c
W
C
T
D1
From Hall, Hall & McCall:
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
+
~
) 8 . 0 ( 67 . 0
) ( 4
ln
60 1 1
0
C C
D D
r
sym
T W
T T
Z
t
c
Symmetric (balanced) Stripline Case T
D1
= T
D2
) , , , 2 ( ) , , , 2 (
) , , , 2 ( ) , , , 2 (
2
0 0
0 0
0
r C C sym r C C sym
r C C sym r C C sym
offset
T W B Z T W A Z
T W B Z T W A Z
Z
c c
c c
+
~
Offset (unbalanced) Stripline Case T
D1
> T
D2
Valid when W
C
/(T
D1
+T
D2
) < 0.35 and T
C
/(T
D1
+T
D2
) < 0.25
You cant beat a
field solver
25
Transmission Lines Class 6
Refection coefficient
Signal on a transmission line can be analyzed by
keeping track of and adding reflections and
transmissions from the bumps (discontinuities)
Refection coefficient
Amount of signal reflected from the bump
Frequency domain =sign(S11)*|S11|
If at load or source the reflection may be called gamma (I
L
or I
s
)
Time domain is only defined a location
The bump
Time domain analysis is causal.
Frequency domain is for all time.
We use similar terms be careful
Reflection diagrams more later
26
Transmission Lines Class 6
Reflection and Transmission
1+
Incident
Reflected
Transmitted
Reflection Coeficient Transmission Coeffiecent
t 1 +
( )
"" "" t 1
Zt Z0
Zt Z0 +
+
Zt Z0
Zt Z0 +
t
2 Zt
Zt Z0 +
27
Transmission Lines Class 6
Special Cases to Remember
1
=
+
=
Zo
Zo
0
=
+
=
Zo Zo
Zo Zo
1
0
0
=
+
=
Zo
Zo
Vs
Zs
Zo
Zo
A: Terminated in Zo
Vs
Zs
Zo
B: Short Circuit
Vs
Zs
Zo
C: Open Circuit
28
Transmission Lines Class 6
Assignment Building the SI Tool Box
Compare the parallel plate
approximation to the improved
microstrip and stripline formulas
for the following cases:
Microstrip:
W
C
= 6 mils, T
D
= 4 mils, T
C
= 1 mil, c
r
= 4
Symmetric Stripline:
W
C
= 6 mils, T
D1
= T
D2
= 4 mils, T
C
= 1 mil, c
r
= 4
Write Math Cad Program to calculate Z0, Td, L
& C for each case.
What factors cause the errors with the parallel
plate approximation?
29
Transmission Lines Class 6
Transmission line equivalent circuits and
relevant equations
Basic pulse launching onto transmission lines
Calculation of near and far end waveforms for
classic load conditions
30
Transmission Lines Class 6
Review: Voltage Divider Circuit
Consider the
simple circuit that
contains source
voltage V
S
, source
resistance R
S
, and
resistive load R
L
.
The output
voltage, VL is
easily calculated
from the source
amplitude and the
values of the two
series resistors.
R
S
R
L
V
S
V
L
R
S
R
L
R
L
V
S
V
L
+
=
Why do we care for?
Next page.
31
Transmission Lines Class 6
Solving Transmission Line Problems
The next slides will establish a procedure that
will allow you to solve transmission line
problems without the aid of a simulator. Here
are the steps that will be presented:
1. Determination of launch voltage &
final DC or t =0 voltage
2. Calculation of load reflection coefficient and
voltage delivered to the load
3. Calculation of source reflection coefficient
and resultant source voltage
These are the steps for solving
all t-line problems.
32
Transmission Lines Class 6
Determining Launch Voltage
Step 1 in calculating transmission line waveforms
is to determine the launch voltage in the circuit.
The behavior of transmission lines makes it
easy to calculate the launch & final voltages
it is simply a voltage divider!
Vs
Zo
Rs
Vs
0
TD
Rt
A B
t=0, V=Vi
(initial voltage)
R
S
Z
0
Z
0
V
S
V
i
+
=
R
S
R
t
R
t
V
S
V
f
+
=
33
Transmission Lines Class 6
Voltage Delivered to the Load
Vs
Zo
Rs
Vs
0
TD
Rt
A B
t=0, V=Vi
t=TD, V=Vi +
B
(Vi )
t=2TD,
V=Vi +
B
(Vi) +
A
(
B
)(Vi )
(signal is reflected)
(initial voltage)
Step 2: Determine V
B
in the circuit at time t = TD
The transient behavior of transmission line delays the
arrival of launched voltage until time t = TD.
V
B
at time 0 < t < TD is at quiescent voltage (0 in this case)
Voltage wavefront will be reflected at the end of the t-line
V
B
= V
incident
+ V
reflected
at time t = TD
Zo Rt
Zo Rt
+
=
B
V
reflected
=
B
(V
incident
)
V
B
= V
incident
+ V
reflected
34
Transmission Lines Class 6
Voltage Reflected Back to the Source
Vs
Zo
Rs
Vs
0
TD
Rt
A B
t=0, V=Vi
t=TD, V=Vi +
B
(Vi )
t=2TD,
V=Vi +
B
(Vi) +
A
(
B
)(Vi )
(signal is reflected)
(initial voltage)
B
35
Transmission Lines Class 6
Voltage Reflected Back to the Source
Step 3: Determine V
A
in the circuit at time t = 2TD
The transient behavior of transmission line delays the
arrival of voltage reflected from the load until time t =
2TD.
V
A
at time 0 < t < 2TD is at launch voltage
Voltage wavefront will be reflected at the source
V
A
= V
launch
+ V
incident
+ V
reflected
at time t = 2TD
In the steady state, the solution converges to
V
B
= V
S
[R
t
/ (R
t
+ R
s
)]
Zo Rs
Zo Rs
+
=
A
V
reflected
=
A
(V
incident
)
V
A
= V
launch
+ V
incident
+ V
reflected
36
Transmission Lines Class 6
Problems
Consider the circuit
shown to the right
with a resistive load,
assume propagation
delay = T, R
S
= Z
0
.
Calculate and show
the wave forms of
V
1
(t),I
1
(t),V
2
(t),
and I
2
(t) for (a) R
L
=
and (b) R
L
= 3Z
0
Z
0
,T
0
V
1 V
2
l
I
2
I
1
V
S
R
L
R
S
Solved Homework
37
Transmission Lines Class 6
Step-Function into T-Line: Relationships
Source matched case: R
S
= Z
0
V
1
(0)
= 0.5V
A
, I
1
(0)
= 0.5I
A
I
S
= 0, V(x,) = 0.5V
A
(1+ I
L
)
Uncharged line
V
2
(0)
= 0, I
2
(0)
= 0
Open circuit means R
L
=
I
L
= / = 1
V
1
()
= V
2
()
= 0.5V
A
(1+1)
= V
A
I
1
()
= I
2
()
= 0.5I
A
(1-1)
= 0
Solution
38
Transmission Lines Class 6
Step-Function into T-Line with Open Ckt
At t = T, the voltage wave reaches load end
and doubled wave travels back to source end
V
1
(T)
= 0.5V
A
, I
1
(T)
= 0.5V
A
/Z
0
V
2
(T) = V
A
, I
2
(T)
= 0
At t = 2T, the doubled wave reaches the
source end and is not reflected
V
1
(2T)
= V
A
, I
1
(2T)
= 0
V
2
(2T) = V
A
, I
2
(2T)
= 0
Solution
39
Transmission Lines Class 6
Waveshape:
Step-Function into T-Line with Open Ckt
Z
0
,T
0
V
1 V
2
l
I
2
I
1
V
S
Open
R
S
C
u
r
r
e
n
t
(
A
)
2T Time (ns) 3T T 4T 0
0.5I
A
0.25I
A
I
A
0.75I
A
I
1
I
2
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
(
V
)
2T Time (ns) 3T T 4T 0
0.5V
A
0.25V
A
V
A
0.75V
A
V
1
V
2
This is called
reflected wave
switching
Solution
40
Transmission Lines Class 6
Problem 1b: Relationships
Source matched case: R
S
= Z
0
V
1
(0)
= 0.5V
A
, I
1
(0)
= 0.5I
A
I
S
= 0, V(x,) = 0.5V
A
(1+ I
L
)
Uncharged line
V
2
(0)
= 0, I
2
(0)
= 0
R
L
= 3Z
0
I
L
= (3Z
0
-Z
0
) / (3Z
0
+Z
0
)
= 0.5
V
1
()
= V
2
()
= 0.5V
A
(1+0.5)
= 0.75V
A
I
1
()
= I
2
()
= 0.5I
A
(1-0.5)
= 0.25I
A
Solution
41
Transmission Lines Class 6
Problem 1b: Solution
At t = T, the voltage wave reaches load end
and positive wave travels back to the source
V
1
(T)
= 0.5V
A
, I
1
(T)
= 0.5I
A
V
2
(T) = 0.75V
A
, I
2
(T)
= 0.25I
A
At t = 2T, the reflected wave reaches the
source end and absorbed
V
1
(2T)
= 0.75V
A
, I
1
(2T)
= 0.25I
A
V
2
(2T) = 0.75V
A
, I
2
(2T)
= 0.25I
A
Solution
42
Transmission Lines Class 6
Waveshapes for Problem 1b
Z
0
,T
0
V
1 V
2
l
I
2
I
1
V
S
R
L
R
S
C
u
r
r
e
n
t
(
A
)
2T Time (ns) 3T T 4T 0
0.5I
A
0.25I
A
I
A
0.75I
A
I
1
I
2
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
(
V
)
2T Time (ns) 3T T 4T 0
0.5V
A
0.25V
A
V
A
0.75V
A
I
1
I
2
Note that a
properly terminated
wave settle out at
0.5 V
Solution
Solution
43
Transmission Lines Class 6
Transmission line step response
Introduction to lattice diagram analysis
Calculation of near and far end waveforms for
classic load impedances
Solving multiple reflection problems
Complex signal reflections at different types of
transmission line discontinuities will be analyzed
in this chapter. Lattice diagrams will be introduced
as a solution tool.
44
Transmission Lines Class 6
Lattice Diagram Analysis Key Concepts
Diagram shows the boundaries
(x =0 and x=l) and the reflection
coefficients (G
L
and
G
L
)
Time (in T) axis shown
vertically
Slope of the line should
indicate flight time of signal
Particularly important for multiple
reflection problems using both
microstrip and stripline mediums.
Calculate voltage amplitude
for each successive reflected
wave
Total voltage at any point is the
sum of all the waves that have
reached that point
Vs
Rs
Zo
V(source) V(load)
TD = N ps 0
Vs
Rt
The lattice diagram is a
tool/technique to simplify
the accounting of
reflections and waveforms
Time V(source)
V(load)
a
source
load
b
A
c
A
B
C
d
B
e
0
N ps
2N ps
3N ps
4N ps
5N ps
45
Transmission Lines Class 6
Lattice Diagram Analysis Detail
V(source)
V(load)
V
launch
source
load
V
launch
load
V
launch
0
V
launch
(1+
load
)
V
launch
(1+
load
+
load
source
)
Time
0
2N ps
4N ps
V
launch
load
source
V
launch
2
load
source
V
launch
2
load
2
source
V
launch
(1+
load
+
2
load
source
+
2
load
2
source
)
Time
N ps
3N ps
5N ps
Vs
Rs
Zo V(source) V(load)
TD = N ps
0
Vs
Rt
46
Transmission Lines Class 6
Transient Analysis Over Damped
Assume Zs=75 ohms
Zo=50ohms
Vs=0-2 volts
Vs
Zs
Zo
V(source) V(load)
Time V(source)
V(load)
1
50
50
2 . 0
50 75
50 75
8 . 0
50 75
50
) 2 (
=
+
=
+
=
=
+
=
+
=
=
|
.
|
\
|
+
=
+
=
Zo Zl
Zo Zl
Zo Zs
Zo Zs
Zo Zs
Zo
Vs V
load
source
initial
0.8v
2 . 0 =
source
1 =
load
0.8v
0.8v
0.16v
0v
1.6v
1.92v
0.16v
1.76v
0.032v
TD = 250 ps
0
500 ps
1000 ps
1500 ps
2000 ps
2500 ps
0
2 v
Response from lattice diagram
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
0 250 500 750 1000 1250
Time, ps
V
o
l
t
s
Sour ce
Load
47
Transmission Lines Class 6
Transient Analysis Under Damped
1
50
50
33333 . 0
50 25
50 25
3333 . 1
50 25
50
) 2 (
=
+
=
+
=
=
+
=
+
=
=
|
.
|
\
|
+
=
+
=
Zo Zl
Zo Zl
Zo Zs
Zo Zs
Zo Zs
Zo
Vs V
load
source
initial
Assume Zs=25 ohms
Zo =50ohms
Vs=0-2 volts
Vs
Zs
Zo
V(source) V(load)
TD = 250 ps
0
2 v
Time V(source)
V(load)
1.33v
3333 . 0
=
source
1
=
load
1.33v
1.33v
-0.443v
0v
2.66v
1.77v
-0.443v
2.22v
0.148v
0
500 ps
1000 ps
1500 ps
2000 ps
2500 ps 1.92
0.148v
2.07
Response from lattice diagram
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
0 250 500 750 1000 1250 1500 1750 2000 2250
Time, ps
V
o
l
t
s
Source
Load
48
Transmission Lines Class 6
Two Segment Transmission Line Structures
Vs
Rs
Zo1
Rt
Zo2
X X
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
k
l
3 3
2 2
2
2
4
2 1
2 1
3
1 2
1 2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
+ =
+ =
+
=
+
=
+
=
+
=
+
=
T
T
Z Rt
Z Rt
Z Z
Z Z
Z Z
Z Z
Z Rs
Z Rs
Z Rs
Z
V v
o
o
o o
o o
o o
o o
o
o
o
o
s i
2 3
3 2
4
1
2 3
3 2
4
1
2
2
hT i k
iT h j
g i
f h
dT e g
eT d f
b e
c d
a c
aT b
v a
i
+ =
+ =
=
=
+ =
+ =
=
=
=
=
=
h f d c A C
d c a B
a A
+ + + + =
+ + =
=
l k i g e b C
i g e b B
e b A
+ + + + + =
+ + + =
+ =
'
'
'
A
B
C
A
B
C
1
3
T
2
T
TD TD
TD
3TD
2TD
4TD
5TD
49
Transmission Lines Class 6
Assignment
Consider the two segment
transmission line shown to
the right. Assume R
S
=
3Z
01
and Z
02
= 3Z
01
. Use
Lattice diagram and
calculate reflection
coefficients at the
interfaces and show the
wave forms of V
1
(t), V
2
(t),
and V
3
(t).
Check results with PSPICE
Z
01
,T
01
V
1 V
2
l
1
I
2
I
1
V
S
R
S
Z
02
,T
02
V
3
l
2
I
3
Short
Previous examples are the
preparation