Anand K Bewoor & Vinay A Kulkarni

METROLOGY & MEASUREMENT

2009 Tata McGraw-Hill Education

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METROLOGY & MEASUREMENT

Anand K Bewoor & Vinay A Kulkarni

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this PowerPoint slide may be displayed, reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the publisher, or used beyond the limited distribution to teachers and educators permitted by McGraw-Hill for their individual course preparation. If you are a student using this PowerPoint slide, you are using it without permission. 1

Anand K Bewoor & Vinay A Kulkarni

METROLOGY & MEASUREMENT

2009 Tata McGraw-Hill Education

Chapter 21

Strain Measurement

Anand K Bewoor & Vinay A Kulkarni

METROLOGY & MEASUREMENT

2009 Tata McGraw-Hill Education

Strain has formed a basic component of our life applications which, has to be sensed, measured and analysed. INTRODUCTION TO STRAIN GAUGE
The strain gauge has been in use for many years and is the fundamental sensing element for many types of sensors, including pressure sensors, load cells, torque sensors, position sensors, etc. The accurate measurement of strain can be made using strain gauges. Given a measurement of strain, stress and load may also be calculated via the definition of Youngs modulus as stress divided by strain, and the definition for stress as force (or load) divided by area. The most common form of strain gauge is the electrical resistance strain gauge originally invented by Lord Kelvin in circa 1856. Kelvin observed that the resistance of a conductor varies deterministically when the conductor is stretched (or strained). Therefore, if a conductor is bonded to a structure such that the change in length of the structure is equal to the change in length of the conductor, the change of resistance of the conductor is directly proportional to strain. The gauges are formed by either a length of wire arranged in an axial grid pattern, or by etching a thin metal foil into the desired shape. The majority of strain gauges are foil types, available in a wide choice of shapes and sizes to suit a variety of applications. In either case the conductor is bonded to a backing sheet. In turn, the backing is securely bonded to the structure to be measured such that a surface strain also strains the conductor. They operate on the principle that as the foil is subjected to stress, the resistance of the foil changes in a defined way.

Anand K Bewoor & Vinay A Kulkarni

METROLOGY & MEASUREMENT

2009 Tata McGraw-Hill Education

In general, wire gauges are used for high temperature applications, and foil gauges are used for routine applications. Foil gauges offer the following characteristics. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. High stability Good proportionality Manufacturing process based on etching which is cheap and allows complex conductor designs to be obtained Low price [per gauge is 25 p to 10 (installation and calibration costs are significantly higher)] Low output voltagerequires amplification.

A strain gauges conductors are very thinif made of round wire, about 1/1000 inch in diameter. Alternatively, strain gauge conductors may be thin strips of metallic film deposited on a non-conducting substrate material called the carrier.

Anand K Bewoor & Vinay A Kulkarni

METROLOGY & MEASUREMENT

2009 Tata McGraw-Hill Education

Anand K Bewoor & Vinay A Kulkarni

METROLOGY & MEASUREMENT

2009 Tata McGraw-Hill Education

Anand K Bewoor & Vinay A Kulkarni

METROLOGY & MEASUREMENT

2009 Tata McGraw-Hill Education

Anand K Bewoor & Vinay A Kulkarni

METROLOGY & MEASUREMENT

2009 Tata McGraw-Hill Education

Anand K Bewoor & Vinay A Kulkarni

METROLOGY & MEASUREMENT

2009 Tata McGraw-Hill Education

Anand K Bewoor & Vinay A Kulkarni

METROLOGY & MEASUREMENT

2009 Tata McGraw-Hill Education

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Anand K Bewoor & Vinay A Kulkarni

METROLOGY & MEASUREMENT

2009 Tata McGraw-Hill Education

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Anand K Bewoor & Vinay A Kulkarni

METROLOGY & MEASUREMENT

2009 Tata McGraw-Hill Education

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Anand K Bewoor & Vinay A Kulkarni

METROLOGY & MEASUREMENT

2009 Tata McGraw-Hill Education

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Anand K Bewoor & Vinay A Kulkarni

METROLOGY & MEASUREMENT

2009 Tata McGraw-Hill Education

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Anand K Bewoor & Vinay A Kulkarni

METROLOGY & MEASUREMENT

2009 Tata McGraw-Hill Education

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Anand K Bewoor & Vinay A Kulkarni

METROLOGY & MEASUREMENT

2009 Tata McGraw-Hill Education

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Anand K Bewoor & Vinay A Kulkarni

METROLOGY & MEASUREMENT

2009 Tata McGraw-Hill Education

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Anand K Bewoor & Vinay A Kulkarni

METROLOGY & MEASUREMENT

2009 Tata McGraw-Hill Education

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