vkvks jk"Vª j{kk esa tqV tk,¡

MWk- ds- oh- ikyhoky

fgUnw pqukSfr;ksa ds ?ksjs esa

vkt Hkkjr] vkSj fo'ks"kdj fgUnw lekt] viuh lkekftd] /kkfeZd ,oa
jktuSfrd leL;kvksa ds dkj.k vusd vkUrfjd ,oa oká ladVksa ls tw> jgk
gS A bu vkUrfjd [krjksa us ns'k dh v[k.Mrk vkSj vfLrRro ij gh iz'u
fpUg yxk fn;k gS A jk"Vªh; Lo;alsod la?k ds f}rh; ljla?kpkyd Jh
ek/kojko lnkf'ko jko xksyoydj mQZ ^ xq# th ^ us viuh iqLrd Þ cap
vkWQ FkkWV~Lk Þ ¼ i`0 177&196 ½+ esa ns'k dh vkUrfjd lqj{kk ds fy, ftu
rhu [krjksa dks eq[; crk;k gS] os gS& a dV~VjiaFkh bLyke] lkezkT;oknh
bzZlkb;r vkSj lkE;okn A ;fn bues]a orZeku esa lRrk ds fy, oksV cSd a vkSj
tkfrxr jktuhfr dks vkSj tksM+ ys]a rks ;s ik¡p rRRo Hkkjr dh v[k.Mrk ds
fy, [kqyh pqukSrh dh dgkuh dks iwjk dj nsrs gSa A
fgUnw /keZ ij igyk geyk % fgUnqvksa ds lkeus ,slh fodV /kkfeZd o
jktuhfrd ifjfLFkfr;k¡ igys Hkh vkbZ FkhZ A fgUnq /keZ ij igyk geyk 2500
o"kZ igys gqvk A rc vkfn 'kadjkpk;Z us] ckS)ksa ds fgUnw /keZ ij vuh'ojoknh
vkØe.k dks] 'kkL= vkSj 'kL= ds cy ls fujLr fd;k rFkk fgUnw/keZ dks iqu%
LFkkfir fd;k ] ftls 'kadj fnXfot; ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gS ] vkSj vkxs
Hkh] fgUnw /keZ dks fouk'k ls cpkus vkSj mls lqn<` + j{kk doPk nsus ds fy,
Hkkjr ds pkjksa dksuksa esa pkj eBksa dh LFkkiuk dh] tgk¡ ls /kekZpk;Z izf'kf{kr
gksdj] Hkkjr gh ugha lks fo'o esa fgUnw /keZ dks LFkkfir o lqn<` + dj ldsa A
ijUrq ckn ds /kekZpk;ksaZ us ml ^ 'kkL= vkSj 'kL= vk/kkfjr O;oLFkk ,oa
ijEijk dks Hkqyk fn;k rFkk czã lR; txr feF;k dgdj bls v/;kRe rd
lhfer dj fn;k A
fgUnw /keZ ij nwljk geyk % Hkkjr dk nwljk geyk ] igyh lnh esa
bZlkbZ] ØqlM s ksa] vkSj vkBoha lnh esa] bLykeh ftgkfn;ksa us fd;k tks vBkgjoha
lnh rd pyrk jgk A buds QyLo:i yk[kksa fgUnqvksa dk cykr~ /kekZUrj.k
fd;k x;k ] vkSj muds ns'k ij igys bLykeh] vkSj ckn esa bSlkbZ jkT;

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 LFkkfir fd;k x;k A gkyk¡fd bl chp jktiwrks]a ejkBksa ,oa fl[k xq#vksa us
egku~ la?k"kZ ,oa cfyku fd, A mUuhloha lnh esa egf"kZ n;kUUn ljLorh us ]
bZlkb;;ksa vkSj eqlyekuksa ds bu /keZ izfs jr jktuSfrd o /kkfeZd vkØe.kksa
mRrj nsus ds fy,] 'kkL= dh n`f"V ls muds /keZ xzaFkksa dh rkfdZd vk/kkj ij
fuHkZ;rk ,oa izkekf.kdrk ds lkFk] dVq vkykspuk dh] jktiwrksa dks laxfVr
gksus ,oa ;qodksa dks LojkT; izkfIr ds fy, vkg~oku fd;k o ns'k dks l`n<` +
vk/kkkj fn;k A
fgUnw /keZ ij rhljk geyk ,oa fo'okl?kkr % fgUnw Hkkjr ij lcls
?kkrd rhljk geyk] 1947 es]a xk¡/kh usg# dkaxzsl us ns'k dk foHkktu djds
fd;k A Hkwfy, er fd 1947 es]a Hkkjr Lora= ugha gqvk Fkk] cfYd Hkkjr dk
foHkktu gqvk Fkk ftls 'ks"k Hkkjr dh lRrk bZlkbZ vaxztksa ls eqfLye ijLr
xk¡/kh usg# dkaxzsl dks LFkkukUrfjr gqbZ Fkh] Rkks fgUnqvksa ds lkFk ,d egku
fo'okl?kkr fd;k x;k Fkk A lRRkk yksyiq usg# dkaxzsl us f}jk"Vª fl)kUr rks
ekuk] vkSj eqlyekuksa dks ikfdLrku fn;k A ijUrq bldh nwljh 'krZ fgUnw
eqfLYke vkcknh dh vnyk cnyh dks fØ;kfUor ugha fd;k A ifj.kkeLo:i
ikfdLrku esa cls yk[kksa fgUnqvksa dh gR;k dj nh x;h ] vkSj blds foijhr ]
Hkkjr esa cls 'kr izfr'kr eqlyekusa us] fgUnqvksa ds lkFk u jgus ds dkj.k]
ikfdLrku ekaxk] muesa ls vf/kdka'k 'ks"k Hkkjr dks Hkh bLykeh jkT; cukus ds
fy, ;gha cls jgs A usg# us Hkh mUgsa ;gk¡ clk, j[kk rkfd eqfLYke oksVksa ds
lgkjs og o mldk oa'k yEcs le; rd Hkkjr ij jkt djrk jgs ] RkFkk ckn
esa 'ks"k Hkkjr dks Hkh eqlyekuksa dks ns nsa A Hkkjr foHkktu dj eqqlyekuksa
dks] bLykeh jkT; ikfdLrku fn;k x;k ] ij fgUnqvksa dks fgUnw jkT; ugha
feyk cfYd fgUnw fojks/kh Nn~e lsD;wyj jkT; feyk ftldh vkM+ esa fgUnqvksa
dks vusd /kkfeZ jktuSfrd vf/kdkjksa ls oafpr dj fn;k x;k gS rFkk
eqlyekuksa dks] Hkkjr dks bLykeh jkT; cukus ds fy,] lHkh oS/kfud vf/kdkj
ns fn, x, gSa ¼ vuqPNsn 25&30½
vkt Hkkjr esa eqlyekuksa dks fo'o ds fdlh bLykeh jkT; ls Hkh dgha T;knk
vf/kdkj o lqfo/kk,¡ izkIr gSa A ,sls fo'ks"kkf/kdkj Hkh mUgas rc fn, x, gS]a
tcfd eqlyeku lSD;wyfjTe esa fo'okl ugha j[krs gSa A os Hkkjr dks lSD;wyj

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 jkT; dsoy blfy, ekurs gS] rkfd Hkkjr fgUnw jkT; u gks tk, A izkjEHk
ls gh pyh vk jgh izkUa rokn Hkk"kkokn] tkfr okn] vkj{k.kokn] eqfLye bZlkbZ
rq"Vhdj.kokn ,oa Nn~e lSD;wyjokn dh uhfr;ksa us fgUnw lekt ,oa na'k dks
lSdMksa [kseksa esa ckn fn;k gS A Ldwyks esa fgUnw /keZ f'k{kk ij izfrcU/k ds
QyLo:i] 1947 ds ckn tUeh lEiw.kZ ih<+h fgUnw /keZ psruk foghu gks ;qdh
gS A fgUnqvksa ds bZlkb;r ,oa bLyke esa /kekZUrj.k o vusd dkj.kksa ls
fgUnqvksa dh la[;k yxkrkj ?kV jgh gS rFkk eqlyekusa dh tula[;k ns'k dh
vkSlr owf) izfr'kr nj ls MsM+ xquk rsth ls c<+ jgh gS A ifj.kkeLo:i
2060 rd] fgUnw vYier esa gks tk,sxsa A vf/kdka'k fizUV vkSj bySDVªkfS ud
ehfM;k] fgUnw /keZ ,oa laLd`fr dks u"V djus esa layXu gSa A
eqfLye rq"Vhdj.k % lRrk esa cus jgus ds fy, dakxzsl us izkjEHk ls gh
eqflye rq"Vhdj.k dh uhfr viukbZ o d'ehj leL;k iSnk dh] rhu djksM+
ckaXykns'kh eqlyekusa esa lss ] 80 yk[k dks vklke es]a 60 yk[k dks if'peh
caxky] 50 yk[k dks fcgkj o 'ks"k dks ns'k ds vU; Hkkxks esa fof/kor clk;k ]
vkSj vklke es rks budk gh jkT; pyrk gS A bafnjk xk¡/kh ds 15 lw=h; dk;Z
Øe ds varxZr eqlyekuksa dks lLrh C;kt nj dtZ] f'k{kk] jkstxkj o vkfFkZd
lgk;rk dh O;oLFkk vkfn dh A exj 2004 ds pquko rFkk eqfLye yhx o
okeekfx;ksZ lkFk xbca/ku ds ckn rks dkaxzsl uhr ;wih, ljdkj us eqfLye
rq"Vhdj.k dh ijkdk"Bk gh dj nh A tSla %& ¼ 1 ½vkradokn es Qalsa
eqlyekuksa dks cpkus ds fy, iksVk fujLr dj fn;k ftlds vHkko esa vkraokn
ij dkcw ikuk eqf'dy gks jgk gS ¼ 2 ½ fiNyh ljdkj ds vk;dj nkrkvksa
,oa ckj ckj gt djus okyksa dks feyus okyh lfClMh ij yxs izfrcU/k dks
fujLr dj fn;k A ¼ 3 ½ ikB~; iqLrdks esa ls fiNyh ljdkj }kjk fudkys
x, fgUnw fojks/kh vkSj eqfLye mUeq[k va'kksa nksckj eqLrdksa es Mky fn;k x;k
A ¼ 4 ½ vkradokn dks izkRs lkfgr djus okyh enjlk O;OkLFkk dks u dsoy
nks"k eqDr crk;k cfYd mUgsa Hkkjh vkfFkZd lgk;rknh A ¼ 5 ½ vkschlh
fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks dsUnz ljdkj ls lefFkZr mPp f'k{kk laLFkkvksa esa izo's k ds fy,
vkj{k.k nsrs le; vYi la[;dksa ds laLFkkuksa dks bl vkj{k.k ls eqDr j[kk
x;k rFkk enjlk f'k{kk O;oLFkk dks c<+kok fn;k A ¼ 6 ½ eqfLye ilZuy

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 dkuwu vkSj 'kfj;k dksVksZa dk leFkZu fd;k A ¼ 7 ½ bykgkckn gkbZ dksVZ ds
fojks/k ds ckotwn] vyhx<+ eqfLye fo'ofo|+ky; dks ljdkjh [kpsZ ij
vYila[;d Lo:i cuk, j[kus cy fn;k A ¼ 8 ½ lPpj desVh }kjk eqfLyeksa
ds fiNM+is u dk xhr xk;k rFkk blds fy, 5480 djksM+ dk izko/kku fd;k
x;k A ¼ 9 ½ vYila[;dksa ds uke ij eqlyekuksa ds fy, ,d vyx
ea=ky; cuk;k A ¼ 10 ½ muds fy, eqfLye vkfFkZd dkiksZj's ku dk xBu
fd;k A ¼ 11 ½ eqlyekuksa ds dY;k.k ds fy, ctV esa 15 izfr'kr jkf'k
fu/kkZfjr dh A ¼ 12 ½ ljdkj dk bLykeh vkradokn dks jksdus esa dksbZ #fp
fn[kkbZ ugha ns jgh gS A blhfy, ikfdLrku o caXykns'k dh vkraoknh
xfrfof/k;k¡ ] ftuesa vusd Hkkjrh; eqlyeku lg;ksx ns jgsa gS]a fnu jkr
c<+rh tk jgh gS A ¼ 13 ½ 13 fnlEcj 2001 ds laln ij geys ds nks"kh
vQty [kka dks 20 vDVwcj 2006 dks nh tkus okyh Qkalh v/kj esa gS ]
D;ksfa d vijk/kh ,d eqlyeku gS A ;fn ,slk vijk/kh fgUnw gksrk rks dHkh dh
ltk ns nh x;h gksrh A ¼ 14 ½ vkSj vk'p;Z gS fd iz/kkuea=h us rks 17
fnlEcj dks us'kuy MoyiesVa dkmafly dh ehfVax esa ;gk¡ rd dg fn;k
fd Hkkjrh; lalk/kuksa ij eqlyekuksa dk vf/kdkj igyk gS A mijksDr
xfrfof/k;ksa ls vuqeku yxrk gS fd ;wih, ljdkj vius blh dk;Zdky ¼
2004 ½ esa gh Hkkjr dks bLykeh jkT; cukdj jgsxh A
cgql[a ;d fgUnqvksa dh mis{kk vkSj eqlyekuksa ds lkeus ljdkj dk
leiZ.k %& bl lkSry s s O;ogkj us fgUnqvksa ds vUnj ,d grk'kk ,oa vkØks'k
dk okrkdj.k iSnk dj fn;k gS A vkt fgUnw dks vius vfLRkRRo dk Hk;
fn[kkbZ ns jgk gS ] mldk ewy dkj.k dkaxzsl }kjk tkucw>dj 1947 esa fgUnw
eqfLye vkcknh dh vnyk cnyh u djuk vkSj rHkh ls yxkrkj eqlyekuksa
dk rq"Vhdj.k gS A tcfd lPpkbZ ;g gS fd eqlyekuksa dks viuk bLykeh
jkT; ikfdLrku feyus ds ckn mudk Hkkjr esa cls jgus dk dksbZ vf/kdkj
ugha jg x;k Fkk] vkSj fQj mUgsa dksbZ vyxkooknh rFkk vkfFkZd o jktuSfrd
ekaxs j[kus dk dksbZ vkSfpR; ugha jg x;k gS ] dksbZ fo'ks"kkf/kdkj nsus dk rks
iz'u ugha mBrk] fo'ks"kdj ] tcfd os Fkkjr dh eq[; /kkjk esa ugha feyrs] ]
mYVs vius fof/k fo/kku eqfLye ilZuy dkuwu vkSj 'kfj;k dksVZ pykuk pkgrs

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 gSA D;ksfa d dqjku dh f'k{kkvksa ds vuqlkj] mudk lqLi"V vfUre mn~n's ;
Hkkjr esa bLykeh jkT; LFkkfir djuk gS ] vkSj fgUnw /keZ vkSj laLd`fr dks
lewy u"V djuk gS tSlk fd mUgksua s ikfdLRkku esa fgUnqvksa dss lkFk fd;k gS
%&
¼ 1 ½ nhu rks vYykg dk bLyke gS ¼ 3 % 19 ½] 2 ½ muls ;q)
djks tgk¡ rd fd fQruk 'ks"k u jgs vkSj nhu vYykg dk u gks tk, ogh
gS ftlus vius jlwy dks ekxZ n'kZd vkSj lPps nhu lR; /keZ ds lkFk Hkstk
rkfd mls leLr nhuksa ij izHkqRo iznku djs] pkgs eq'kfjdksa dks ukilUn D;ksa
u gks ¼ 9 % 33 ½
bUgha eqfLye rq"Vhdj.k dh uhfr;ksa ds dkj.k bLykeh ftgknh vkSj
dE;qfuLV ikfVZ;ksa }kjk lefFkZr ekvksoknh vkradoknh ns'k ds fofHkUu {ks= esa
lfØ; gSa A bUgha uhfr;ksa ds dkj.k vkradokn lekIRk ugha gks jgk gS] u gksxk
gh A eqfLye yhx vkSj okeiafFk;ksa dh cSLkkf[k;ksa ij fVdh orZeku ;wih,
ljdkj lRrk esa cus jgus ds ykyp esa budh jk"Vª fojks/kh ,oa bLykeh
vkradoknh xfrfof/k;ksa ds fo#) dksbZ Bksl dne mBkuk ugha pkgrh gS] Hkys
gh Hkkjr dk fQj ls foHkktu D;ksa u gks tk, A buds fy, vYIkla[;dksa dk
oksV jk"Vªh; v[kaMrk vkSj Hkkjr dh lqj{kkk ls Hkh vf/kd dherh gks x;k gS ]
tcfd eqfLye jktuSfrd laxBuksa dk vfUre mn~n's ; 'ks"k Hkkjr esa bLYkkeh
jkT; LFkkfir djuk gS A
vc fons'kh eqfLye rkdrsa vkSj Lons'kh eqlyeku Hkh fons'kh vkØe.k
,oa [kqys ;q) ds ctk; ] Hkkjr dks vUnj ls gh rksMu+ k pkgrs gS rFkk lik ]
dkaxzsl ] jktn] lh- ih- ,e- vkfn ny mudh jk"Vªfojks/kh xfrfof/k;ksa dh
mis{kk dj jgs gSa A lkFk gh mudh mfpr vuqfpr lHkh jktuSfrd o vkfFkZd
ekaxksa dk leFkZUk dj jgs gSa A
foMEcuk rks ;g gS fd bu lc ikfVZ;ksa ds usrk fgUnw gh gSa ] vkSj ;g
ml ns'k ds fgUnw usrkvksa dh ekufldrk gS ftuds iwoZtks]a fo'ks"kdj fgUnw
jktkvksa] jktiwrks]a ejkBksa ,oa fl[k xq#vksa us Lons'k o Lo/keZ dh j{kk ds fy,
lfn;ksa ¼ 700 & 1800 ,Mh ½ fons'kh vkØdedksa ,oa eqfLye lqyrkuksa ls

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 yksgk fy;k ] la?k"kZ fd;k vkSj iz'kaluh; cfynku fd, A budk 'kkS;iZ w.kZ
bfrgkl bldk lk{kh gS A
fQj D;k djsa
1- Lo/keZ j{kk ds izkphu xq#ea= viuk,a % gekjs /keZ 'kkL=ksa us Lons'k]
LOk/keZ ,oa LolaLd`fr dh j{kk ds fy, ns'kokfl;ksa esa ladYIk 'kfDr ,oa jk"Vª
HkfDr txkus dh fof/k;ksa ds lkFk lkFk l'kL= /keZ;) q djus dk Hkh vkns'k
fn;k gS A budk ewyea= % czkãcy vkSj {kk=cy dk leqfpr leUo; djuk A
;tqonsZ ¼ 20 % 25 ½ dk lan's k gS & ;= czãa p {k=a lE;apkS pjr% lgA ra
yksda iq.;a izK"s ka ;= nsok lgkfXuuk ;kuh ftl ns'k esa czkã ¼ Kku foKku
dh 'kfDr ½ vkSj {kf=; cy ¼ lSfud 'kfDr] jk"Vª HkfDr o lkeqnkf;d cy ½
feydj dk;Z djrs gSa] og ns'k dY;k.kdkjh] lqjf{kr vkSj lc izdkj ls
mUur gksrk gS A ;gh ckr egkHkkjr esa dgh x;h gS tSls &
vxzr% prqjks osnk% iz"Vr%l'kjks/kuq A
bna czkã bna {kk=a 'kkL=nfi 'kL=nfi AA
pkjksa osnksa dh izkekf.kdrk vkSj 'kL= cy ls /keZ dh iq"Vh djks A ,d
rjQ 'kkL=kfn dss czkãcy vkSj nwljh rjQ 'kL=kfn ds {kk= cy ls Lo/keZ
,oa Lons'k dh j{kk djks A bldk vFkZ ;g gqvk fd ns'k dk izR;sd O;fDr
vius /keZ 'kkL=ksa dks tkus ftlls jk"Vª HkfDr tkx`r gks] Lo/keZ ikyu dh
iszj.kk feys rFkk Lons'k j{kk ds fy, ;fn vko';d gks rks 'kL=kkfn ls 'k=q ls
la?k"kZ djks A blhfy, fgUnw /keZ 'kkL=ksa esa {kk= ;k {kf=; /keZ lcls igys
LFkkfir fd;k x;k gS vkSj Lo/keZ] LolaLd`fr ,oa Lons'k dh j{kk djus ds
fy, izR;sd O;fDr ds fy, {kf=; /keZ dks viukuk loksiZ fj ekuk x;k gS A
bl fo"k; esa egkHkkjr dgrk gS
1- vlSfudk /keZijk'p /keZ ijkaxfra u u;Urs âRRe~ âRRe~ A
{kk=ks /kekZsa ãfn nsokr~ izo`r% i'pknU;s 'ks"k Hkwrk'p /kekZsa A
¼'kka- i- 64 % 21 ½
vkfn nso Hkxoku~ ls lcls igys {kk= ;k {kf=; /keZ gh izrR` r gqvk gS a vU;
/keZ mlh ds vax gSa tks ckn esa izxV gq, gSa A tks jktk ¼ usrk ½ lSfud n`f"V

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 ls lEiUu ugha gSa] /keZ ijk;.k gksrs gq, ] os iztk dh vuk;kl gh /kEkZ fo"k;d
ije xfr dh izkfRk ugha djk ldrs gSas A
2- 'ks"kk% Li"V âkuUrk lizLFkkuk% {kk= /keZ fof'k"V A
vkfLeu~ /keZs loZ/kekZ% izfo"VkLrLek~ /kaeZ Js"Bfee~ onfUr AA
¼ 'kka- i- 64 % 22 ½
^^ {kf=; /keZ dh loZJs"B gS A 'ks"k /keZ vla[; gSA vkSj buds Qy Hkh
fouk'k'khy gSa A bl {kf=; /keZ esa lHkh /kekZas dk lekos'k gks tkrk gS A
blhfy, bl /keZ dks Js"B /keZ dgrs gSa A ^^
3- loZ/keZija {kk=a yksda Js"B lukrue~ A
'k'on{kj i;ZUre{kja loZrksks eq[ke~ AA

^^ bl izdkj lalkj Hkj eas {kf=; /keZ gh lc /kekZsa esa Js"B] lukru]
vfouk'kh ,oa eks{k rd igq¡pkus okyk loZrkse[q kh gS A ^^
4- yksd T;s"Ba {kk= /keZa A ¼ 'kka- i- 64 % 26 ½ ^^ yksd esa {kf=; /keZ gh
lcls Js"B gS A ^^
vr% LOk/keZ] Lons'k ,oa Lo cU/kqvksa dh lqj{kk ,oa Lons'k dh lokZxh.k
mUufr ds fy izR;sd O;fDr dk lcls igyk dRRkZO; ] vius ân~; esa clh
{kf=; izofRr;ksa dks txk dj {kf=; /keZ viukuk gS D;ksfa d vkRek ijekRek
dk fpUru euuu] /;ku] vkjk/uk] dFkk dhrZu] lRlax vkfn dsoy LojkT;
esa gh laHko gS A ijra=] fgUnw /keZ fojks'kh ] ;k bLykeh jkT; esa dnkfi ugha
A la{ksi esa ] fufoZ?u bZ'oj iwtk ikB ds fy, Hkh igys Lora=] Lok/khu ,oa
Lo/kekZuqlkj jkT; O;OkLFkk dk gksuk vfr vko';d gS A vr% jk"VªHkfDr gh
bZ'oj iwtk gS A
2- jkt/keZ dks iz/kkurk nks
egkHkkjr esa {k= /keZ dks jkt/keZ Hkh dgk gS vkSj {kk /keZ ds leku jkt/keZ
dks Hkh loZJ"s B /keZ ekuk x;k gS] tSls %& 1- loZs /kekZ jkt/keZ iz/kkuk% A
losZo.kkZ% ikY;eku HkofUr A
^^ lc /kekZsa esa jkt/keZ lcls Js"B gS A blh ls lc o.kkZsa dh ikyuk gksrh gS A
^^

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 2- loZs R;kxk jkt/kes"kq n`"Vk%A lokZ nh{kk jkt/keZ"s kq ;ksDrk A
lokZ fo|k jkt/keZ"s kq ;qDrk% A losZ yksdk% jkt/kes"Z kq izfo"Bk% AA
¼ 'kka- i- 63 % 29 ½
^^ jkt/keZ esalkjs R;kxksa dk n'kZu gksrk gS A jkt/keZ esa lkjh nh{kvksa dk
izfriknu gksrk gS a jkt/keZ esa lEiw/kZ fo|k,a fufgr gksrh gSa vkSj jkt/keZ esa
lkjs yksdksa dk lekos'k gksrk gS A ^^
;kuh jkt/keZ }kjk lkjs lalkj ij vkf/kiR; fd;k tk ldrk gS A
fgUnw jkt/keZ dk vFkZ gS & ^^ jkT; lRrk ikuk vkSj mls i{kikr jgfr]
lerkoknh O:oLFkkuqlkj yksd dY;k.kds fy, U;k;iwoZd pykuk A ^^ vr%
lkalkfjd Hkksxksa dks izkIr djus ,oa fufoZ?u v/;kRe vkjk/kuk djus nksuksa ds
fy, Lons'k ij viuh jkt O:oLFkk gksuk loksRZ re gS A
fQj {kf=; /keZ gS D;k & vkerkSj ij fo'okl gS fd {kf=; tkfr
dk ;q) ds eSnku esa 'k=q ls ;q) djuk gh {kf=; /keZ gS A ijUrq okLro esa ]
fgUnw /keZ ds vuqlkj] {kf=; /keZ vfr O;kid gS %
vkRe R;kx% loZHkwrkuqdEik yksd Kkua ikyua eks{k.ka p A
fo"ki.kkukeks{k.k ihfM+rkuka {kk= /keZs fo|rs ikfFkZokuke~ Aa ¼ 'kka ] i- 64 % 27 ½
^^ 'k=q ls ;q) djrs le; vius 'kjhj dh vkgqfr nsuk] leLr izkf.k;ksa ij
n;k djuk] yksd O;ogkj dk Kku izkIr djuk] iztk dh j{kk djuk] fo"kkn
xzLr o ihfM+r L=h iq#"kksa dks nq[kksa ls eqfDr fnykuk vkfn lHkh ckrsa {kf=;
/keZ esa lekfgr gSa A ^^ vr% {kf=; /keZ dsoy mu yksxksa rd lhfer ugha gS
tks lsuk eSa HkrhZ gksdj jk"Vª j{kk ds fy, cfynku gksrs gSA] vFkok tks ,d
tkfr fo'ks"k ds yksx gS] tks jktiwr dgykrs gSA ] cfYd lekt ds gj oXkZ ds
L=h] iq#"kksa o cPPkksa ij gksus okys lkekftd vkfFkZd] /kkfeZd ,oa jktuSfrd
'kks"k.kksa ,oa vU;k;ksa ls eqfDr fnykus ds fy, la?k"kZ djus dk uke {kf=; /keZ
gS] vkSj tks ,slk djrs gS]a os lHkh {kf=; gSa oSfnd o.kZ O;oLFkk dks ekuus okys
izR;sd fgUnw ds ân~; esa czkã.k {kf=; oS'o 'kqnRz o dh izof` Rr;k¡ lejlrk ds
lkFk fo|eku jgrh gSa ;kuh izRz ;sd fgUnw czkã.k kã.k Hkh gS] {kf=; Hkh gS ] rFkk
oS'; vkSj 'kwnz Hkh gSg vkSj vko';drkuqlkj buesa ls dksbZ Hkh izof` Rr lkjs

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 O;fDRRo ij Nk tkrh gS tks bl o.kZ dh izof` Rr ds dRrZO; dks iwjk djrh gS
A
vr% /keZ ,oa jk"Vª j{kk ds lanHkZ esa ] izR;sd fgUnw igys {kf=; gSg]S
fQj dqN vkSj A {kk= /keZ dh mijksDr ifjHkk"kk ds vuqlkj iztk dh j{kk
djuk {kf=; dk /keZ gS vkSj vkt Hkkjr dh 85 izfr'kr iztk fgUnw gS ftlds
jktuSfrd fgrksa o /kkfeZd vf/kdkjksa dh mis{kk gks jgh gS vkSj mudh j{kk
djus ds fy, la"k"kZ djuk gh {kf=; /keZ dk ikyu djuk gS A vr% vkt
dh vko';drk gS fd izR;sd fgUnw Lons'k ,oa Lo/keZ dh j{kk ds fy, vius
{kf=; /keZ dk ikyu djs A
/kekZ j{kfr jf{kr%& igys] jktk Lo;a rFkk lSfudksa o ns'kokfl;ksa dh
lgk;rk ls 'k=q ls yM+dj jkT; o iztk vkSj mlds /keZ dh j{kk djrk Fkk]
vkSj Hkkjrh; bfrgkl lk{kh gS fd u dsoy jktk o mldh lsuk ds cfYd
czkã.kksa o vU; tkfr;ksa ;gk¡ rd fd fL=;ksa o cPpksa us Hkh l'kL= ;q)dj
jk"Vª o /keZ dh j{kk es egku ;ksxnku fn;jk A ijUrq vkt ds fgUnw fojks/kh
Nn~e lSD;wyjoknh iztkra= esa iztk ;k fgUnw dks vius jk"Vª o /keZ dh j{kk
iztkra=h; <ax ls Lo;a djuh gksxh oukZ og Lo;a ej tk,xk tSlkfd
euqLe`fr esa dgk x;k gS %
/keZ ,o grks gfUr /kekZ j{kfr jf{kr% A
rLek)ekZs u gUrO;ks ek uks /kekZs grkso/khr~ AA ¼ 8 % 15 ½
ekjk gqvk /keZ ekjus okys dk uk'k] vkSj jf{kr fd;k gqvk /keZ]
j{kd dh j{kk djrk gS A blfy, /keZ dk guu dHkh u djks] bl Mj ls fd
ekjk gqvk /keZ] dHkh gedks gh u ekj Mkys A ^^
3- iztkra= esa {kf=; /keZ dSls viuk,¡ & vius /keZ vkSj laLd`fr dks fufoZ?u
viukus ds fy, O;fDr ,oa jk"Vª dh lqj{kk lcls igyh vko';rk gksrh gS]
tksfd jkt/keZ ls gh laHko gSA vRk% fgUnqvksa dks /keZ] vFkZ dke vkSj eks{k
fnykus okyh ] muds vUnj fo|eku ] mudh {kf=; o`fRr ,oa deZBrk gh gS
A ;g {kf=; /keZ gh gS tks fd mUgsa 'kL= ls la?k"kZ djus dks izfs jr djrk gS
A egkHkkjr o euq Le`fr ds /keZ j{kk ds mijksDr lw=] ftrus izkphu dky esa
lPps Fks] mrus vkt Hkh gSa A vkTk fgUnw /keZ] fgUnw laLd`fr ,oa Lo;a fgUnqvksa

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 j{kk dsoy deZ dk.M] dhrZu] fpUre euu vkSj lRlax ls ugha gks ldrh A
fuLlangs v/;kRe lk/kuk uSfrd 'kfDr nsrh gS ijUrq ijUrq fcuk jkt/keZ ;k
jkt'kfDr ds v/;kRe Hkh Lo;a viuh j{kk ugha dj ldrk gS Aa blds fy,
/kekZpk;ksaZ dks fgUnw /keZ f'k{kk dh O;oLFkk izR;sd x¡ko esa djuh pkfg, rFkk
mUgsa vius mins'kksa esa jkt/keZ vkSj jkt'kfDr ikus dh iszj.kk nsuk pkfg, A
blh fy, vk/kqfud iqjks/kk ohj lkojdj us vkRej{kk ds fy, ;g lw= fn;k %
^^ jktuhfr dk fgUnwdj.k vkSj fgUnw dk lSfudhdj.k djksa ^^ nqHkkZX; ls Hkkjr
dk orZeku lafo/kku u dsoy i{kikrh ,oa fgUnw Hkh fojks/kh gS ] cfYd
fo?kVuoknh gS ftls iztkra=h; <ax ls cnyus dh t:jr gS A ;g rHkh
lEHko gS] tc laln ,oa fo/kku lHkkvksa esa jk"Vªokfn;ksa dk dk vko';d
cgqer gks A vkt ns'k dh lqj{kk dsoy U;k;ikfydk lqizhe dksVZ vkfn] vkSj
lsuk ds Hkjksls jg x;h gS ftls Hkh] eqfLye fljksa dh fxurh djds o
jk"Vªh;rk dh mis{kk djs] lkEiznkf;d jax ls jaxk tk jgk gS A ,sls esa n`<+
ladYih jk"Vª] ,oa /keZ j{kk dks lefiZRk jk"Vª HkDrksa dh vko';drk gS tks
iqfyl o lsuk dks LFkkuh; n`f"V ls lgk;d gks ldsa A ;g dVq lR; gS fd
vUrjkZ"Vªh; bLykeh ftgkn vkSj lkekzT;oknh bZlkb;y dh vka¡/kh dks FkksFks]
vdeZ.; vkSj Nn~e lSD;wyfjTe ls ugha jksdk tk ldsxk tc rd fd leku
ds izR;sd O;fDr ds ân~; esa jk"Vª HkfDr vkSJ Lons'k j{kk dk n`<+ ladYi u
gks A ,sls esa gesa blh fgUnw leku esa ls vusd jk"Vª HkDrksa ds R;kx] riL;k]
lk/kuk] vkSj izpkj] izlkj ls lkewfgd fgUnw 'kfDr iSnk djuh gksxh ] fgUnw
oksV cSd
a lqn<` + djuk gksxk A bl 'kfDr ls fgUnw dk vkRe xkSjo] vkRe
lEeku ,oa LOkkfHkeku tkx`r djuk gksxk ,oa Lo/keZ ,oa Lons'k dh j{kk gksxh
A

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 jk"Vª j{kk ds fy, vkg~oku
er Hkwyksa A gs vk;ksZa A gs fgUnqvksa A jk"Vª j{kk ds fy, vkg~oku rqe fo'o dh
loZJ"s B izkphure tkfr gks ftlus fo'o dks ft;ks vkSj thus nks dk lcls
igys lan's k fn;k A ekuork] lgvfLrRRo o lerkoknh ekuork ds mPp
vkn'kZ fn, A vkt fo'o /kekZs esa tks ekuork fn[kkbZ nsrh gS] mldk vkfn
lzksr] fgUnqvkasa dk osn Kku
Kku gS vkSj ogh leLr fgUnqvksa dh ,drk dk eq[;
vk/kkj Hkh gS A
vr% ;fn fgUnw vius /keZ] laLd`fr os ns'k dh j{kk vkSj lao/kZu pkgrs gS]a rks
izR;sd fgUnw vius vURk%dj.k esa lks, gq, {kf=;Ro dks txk, vkSj /keZ j{kk
dk ozr ysdj vihu ;ksX;rkuqlkj /keZ j{kk ds fofHkUu fofHkUu dk;ksZa esa tqV tk,a
D;ksfd orZeku ifjfLFkfr;ksa eas /keZ j{kk dk nkf;Ro dsoy lsuk] ljdkj pk
{kf=; dgh tkus okyh tkfr ij ugha ] cfYd izR;sd fgUnw ij gS A gesa vius
vfLrRRo dh yM+kbZ Lo;a yM+uh gS A gekjs iwot Z ksa us gekjs /keZ o laLd`fr dh
j{kk ds fy,
fy, la?k"kZ dj gesa cpk;k gS vkSj vc gekjk dRrZO; curk gS ge
viuh Hkkoh ih<+h dh lqj{kk ds fy, R;kx] la?k"kZ ,oa cfynku djsa A vr%
igys ge viuh lksbZ gqbZ {kf=; izof` Rr;ksa txk,a vkSj fQj lEiznk;] Hkk"kk]
cksyh] tkfr mitkfr] {ks=] izkUr vkfn ds HksnHkkoksa Hkqykdj /keZj{kk dk ladYi
ysdj jPkukRed dk;ksZs esa tqV tk,a A blls lekt esa lejlrk c<+x s h] jk"Vª
HkfDr tkxsxh A jk"Vªh; ,drk o v[k.Mrk lqjf{kr gksxh A ge fuft LokFkksZa
] in o ekuds izyksHkuksa vkSj vkfFkZd ykHkksa dks R;kxdj ,oa jktuSfrd nyksa
ls mij mBdj
mBdj ] Hkkjr esa ] Hkkjr esa lerk oknh o ekuorkoknh fgUnw jkT;
LFkkfir djus esa tqV tk,¡ A orZeku ifjfLFkfr;ksa es]a fgUnw /keZ] laLfs` r ,oa
Lo;a vius fgUnw vfLrRRo dh j{kk vkSj vU; lHkh leL;kvksa vkSj pqukSfr;ksa
dk ,dek= funku ,oa lek/kku Hkkjr esa fgUnw jkT; jkT; LFkkfir djuk gS] vkSj

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 ;fn ;g iz;kl vHkh ls ugha fd;k x;k] rks ckn easa ,slk dj ikuk vkSj Hkh
vf/kd dfBu gks tk,xk A

y{; y{;
Hkkjrh; eqlyekuksa dk jktuSfrd y{;d
Mk0-
Mk0- ds- oh-
oh- ikyhoky
bLykeh fl)kUr] vkn'kZ vkSj fof/k fo/kku dk ,dek= vfUre y{; lHkh
vU; /kekZsa dks u"V dj fo'o Hkj esa bLykeh lkezkT; ,oa vjch laLd`fr
LFkkfir djuk gS A D;ksfa d ^^ bLyke ,d /keZ fu;af=r jktuSfrd vkUnksyu
gS ^^ th- ,p- tkulsu ds vuqlkj ^^ bLyke esa /keZ vkSj jktuhfr ,d gh
flDds ds nks igyw gSa A ^^ ¼ fefyVSVa bLyke ½
;g ckr izR;sd xSj eqfLye Hkkjrh; dks Hkyh Hkk¡fr le> ysuh pkfg,
fd ikfdLRkku o caXykns'k cuus ds ckn Hkh eqlyekuksa dk ,dek= vfUre
y{; Hkkjr dks Hkh bLykeh jkT; cukuk vkSj leLr xSj bLykeh /keksaZ tSls
fgUnw] ckS)] tSu] fl[k] bZlkbZ vkfn dks lekIr djuk gS tSlh fd mudks
dqjku ¼vuq- eqgEen Qk#[k [kka] 1980 ½ dk vkns'k gS %&
¼ 1 ½ nhu rks vYykg dk bLyke gS ¼ 3 % 19 % i`- 188 ½ ¼ 2 ½ muls ;q) +
djks tgk¡ rd fd fQruk 'ks"k u jgs vkSj nhu vYykg dk u gks tk, A ¼ 2
% 193 ½ i`-158 ¼3½ ogh gS ftlus vius jlwy dks ekxZn'kZu vkSj lPps nhu
lR; /keZ ds lkFk Hkstk rkfd mls lEkLr nhu ij izHkqRo iznku djs] pkgs
eqf'jdksa dks ukilUn D;ksa u gks A ¼ 9 % 33 ] i`- 373 ½
blhfy, eqfLye usrkvksa us viuh jktuSfrd vkdk{kka, lqLi"V dj nh gSa
%&
1- gdhe vtey [kk¡ us dgk & ,d vksj Hkkjr vkSj nwljh vksj ,f'k;k
ekbuj Hkkoh bLykeh la?k :ih tathj dh nks Nksj dh dfM+;k¡ gSa tks /khjs /khjs
fdUrq fUk'p; gh chp ds lHkh ns'kksas dks ,d fo'kky la?k esa tksMu+ s tk jgh gS

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 A Hkk"k.k dk va'k f[kykQr dkUÝsal vgenkckn 1921] vkbZ-,-vkj- 1992] i`-
447 ½
2- ,Q- ,- nqjkZuh us dgk & Hkkjr lEiw.kZ Hkkjr gekjh iSrd ` lEifRr gS vkSJ
mldk fQj ls bLyke ds fy, fot; djuk furkar vko';d gS rFkk
ikfdLrku dk fuekZ.k blfy, egRoiw.kZ Fkk fd mldk f'kfoj ;kuh iM+ko
cukdj 'ks"k Hkkjr dk bLykehdj.k fd;k tk lds A ¼ iq#"kksRre] eqfLye
jktuSfrd fparu vkSj vkdak{kk,¡ i`- 51] 53 ½
3- dkaxzsl usrk ,oa HkwriwoZ f'k{kk eaa=h vcqy dyke vktkn ds iwjs Hkkjr ds
bLykehdj.k dh odkyr djrs gq, dgk & Hkkjr tSls ns'k dks tks ,d ckj
eqlyekuksa ds 'kklu esa jg pqdk gS] dHkh R;kxk ugha tk ldrk vkSj izR;sd
eqlyeku dk ;g dRRkZO; gS fd ml [kksbZ gqbZ eqfLyEk LkRrk dks fQj izkIRk
djus ds fy, iz;Ru djs ¼ ch- vkj- uUnk] xk¡/kh iSUk bLykfeTe] bEihfj;fyTe
,.M us'kufyTe i` 117 ½
4- ekSykuk ekSnnw h dk dFku gS fd ^^ eqfLye Hkh Hkkjr dh LOkrU=rk ds mrus
gh bPNqd Fks ftrus fd nwljs yksx A^^ fdUrq og bldks ,d lk/ku] ,d
iM+ko ekurs Fks ] /;s; eafty ugha A mudk /;s; ,d ,sls jkT; dh LFkkiuk
Fkk ftlesa eqlyekuksa dks fons'kh vFkok vius gh ns'k ds xSj eqfLyeksa dh
iztk cudj jguk u iM+s A 'kklu nk#y bLyke ¼ 'kjh;% 'kklu ½ dh
dYIkuk ds] ftruk lEHko gks] fudV gks A eqfLye] Hkkjr ljdkj esa] Hkkjrh;
gksus ds ukrs ugha eqfLye gSfl;r ls Hkkxhnkj gks A ¼ MkW- rkjkpUnz] fgLVª
vkWQ nh ÝhMe ewoeSVa [kaM 3 i`0 287 ½
5- gkfen nyobZ dk er gS fd vkt Hkh Hkkjr ds eqlyekuksa vkSj ikfdLrku
esa Hkh izHkko'kkyh xqV gS]a ftudh vfUre ekax iwjs Hkkjr dk bLyke esa
/kekZUrj.k gS A ¼ eqfLye fgysek bu bafM;k i`- 35 ½
6- caXykns'k ds tgkaxhj [kka us caxyk ns'k] ikfdLrku] d'ehj rFkk if'peh
caxky] ]fcgkj ] mRrj izn's k] jktLFkku] iatkc o gfj;k.kk ds eqfLye cgqy
dqN Hkkxksa dksa feykdj eqxfyLFkku uked bLykeh jk"Vª cukus dk liuk
latks;k gS ¼ eqlyeku fjlpZ baLVhV~;Vw ] tgkaxhj uxj] caXykns'k] 2000 ½

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 lmnh vjc ds izkQ s slj ukflj fcu lqyes ku my mej dk dFku gS
fd Hkkjr Lo;a VwV jgk gS A ;gk¡ bLyke rst xfr ls c<+ jgk gS A vkSj
gtkjksa eqlyeku] iqfyl] lsuk vkSj jkT; 'kklu O;oLFkk es ?kql pqds gSa vkSj
Hkkjr esa bLykl lcls cM+k nwljk /keZ gSa A vkt Hkkjr Hkh fo/oal ds dxkj
ij gS A ftl izdkj fdlh jk"Vª dks mBkus esa nfl;ksa o"kZ yxrs gSa mlh izdkj
mlds /oal gksus esa Hkh yxxrs gSa Hkkjr ,dne jkrksa jkr lekIr ugha gksxkA
bls /khjs /khjs lekIr fd;k tk,xk fu'p; gh Hkkjr u"V dj fn;k tk,xk ¼
vkxsZ]18-7-04 ½ A blhfy, eqfLye /kkfeZd usrk ekSykuk oghnqnn~ hu us lq>ko
fn;k fd eqlyekuksa dks dkaxszl esa 'kkfey gks tkuk pkfg, vkSj vkxs pydj
muesa ls ,d fu'p; gh Hkkjr iz/kkuea=h gks t,xk A 'kk;n 2004 ds pqukoksa
esa eqlyekuksa us ;gh uhfr viukbZ Fkh A
Hkkjr ljdkj vkSj lHkh jktuSfrd nyksa dks eqlyekuska dh bu
vkadk{kkvksa xEHkhjrk ls lkspuk rFkk le>uk pkfg, A exj gekjk fo'okl gs
fd dkaxzl] lah- ih- ,e- lik] jktn vkfn ds LokFkhZ usrk muds oksVksa ds
lgkjs dsoy dqN fnuksa jkt djus fy, eqfLye rq"Vhdj.k vksSj 'kkfUriw.kZ
ftgkn es lg;ksx nsdj 'ks"k Hkkjr ds bLykehdj.k esa lg;ksx ns jgs gSA ,sls
usrk rks pys tk,sx a s ysfdu buds dkj.k ekuork] v/;kRe vkSj mn~nkRr
laLd`fr dk Hkkjr lnSo ds fy, bLykeh ftgkn dh HkV~Vh esa ty dj lekIr
gks t,xk A blhfy, Hkkjr ds bLykehdj.k dks jksduk izR;sd ns'k HkDr dk
lcls igyk ije dRrZO; gS A

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