9

a n a n
a n an
an = a a a a (a n )
n
an (power)
a (base) n (exponent)

1.
-
-
-

1) 1
2)
3)
4) -1
5)

2.
0
z
z
3.
- + =
- + =

- + =

23 2547

10
4.
= +
5.
-
a, b
a ( b) = ( a x b )
-
a, b
( a) b = ( a b )
-
a, b
( a) ( b) = ( a b )
6.
-

7. 1 0
- a
- a 0
1 a = a = a 1
0
=0
a
a
1
a
1

= a
= a

a +0 = a = 0 + a
a 0 = 0 = 0 a

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11

1.
a m, n
a m an =

m+n

(1) 23 27 29

= 2 (3 + 7 + 9)

= 219

(2) 56 5 53 54 = 5 (6+1+3+4)

= 514

(3) (3 2n-1) (3 2n+1) = 3 2n-1+2n+1

= 34n

(4) 5 n+1 52n-2

= 53n-1

= 5 n+1+2n-2

2.
1 a m, n m > n
am an
2 a m, n m = n
am an = am n = 1
a a0 = 1

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12
3 a m, n m < n
=

am
an

1
a

nm

a n
a-n = 1n an = 1n
a

2.
1) 34 32 = 34-2 = 32
2)

1 1
1
=
2 2
2

53

3) 28 29 = 2 89 = 2 1 =

1
2

1

2

4)

56a 4 b
= 8a 4 1 .b 2 1 = 8a 3 b
7 ab

5)

xn
= x n ( n 1) = x n n +1 = x 1 = x
n 1
x

3.
3.1 aman = am+n a 0 m, n
3.2 a 0 m, n
1
2
3
3.3

a n =

m > n a m a n = a mn
m = n a m a n = a 0 = 1
m < n a m a n = n1m
a

1
an
1

a 0 n

a n

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13

= 71 + 9 + 2 + 10 + 7
1) 7 79 7-2 710 7-7
= 711
2) (95 x3 76) (9-5 x-2 7-10) = 95 5 x3 2 76 10
= 90 x 7-4
= 1 4x
= x4
7

3)

7
9

7 x
6

9
7

4+6

2+ 5

4+5

93
7 x2
10

4.
A 10n 1 A < 10 n
A 10n A < 10 n
1) 128,000,000,000 = 1.28 1011
2) 0.000000951
= 9.51 10-7
3) 0.00084 10-5 = 8.4 10-4 10-5
= 8.4 10-9
5.
1.
a 0 m, n
(a m )n = a mn
2.
(ab )n

= a nb n

an
a
= n
b
b

a 0 , b 0 n
3.
1

an =n a

a n = n am

a > 0 n 1
a 0 m ; n 2

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14

1) (32 )4 = 3 24 = 38
2) (2 3 )5 = 2 35 = 2 15 =
3)
4)

x3
7 3
4 2
y
x

23

m 6
1
=m
=
= 6 6
23
6

n
n
m n

x9
7

215

m 2

n2

12

712
x

x9

12

x 0 y 0

x 8

12

x 9 8
7

12 +12

x
7 24

1)
2)

4 3
+
5

24 5 2 = 2 5

82

(2 )

3 2

23

= 25

26
3

26

2
1

=2

1
2

= 22

22

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15

4 =
4
(1)
(2) 6 = 6
(3)
0
= 0
(4) (8) = 8

4 + 8
(1) 4 + 8
=
=
4+8
=
12
(2) (9) + (11)

=
=
=

( 9 +
(9 +12)
21

(3) 21 + (7)

=
=
=

7
21 7
14

(4) 5 + (15)

=
=
=

( 15 5 )
(15 5)
10

12

21

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16

(1) 9 15

(2) (4) (8)

(1) 5 (7)

(2) (12) 9

=
=
=
=
=

9 + 15
9 + (15)
( 15 9 )
(15 9)
6

=
=
=
=
=

(4) + (+8)
(4) + 8
8 4
84
4

=
=
=
=
=
=

( 5 7 )
(57)
35
( 12 9 )
(129)
108

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17
(3) (11) (2)

=
=
=

( 11
11 2
22

735

80
10
80
10

(1)

(2)

35
7

80
10

=
=

35
7

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18

1. 3524, 4005 4597

2. a + a1 = 2 ab + ba + ba + ab1 = 4 a 2 + 1
3.

0
1 2
4 + 4 4 4 + 4 + 4 4
3

4 30
4

4. x = 2

x 8 + x 7 + x 6 + ... + x 1

5. 68 + 69 + ...+ 997 + 998

6.

1994 + 1993 1995

1994 1995 1

1995 + 1994 1996

1995 1996 1

1996 + 1995 1997

1996 1997 1

7.
720,600
8. P Q 1 1,000

P2 + Q2
P Q

9. A B

A
13

B
7

= 10
91

(A B) (A + B)
10. 27,810 1
3 60,000
17,000
5% 500

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19

1.

3524, 4005 4597

4597 4005 = 592

4597 3524 = 1073
4005 3524 = 481
37 592, 1073, 481
16, 29, 13,
37
3524 37 = 95 9
4005 37 = 108 9
4597 37 = 124 9
9
37 + 9 = 46
46

2. a + 1a = 2 ab + ba + ba + ab1 = 4 a 2 + 1

1
b a
+ +
a b ab

= 4

a b
1

ab + + +

b
a
ab

= 4

1 1
1

a b + + b +
b a
b

= 4

ab +

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20
3.

0
1 2
4 + 4 4 4 + 4 + 4 4
3
0

43
4

0
1 2
4 + 4 4 4 + 4 + 4 4
3
0

43
4

8 4(1 + 4 + 4)16
=

4 1

64

1 4 9 16

8
3

1 4 9 16

8
3

= 24

24
4.

x = 2

x = 2

x 8 + x 7 + x 6 + ... + x 1

x 8 + x 7 + x 6 + x 5 + x 4 + x 3 + x 2 + x + x 0 + x 1

= ( 2)8 + ( 2)7 + ( 2)6 + ( 2)5 + ( 2)4 + ( 2)3 + ( 2)2 + ( 2) + ( 2)0 + ( 2)1

= 256 125 + 64 32 + 16 8 + 4 2 + 1 2
= 172

172

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21
5.

68 + 69 + ...+ 997 + 998

1,065 67 998
67 + 68 + 69 + ... + 996 + 997 + 998
466 1,065 466 = 496,290
68 + 69 + ...+ 997 + 998 = 496,290 67
= 496,223
496,223

6.

1994 + 1993 1995

1994 1995 1

1995 + 1994 1996

1995 1996 1

1996 + 1995 1997

1996 1997 1

1994 + 1993 1995

1994 1995 1

1995 1 + (1993 1995)

1994 1995 1

1995 + (1993 1995) 1

1994 1995 1

[1995 (1 + 1993)] 1

1995 1994 1
=1
1994 1995 1

1994 1995 1

+ 1994 1996
= 1
1995
1995 1996 1

1996 + 1995 1997

1996 1997 1

=1

+ 1993 1995
1995 + 1994 1996
1996 + 1995 1997
1994
+
+
= 1+1+1=3
1994 1995 1
1995 1996 1
1996 1997 1

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22
7.

720,600

1 + 2 + 3 + 4 ...+ n
= 720,600
= 720,600

(n + 1) n

=
=
=
=
=
=
=

1,441,200
n 2 + n 1,441,200
0
(n + 1,201)(n 1,200)
0
(n + 1,201)
0
n
1,200
(n 1,200)
0
n
1,200

n
= 1,200 1,200
1,200
1,200
n2 + n

8.

P Q 1 1,000

P2 + Q2
P Q

P2 + Q2
PQ

P Q

P = 1,000, Q = 999

P2 + Q2
PQ

)2 + (999)2
= (1000
1000 999

= (1000)2 + (999)2
= 1,000,000 + 998,001
= 1,998,001
1,998,001
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23
9.

B
7

= 10
91

A 13

13 7

10
91

7 A 13B
91

10
91

A B

A
13

(A B) (A + B)

7A 13B = 10
1) A 7 B 13 10

Ax7
B x 13

10

7
13

14
26

21
39

28
42

35
65

42
78

49
91

56
104

63
117

70
130

2) A 7 B 13 10 A 7
B 3
(A B) (A + B)
= (7 3) (7 + 3)
= 21 10 = 11
11

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24
10. 27,810 1
3 60,000
17,000
5 % 500

1
27,810 12 = 333,720
60,000 + 60,000 + 17,000 17,000 17,000 = 171,000
333,720 171,000 = 162,720
5
162720 = 8,136
5%
100

500 12
8,136 6,000
2,136

= 6,000
= 2,136

23 2547