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5 Industrial Noise and Vibrations Control
5 Industrial Noise and Vibrations Control
Noise and Vibration Control 5.1 Review of levels, decibels, sound pressure, power, intensity and directivity quantities used in acoustics (acoustic pressure, intensity, power) - range is quite large. response of the human ear to sound - dependent on the ratio of intensity of two different sounds, instead of the difference in intensity. Therefore - logarithmic scale (level scale) was defined. level - a dimensionless quantity, units - bel, decibel (dB), 1 decibel = 0.1 bel. Sound Power Level LW - acoustic power with respect to an internationally accepted reference of 10-12 W, as Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee
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10 1
20 . 10
-6
Table 1. The sound power and Sound Power Level for a number of typical sound sources.
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LW
where
W = 10 log W ref
Wref = 10 12
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L I = 10 log
where
I I ref
I ref = 10
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Noise and Vibration Control Acoustic pressure (p) is not proportional to the energy, but instead, p2 is proportional to the energy (intensity). Therefore, Sound Pressure Level Lp (or SPL) is defined as
L p = 10 log
~ p2
2 p ref
p ref = 2 10 5
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Noise and Vibration Control spherical wave - acoustic energy is radiated uniformly in all directions; other sources of sound - highly directional - radiate sound with different intensities in different directions. spherical source placed near the floor /wall - some sound will be reflected from the surface. directivity factor (Q) - ratio of intensity on a designated axis of a sound radiator at a specific distance from the source to the intensity that would be produced at the same location by a spherical source radiating the same total acoustic energy:
4r 2 I Q= W
Relation between directivity index (DI) and directivity factor :
DI = 10 log10 Q
For a spherical source, the directivity factor Q = 1 and the directivity index DI = 0.
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f2 = 23 f1
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f 0 = ( f1 f 2 )
1 2
f1 =
fo 2
1 2
and
f 2 =2 f o
1 2
f1 =
fo 2
1 6
and
f 2 =2 f o
1 6
Human ear - wide working range - range of sound pressure levels 0 - 130 dB. subjective experience of the strength of sound - not in agreement with the physically measured sound pressure. frequency affects our perception of sound strength. loudness - sound pressure level a sinusoidal tone at 1000 Hz would have, in order to give the same subjective impression of strength as the sound to be assessed. unit of loudness - phone. Threshold of hearing - the lowest sound pressure level that induces any sensation of hearing. Therefore, frequency-specific sound, usually consisting of sinusoidal tones, is used to determine an individuals hearing threshold.
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C -vgning baseras C-weighting is p 90 phon kurvan based on the 90 phone curve B -vgning baseras B-weighting is based p 70 phon kurvan on the 70 phone curve
L p , [ dB ]
70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 -10 20 31,5
31.5
Hrtrskeln fr Threshold of hearing en normalhrande for person with normal person hearing
2000 4000 8000 12500
63
125
250
500
1000
Figure 1. Isophone curves. Along a curve, the loudness level is constant, Both tones marked at 63 Hz and 1000 Hz, have a loudness of 60 phones. Their respective sound pressure levels, are 75 dB and 60 dB.
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Noise and Vibration Control Measure of Noisiness What we regard as noisy varies from individual to individual. By noise, we usually mean unwanted sound in the audible region. The strength of sound is measured by a sound level meter, that, in its simplest form, gives the SPL in dB. The SPL does not, take account of the nonlinearity of our perception with respect to frequency, as reflected in the concept of loudness. To better reflect the human perception of sound, sound level meters contain filters, so-called weighting filters, that amplify the microphone signal different amounts at different frequencies. Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee
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L A = 10 log 10
n =1
( L pn + An ) / 10
where
Lpn [dB] is the third-octave or octave band level in band n, An [dB] is A-weighting in band n.
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Figure 3 A, B, C and D-weighting curves. A-weighting is the most common. Under 1000 Hz, the amplification is negative, implying that these frequencies are damped to compensate for the lower sensitivity of mankind to low frequency sound
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A sound pressure level that is measured with weighting filters, is called a Sound Level. Assume that the measured sound level with an A-weighting filter is 75 dB. That is written LA = 75 dB(A). The sound level in dB(A) can be calculated from thirdoctave and octave band filters as
L A = 10 log 10
n =1
( L pn + An ) / 10
where Lpn [dB] is the third-octave or octave band level in band n, An [dB] is A-weighting in band n. Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee
Table 1. A-, B- and C-weighting for thirdoctave and octave bands. The octave bands are given in bold.
31.5 40 50 63 80 100 125 160 200 250 315 400 500 630 800 1000
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Table 1. A-, B- and C-weighting for thirdoctave and octave bands. The octave bands are given in bold.
1600 2000 2500 3150 4000 5000 6300 8000 10000 12500 16000 20000
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Noise and Vibration Control Equivalent sound pressure level is a form of average sound pressure level during a given period of time. It is defined as the constant sound pressure level that represents the same total sound energy as an actual time varying sound pressure level during a given time period, 8 hours for example. 1 T p 2 (t ) Leq,T = 10 log( 2 dt ) T 0 p ref Where Leq,T is the equivalent sound pressure level during time period T, p(t) is the instantaneous sound pressure, pref = 2 10 5 Pa, is the reference sound pressure, T is the length of the measurement period.
also
Leq,T
1 T L p (t ) / 10 = 10 log( 10 dt ) T 0
Source: Environmental Protection Agency (1971a). If one cannot obtain sound power level data from the manufacturer of the appliance or item of equipment, the median sound power level listed in Table 2 may be used for preliminary design. It may be noted that the sound power level from a specific item of equipment may deviate 10 dB from the median value.
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Sources of Valve Noise: (a) mechanical noise generation and (b) fluid noise generation, either hydraulic for liquids or aerodynamic for gases Mechanical vibration of the valve components: from flow induced random pressure fluctuations in the fluid within the valve and from impingement of the fluid against flexible parts of the valve. In conventional valves, the main source of noise from mechanical vibrations arises from the sidewise motion of the valve plug within its guiding surfaces. Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee
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Noise and Vibration Control This noise source usually produces sound at frequencies below 1500 Hz (metallic rattling sound). Noise emitted - of less concern to the designer than the damage of the valve plug and guide surfaces resulting from the vibration. noise from valve vibration - considered beneficial, because the noise warns of conditions in the valve (wear, excessive clearance, etc.) that could result in valve failure.
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Mechanical vibration noise source: valve components resonating at their natural frequencies. Resonant vibration of valve components produces a pure-tone component, (between 3 kHz and 7 kHz). causes high stresses in the component that may lead to fatigue failure. Example- Flexible members, such as the metal seal ring of a ball valve
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Noise and Vibration Control Hydrodynamic flow noise from a valve handling liquids arises from several sources: (a) turbulent velocity fluctuations in the liquid stream, (b) cavitation when bubbles of vapor collapse after being momentarily formed in the fluid within the valve, and (c) Flashing (vaporization) of the liquid when the pressure within the valve falls below the vapor pressure of the liquid
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Noise and Vibration Control Cavitation of the fluid: - major cause of hydrodynamic noise in valves. As the liquid is accelerated within the valve through valve ports, static pressure head is converted to kinetic energy, and the pressure of the liquid decreases. When the static pressure of the liquid falls below the vapor pressure of the liquid, vapor bubbles are formed within the liquid stream. As these bubbles move downstream into a region of higher pressure (greater than the vapor pressure), the bubbles collapse or implode and cavitation occurs. Noise generated by cavitation has a broad frequency range.
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Noise and Vibration Control Flashing of the liquid: occurs when the pressure of the liquid drops below the vapor pressure of the liquid at the inlet temperature to the valve. The resulting flow from the valve is two-phase flow, a mixture of liquid and vapor. The deceleration and expansion of the two-phase flow stream produce the noise generated in a valve handling a flashing liquid.
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Empirical relationships have been developed that can be used to predict the hourly energy-equivalent A-weighted sound level for freely flowing traffic. It was found that the noise produced by all types of vehicles was proportional to the vehicle volume V, vehicles/hour, and inversely proportional to the equivalent distance from the highway DE, meters, raised to the 1.5 power. For automobiles and medium trucks, the noise is directly proportional to the vehicle speed S, km/hour, raised to the 2.0 power. For heavy trucks, however, the noise was found to be inversely proportional to the truck speed.
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Noise and Vibration Control Empirical relationships have been developed that can be used to predict the hourly energy-equivalent A-weighted sound level for freely flowing traffic (T R B, 1976). It was found that the noise produced by all types of vehicles was: -proportional to the vehicle volume V, vehicles/hour, and -inversely proportional to the equivalent distance from the highway DE, meters, raised to the 1.5 power. For automobiles and medium trucks, the noise is directly proportional to: vehicle speed S, km/hour, raised to the 2.0 power. For heavy trucks, the noise was found to be inversely proportional to the truck speed.
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Figure2 nearest and farthest lane distances for traffic noise equivalent distance from the highway to the observer
DE = (DNDF)1/2
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Noise and Vibration Control 5.4 Noise Control strategies and means
systematic approach - source-path-receiver model
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Noise and Vibration Control 5.4 Noise Control strategies and means
Two types noise sources : sources associated with structural vibrations and sources associated with gas fluctuations Noise control at the source is always the preferred option but is
usually difficult.
Noise control during the propagation path is the second choice
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Figure 5 Noisy vs. low noise methods for cutting cardboard. Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee
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Figure 6 Example showing the importance of the size of the sound radiating surface on the resulting noise generation Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee
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Figure 7 Example showing the importance of the size of the sound radiating surface on the resulting noise generation
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Figure 8 Reduction of sound radiation by the use of a perforated plate Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee
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a radiating surface
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of a radiating surface
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increased by putting it into an enclosure and thus preventing short circuiting of pressure between the front and back of the cone.
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Figure 11 Example for reduction of sound generation by reducing drop height Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee
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Figure 13 Example of reduction of sound radiation by introduction of damping layers in a pump coupling. Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee
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Figure 13 Example of reduction of sound radiation caused by structural resonances in a saw blade by introduction of damping. Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee
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Figure 14a Sound reduction by shifting structural resonances to higher frequencies. Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee
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Figure 14b Sound reduction by shifting structural resonances to higher frequencies. Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee
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pressure levels when they interact with a solid structure or as a free stream jet. In addition the machines generating the flow, e.g. compressors pumps and IC-engines usually give high pressure pulsations in the connected pipes. The pressure pulsations can also excite the structure and generate structural vibrations which produce sound. The sound waves are transmitted through the pipes to the radiators, where the large metal surfaces vibrate and radiate sound.
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Figure 15 Example of noise control by reduction of turbulence generated vibrations in pipes Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee
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Figure 16 Sound generation by air flow past an object in an air stream. For the circular cross section bar a loud Strohal tone is produced. Noise control measures include disturbing the regular production of vortices Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee
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Figure 17 Noise reduction of a Strohal tone using a sheet metal spiral on a chimney
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Figure 18 Noise control of a cutter wheel by filling the cavity with a rubber material. A strong tonal sound is generated by vortices formed at the edge interacting with the cavity at certain frequencies. After filling the cavity the character of the sound becomes broad band.
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Figure 19 Smooth pipe walls without discontinuities give less turbulence exciting duct wall vibrations and sound.
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Figure 20 Principle for jet noise reduction by introducing a secondary air stream around the core jet exhaust to reduce the relative flow speed difference between the jet stream and the surrounding air. Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee
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Figure 21 Principle for jet noise reduction by dividing the core jet stream into several smaller jet streams. This reduces the turbulent mixing area and the noise generation Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee
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Figure 23 Fan noise control by increasing the distance between duct discontinuities and the fan.
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using smooth duct transitions. Because a rapid pressure drop is avoided less gas bubbles are formed.
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Figure 25 Valve noise control by using larger cone diameters, straighter flow pathways, and more rounded edges.
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Noise and Vibration Control Cavitation occurs when gas bubbles are formed and then collapses- due to large pressure drop. Noise production typically takes place at control valves, at pump pistons, and at propellers when large and rapid pressure drops occur in liquids. Cavitation" noise is most common in hydraulic systems. Cavitation can be reduced by bringing about the pressure reduction in several smaller steps. The noise is conducted as solid-borne sound to connected machines and building structures. To control the noise a pressure reducing insert can be placed in the same pipe as the control valve. The insert has removable plates with different perforations. The plates are selected so that the insert will not produce a greater pressure drop than that required to prevent cavitation.
Noise and Vibration Control High frequency sound is reduced more effectively than low frequency sound by propagation through air. In addition, it is easier to insulate and shield. Shift the sound toward higher frequencies. applicable for external industrial noise. The low frequency noise from roof fans in an industrial building disturbs residents of houses a quarter-mile away. Solution: Replace the rooftop fan by another one of similar capacity but with a larger number of fan blades. Produces less low frequency noise and more high frequency noise.
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Noise and Vibration Control Sometimes it is beneficial to shift the sound generation to lower frequencies which are less disturbing to the human ear. We are less sensitive to low frequency noise than to high frequency noise. If it is not possible to reduce the noise, it may be possible to change it so that more of it is at lower frequencies. Example : diesel engine in a ship operating at 125 rpm and directly connected to the propeller. The noise from the propeller is extremely disturbing on board. A differential gear was installed between the motor and the propeller so that the motor speed changed to 75 rpm. The propeller was replaced by a larger one and the noise was shifted to a lower frequency, making it less disturbing. Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee
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Figure 27 Reduction of the community noise from a roof top fan by replacing it with a fan with larger number of blades
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Figure 13-40 Reduction of the propeller noise disturbance on a ship by reducing the engine speed
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Figure 26 Noise control by applying vibration isolation to an elevator drive. Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee
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Figure 28 Measures to improve low frequency vibration isolation by making the foundation more rigid.
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Figure 29 Noise and vibration control solution for drive motors for paper-making
machines
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Figure 30 High frequency sound is reflected by hard surfaces and does not pass corners easily.
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Figure 31 Noise control of high frequency sound from a riveting machine by using a hood with sound absorbing material. As sound travels towards the operator, the glass reflects it against the soundabsorbing walls.
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Figure 32 Low frequency sound radiates in all directions also after passing over a barrier or through a hole in a barrier.
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Figure 34 Double wall sound reduction increases with increasing spacing between the walls
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Figure 35 Sound sources should be placed as far away as possible from reflecting surfaces to reduce noise generation.
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Figure 36 Panel absorbers can be used to absorb sound in a limited frequency range
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Figure 37 For noise control in a room use sound absorbing material in the ceiling when using shields or barriers. Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee
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ventilation, which would spoil the effectiveness of the room in reducing the noise level. Two types of hearing protection: earmuffs and earplugs.
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Figure 38 Aspects to be considered when designing a control room. Noise problems in control rooms and workshop offices can be caused by direct airborne sound, or by the transmission of structure-borne sound or by both. Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee
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Thank You
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