How to save energy and money

Guide Book 6
INSULATION

STRATEGY

ENERGY EFFICIENCY EARNINGS

3E

STRATEGY

Netherlands Ministery of Economic Affairs

RA

LS

AND

EN

Technical Services International

TSI

EUROPEAN COMMISSION

RG

MI
N

HOW TO SAVE ENERGY AND MONEY IN INSULATION

This booklet is part of the 3E strategy series. It provides advice on practical ways of improving energy efficiency in industrial insulation applications. Prepared for the European Commission DGXVII by: The Energy Research Institute Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Cape Town Rondebosch 7700 Cape Town South Africa Neither the European Commission, nor any person acting on behalf of the commission, nor NOVEM, AEAT, ERI, nor any of the information sources is responsible for the use of the information contained in this publication The views and judgements given in this publication do not necessarily represent the views of the European Commission This project is funded by the European Commission and co-funded by the Dutch Ministry of Economics, the South African Department of Minerals and Energy and Technology Services International (ESKOM), with the Chief contractor being AEAT.

HOW TO SAVE ENERGY AND MONEY IN INSULATION

HOW TO SAVE ENERGY AND MONEY IN INSULATION

Other titles in the 3E strategy series: HOW TO SAVE ENERGY AND MONEY: THE 3E STRATEGY HOW TO SAVE ENERGY AND MONEY IN ELECTRICITY USE HOW TO SAVE ENERGY AND MONEY IN BOILERS AND FURNACES HOW TO SAVE ENERGY AND MONEY IN COMPRESSED AIR SYSTEMS HOW TO SAVE ENERGY AND MONEY IN REFRIGERATION HOW TO SAVE ENERGY AND MONEY IN STEAM SYSTEMS Copies of these guides may be obtained from: The Energy Research Institute Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Cape Town Rondebosch 7700 Cape Town South Africa Tel No: (+27 21) 650 3892 Fax No: (+27 21) 686 4838 Email: 3E@eng.uct.ac.za Website: http://www.3e.uct.ac.za

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The Energy Research Institute would like to acknowledge the following for their contribution in the production of this guide:
. .

. . .

Energy Technology Support Unit (ETSU), UK, for permission to use information from the Energy Efficiency Best Practice series of handbooks. Energy Conservation Branch, Department of Energy, Mines and Resources, Canada, for permission to use information from the Energy Management series of manuals. TLV co, Ltd, for permission to use figures from their set of handbooks on steam. Wilma Walden of Studio.com for graphic design work (Walden@grm.co.za). Doug Geddes of South African Breweries for the cover colour photography.

Guide Book Essentials:

QUICK `CHECK-LIST' FOR SAVING ENERGY AND MONEY IN INSULATION SYSTEMS
This list is a selected summary of energy and cost savings opportunities outline in the text. Many more are detailed in the body of the booklet. These points are intended to be a quick `checklist'. ADDING NEW INSULATION (Chapter 4) 1. Insulate non-insulated pipe. 2. Insulate non-insulated vessels. ADDING EXTRA INSULATION (Chapters 2 and 4) 1. Repair insulation damage. 3. Add insulation to reach recommended thickness. 4. Upgrade existing insulation levels. 5. Review economic thickness requirement. 6. Limited budget upgrade.

Table of Contents
1. INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 1 2. FUNDAMENTALS ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 2 2.1 Terms and definitions ...................................................................................................................................................................... 2 2.2 Selection of Insulation Material ................................................................................................................................................. 2 2.2.1 A Note on Asbestos ............................................................................................................................................................ 3 2.3 Heat Transfer ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 4 2.4 Heat Flow ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 4 FIGURE 1: TYPICAL INSULATED PIPE................................................................................................................................. 5 2.5 Protecting and Sealing the Insulation ..................................................................................................................................... 6 2.5.1 Protective Coverings and Finishes.................................................................................................................................. 6 2.5.2 Vapour Barriers ........................................................................................................................................................................ 6 2.6 Temperature Ranges ........................................................................................................................................................................ 6 2.6.1 Low Temperature Thermal Insulation ......................................................................................................................... 6 2.6.2 Intermediate Temperature Thermal Insulation........................................................................................................ 7 2.6.3 High Temperature Thermal Insulation......................................................................................................................... 7 2.7 Insulation Thickness.......................................................................................................................................................................... 7 2.7.1 Selection Procedures............................................................................................................................................................. 7 2.7.2 Recommended Insulation Thickness............................................................................................................................. 7 2.7.3 Limited Budget Insulation Thickness ............................................................................................................................. 8 2.7.4 Economic Insulation Thickness......................................................................................................................................... 8 FIGURE 2: DETERMINATION OF ECONOMIC THICKNESS OF INSULATION...................................... 9 FIGURE 3: HEAT LOSS FROM FLAT SURFACE ............................................................................................................ 10 FIGURE 4: COST OF ENERGY LOSS AT VARIOUS INSULATION THICKNESSES................................ 11 FIGURE 5: INSULATION COST AT VARIOUS THICKNESSES ............................................................................ 11 2.8 Energy Management.......................................................................................................................................................................... 12 2.8.1 Energy Audits ............................................................................................................................................................................ 12 2.8.2 Energy Management Opportunities .............................................................................................................................. 12 3 MATERIALS SYSTEMS............................................................................................................................................................................. 13 3.1 Insulation Forms and Materials .................................................................................................................................................. 13 3.1.1 Types and Forms of Insulation ..................................................................................................................................... 13 3.1.2 Major Insulation Materials................................................................................................................................................ 13

3.2 Insulation Systems ............................................................................................................................................................................. 3.2.1 Protective Coverings and Finishes.............................................................................................................................. 3.2.2 Properties of Protective Coverings............................................................................................................................ 3.2.3 Accessories ............................................................................................................................................................................. 3.2.4 Securements .......................................................................................................................................................................... 3.2.5 Insulation Reinforcement for Cement and Mastics........................................................................................... 3.2.6 Water Flashing...................................................................................................................................................................... 3.2.7 Stiffening................................................................................................................................................................................... 3.2.8 Supports................................................................................................................................................................................... 3.2.9 Sealing and Caulking .......................................................................................................................................................... 3.2.10 Expansion and Contraction Compensation.......................................................................................................... 3.3 Common Applications .................................................................................................................................................................... 3.3.1 Multiple Layer Construction.......................................................................................................................................... 3.3.2 Pipe Insulation for Interior Applications.................................................................................................................. FIGURE 6: FIELD AND FACTORY-APPLIED NON-METAL JACKETING ...................................................... 3.3.3 Metal Jacketing ...................................................................................................................................................................... 3.3.4 Flexible Elastomeric Pipe Covering............................................................................................................................ 3.3.5 Fittings Insulation.................................................................................................................................................................. 3.3.6 PVC or Glass Fibre Fitting Insulation........................................................................................................................ FIGURE 7: FIELD APPLIED METAL JACKETING ............................................................................................................ FIGURE 8: FLEXIBLE ELASTOMERIC PIPE COVERING............................................................................................. FIGURE 9: MITRED INSULATION ELBOW OVERSIZED APPLICATION ..................................................... FIGURE 10: PVC/GLASS FIBRE ELBOW INSULATION SYSTEM ........................................................................ 3.3.7 Insulation of In-line Flanges or Couplings............................................................................................................... 3.3.8 Removable and Reusable Insulation.......................................................................................................................... 3.3.9 Duct Insulation ..................................................................................................................................................................... FIGURE 11: PVC/GLASS FIBRE COUPLING OR IN-LINE FLANGE INSULATION SYSTEM.............. FIGURE 12: REMOVABLE AND REUSABLE INSULATION.................................................................................... FIGURE 13: FLEXIBLE FIBROUS BLANKET DUCT INSULATION RECTANGULAR/INDOORS .... 3.3.10 Field Applied Lining............................................................................................................................................................ 3.3.11 Insulation of Tanks and Vessels ................................................................................................................................... FIGURE 14: FIELD APPLIED LINING DUCTS, PLENUMS AND HOUSINGS..............................................

14 15 16 16 16 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 18 18 18 19 19 19 19 19 19 20 20 21 21 21 21 21 22 22 22 22

FIGURE 15: CURVED SURFACES RIGID BOARD INSULATION........................................................................ 22 3.3.12 Vessel and Tank Head Insulation ................................................................................................................................ 23 FIGURE 16: METAL HEAD INSULATION, SECUREMENT AND COVER FABRICATION ................. 23 4 ENERGY MANAGEMENT OPPORTUNITIES ......................................................................................................................... 24 4.1 Housekeeping Opportunities ...................................................................................................................................................... 24 4.1.1 Housekeeping Worked Examples.................................................................................................................................. 24 4.2 Low Cost Opportunities ............................................................................................................................................................... 25 4.2.1 Low Cost Worked Examples........................................................................................................................................... 25 4.3 Retrofit Opportunities .................................................................................................................................................................... 27 4.3.1 Retrofit Worked Examples ................................................................................................................................................ 27 APPENDICES ...................................................................................................................................................................................................... 30 Worksheets ......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 30 Glossary .......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 40 Heat loss tables ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 47 Basic types of insulation selected properties .............................................................................................................................. 64 Protective coverings and finishes ............................................................................................................................................................ 65 Vapour retarders .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 66 Energy Content of Some Fuels ................................................................................................................................................................ 67

1. INTRODUCTION

Thermal insulation is the use of special materials to retard the flow of heat energy. It prevents the loss of heat, so saving on fuel and money, and contributing to safety and comfort. Insulating unlagged hot surfaces is one of the simplest and most cost-effective ways of increasing energy efficiency. Depending on the pipe's surface temperature, the payback time for insulating a section of pipework is typically less than one year. By improving energy efficiency, it is possible to reduce the size of heating, cooling and ventilation equipment and so reduce capital costs. Process temperature control is made easier. Insulation may be divided roughly into three temperature ranges. Cryogenic temperatures are below 73oC. Thermal insulation is for temperatures from 730oC to 982oC. Refractory insulation is for temperatures above 982oC, as would be found in cement kilns, steelworks and incinerators.

Refractory materials often need high resistance to abrasion as elevated temperatures. This guide is only about thermal insulation. Insulation materials may come in boards, blocks, bricks, sheets, pre-formed shapes, blankets or as castable cements. The choice of materials depends on cost, temperature, application, environment and safety. The thickness of insulation should be calculated so as to optimise the cost of the insulation against the savings in energy. This guide covers these topics and gives worked examples of costs saved by insulation. This guide uses metric units throughout but has included some Imperial units, which are still used in some South African plants.

2. FUNDAMENTALS

2.1 TERMS AND DEFINITIONS

Certain key terms used in this booklet are defined below. A more extensive glossary of terms is included in the appendices.
.

an insulating material. The higher the R values the better the insulation. It should be noted that k, C, U, R can be equated as follows. t l l R k C U Where, t material thickness (metres or inches)
.

Conduction is the process, by which heat flows from a hot body to a cooler body or fluid, which is in stationary contact with it. Convection is the process, by which heat flows from a hot body to a gas or liquid, which is in moving contact with it. Radiation is the flow of heat from a hot body without it being in contact with a fluid or solid. Thermal Conductivity (k) is a measure of heat energy transmitted through a homogeneous material per unit thickness. A material with a low thermal conductivity is a good insulator. Expressed as W/(m oC) or (Btu/h ft2 oF). Thermal Conductance (C) is a measure of the heat energy transmitted through a homogeneous material of other than unit thickness or through an assembly. Expressed as W/m2.oC) or [Btu/(ft2.hr.oF)]. Thermal Transmittance (U) is a measure of the heat energy transmitted by a material or assembly including the boundary air films. Expressed as W/(m2.K) or [Btu/(h.ft2 oF)]. Thermal Resistance (RSI or R) indicates the relative insulating value or resistance to heat flow of material. Thermal Resistance is the primary consideration in the choice of

Mean Temperature is the arithmetic average of the hot and cold insulation surface temperatures through which heat is transmitted. Emissivity is the ratio of heat energy radiated from a surface compared to the heat energy radiated from an ideal black body at the same temperature. Black Body is defined either as a body, which absorbs all radiation falling upon it and reflects or transmits none, or as a radiator, which emits at any specific temperature, the maximum possible amount of thermal radiation.

2.2

SELECTION OF INSULATION MATERIAL

The following is a list of important properties, which must be considered in the selection of an insulating material.
.

Thermal Resistance. The higher the value of thermal resistance, the better the insulating capability of the material.

Combustibility. This becomes significant as it provides an indication of the insulating material's contribution to a fire hazard. Toxicity. Certain insulating materials are combustible and release toxic fumes when they burn. These must be avoided where there is a danger of fire in a confined space. See also the note on asbestos. Shrinkage. Shrinkage or drying is significant in high temperature applications. Shrinkage can leave non-insulated gaps. Resistance to Ultra Violet Radiation. Where the insulating material is exposed to sunlight in outdoor applications, its ability to withstand ultraviolet radiation without degradation is important. This can be overcome by covering the insulating material so that sunlight does not contact the material. Resistance to Fungal or Bacterial Growth. This property is significant in food or cosmetic processing areas. Chemical Neutrality. The insulation should be chemically neutral (pH 7) to avoid any deterioration of metal contacting it. This is particularly important in applications where the insulation could be subject to intermittent wetting. Coefficient of Expansion and Contraction. This property becomes important in the design and location (spacing) of expansion and contraction joints and in multiple layer insulation applications. Compressive Strength. Compressive strength is significant where the insulating material must support a load or withstand mechanical abuse without crushing. When cushioning or filling in space is needed, such as in expansion/contraction joints, low compressive strength materials would normally be specified. Breaking Load. Breaking load is significant in installations where the insulation is

applied over irregular or non-uniform surfaces where the insulation must bridge over a support discontinuity. Capillarity. Where insulation material is in contact with dangerous or flammable liquids, or in areas where wash down occurs, the resisting capability of the material to wick-up (absorb) liquids by capillary action becomes significant. Appearance. Appearance is significant in exposed areas and for purposes of identification. Density. The density of an insulating material affects many of its other properties, especially its thermal properties.

Some of these factors may not apply in all insulation applications, however, each should be considered, and ruled out if not applicable. Worksheet 1-1 has been developed as a checklist to assist in establishing which properties are important in a specific application. Properly installed, mechanical insulation will have a life equal to the life of the equipment or piping on which it is installed. Mechanical insulation should always be installed according to the manufacturer's installation recommendations.

2.2.1 A NOTE ON ASBESTOS

Asbestos was much used in the past for thermal insulation. However, because asbestos fibres when inhaled can cause lung cancer, it is no longer used for this purpose. Asbestos comes in many kinds, of which the one most commonly used today is chrysotile, one of the least dangerous types. It is believed that there is a threshold below which inhaled chrysotile fibres do no damage to human health. Chrysotile is now used in cement building materials, brake linings and certain other products but not in thermal insulation.

Asbestos was used as an insulation material not so much because its thermal conductivity is low (in fact, at about 0.06 W/moC, it is higher than many other materials) but because of its non-flammability. Old plants may still have asbestos insulation. It is often safer to seal and leave it than to remove it because the removal can release fibres into the air. This is a matter that requires expert advice from health and safety authorities.

insulation material is to retard heat flow. The term thermal conductivity (k) is used to express the quantity of heat, which will flow across a unit area when a temperature difference of one degree exists. Thermal conductivity (k), is expressed as Watts per metre per degree Celsius [W/(moC)] or [(Btu)/ (h.ft2 oF)]. Thermal Resistance can now be defined as the opposition of the passage of heat through the insulation and is expressed by the following equation. Thermal Resistance t R [(m. oC)/W] or [(h.ft oF)/Btu] k Where t insulation thickness [metres or inches]. The higher the value of R, the better the insulation.

2.3

HEAT TRANSFER

Heat is always transferred from a hot body to body at a lower temperature, never the other way round. Heat is lost from hot bodies in three ways:
.

Conduction. Heat is transferred by contact with another solid body or fluid without movement. Convection. Heat is transferred by contact with a moving liquid or gas. Radiation. Heat is transferred without contact with another body or fluid. The heat may be transmitted through a vacuum or through air. The heat is transmitted as electromagnetic radiation (such as infrared radiation). Radiation becomes increasingly important as temperature increases.

The heat flow through the insulation for a flat surface may be calculated using the following equation : Heat flow in one hour DT A Wh R

Where, DT Temperature difference across the insulating material (oC) A surface area (m2) As an example, consider a 10m2 flat surface at a temperature of 140oC. This surface has been insulated with a 51 mm thick insulating material having a thermal conductivity of 0.045 W/(m.oC). The outer surface temperature of the insulation is 10oC. The thermal resistance can be determined as follows. R t k

For hot pipes and hot surfaces in factories, most heat is lost by convection. The air in contact with the hot surface heats up, moves off and is replaced by cold air, which is heated up in turn

2.4

HEAT FLOW

The term heat flow refers to the rate at which heat moves from an area of higher temperature to an area of lower temperature. The purpose of any

0:051 0:045 1.133 m.oC/W

Now the heat flow in one hour through the insulation can be determined. Heat flow in one hour DT A R 140 10 10 1:133

1147.4 Wh Heat flow through pipe insulation is somewhat different since the inner and outer surfaces of the insulation have different areas. This difference in area must be taken into account in heat flow calculations. As the heat from the pipe flows outward through the insulation, the area of the heat flow path becomes greater. This phenomenon has the effect of increasing the value of the thermal resistance. To compensate for this effect an equivalent thickness of insulation must be used. The expression for the thermal resistance for piping insulation can now be rewritten as follows. R equivalent thickness [(m2.oC/W] conductivity 2 r2 ln r r1 k

For example, consider the heat loss from a 1 metre length of 0.219 metre diameter pipe operating at 95oC. The 51 mm thick insulation has a thermal conductivity of 0.037 W/(m.oC) and an outside surface temperature of 25oC. This example is shown in Figure 1. The heat flow through the insulation can be determined as follows. r2 0:219 0:051 0 0:219 2 r2 ln
r2 r1

0.1605m r1

0.1095m R k :1605 0:1605 In 0 0:1095 0:037 0:1605 1:466 0:037

1.66 (m2 oC)/W Heat Flow in one hour DT A R 95 25 1:008 Wh 1:66 70 1:008 1:66

Where, r2 outside radius of insulation (m) r1 inside radius of insulation (m) ln natural logarithm

42.51 Wh/metre of length of the pipe It must be noted that A in the above equation is the outside surface area of a 1-metre length of the insulated pipe and is calculated as follows. Where, D 3.14159 D outside diameter of insulation (pipe outside diameter 2 insulation thickness)

Figure 1: Typical Insulated Pipe (Source: Canadian Govn Pub)

l unit length (in this case 1 metre)

Therefore A 0:219 2 0:051 1 ( 0:321 X 1 3.14159 0.321 1.008 m2

Additional details on protective coverings and finishes may be found in the Material/Systems section of this module.

2.5.2

VAPOUR BARRIERS

2.5 PROTECTING AND SEALING THE INSULATION

2.5.1 PROTECTIVE COVERINGS AND FINISHES

A vapour retarder or vapour barrier is a material, which retards the transmission of water vapour. This is required for piping and equipment operating at below ambient temperatures. Water vapour from the air tends to diffuse into the insulation where, because of the lower temperatures it condenses and significantly reduces the effectiveness of the insulation. Moisture penetration may also cause corrosion of metal surfaces. Vapour barriers are applied on site and may consist of semi-liquid mastic compositions and coating. They may be sprayed, brushed or trowelled. The manufacturer's specified thickness must be applied in one or more continuous coatings. Suitable reinforcement may be required as the vapour barrier system must be adequate to resist cracking.

The efficiency and service life of insulation is directly dependent upon its protection from moisture entry and mechanical and/or chemical damage. Choices of jacketing and finish materials are based upon the mechanical, chemical, thermal and moisture conditions of the installation, as well as cost and appearance. Protective coverings are divided into six functional types.
.

Weather barriers, which protect the insulation from the effects of weather. Vapour retarders, which are designed to retard the passage of water vapour from the atmosphere to the insulation. Mechanical protection coverings, which protect against mechanical damage from personnel, equipment and machinery. Low flame spread and corrosion resistant coverings, which reduce the effect of flame spread and corrosion. Coverings and finishes are available to enhance the aesthetic appearance of insulated surfaces in highly visible areas. Hygienic covers, which present smooth surfaces to resist fungal and bacterial growth.

2.6

TEMPERATURE RANGES

The temperature range within which the term thermal insulation applies, is from 73oC (100oF) to 982oC (1800oF). All applications below 73oC (100oF) are termed cryogenic and those above 982oC (1800oF) are termed refractory. Thermal insulation is further divided into three general application temperature ranges.

2.6.1

LOW TEMPERATURE THERMAL INSULATION

Insulation used for low temperature applications is subdivided into three general temperature ranges.

16oC (6OoF) through 0oC (32oF) cold or chilled water. -1 o C (31 o F) through 39 o C ( 39 o F) refrigeration or glycol. 4 0 o C ( 4 0 o F ) t h r o u g h 7 3 o C (100oF) refrigeration or brine.

2.6.3

HIGH TEMPERATURE THERMAL INSULATION

The major problems on low temperature installations are moisture penetration and cost effectiveness. Ideally, the insulation material or system should absorb no moisture and readily give up any that enters. It should also resist water deterioration. Vapour retarders are used extensively, but in practice it is almost impossible to achieve a perfect vapour retarder. The pressure of the vapour flow from the warm outside surface is such that, even with waterproof insulation, vapour may enter through unsealed joints or cracks, condense, then freeze, and cause damage. Vapour retarders must have a perm rating well below 1. The colder the equipment, the lower the desirable perm rating. Since the cost of refrigeration is higher than the cost of heating, more insulation is often justified in low temperature applications where RT is the same. Extra thickness of insulation, even beyond what would be economically dictated for cold line application, are sometimes employed to keep the warm surface temperature above the dew point.

High temperature thermal insulation is used in the temperature range of 3l5oC (600oF) to 870oC (1600oF). As the refractory range of insulation is approached, fewer materials and application methods are available. High temperature materials are often a combination of other materials or of similar materials manufactured using special binders. Industrial power and process piping and equipment, commercial boilers, exhausts, furnaces and incinerators fall within this application range.

2.7
2.7.1

INSULATION THICKNESS
SELECTION PROCEDURES

Although insulating uninsulated areas means immediate returns in Rands saved, sometimes the long-term potential Rand savings are forgotten. Any facility that has not had its insulation upgraded in the past ten years is likely to be under-insulated. Immediate savings can be realised from insulating where no insulation exists. This includes piping, tanks, vessels as well as valves and fittings. With respect to valves and fittings, the insulation would normally be specified to the standards and thickness of the surrounding piping insulation ducting or equipment.

2.6.2

INTERMEDIATE TEMPERATURE THERMAL INSULATION

This temperature range, from 16oC (61oF) to 315oC (600oF) includes conditions encountered in most industrial processes and in hot water and steam systems found in commercial installations. Selection of material in this range is based mainly on thermal values but other factors such as mechanical and chemical properties, availability of forms, installation time and cost are also significant.

2.7.2

RECOMMENDED INSULATION THICKNESS

Tables 1 and 2 have been included in the Appendices and provide data, which is used to perform energy savings, calculations. These tables indicate the heat loss from bare steel pipe and

bare steel flat surfaces over the range of temperatures normally encountered in most facilities, and are based on an ambient air temperature of 21.1oC. For process applications, tables based on economics have been developed which provide a recommended insulation thickness for various insulating materials and temperatures. Table 3 is a typical table covering mineral fibre, calcium silicate, and cellular glass insulation for pipes varying from NPS 1/2 to NPS 36 in diameter and process temperatures between 65oC and 566oC. These tables also include flat surfaces. (NPS is Nominal Pipe Size measured in inches). It must be noted for a round tank or vessel with diameter greater than 914 mm, the surface is considered flat for purposes of heat loss calculations. As an example of the use of these tables, consider an NPS 6 steel pipe without insulation operating at 121oC in ambient conditions of 21.loC. Table 1 indicates this pipe will lose 700 Wh/linear metre of heat every hour it is in operation. If the recommended thickness of 76 mm of mineral fibre insulation as indicated in Table 3 were installed on this pipe, the heat loss would be reduced to 37 Wh/lineal metre and the outer surface temperature of the insulation would be 23oC. Insulation manufacturers have prepared tables for other materials since the thermal resistance varies both with the material being used and the process temperature. In the event that tables cannot be obtained, heat loss from piping and flat surfaces may be calculated using the equation in the previous section of this module entitled Heat Flow, and R values as selected from Table 4 in the appendix. A series of calculations will have to be performed and the energy savings compared to the installed

cost of the insulation. This is necessary to establish the economic thickness of the insulation. One way of improving cost savings through insulation is to upgrade to the insulation levels shown in the recommended thickness tables (Table 3). These should be used as guidelines. In some cases these tables will not apply as plant or building conditions may not be the same as those used to determine the thickness charts. In these cases, individual determinations of insulation thickness should be considered to insure a facility is making its optimum investment in insulation.

2.7.3

LIMITED BUDGET INSULATION THICKNESS

Generally for hot mechanical systems, piping will be the source of greatest heat loss. On a limited budget, determine where the area of greatest heat loss is and insulate it first. The first 25mm of insulation will provide the greatest savings in energy on a system but may not be the optimum insulation level for maximising investment benefits. This can also be an excellent approach to cost reductions if insulation is to be paid out of an annual maintenance or operating budget. Bear in mind though, if only the minimum 25mm is applied, the labour component may be the same as if a greater thickness of insulation were used.

2.7.4

ECONOMIC INSULATION THICKNESS

Insulation can be considered a long-term investment with associated financial benefit, following a relatively short initial payback. There are a number of computer programs available to aid in selecting the most economic insulation thickness. This is the thickness, which provides the highest insulation value for the lowest cost.

Economics is the primary concern in evaluating investment alternatives. When applied to an insulation system, economics can be used to establish the following items.
.

Evaluation of two or more insulation materials for lowest cost for a given thermal performance. Selection of the optimum insulation thickness for a given insulation type.

not manufactured in single layers of sufficient thickness and/or to alleviate expansion and contraction movements. This results in higher total labour costs than to install one layer equal to the cumulative thickness. Figure 2 is a typical representation of installed costs for a multi-layer application. The average slope of the curves increases with the number of layers because labour and material costs increase at a more rapid rate as insulation thickness increases. The cost of lost energy is directly related to the rate of heat transfer through the insulation and the Rand value of the energy. As also shown in Figure 2, the cost of lost energy decreases as insulation thickness increases. Consider a process application with a flat surface holding a process fluid at 150oC. The ambient temperature is 20oC.

In either case economics is used to determine the most cost effective solution for insulating. Beyond the optimum economic thickness, additional insulation does not yield the maximum rate of return on investment. Material and often labour costs increase with insulation thickness. Insulation must often be applied in multiple layers because materials are

Figure 2: Determination of Economic Thickness of Insulation (Source: Canadian Govn Pub)

Calculation of heat loss for 50, 75 and 100 mm of glass mineral fibre insulation with a density of 24 kg/m3 can be performed to establish the heat losses at the various insulation thicknesses. Process temperature: Ambient Temperature: DT: 150oC 20oC 15020 130oC

The surface area will remain constant for the insulation since this is a flat surface. Heat loss can now be evaluated for a typical 1 m2 area for each insulation thickness. Heat loss in one hour DT A R

From Table 5 thermal conductivity (k) at a mean temperature of 93.3oC (closest value not exceeding 1300C) is 0.053 W/(m oC). The thermal resistance (R) can be calculated for the various insulation thicknesses using the equation R R50 t K 0:050 0.943 0:053 0:075 1.415 0:053 0:100 1.887 0:053

Heat loss 130 1 (50 mm insulation) in one hour 0:943 137.86 Wh Heat loss (75 mm insulation)/m 130 1 in one hour 1:415 91.873 Wh Heat loss (100 mm insulation)/m in one hour 130 1 Wh 68:89

Using Table 2 it is established that the heat loss from one square metre of the same surface with no insulation would be approximately 2100 Wh/m2. These figures can be plotted on a graph (Figure 3) showing insulation thickness versus heat loss to generate a heat loss curve.

R75 R100

Figure 3: Heat Loss from Flat Surface (Source: Canadian Govn Pub)

10

Figure 4: Cost of Energy Loss at Various Insulation Thicknesses (Source: Canadian Govn Pub)

Knowing the value of the heat energy, the cost of lost heat at the various insulation thicknesses can be established by the following equation. Rand loss per unit area Heat loss per unit area R per unit of heat energy Total Rand loss (Figure 4) Total area R Loss/unit area hours/year

The installed cost of the insulation for the various thicknesses can now be established and a second curve (Figure 5) can be produced. Figures 4 and 5 may be superimposed and will produce a curve generally of the shape of Figure 2. If the dollar loss and insulation cost curves are combined, and a new curve plotted, the insulation thickness equivalent to the low point on the new curve will be the economical insulation thickness.

Figure 5: Insulation Cost at Various Thicknesses (Source: Canadian Govn Pub)

11

2.8 ENERGY MANAGEMENT

2.8.1 ENERGY AUDITS

installed cost of the added material. The reduction in energy consumption establishes the Rand savings. With this information, simple payback calculations can establish the financial viability of the opportunity.

An energy audit involves the identification of areas throughout a facility where energy may be wasted because of non-existent or inadequate insulation. The audit may be applied to the facility as a whole, or may be concentrated on specific pieces of process equipment or piping systems.

2.8.2

ENERGY MANAGEMENT OPPORTUNITIES

Energy Management Opportunities can be divided into three categories.

.

2.8.1.1

WALK THROUGH AUDIT

The initial action is a Walk Through Audit, which is a tour through the facility looking for obvious signs of energy waste. The walk through audit is generally more meaningful if it is conducted by an individual who, though not associated with the facility operation, is familiar with both the subject of process insulation and the concept of energy management. Typical items which could be noticed during a walk through audit would include missing or damaged insulation, hot or cold surfaces, wet insulation, deteriorating insulating coverings or protective finishes, missing or damaged vapour retarders, gaps in insulation at expansion/contraction joints, excessive heat radiating from insulated surfaces and other similar items.

Housekeeping, refers to an energy management action that is repeated on a regular basis and never less than once a year. Examples include repairing damaged insulation coverings, finishes and insulation. Low Cost, refers to an energy management action that is done once, and for which the cost is not considered great. Examples of low cost items could be the insulation of valves and fittings and the replacement of coverings and finishes. Retrofit, refer to an energy management action that is done once, and for which the cost is significant. Examples of retrofit items could be the insulation of piping, ductwork, vessels, tanks, and equipment, upgrading insulation to the recommended thickness, and upgrading protective coverings on outdoor tanks and vessels.

2.8.1.2

DIAGNOSTIC AUDIT

It must be noted that the Rand division between low cost and retrofit is normally a function of the size, type and financial policy of the organisation. Energy management is dealt with in more detail in Section 4.

Once items have been identified in the walk through audit, a diagnostic audit is required to determine the existing energy loss, the reduction in energy loss which would result if new or additional insulation or covering were installed and the

12

3 MATERIALS SYSTEMS

3.1 INSULATION FORMS AND MATERIALS 3.1.1 TYPES AND FORMS OF INSULATION
Insulation materials are addressed in the following text according to their generic types and forms. Type indicates composition and internal structure, while form implies overall shape or application. Types are normally subdivided into the following three groups.
.

material, or combined with a binder and fibres to make a rigid insulation. Insulation is produced in a variety of forms suitable for specific functions and applications. The combined form and type of insulation determines the proper method of insulation. The forms most widely used follow,
.

Fibrous Insulation is composed of small diameter fibres, which finely divide the air space. The fibres may be parallel or perpendicular to the surface being insulated and they may be separated or bonded together. Glass, rock wool, slag wool and alumina silica fibres are used. Glass fibre and mineral wool (rock and slag) are the most widely used insulation of this type. Cellular Insulation is composed of small individual cells separated from each other. The cellular material may be glass or foamed plastic such as polystyrene (closed cell), polyurethane and elastomeric. Granular Insulation is composed of small nodules, which contain voids or hollow spaces. It is not considered a true cellular material since gas can be transferred between the individual spaces. This type may be produced as a loose pourable

Rigid boards, blocks, sheets and preformed shapes (i.e. pipe covering, curved segments, lagging). Cellular and granular insulation are produced in these forms. Flexible sheets and pre-formed shapes. Cellular and fibrous insulation are produced in these forms. Flexible blankets. Fibrous insulation is produced in flexible blankets. Cements (insulating and finishing). Produced from fibrous and granular insulation and cement.

3.1.2

MAJOR INSULATION MATERIALS

The following is a general inventory of the characteristics and properties of major insulation materials used in Industrial, Commercial and Institutional installations.
.

13

Calcium Silicate is a granular insulation made of lime and silica reinforced with organic arid inorganic fibres and moulded into rigid forms. The temperature range covered is from 38oC (100oF) to 982oC (1800oF). Flexural strength is good. Cal-

cium Silicate is water absorbent, however, it can be dried out without deterioration. The material is non-combustible and used primarily on hot piping and surfaces. Jacketing is generally field applied. Cellular Elastomeric insulation is composed principally of natural or synthetic elastomers, or both, processed to form a flexible, semi-rigid or rigid foam with a predominantly closed-cell structure. Upper temperature limit is 104oC (221oF). Cellular Glass is fabricated into boards, pipe covering and other shapes. Service temperatures range from -40oC (-40oF) to 482oC (900oF). This material has a low thermal conductivity at low temperatures, low abrasion resistance, good resistance to substrate corrosion, and good sound absorption characteristics in fibre and cellular form. Fibrous Glass products are manufactured in a variety of forms including flexible blankets, rigid and semi-rigid boards and pipe coverings. Service temperatures range from -73oC (~110oF) to 538oC (1000oF) depending on structure and binder. Glass fibres are bonded together with heat resisting binders. Conductivity of fibrous glass products is low. Cutting characteristics are good. The resilience of glass fibre is high while the impact resistance is low. Installation costs are low. There are good sound absorption characteristics with glass fibre insulation. Foamed Plastic insulation is predominantly closed cellular rigid materials. Thermal conductivity may deteriorate (i.e. increase) with time due to ageing because of air diffusing into the cells. Foamed plastics are lightweight with excellent cutting characteristics. The materials themselves are combustible, but can be produced selfextinguishing. They are available in pre-

formed shapes and boards. Foamed plastics are generally used in lower and intermediate temperature ranges. Insulating and Finishing Cements are a mixture of various insulating fibres and binders with water and cement, to form a soft plastic mass for application on irregular surfaces. Installation costs are high, and insulation values are only fair. Cements may be applied to high temperature surfaces. Finishing cements are one-coat cements used in the lower to intermediate temperature range. Mineral Fibre or Mineral Wool is produced by bonding rock and slag fibres together with a heat resistant binder. The upper service temperature limit can reach 982oC (1800oF). The material is noncombustible. Mineral fibre is available in both rigid pre-formed shapes for piping and vessels, and as a flexible blanket. It is used in high and intermediate temperature ranges. Refractory Fibre Insulation is mineral or ceramic fibres, including alumina and silica, bound with extremely high temperature binders. They are manufactured in blanket or rigid brick form. Thermal shock resistance and temperature limits are high. The material is non-combustible.

Common insulation materials are summarised in Table 6.

3.2

INSULATION SYSTEMS

As an owner contemplating the insulation of equipment or mechanical systems, it is helpful to think of an insulation system as having the following three components.
. .

14

Insulating material. Protective covering or finish.

Accessories to secure, fasten. Stiffen, support, seal or caulk the insulation and its protective covering or finish.

characteristics of each type. Vapour retarders are available in three forms.

.

These components must be compatible for the insulation system to function properly.
.

3.2.1

PROTECTIVE COVERINGS AND FINISHES

As indicated in the section titled `Fundamentals', the efficiency and service of insulation is directly dependent upon its protection from moisture entry and mechanical or chemical damage. Choices of jacketing and finish materials are based upon the mechanical, chemical, thermal and moisture conditions of the installation, as well as cost and appearance. Protective coverings are divided into six functional types.

Rigid jacketing reinforced plastic, aluminium or stainless steel fabricated to the exact dimensions and sealed vapour tight. Membrane jacketing metal foils, laminated foils and treated or coated papers, which are generally factory, applied to the insulation material. Additional sealing beyond the factory seal may be necessary depending on the installation temperature and humidity conditions. Mastic applications either emulsion or solvent types which provide a seamless coating but require time to dry.

3.2.1.3

MECHANICAL ABUSE COVERINGS

3.2.1.1

WEATHER BARRIERS

The basic function of the weather barrier is to prevent the entry of water. If water is deposited within the insulation, its insulation properties will be significantly reduced. Applications consist of either a jacket of metal or plastic, or a coating of weather barrier mastic (Table 7). Jacketing must be overlapped sufficiently to repel water. The use of plastic jacketing materials with low resistance to ultraviolet rays should be avoided unless protective measures are taken.

Metal jacketing provides the strongest protection against mechanical damage from personnel, equipment, and machinery. The compressive strength of the insulation material should also be considered when assessing mechanical protection.

3.2.1.4

LOW FLAME SPREAD AND CORROSION RESISTANT COVERINGS

3.2.1.2

VAPOUR RETARDERS

When selecting material for potential fire hazard areas, the insulation material and the jacketing must be considered as a composite unit. Most of the available types of jacketing and mastic have low (less than 25) flame spread rating. This information can usually be obtained from manufacturer's data. Resistance to corrosion varies among the plastic and metal jacketing materials. Of the metal jackets, stainless steel is the most successful in resisting corrosive atmospheres, spills or leaks. Mastics are also generally resistant to corrosive atmospheres.

Vapour retarders are designed to retard the passage of moisture vapour from the atmosphere to the surface of the insulation (Table 1). Joints and overlaps must be sealed with a vapour tight adhesive or sealer. Refer to Table 8 for detailed information on types of vapour retarders plus

15

3.2.1.5

APPEARANCE COVERINGS AND FINISHES

insulation), or if a significant amount of vibration must be considered.

Various coatings, finishing cements, fitting covers and jackets are chosen primarily for their appearance value in exposed areas. Typically for piping, jacketed insulation is covered with a reinforcing canvas and coated with mastic to give a smooth even finish. When dry it can be painted or left as is to give a white colour.

3.2.2.3

TEMPERATURE RANGE

The covering must be suitable for the operating temperature of the insulation surface.

3.2.2.4

VAPOUR PERMEABILITY

3.2.1.6

HYGIENIC COVERINGS

Coatings and jackets must present a smooth surface, which resists fungal or bacterial growth, especially in food processing areas. High temperature steam or high-pressure water wash down conditions require jackets with high mechanical strength and temperature ratings (plastics or metals are typically used).

Coverings should have low vapour permeability on low temperature installations to prevent, or at least retard the passage of moisture vapour into the insulation. For high temperature applications a vapour permeable covering should be used to allow moisture to pass outwards.

3.2.3

ACCESSORIES

3.2.2

PROPERTIES OF PROTECTIVE COVERINGS

The term accessories is applied to devices or materials serving one or more of the following functions.
.

Certain properties of jacketing and mastic materials that must he considered to meet the previously listed functions follow.

3.2.2.1

COMPATIBILITY
. . . .

Coverings must be compatible with the insulation material over which they are applied, as well as with elements in the environment such as industrial chemicals, salt air and ultraviolet or infrared light.

Securement of the insulation and/or jacketing. Insulation reinforcement for cement or mastic applications. Stiffening around structures which may not support the weight of high-density insulation. Supports (pipe, vessel and insulation). Sealing and caulking. Water flashing. Compensation for expansion/contraction of piping and vessels.

3.2.2.2

RESISTANCE TO INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL MOVEMENT

Improper application of any of these accessories could be a significant factor in the failure of insulation systems.

The ability of a covering to resist movement is an important element to consider if there will be thermal expansion and contraction of the insulation it covers (i.e. shrinkage of high temperature

3.2.4

SECUREMENTS

16

Insulation is not a structural material and must be supported, secured, fastened or banded in place.

Securements must be compatible with insulation and jacketing materials. Possible choices are listed below.
. . . . . .

3.2.8

SUPPORTS

Welded studs and pins. Staples. Clips. Wire and metal straps. Self-adhering laps on outer jackets. Adhesives.

Insulation at points of support is necessary to minimise heat loss. Accessories, which may be used at points of support, are as follows. . High-density insulation inserts to protect insulation at points of support. Pipe support saddles and shoes. . Metal shields used to protect insulation. . Wood blocks or dowels for load bearing.

Ambient temperature and humidity conditions affect the effectiveness of tapes and adhesives on certain installations. Check the temperature range and vapour permeability properties before choosing adhesives.

3.2.9

SEALING AND CAULKING

3.2.5

INSULATION REINFORCEMENT FOR CEMENT AND MASTICS

Whether factory or field applied, mechanical strength can be added to insulation through the application of any of the following items.
. . . . .

A variety of sealers, caulking and tapes are available for sealing vapour and weather barrier jackets, joints and protrusions. These products are manufactured in a large range of temperature and vapour permeability properties. Some are designed specifically for use with one type of insulation or manufacturer's product.

Canvas. Glass fibre fabric. Expanded metal lath. Metal mesh. Wire netting (chicken wire).

3.2.10

EXPANSION AND CONTRACTION COMPENSATION

Compatibility of materials must be considered to prevent corrosion.

Accessories used in the design of expansion and contraction joints, include the following: . Manufactured overlapping or slip joints. . Bedding compounds and flexible sealers.

3.2.6

WATER FLASHING

Flashing directs the flow of water away from the insulation and may be constructed of metal or plastic.

3.3 COMMON APPLICATIONS

The following section deals with typical application methods experienced in the insulation industry. They should not be considered as the only methods of applying insulation and its installation. For example, different thickness and different insulation may require radically different attach-

3.2.7

STIFFENING

Metal lath and wire netting can be applied on high temperature surfaces before insulation is applied.

17

ment methods because of weight. Also, system temperature plays a big part in deciding which application method is most suitable. Insulation contractors or manufacturers are usually willing to recommend the most appropriate application method. Pipe covering is generally the dominant part of a mechanical insulation system. This section describes a number of different pipe insulation installation methods. Typical duct, vessel and tank insulation systems are also shown.

method of application may be used where available insulation thickness is less than that required, or for retrofitting applications. Care should be taken with pipe insulation to ensure that dimensional measures coincide with standard industry practice to provide a proper fit for multiple layer construction.

3.3.2

PIPE INSULATION FOR INTERIOR APPLICATIONS

3.3.1

MULTIPLE LAYER CONSTRUCTION

Multiple layer construction is the use of more than one layer of insulation rather than a single layer of equivalent thickness. This application method provides compensation for expansion and contraction where pipe or equipment temperatures are high. Staggering of joints in multiple layer construction reduces heat loss at the joints thus creating a more thermally efficient installation. This

A jacketing material is generally applied to mineral fibre pipe insulation for the purpose of protection or to act as a vapour retarder. The application is suitable for hot or cold temperature conditions. The type of jacketing used depends on the end use conditions (Figure 6). Generally the jacket is a laminate of kraft and foil with glass fibre scrim reinforcement. Other materials may be used in cases where greater protection or a different finish is required. The jacketed product may be left exposed or finished with a canvas and lagging material to provide a smooth, neat and long lasting finish.

1. Pipe. 2. Insulation. 3. Longitudinal lap on factory-applied jacket (selfadhesive or secured with adhesive). 4. Longitudinal lap on factory-applied jacket secured with staples (staples are coated with super-barrier mastic on cold applications). 5. Circumferential butt strip. Self adhering or field adhering. 6. Longitudinal lap on field-applied jacketing is adhered with appropriate adhesive or sealer. 7. Butt joint overlap sealed (tape at overlap joints is optional on cold applications). 8. Wire, tapes or hands securing insulation in place before the jacket is applied.

Figure 6: Field and Factory-Applied Non-Metal Jacketing

18

3.3.3

METAL JACKETING

Metal jacketing is generally used to protect insulation from physical damage (Figure 7). It is particularly useful for outdoor applications. The jacketing material may also be chosen to resist chemical attack. For example, a highly corrosive atmosphere may require the application of a stainless steel jacketing system instead of the standard aluminium material.

3.3.4

FLEXIBLE ELASTOMERIC PIPE COVERING

1. 2. 3. 4. Pipe Insulation. Wire, tape or bands securing insulation in place. Overlaps positioned to shed water (butt joint overlaps should be wide enough to provide weatherproofing). 5. Rivets or screw at longitudinal laps for securement. 6. Metal bands at butt joint overlaps, and spaced between butt joints for jacket securement.

Flexible elastomeric pipe covering is used on cold temperature piping such as air-conditioning systems (Figure 8). It is generally manufactured as a continuous tube, which can be pushed over small diameter piping during installation. Slitting before installing is another option. Joints are sealed with contact adhesive.

Figure 7: Field Applied Metal Jacketing (Source: Canadian Govn Pub)

3.3.5

FITTINGS INSULATION

Insulation of fittings on a job is an extremely important part of the overall system (Figure 9). The insulation of elbows is usually accomplished by using mitred pipe insulation. Generally the same material and size of insulation is used to make the elbow insulation. Where a Victaulic type pipe fitting is used insulation is either built up to a greater thickness than the surrounding line pipe insulation, or standard pipe covering is grooved out to fit around the coupling. In some cases, pre-formed fitting insulation is available to simplify the installation. The insulated fitting is then covered with cloth or canvas and lagging material for protection and a neat finish.

3.3.6

PVC OR GLASS FIBRE FITTING INSULATION

1. Pipe or tubing. 2. Insulation (to facilitate sweating of joints, insulation can be pulled back temporarily on either side of the connection then released to extend over the joint before sealing.) 3. Contact adhesive is applied to both surfaces of longitudinal and butt joints.

PVC fitting covers are generally used for hot or cold commercial applications where a neat finish is

19

Figure 8: Flexible Elastomeric Pipe Covering (Source: Canadian Govn Pub)

1. Pipe. 2. Pipe insulation (shown in A) with factory applied non-metal jacketing (metal jacketing shown in B). Jacketing extends under the fitting insulation and finish. 3. Mitered segments of pipe covering, cut to form a tight fit (adhesive between miters on pre-fabricated applications or when required.) 4. Glass fiber fill insulation (optional used as a means of support when the mitered elbow has not been prefabricated into two self supporting halves.) 5. Wire or banding (unnecessary when prefabricated.) 6. Pre-formed metal elbow cover secured with sheet metal screws. 7. Finishing cement applied to smooth surface. 8. Fabric applied with adhesive on the surface of finishing or insulating cement.

Figure 9: Mitred Insulation Elbow Oversized Application

(Source: Canadian Govn Pub)

sufficient and a final finishing method (i.e. canvas) is not required (Figure 10). These fittings are easy to install and come in different colours (white being

the most common) with either a dull or shiny appearance. PVC jacketing may also be used to protect piping insulation.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Pipe. Pipe insulation (shown with factory-applied jacket). Collar of oversized pipe insulation. Glass fiber insert wrapped around the elbow. PVC fitting cover. Reducing end cap. Vapor retarder adhesive on all joints and overlaps (cold applications only.) 8. Vapor retarder tape.

Figure 10: PVC/Glass Fibre Elbow Insulation System

20

(Source: Canadian Govn Pub)

3.3.7

INSULATION OF IN-LINE FLANGES OR COUPLINGS

In-line flanges or couplings, are difficult to insulate with standard sized products. In these cases blanket wrap insulation is used to surround the coupling and is finished with both canvas and lagging, or a PVC fitting cover (Figure 11).

3.3.8

REMOVABLE AND REUSABLE INSULATION

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Pipe. Pipe insulation (factory applied jacket). Vapor retarder tape along longitudinal seam and around ends. Glass fiber insert wrapped around the coupling. PVC cover extending over the pipe insulation.

Removable insulation may be used where valves require constant maintenance. These are made of a fabric cover with a contained insulation, and a fastening system such as the one shown (Figure 12).

Figure 11: PVC/Glass Fibre Coupling or In-Line Flange Insulation System

3.3.9

DUCT INSULATION

Ducts can be insulated with either a flexible blanket type product or with a rigid board system (Figure 13). The rigid board system offers superior abuse resistance, but may be more difficult to apply because of the necessity of cutting and fitting around connections and changes in direction. Where a vapour retarder system is required for cold or dual temperature ducting, care should be taken to seal all joints with adhesive to maintain the vapour retarder. Any punctures of the vapour retarder facing should be vapour-sealed. Rigid board insulation with factory applied jacketing should have joints and edges sealed with an adhesive backed vapour retarder tape. Blanket wrap insulation may be available with a lap joint, which can be sealed with a vapour retarder adhesive.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Valve. Removable cover. machine stitching. Metal stitching at edges. Quilting washer. Lacing hooks and wire. Adjacent insulation.

21

Figure 12: Removable and Reusable Insulation

1. 2. 3. 4.

Rectangular duct. Blanket insulation (shown with factory-applied vapor retarder jacket). Factory lap (sealed with adhesive and/or staples or vapor retarder tape). Vapor retarder tape over tears and penetrations of the vapor retarder jacket (optional in hot applications.) 5. Mechanical fasteners supporting insulation n the underside of ducts ovedr 24" wide (spaced 3" from the butt joint.)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Housing or shaft. Liner or fibrous board insulation. Adhesive. Mechanical fasteners. Joint sealer.

Figure 13: Flexible Fibrous Blanket Duct Insulation Rectangular/Indoors (Source: Canadian Govn Pub)

Figure 14: Field Applied Lining Ducts, Plenums and Housings

3.3.10

FIELD APPLIED LINING

When field applied (applied on site rather than in the factory where the components were made) to the inside surface of housings or shafts, insulation is attached by means of adhesives and mechanical fasteners, depending on the size of the housing and the velocity of the air moving through it (Figure 14). Transverse joints and exposed edges are taped or coated with sealer to hold the insulation firmly in place.

3.3.11

INSULATION OF TANKS AND VESSELS

The choice of application method depends on the conditions of the system. If welding pins onto an existing tank or vessel (Figure 15) is dangerous then the insulation can be secured by banding in place. Either flexible batt or rigid board insulation may be used to insulate tanks or vessels. The insulation

1. Vessel wall. 2. Insulation board, scored or beveled to fit the curvature of the vessel surface. 3. Stainless steel bands and "S" clips as required (see inset). An alternate method of securement is impalement of insulation on mechanical fasteners. 4. Bottom tier of insulation is cellular glass in areas where water absorption and wicking may occur (optional). 5. Corrugated or smooth sheet metal sheathing. 6. Head flashing. 7. Caulking/flashing at fittings.

22

Figure 15: Curved Surfaces Rigid Board Insulation (Source: Canadian Govn Pub)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Head insulation (rigid block is shown). Floating ring of cable. Head bands on 12" centers. Shell insulation. Head insulation supporting ring (not required for horizontal vessels). 1" joint between support ring and shell insulation packed with mineral or glass fibre insulation. 7. Segments of flat sheet metal cut in wedge shapes, to overlap and conform to the surface of the head insulation. 8. Band at base of head insulation cover. 9. Sheet metal screws on 3" centres along horizontal and vertical seams. 10. High density insulation for walkway. 11. Roofing materials or reinforced mastic. 12. Caulking and flashing as required. 13. Banding to secure rim angle. 14. Metal I-beams used to stiffen head structure.

Figure 16: Metal Head Insulation, Securement and Cover Fabrication (Source: Canadian Govn Pub)

manufacturer may recommend choice of type of product. Rigid insulation such as calcium silicate will have to be scored to conform to the curvature of the tank. Mineral fibre insulation may be bent to conform to the vessel shape. Where the tank or vessel comes in contact with the ground, an insulation material that does not wick or absorb moisture should be used around the base of the tank. Cellular glass is typically used. Weather protection of insulated outdoor tanks and vessels is a key requirement. Sheet steel or aluminium panels are fastened together with vertical and horizontal laps sufficient to shed rain water to protect the insulation.

3.3.12

VESSEL AND TANK HEAD INSULATION

Vessel tops are a major source of heat loss. Thus, the insulation of the tops of tanks and vessels (Figure 16) is important to maintain temperature within the process. Proper protection of the insulation on the top of the tank or vessel is critical to prevent heat loss in the system. In addition to the insulation method shown, roofing contractors normally insulate flat tank surfaces. The nature of the insulation system is critical and should be performed by qualified insulation contractors only.

23

4 ENERGY MANAGEMENT OPPORTUNITIES

Energy Management Opportunities is a term that represents the ways that energy can be used wisely to save money. A number of typical Energy Management Opportunities subdivided into Housekeeping, Low Cost, and Retrofit categories are outlined in this section with worked examples to illustrate the potential energy savings. This is not a complete listing of the opportunities available for insulation. However, it is intended to provide ideas for management, operating and maintenance personnel to allow them to identify other opportunities that are applicable to a particular facility. Appropriate modules in this series should be considered for Energy Management Opportunities existing within other types of equipment and systems. The following text briefly highlights several Energy Management Opportunities and is followed by worked examples or explanatory text for illustrative purposes.

4.1.1 4.1.1.1

HOUSEKEEPING WORKED EXAMPLES REPAIR DAMAGED INSULATION

During a walk through audit of a process facility it was noted that the insulation on an NPS 4 pipeline had been damaged and removed for a ten-metre length. This pipeline was carrying high temperature process fluid at 121oC and the ambient temperature was 18oC. The original insulation was 76 mm thick mineral fibre. A diagnostic audit was performed to establish the heat loss from this section of pipe before and after the damaged insulation had been removed to establish the additional energy loss without insulation. From Table 1 the heat loss from NPS 4 pipe at 121oC is approximately 530 Wh/m. From Table 3 the heat loss for the same piping with 76 mm of mineral fibre insulation is 28 Wh/m. For a ten-metre length, the reduction in heat loss is now calculated. Heat loss reduction per hour 10 (530 28) 10 502 5020 Wh/h If the pipe in question is in operation 8760 hours per year the annual heat loss reduction can be calculated.

4.1 HOUSEKEEPING OPPORTUNITIES

Implemented housekeeping opportunities are energy management actions that are done on a regular basis and never less than once a year. The following are typical Energy Management Opportunities in this category include: 1. Repair damaged insulation. 2. Repair damaged coverings and finishes. 3. Maintain safety requirements.

24

Annual heat loss reduction Hourly heat loss reduction operating hours per year 5020 8760 43 975 200 Wh/yr or 43 975.2 kWh/yr. If the process fluid is heated by electricity which costs R0.20/kwh, the reduction in heat loss can be equated to a Rand savings as follows. Annual Rand savings Annual reduction in heat loss energy unit cost 43 975 200 kWh=yr RO:20=kWh 1000

4.1.1.2

REPAIR DAMAGED INSULATION COVERS AND FINISHES

Damage to the insulation cover and finish can expose the insulation and leave it susceptible to damage by water, sunlight and mechanical abuse. Damage will reduce the effectiveness of insulation and thus will increase the heat loss and its associated cost.

4.1.1.3

MAINTAIN SAFETY REQUIREMENTS

R8795.04/yr The estimated cost to supply and install 10 metres of 76mm glass fibre insulation was R4000. R4000:00 Simple payback R8795:04 0.45 years (5 months) A further benefit of the insulation is the removal of a potential employee burn hazard. Without insulation, the pipe surface temperature would be approximately 121oC. By adding the insulation the outer surface of the insulation would be 23oC. This is a housekeeping item even though there is a cost involved for the replacement of the 10 metres of insulation because it is considered as a part of the normal housekeeping / maintenance program in any facility. To assist in performing the calculation Worksheet 1-2 has been developed and is completed for this specific example.

Pipes that are exposed to human contact should be insulated such that the temperature of the exposed surface does not exceed 70oC. Major burn hazards exist at temperatures above this. A review of Table 3 shows that the insulation surface temperatures never approach this figure.

4.2

LOW COST OPPORTUNITIES

Implemented low cost opportunities are energy management actions that are done once and for which the cost is not considered great. The following are typical Energy Management Opportunities in this category include: 1. Insulate non-insulated pipe. 2. Insulate non-insulated vessels. 3. Add insulation to reach recommended thickness.

4.2.1 4.2.1.1

LOW COST WORKED EXAMPLES INSULATE NON-INSULATED PIPING

25

During a walk through audit of a facility it was noted that an NPS 2 branch steam main 20 metres

long feeding a new unit heater had not been insulated during the original installation. The steam temperature was 121oC. It was decided to investigate the potential energy and dollar savings if this main was insulated with the recommended thickness of cellular glass insulation. The main was in operation 2880 hours per year. From Table 3 it was established that the recommended thickness of cellular glass insulation for this application was 64 mm, and the heat loss if this amount of insulation were installed would be 35 Wh/m From Table 1 the heat loss from this same pipe with no insulation is 290 Wh/m. Using Worksheet 1-2 the annual reduction in heat loss due to the addition of insulation would be 14 688 00 Wh/yr or 14 688/yr or 52 876.8 MJ/yr. Steam was produced in a boiler operating at 75 per cent efficiency using Sasol gas at R53.00/GJ. Rand savings 52 876:8 53:00 1000 0:75

insulated with the recommended insulation thickness of mineral fibre insulation. Vessel surface area ATop ASide ABottom (2 1) [(2 1) (2 1) (1 1) (1 1)] (2 1) 262 10m2 From Table 3 the recommended insulation thickness for a flat surface at 177oC is 102 mm, and its heat loss is 63 Wh/m2. Worksheet 1-3 is used to calculate the annual loss due to the addition of insulation as 551 880 kWh/yr. On the basis that the vessel is heated with electric immersion heaters, and the energy cost for electricity is R0.20/kWh, the annual potential Rand savings may be calculated. Annual savings 551 880 R0.20 R110 376 Estimated cost to supply and install 100 mm of mineral fibre insulation on the top, side and bottom of the tank is R30 000. Simple payback R30 000 R110 376

R3736.62/yr Estimated cost to supply and install the insulation is R3000. Simple payback R3 000:00 R3 736:62

0.80 years (10 months)

0.27 years (3 months)

4.2.1.2

INSULATE NON-INSULATED VESSELS

4.2.1.3

ADD INSULATION TO REACH RECOMMENDED THICKNESS

During a walk through audit of a facility it was noted that a rectangular tank 2m long by 1 m wide by 1 m deep, with a hinged lid was not insulated even though the tank was maintained at 177oC for 8760 hours per year. A diagnostic audit was performed to establish the potential energy and cost savings if the vessel was

26

During a walk through audit of a facility, it was noted that a two-metre diameter vessel, with a surface area of 25 m2 containing a liquid being maintained at 65oC was insulated with 25 mm of mineral fibre insulation. The vessel was in operation 8400 hours per year and was heated with electricity at the cost of R0.20/kWh

Using Table 3 the recommended insulation thickness for this application was 51 mm with an associated heat loss of 32 Wh/m2. A diagnostic audit was performed to establish the energy and cost savings if the insulation was increased in thickness to the recommended 51 mm. Manufacturer's data for 25 mm of mineral fibre insulation under these conditions indicated the heat loss was 105 Wh/m2 of surface area of the tank. Worksheet 1-3 is used twice. The first time to calculate the reduction in heat loss from a bare vessel to 25 mm of insulation and the second time to calculate the reduction in heat loss between the bare vessel and 51 mm of insulation. The energy savings in adding 26 mm of insulation and increasing the overall thickness to 51 mm can be calculated. Energy Savings Savings with 51 mm Savings with 25 mm or 81 900 000 61 950 000 19 950 000 Wh/yr 19 950 kWh/yr

4.3 RETROFIT OPPORTUNITIES

Implemented retrofit opportunities are energy management actions, which are done once and for which the cost is significant. Many of the opportunities in this category will require detailed analysis by specialists, and cannot be covered in this module. The following are typical Energy Management Opportunities in the retrofit category: 1. Upgrade existing insulation levels. 2. Review economic thickness requirement. 3. Limited budget upgrade.

4.3.1 4.3.1.1

RETROFIT WORKED EXAMPLES UPGRADE EXISTING INSULATION LEVELS

During a walk through audit it was noted that an NPS 6, steam header operating at 288oC for 8760 hours per year was insulated with cellular glass insulation. The steam header was 100 metres long. A review of Table 3 indicated that the heat loss for this main based on the cellular glass insulation was 145 Wh/m. It was further noted that if the insulation was changed to mineral fibre, the heat loss would be reduced to 99 Wh/m. It should be noted that the insulation thickness remained the same. Annual energy savings of mineral fibre insulation can be calculated. Annual energy savings (Cellular glass loss mineral fibre loss) Length operating hours per year

Rand savings 19 950 R0.20 R3 990 Estimated cost to supply and install the additional insulation is R30 000. Simple payback R30 000 R3 990

7.5 years

27

 (147 100) 100 8760 41 172 000 Wh/yr or 41 172 000 3.6 148 219 200 kJ/yr or 148 219.2 MJ/yr The steam was produced in a boiler operating at 76 per cent efficiency using synthetic at a cost of R58.00/GJ. Rand savings 148 219:2 R58:00 1000 0:76

numerous steam branch mains were not insulated. These steam mains varied in size from NPS 1 to NPS 6. It was estimated that the equivalent length would be equal to 350 m of NPS 4. The temperature of the steam was 121oC and the mains were in operation for an estimated 4400 hours per year. The steam was produced in a lowpressure boiler, which used synthetic gas as the fuel and operated at 77 per cent efficiency. The cost of gas at the facility was R58.00/GJ. A review of Table 3 indicated that the recommended mineral fibre insulation thickness for NPS 4 pipe at 121oC would be 76 mm. and that the heat loss would be 28 Wh/m. Table 1 indicates that the heat loss for bare steel pipe at 121oC is 530Wh/m. Using Worksheet 1-2 it was established that the reduction in heat loss if the bare pipe were insulated to the recommended thickness with glass fibre insulation would be or 2 783 088 MJ/yr. Dollar savings 2 783 088 R58:00 1000 0:77

R11 311.50/yr The estimated cost to replace the cellular glass insulation with glass fibre insulation was R100 000. Simple payback R100 000 R11 311:50

8.8 years In this case the replacement is not justified based on the payback. However, if the original insulation had been less than the recommended thickness, the heat loss and therefore the savings would have been much greater. This would have to be calculated using insulation manufacturers published data.

R209 635/yr The cost to supply and install the 76mm insulation on the uninsulated piping was R80 000 Simple payback R80 000 R209 635

4.3.1.2

REVIEW ECONOMIC INSULATION THICKNESS

0.38 years (5 months) As indicated in the `Fundamentals' section of this module, in some instances, the economic insulation thickness should be considered and compared to recommended insulation thickness to establish potential savings. However, due to certain financial constraints, management was not prepared to invest this amount of money at this time. Because of the budget limitations imposed by management, a new set of calculations was performed on the basis of using 25 mm of mineral fibre insulation. The insulation manufacturer indicated that under these conditions the heat loss would be 200 Wh/m for every hour of operation.

4.3.1.3

LIMITED BUDGET UPGRADE

During a walk through audit of a facility, which was being considered for purchase, it was noted that

28

Using Worksheet 1-2 again the reduction in heat loss if 25 mm of mineral fibre insulation is used is 1 829 520 MJ/yr Rand savings 1 829 520 R58:00 1 000 0:77

Even though the simple payback was not as good as with the 25 mm as with the 76 mm of insulation, management was prepared to invest R70 000 for this limited budget upgrade.

R137 808/yr Estimated cost to supply and install the insulation is R70 000 Simple payback R70 000 R137 808

0.51 year (6 months).

29

APPENDICES

WORKSHEETS WORKSHEET 1-1

Insulation Material Properties Selection Considerations

Company: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Date: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Location: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ By: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Insulation for: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Property APPEARANCE (is insulation exposed?) CHEMICAL NEUTRALITY (is insulation subject to intermittent wetting?) BREAKING LOAD (Must insulation bridge discontinuities in its support?) CAPILLARITY (is insulation in a wet area?) COEFFICIENT OF EXPANSION AND CONTRACTION (is insulation layered or are expansion joints required?) COMBUSTIBILITY (is there a fire hazard in the area?) COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH (must insulation support a load or be subject to mechanical abuse?) DENSITY SHRINKAGE (is this a high temperature application?) RESISTANCE TO ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION (is insulation exposed to sunlight?) RESISTANCE TO BACTERIAL OR FUNGAL GROWTH (is insulation used in a food or cosmetic preparation area?) Important Not Important

30

WORKSHEET 1-2
Heat Loss From Piping
Company: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Location: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Pipe diameter (NPS) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Pipe temperature _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ oC Proposed insulation type _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Uninsulated Heat loss Per metre _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _Wh/m.h (Table 1) Heat loss/h Heat loss/m.h length _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _Wh/h Annual heat loss Heat loss h/yr _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _Wh/h (1) Reduction in heat loss due to addition of insulation Date: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ By: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Pipe Length _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _m Operating Hours per year _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _h Proposed Insulation thickness _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ mm Insulated _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _Wh/m.h (Table 3) Heat loss/m.h length _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _Wh/h Heat loss/h h/yr _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _Wh/yr (2) (1) (2)

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _Wh/yr or _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _Wh/yr 3.6 kJ/Wh _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _kJ/yr Annual Rand savings may now be calculated using cost per unit of heating medium. Ensure that units are compatible.

31

WORKSHEET 1-2
Heat Loss From Piping
ABC Co. Company: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ANYTOWN Location: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Low cost worked example No. 1 2 Pipe diameter (NPS) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 121 Pipe temperature _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ oC Proposed cellular glass insulation type _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Uninsulated Heat loss 290 Per metre _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _Wh/m.h (Table 1) Heat loss/h Heat loss/m.h length 290 20 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 5 800 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _Wh/h Annual heat loss Heat loss h/yr 5 800 2 880 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 16 704 000 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _Wh/yr (1) Reduction in heat loss due to addition of insulation Date: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ MBE By: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 20 Pipe Length _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _m Operating 2 880 Hours per year _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _h Proposed 34 Insulation thickness _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ mm Insulated 35 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _Wh/m.h (Table 3) Heat loss/m.h length 35 20 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 700 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _Wh/h Heat loss/h h/yr 700 2 880 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 2 016 000 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _Wh/yr (2) (1) (2)

16 704 000 2 016 000 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 14 688 000 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _Wh/yr 14 688 000 or _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _Wh/yr 3.6 kJ/Wh 52 876 800 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _kJ/yr Annual Rand savings may now be calculated using cost per unit of heating medium. Ensure that units are compatible.

32

WORKSHEET 1-2
Heat Loss From Piping
XYZ Co. Company: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ANYTOWN Location: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Housekeeping worked example No. 1 4 Pipe diameter (NPS) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 121 Pipe temperature _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ oC Proposed mineral fibre insulation type _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Uninsulated Heat loss 530 Per metre _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _Wh/m.h (Table 1) Heat loss/h Heat loss/m.h length 530 10 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 5 300 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _Wh/h Annual heat loss Heat loss h/yr 5 300 8 760 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 46 428 000 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _Wh/h (1) Reduction in heat loss due to addition of insulation Date: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ MBE By: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 10 Pipe Length _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _m Operating 8 760 Hours per year _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _h Proposed 76 Insulation thickness _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ mm Insulated 28 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _Wh/m.h (Table 3) Heat loss/m.h length 28 10 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 280 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _Wh/h Heat loss/h h/yr 2800 8 760 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 2 452 800 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _Wh/yr (2) (1) (2)

46 428 000 2 452 800 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 43 975 200 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _Wh/yr or _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _Wh/yr 3.6 kJ/Wh _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _kJ/yr Annual Rand savings may now be calculated using cost per unit of heating medium. Ensure that units are compatible.

33

WORKSHEET 1-3
Heat Loss From Piping
Company: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Location: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Equipment _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Surface area _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ m2 Product temperature _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ C Uninsulated Heat loss_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _Wh/m2 (Table 1) Total heat loss/h Surface area Heat loss _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _Wh/h Annual heat loss Heat loss h/yr _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _Wh/yr (1) Reduction in heat loss due to addition of insulation
o

Date: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ By: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Operating Hours per year _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _h Proposed Insulation type _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Proposed Insulation thickness _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ mm Insulated _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _Wh/m2 (Table 3) Surface area Heat loss _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _Wh/h Heat loss/h h/yr _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _Wh/yr (2) (1) (2)

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _Wh/yr or _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _Wh/yr 3.6 kJ/Wh _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _kJ/yr Annual Rand savings may now be calculated using cost per unit of heating medium. Ensure that units are compatible.

34

WORKSHEET 1-3
Heat Loss From Piping
ABC Co. Company: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ANYTOWN Location: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Heating tank No. 1 Equipment _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 10 Surface area _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ m2 177 Product temperature _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ oC Uninsulated 2 800 Heat loss_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _Wh/m2 (Table 5) Total heat loss/h Surface area Heat loss 10 2 800 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 28 000 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _Wh/h Annual heat loss Heat loss h/yr 28 000 8 760 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 245 280 000 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _Wh/h (1) Reduction in heat loss due to addition of insulation Date: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ MBE By: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Operating 8 760 Hours per year _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _h Proposed Insulation mineral fibre type _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Proposed 102 Insulation thickness _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ mm Insulated 63 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _Wh/m2 (Table 3) Surface area Heat loss 10 63 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 630 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _Wh/h Heat loss/h h/yr 630 8 760 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 5 518 800 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _Wh/yr (2) (1) (2)

245 280 000 5 518 800 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 239 761 200 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _Wh/yr 239 761 200 or _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _Wh/yr 3.6 kJ/W 863 140 320 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _kJ/yr Annual Rand savings may now be calculated using cost per unit of heating medium. Ensure that units are compatible.

35

WORKSHEET 1-3
Heat Loss From Piping
XYZ Co. Company: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ANYTOWN Location: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Low cost worked example No.3 Heating tank No. 2 Equipment _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 25 Surface area _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ m2 65 Product temperature _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ oC Uninsulated 504.7 Heat loss_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _Wh/m2 (Table 5) Total heat loss/h Surface area Heat loss 25 504.7 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 12 617.5 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _Wh/h Annual heat loss Heat loss h/yr 12 617.5 8 400 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 105 987 000 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _Wh/h (1) Reduction in heat loss due to addition of insulation Date: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ MBE By: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Operating 8 400 hours per year _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _h Proposed Insulation mineral fibre type _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Proposed 51 Insulation thickness _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ mm Insulated 32 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _Wh/m2 (Table 3) Surface area Heat loss 25 32 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 800 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _Wh/h Heat loss/h h/yr 800 8 400 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 6 720 000 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _Wh/yr (2) (1) (2)

105 987 000 6 720 000 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 99 300 000 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _Wh/yr 99 300 000 or _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _Wh/yr 3.6 kJ/Wh 357 480 000 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _kJ/yr Annual Rand savings may now be calculated using cost per unit of heating medium. Ensure that units are compatible.

36

WORKSHEET 1-3
Heat Loss From Piping
ABC Co. Company: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ANYTOWN Location: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Low cost worked example No. 3 Holding tank No. 2 Equipment _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 25 Surface area _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ m2 65 Product temperature _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ oC Uninsulated 504.7 Heat loss_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _Wh/m2 (Table 5) Total heat loss/h Surface area Heat loss 25 504.7 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 12 617.5 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _Wh/h Annual heat loss Heat loss h/yr 12 617.5 8 400 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 105 987 000 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _Wh/yr (1) Reduction in heat loss due to addition of insulation Date: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ MBE By: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Operating 8 400 Hours per year _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _h Proposed Insulation mineral fibre type _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Proposed 25 Insulation thickness _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ mm Insulated 115 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _Wh/mm2 (Table 3) Surface area Heat loss 25 115 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 2 875 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _Wh/h Heat loss/h h/yr 2 875 8 400 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 21 150 000 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _Wh/yr (2) (1) (2)

105 987 000 21 150 000 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 81 837 000 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _Wh/yr 81 837 000 or _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _Wh/yr 3.6 kJ/Wh 294 613 200 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _kJ/yr Annual Rand savings may now be calculated using cost per unit of heating medium. Ensure that units are compatible.

37

WORKSHEET 1-2 (Page 1 of 2)

Heat Loss From Piping
ABC Co. Company: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ANYTOWN Location: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Retrofit worked example No. 3 4 Pipe diameter (NPS) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 121 Pipe temperature _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ oC Proposed mineral fibre insulation type _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Uninsulated 530 Heat loss_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _Wh/m.h (Table 1) Heat loss/h Heat loss/m.h length 530 350 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 185 500 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _Wh/h Annual heat loss Heat loss h/yr 185 500 4 400 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 816 200 000 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _Wh/h (1) Reduction in heat loss due to addition of insulation Date: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ MBE By: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 350 Pipe Length _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _m Operating 4 400 Hours per year _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _h Proposed 76 Insulation thickness _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ mm Insulated 28 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _Wh/m.h (Table 3) Heat loss/m.h length 28 350 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 9 800 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _Wh/h Heat loss/h h/yr 9 800 4 400 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 43 120 000 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _Wh/yr (2) (1) (2)

816 200 000 43 120 000 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 773 080 000 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _Wh/yr 773 080 000 or _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _Wh/yr 3.6 kJ/Wh 2 783 088 000 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _kJ/yr Annual Rand savings may now be calculated using cost per unit of heating medium. Ensure that units are compatible.

38

WORKSHEET 1-2 (Page 2 of 2)

Heat Loss From Piping
ABC Co. Company: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ANYTOWN Location: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Retrofit worked example No. 3 4 Pipe diameter (NPS) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 121 Pipe temperature _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ oC Proposed mineral fibre insulation type _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Uninsulated Heat loss 530 Per metre _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _Wh/m.h (Table 1) Heat loss/h Heat loss/m.h length 530 350 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 185 500 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _Wh/h Annual heat loss Heat loss h/yr 185 500 4 400 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 816 200 000 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _Wh/yr (1) Reduction in heat loss due to addition of insulation Date: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ MBE By: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 350 Pipe Length _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _m Operating 4 400 Hours per year _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _h Proposed 25 Insulation thickness _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ mm Insulated 200 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _Wh/m.h (Table 3) Heat loss/m.h length 200 350 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 70 000 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _Wh/h Heat loss/h h/yr 70 000 4 400 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 308 000 000 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _Wh/yr (2) (1) (2)

816 200 000 308 000 000 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 508 200 000 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _Wh/yr 508 200 000 or _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _Wh/yr 3.6 kJ/Wh 1 829 520 000 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _kJ/yr Annual Rand savings may now be calculated using cost per unit of heating medium. Ensure that units are compatible.

39

GLOSSARY

Ambient Temperature The temperature of the medium, usually air, surrounding the object under consideration. Batt A piece of insulation, of the flexible type, cut into easily handled sizes, square or rectangular in shape, usually 609.6 mm (24) or 1219 mm (48) long with a vapour retarder on one side, and with, or without, a container sheet on the other side.

the liquid being the surface tension. Caulking Compound A soft, plastic material, consisting of pigment and carrier, used for sealing joints in buildings, and other structures, where normal structural movement may occur. Cellular Elastomeric Flexible Thermal Insulation Insulation composed principally of natural or synthetic elastomers in expanded cellular form. Cellular Glass Thermal Insulation Insulation composed of glass processed by fusion to form a homogeneous rigid mass of closed cells. Celsius The temperature measuring scale (formerly Centigrade) in which the freezing point of water is taken at 0o and the vaporisation point at 100o. Absolute zero on this scale is -273.15oC. Chemically Foamed Plastic A cellular plastic produced by gasses generated from chemical interaction of constituents. Chlorinated Solvent An organic chemical liquid characterised by a high chlorine content and used in coating products to impart non-flammability. Closed-Cell Foamed Plastic A cellular plastic in which there is a predominance of noninterconnecting cells.

Blanket Insulation, of the flexible type, formed into sheets or rolls, usually with a vapour retarder on one side, and with, or without, a container sheet on the other side. Block Rigid or semi-rigid insulation formed into sections, rectangular both in plan and cross-section, usually 36 (914.4 mm) to 1219 mm (48) long, 152.4 mm (6) to 609.6 mm (24) wide, and 25.4 mm (1) to 152.4 mm (6) thick. Calcium Silicate Insulation Insulation composed principally of hydrous calcium silicate, which usually incorporates fibres of varying types to act as a binder. Canvas A light, plain weave, coarse, cotton cloth with hard twisted yarns, usually not more than 271 grams per square metre. Capillarity That property of a material which enables it to suck a liquid up into or through itself, with the driving force of

40

Coating A liquid, or semi-liquid, protective finish suitable for thermal insulation or other surfaces, usually applied by brush or spray, in moderate thickness, less than 0.80 mm approx. [30 mils (0.030)]. Coefficient of Expansion (Contraction) The increase (decrease) in length of a material one unit long, due to the increase (decrease) of temperature by one degree. Combustible Capable of uniting with air or oxygen in a reaction initiated by heating accompanied by the subsequent evolution of heat and light i.e. capable of burning. Combustibility That property of a material which measures its tendency to burn. It is normally expressed in the arbitrary terms of Flame Spread Index and Smoke Density Index Compressive Strength Resistance to change in dimension when acted on by a compacting force. Condensation The act of water vapour turning into water upon contact with a surface at a lower temperature than the dew point of the vapour. Conduction The transfer of energy within a body, or between two bodies in physical contact, from a higher temperature region to a lower temperature region. Conductivity See Thermal Conductance. Contact Adhesive An adhesive which is apparently dry to the touch and which will adhere to itself instantaneously' upon

contact: also called contact bond or dry bond adhesive. Corrosion Effect The wearing away' or destruction of a substrate caused by acid or alkaline reactions between materials contained in the insulation and substrate. Coverage-Wet The property of a material which measures the thickness of wet material that must be applied to a given area to obtain a specific thickness after it has cured and dried. Cryogenic Pertaining to the extremely low temperatures, such as the liquefaction points of gaseous elements, usually approaching absolute zero (-273.15oC). Curing Agent An additive incorporated in a coating or adhesive resulting in increased chemical activity between the components, with an increase or decrease in the rate of cure. Curved Segmental Block A piece of rigid pipe insulation, moulded or cut from a block to fit the exact dimensions of a given size of pipe. Density The mass per unit volume of a substance. Dewpoint The temperature at which the quantity of water vapour in a material would cause saturation, with resultant condensation of the vapour into liquid water by any further reduction of temperature. Diatomaceous Silica Insulation Insulation composed principally of diatomaceous earth with, or without, heat-resistant inorganic

41

binders and which usually incorporates mineral fibres. Dimensional Stability That property of insulation, which enables it to hold its original size, shape and dimensions. Drying Time (Adhesives) Time elapsed since bonding and the time when no further increase in bond strength is realised. Drying Time (Finishes) Time elapsed after which no further significant changes take place in appearance or performance properties, due to drying. Ductility That property of a material which enables it to undergo large deformations without rupture. Elastomer Material, which at room temperature can be stretched repeatedly to at least twice its original length and immediately upon release of the stress, will return with force to the approximate original length. Emittance The ratio of the total heat lost per unit of time through the same unit area of a perfect blackbody. Exposed Any surface, which will be visible in the finished structure. Facing A thin layer on the surface of an insulating product, acting as either a vapour retarder, weather barrier, protector from damage or a decorative coating. Fahrenheit The temperature scale of The British System of units in which the freezing point of water is assigned the value of 32o and the vaporisation point the value

of 212o with 180 even divisions between and corresponding divisions above and below. Absolute zero on this scale is 459.67o. Felt An insulation material composed of fibres, which are interlocked and compacted under pressure. Fibreglass A composite material consisting of glass fibres and a resin binder. Filler A relatively inert material added to a mastic or coating to modify its strength, permeance, working properties, or other qualities. Finishing Cement A mixture of fibres, bonding clays, and water mixed to a plastic mass on the job, and used on the surface of insulation to provide a medium-hard to hard, even finish. Fire Resistance That property of a material that enables it to resist decomposition or deterioration when exposed to a fire. Fire Retardance That property of a material, which delays the spread of fire, either through or over itself. Flame Spread The rate, expressed in distance and time, at which a material will propagate flame on its surface. As this is a difficult property to measure in time and distance, the measure is now by flame spread index to enable the comparison of materials by one of the following test methods: CAN2- S102-M83 or ASTM E84. Flammable That property of a material which permits it to oxidise rapidly and release

42

heat of combustion when exposed to flame or fire, and allows continuous burning after the external ignition source is removed. Flashing A thin strip of metal inserted at the junction of 2 materials to divert water in a specific direction. Flash Point The lowest temperature of a material (at a fixed pressure) at which it gives off vapour, which, when combined with air near the surface, forms an ignitable mixture. Flexibility That property of a material, which allows it to be bent (flexed) without loss of strength. Flexural Strength That property of a material which measures its resistance to bending (flexing) usually expressed in kg/m (lbs/ in). Freeze-Thaw Resistance The property of a material which permits it to be alternately frozen and thawed through many cycles without damage from rupture or cracking. Fuel Contribution Flammable by-products of fire generated by, and emitted from, a burning object. Hanger A device such as a welded pin, stud or adhesive secured fastener, which carries the weight of the insulation or piping system. Humidity A measure of the amount of water vapour in the atmosphere.

Insulation A material of low thermal conductivity used to reduce the passage of heat. Insulation Coating A material, or materials, used over insulation or over the weather coating to provide the desired colour or texture for decorative purposes. Insulation Cover The cover for a flange, pipefitting, or valve, composed of the specified thickness of insulating material, and pre-formed into the proper shape before application. Insulation System An application of insulation to piping, ductwork or equipment that may include the use of adhesives, mechanical fastenings, coatings, reinforcing fabrics, sealant and metal covering. Jacket A covering placed around an insulation to protect it from mechanical damage, and, insofar as it is intrinsically able, from weather, water, ultraviolet light, etc. Lag A long, narrow piece of rigid insulation, rectangular in plan, trapezoidal in crosssection, moulded, or cut from a block of the proper thickness. Lagging An insulation layer, on a cylindrical surface, composed of lags. Laminated Foils A product made by bonding a foil sheet to at least one other material such as kraft paper. Lap Adhesive (Lap Cement) The adhesive material used to seal the side and end laps of insulation jackets. Linear Shrinkage The property of a material that indicates the proportional loss of dimen-

43

sions when exposed to high temperatures. Loose Fill Insulation Particulate material in granular, nodular, fibrous, powdery, or similar form designed to be installed dry by pouring, blowing, or hand placement between retaining surfaces or as a covering layer. Mastic A relatively thick consistency protective finish capable of application to thermal insulation or other surfaces, usually by spray or trowel, in thick coats greater than 30 mils (0.80 mm approximately). Metal Lath A lattice type of material of various gauges and sizes used to provide reinforcement for insulation. Mineral Fibre (Wool) A generic term for all nonmetallic inorganic fibres, which may be natural, or may be manufactured from such sources as rock, slag, or glass. Mineral Fibre Blanket Insulation A blanket thermal insulation composed of inorganic fibres, with, or without, added binders. Mitred Insulation Insulation that has been cut in bevelled sections so that when it is fitted together, it follows the contour or curve of the object being insulated. Non-combustible A material that will not contribute fuel or heat to a fire to which it is exposed. Non-flammable That property of a material that prevents it from oxidising rapidly and releasing heat or combustion when exposed to fire or flame.

Pipe Insulation Thermal insulation suited for application to cylindrical surfaces of pipe and tubing. Pre-formed Pipe Insulation Thermal insulation in cylindrical, semi-cylindrical, or segmental sections to fit pipes and tubing. Pre-formed Thermal Insulation Block A rigid or semi-rigid thermal insulating material, either flat or segmental, for application as received. Primer The first application of a coating system used to seal or condition the surface for the proper bonding of subsequent layers or coats. PVC-Polyvinyl Chloride Plastic material moulded into finished shapes such as fitting covers. Reflective Insulation Thermal insulation depending for its efficiency in large part on the reduction of radiant heat transfer across spaces by use of one or more surfaces of high reflectance and low emittance. Reinforcing Membrane A loosely woven cloth or fabric of glass or resilient fibres, placed approximately in the centre of the vapour retarder or weather barrier to act as reinforcing to the mastic of the barrier. Scrim Woven screening type fabric used to reinforce an insulation covering. Tack The property of an adhesive that enables it to form a bond of measurable strength immediately after adhesive and adherent are brought into contact under low pressure.

44

Temperature Limits The upper and lower temperatures at which a material will experience no essential change in its properties. Thermal Insulation Material having air-filled or gas-filled pockets, void spaces, or heatreflective surfaces, which, when properly applied will retard the transfer of heat with reasonable effectiveness under ordinary conditions. Reinforcing Mesh Generic term for poultry netting, chicken wire, etc., usually made from pre-galvanised wire woven in 25.4 mm (1 inch) mesh size. Also available in post-galvanised and rustless metal alloys. Relative Humidity The ratio of the actual pressure of existing water vapour to the maximum possible (saturation) pressure of water vapour in the atmosphere at the same temperature, expressed as a percentage. (See Dewpoint.) Resilient Capable of recoiling from pressure or shock unchanged or undamaged. Sag Excessive flow in material after application to a surface, resulting in curtaining or running. Self-Ignition Temperature (Autogeneous Ignition) The lowest temperature of a material which will cause it to ignite without another ignition source. Self-Extinguishing That property of a material which enables it to stop ignition after external ignition sources are removed. Sealer A substance, composed of various materials, used as a barrier to the passage of water vapour or water into the joint

formed by the mating surfaces of jackets and vapour retarders over insulation. A good sealer will not shrink much. There are several types of sealers, such as nonsetting, and heat resisting. Service Temperature Limits The temperature range within which the applied coating will provide satisfactory service. Smoke Density (Smoke Developed) The Smoke Density Factor is the amount of smoke given off by the burning material compared to the amount of smoke given off by the burning of a standard material. Softening Point That temperature at which a material will change its property from firm or rigid to soft or malleable. Solvent Any substance, usually a liquid, which dissolves another substance. Normally a liquid organic compound used to make a coating work more freely. Substrate A material upon the surface of which an adhesive or coating is spread. Thermal Shock Resistance That property of a material which enables it to maintain shape and not distort, crack or shatter, from a sudden temperature change. Thermoplastic Capable of being repeatedly softened by an increase of temperature. Note: Thermoplastic applies to those materials whose change upon heating is substantially physical. Thermoset A plastic or other coating which, when cured by the application of heat or chemical means, changes to a substantially infusible and insoluble product.

45

Toxicity The degree of hazard to health. Urethane Resins Resins made by the condensation of organic isocyanates with compounds or resins that contain hydroxol groups. Note: Urethanes are a type of isocyanates resins. Vapour Retarder A material, or materials, which when installed on the high vapour pressure side, retards the passage of the moisture vapour to the lower vapour pressure side. Vapour Migration (Permeability) That property of a material, which measures the rate at which water vapour will penetrate it, due to vapour pressure differences between its surfaces. Vapour Pressure The gas pressure exerted by the water vapour present in the air. Vermiculite Lightweight insulation material made from the expansion of granules at high temperatures. Victaulic A trade or patented name for a specific type of coupling.

Viscosity The property of resistance to flow exhibited within the body of a material. Water Absorption The increase in weight of a material, expressed as a percentage of its dry weight, after immersion in water for a specified time. Weather Barrier A material, which, when installed on the outside of the insulation, protects the insulation from weather damage due to rain, snow, wind, atmospheric contamination, etc. Weather Coating A material, or materials, which, when installed on the outer surface of thermal insulation, protects the insulation from weather, such as rain, snow, sleet, wind, solar radiation, and atmospheric contamination. Wire Netting Interwoven wires of metal used as reinforcement for insulation. Wicking The ability of a material to draw up liquids by capillary action.

46

HEAT LOSS TABLES

47

48

49

50

51

HEAT LOSS TABLES

HEAT LOSS THROUGH PIPES WITH VARIOUS THICKNESSES OF INSULATION

TABLE 3 CELLULAR GLASS NPS 66 0.5 Thickness heat loss surf. temp Thickness heat loss surf. temp Thickness heat loss surf. temp Thickness heat loss surf. temp Thickness heat loss surf. temp Thickness heat loss surf. temp Thickness heat loss surf. temp Thickness heat loss surf. temp Thickness heat loss surf. temp 25 12 24 25 16 24 38 17 23 38 14 22 38 25 24 51 25 23 51 34 23 64 36 23 64 42 23 121 38 25 26 51 28 25 64 31 24 64 35 25 76 39 24 76 46 25 89 54 24 86 65 25 102 70 24 PROCESS TEMPERATURE (oC) 177 51 37 28 64 41 27 76 46 26 76 51 27 89 60 26 102 64 26 102 82 27 98 99 27 102 116 28 232 64 49 28 76 55 28 102 58 27 102 64 27 102 79 26 102 92 28 102 118 29 98 142 31 102 167 31 288 76 61 29 89 68 29 102 77 29 102 86 29 102 106 31 102 123 31 114 147 31 123 163 31 140 179 31 343 89 72 30 102 83 30 102 98 31 102 110 32 114 127 32 114 147 32 140 165 31 135 196 32 140 229 33 399 102 86 31 102 102 32 102 121 33 114 128 32 127 148 33 127 170 33 152 193 33 159 217 33 178 239 32

1.5

10

52

TABLE 3 (CELLULAR GLASS Continued) NPS 66 12 Thickness heat loss surf. temp Thickness heat loss surf. temp Thickness heat loss surf. temp Thickness heat loss surf. temp Thickness heat loss surf. temp Thickness heat loss surf. temp Thickness heat loss surf. temp Thickness heat loss surf. temp Thickness heat loss surf. temp 64 48 23 64 53 23 64 59 23 64 65 23 64 71 23 64 84 23 64 103 24 64 122 24 64 41 406 121 102 80 25 102 87 25 102 96 25 102 106 25 102 115 26 102 135 26 102 164 26 102 193 26 102 63 25 PROCESS TEMPERATURE (oC) 177 102 133 28 102 142 28 102 159 28 102 175 29 102 191 29 102 223 29 102 271 29 102 319 29 102 101 28 232 102 191 32 102 206 32 102 229 32 102 255 32 114 251 31 127 268 30 140 300 29 140 352 29 140 107 28 288 140 203 31 140 217 31 140 240 31 140 263 31 140 287 32 140 333 32 140 402 32 140 470 33 140 145 31 343 140 258 34 140 277 34 140 307 34 140 337 34 140 365 34 140 425 35 140 512 36 140 600 36 191 136 31 399 191 258 32 203 262 31 203 288 32 203 314 32 203 340 32 203 391 32 203 467 33 203 543 33 216 148 32

14

16

18

20

24

30

36

FLAT

Heat loss: Wh/m for pipe, Wh/m2 for flat surfaces Based on 18oC ambient temperature

53

HEAT LOSS THROUGH PIPES WITH VARIOUS THICKNESSES OF INSULATION

TABLE 3 CALCIUM SILICATE NPS 66 0.5 Thickness heat loss surf. temp Thickness heat loss surf. temp Thickness heat loss surf. temp Thickness heat loss surf. temp Thickness heat loss surf. temp Thickness heat loss surf. temp Thickness heat loss surf. temp Thickness heat loss surf. temp Thickness heat loss surf. temp 25 8 22 25 11 23 25 13 23 38 12 22 38 15 22 38 18 22 51 20 22 51 25 22 51 31 22 121 38 15 24 25 20 24 51 21 23 51 24 24 64 27 23 76 28 23 76 37 23 86 40 23 89 48 23 177 51 23 24 51 29 26 64 32 25 76 23 24 89 37 24 102 40 23 102 52 24 98 62 24 102 74 25 PROCESS TEMPERATURE (oC) 232 64 32 26 64 39 27 76 43 26 89 45 25 102 52 25 102 61 26 102 78 26 98 93 27 102 111 27 288 76 41 26 89 47 26 102 52 26 102 59 26 102 72 27 102 85 28 114 100 28 123 112 27 127 130 28 343 89 52 27 102 59 27 102 70 28 102 78 28 114 90 28 127 98 30 127 125 29 123 149 29 140 163 29 399 102 63 28 102 76 29 102 90 30 102 101 31 114 117 31 140 121 29 140 153 31 135 182 32 140 212 32 454 102 81 30 114 92 30 140 99 29 140 110 29 152 128 30 152 146 31 165 174 31 172 196 31 191 217 31 510 114 96 31 127 110 31 140 123 31 152 132 31 165 148 31 178 167 31 191 200 32 196 225 32 216 249 32 566 140 110 31 140 130 32 152 146 32 152 162 33 178 177 32 191 198 32 203 237 33 208 266 33 229 295 33

1.5

10

54

TABLE 3 NPS 66 12 Thickness heat loss surf. temp Thickness heat loss surf. temp Thickness heat loss surf. temp Thickness heat loss surf. temp Thickness heat loss surf. temp Thickness heat loss surf. temp Thickness heat loss surf. temp Thickness heat loss surf. temp Thickness heat loss surf. temp 64 45 23 64 49 23 76 48 22 76 53 23 76 58 23 76 68 23 76 83 23 64 114 23 64 38 23 121 102 72 24 102 78 24 102 87 24 102 95 24 102 104 25 102 122 25 102 148 25 102 174 25 89 63 25

(CALCIUM SILICATE Continued) PROCESS TEMPERATURE (oC) 177 102 116 27 102 125 27 102 138 28 102 153 28 102 167 28 102 195 28 102 237 28 102 280 28 102 88 27 232 102 163 30 102 176 30 102 196 31 102 216 31 102 236 31 102 276 31 102 336 31 102 394 32 140 91 27 288 127 184 30 127 197 31 140 203 29 140 223 30 140 242 30 140 282 31 140 339 31 165 345 29 165 104 28 343 140 256 32 140 233 32 191 228 30 165 249 31 165 270 31 165 312 31 178 354 31 191 390 30 191 114 29 399 178 227 31 178 242 31 203 255 31 191 278 31 191 300 31 191 346 31 203 393 31 203 457 31 216 123 29 454 203 252 31 203 252 31 229 295 32 216 308 31 216 333 32 216 382 32 229 435 32 229 504 32 241 136 31 510 216 288 32 229 296 32 254 325 32 229 353 32 241 366 32 241 420 32 254 479 32 254 554 33 254 155 32 566 241 317 33 241 338 33 254 358 33 254 387 33 254 418 33 254 478 34 254 566 34 254 655 34 254 183 34

14

16

18

20

24

30

36

FLAT

Heat loss: Wh/m for pipe, Wh/m2 for flat surfaces Based on 18oC ambient temperature

55

HEAT LOSS THROUGH PIPES WITH VARIOUS THICKNESSES OF INSULATION

TABLE 3 MINERAL FIBRE NPS 66 0.5 Thickness heat loss surf. temp Thickness heat loss surf. temp Thickness heat loss surf. temp Thickness heat loss surf. temp Thickness heat loss surf. temp Thickness heat loss surf. temp Thickness heat loss surf. temp Thickness heat loss surf. temp Thickness heat loss surf. temp 25 8 22 25 11 23 25 13 23 38 12 22 38 15 22 38 18 22 51 20 22 51 25 22 51 31 22 121 38 15 24 25 20 24 51 21 23 51 24 24 64 27 23 76 28 23 76 37 23 86 40 23 89 48 23 177 51 23 24 51 29 26 64 32 25 76 23 24 89 37 24 102 40 23 102 52 24 98 62 24 102 74 25 PROCESS TEMPERATURE (oC) 232 64 32 26 64 39 27 76 43 26 89 45 25 102 52 25 102 61 26 102 78 26 98 93 27 102 111 27 288 76 41 26 89 47 26 102 52 26 102 59 26 102 72 27 102 85 28 114 100 28 123 112 27 127 130 28 343 89 52 27 102 59 27 102 70 28 102 78 28 114 90 28 127 98 30 127 125 29 123 149 29 140 163 29 399 102 63 28 102 76 29 102 90 30 102 101 31 114 117 31 140 121 29 140 153 31 135 182 32 140 212 32 454 102 81 30 114 92 30 140 99 29 140 110 29 152 128 30 152 146 31 165 174 31 172 196 31 191 217 31 510 114 96 31 127 110 31 140 123 31 152 132 31 165 148 31 178 167 31 191 200 32 196 225 32 216 249 32 566 140 110 31 140 130 32 152 146 32 152 162 33 178 177 32 191 198 32 203 237 33 208 266 33 229 295 33

1.5

10

56

TABLE 3 NPS 66 12 Thickness heat loss surf. temp Thickness heat loss surf. temp Thickness heat loss surf. temp Thickness heat loss surf. temp Thickness heat loss surf. temp Thickness heat loss surf. temp Thickness heat loss surf. temp Thickness heat loss surf. temp Thickness heat loss surf. temp 51 35 22 51 38 22 64 36 22 64 39 22 64 43 22 64 51 22 64 62 22 64 74 22 51 32 22 121 89 55 23 89 59 23 89 65 23 89 72 23 89 79 24 102 83 23 102 101 23 102 118 23 89 44 23

(MINERAL FIBRE Continued) PROCESS TEMPERATURE (oC)

177 102 84 25 102 90 25 102 101 26 102 111 26 102 121 26 102 141 26 102 172 26 102 203 26 102 63 25

232 102 126 28 102 136 28 102 151 28 102 166 28 102 182 28 102 212 28 102 258 29 102 304 29 114 85 27

288 127 148 28 127 259 28 140 164 28 140 180 28 140 196 28 140 228 28 140 275 29 140 322 29 140 98 28

343 140 185 30 140 198 30 178 219 31 140 240 31 140 262 31 152 284 30 165 319 29 178 350 29 216 85 27

399 140 239 33 165 227 31 203 237 30 178 260 31 178 281 31 191 308 30 191 368 31 203 406 30 241 98 28

454 191 243 31 191 261 32 229 273 31 203 298 31 203 322 32 203 371 32 216 422 32 229 467 31 254 120 29

510 216 279 32 229 286 32 254 313 32 229 340 32 229 368 32 229 422 33 254 462 32 254 535 32 254 148 32

566 241 318 33 241 338 33 254 358 33 254 388 33 254 419 33 254 479 34 254 568 34 254 657 34 254 183 34

14

16

18

20

24

30

36

FLAT

Heat loss: Wh/m for pipe, Wh/m2 for flat surfaces Based on 18oC ambient temperature

57

Thermal properties of typical building and insulation materials DESIGN VALUES

TABLE 4 MINERAL FIBRE Description Density kg/m3 Conductivity k W/m.oC Conductance Resistance (R) Specific (C) Heat Per inch thickness For thick.oC) W/m2.oC kJ/(kg (1/k) m.oC ness listed (1/C) m2.oC

INSULATING MATERIALS Blanket and Batt Mineral Fibre, fibrous form processed from rock, slag, or glass approx. approx. approx. approx. approx. approx. 76.2-101.6 mm 88.9 mm 139.7-165.1 mm 152.4-177.8 mm 215.9-228.6 mm 304.8 mm 4.8-32.0 4.8-32.0 4.8-32.0 4.8-32.0 4.8-32.0 4.8-32.0 0.52 0.44 0.30 0.26 0.19 0.15 1.94 2.29 3.34 3.87 5.28 6.69

Board and Slabs Cellular glass Glass fibre, organic bonded Expanded perlite, organic bonded Expanded rubber (rigid) Expanded polystyrene extruded Cut cell surface Smooth skin surface Expanded polystyrene, moulded beads 136 64-144 16.0 72.0 28.8 28.8-56.0 16.0 20.0 24.0 28.0 32.0 0.050 0.036 0.052 0.032 0.036 0.029 0.037 0.036 0.035 0.035 0.033 19.85 27.76 19.29 31.58 27.76 34.70 23.25 27.76 28.94 28.94 30.19 0.75 0.96 1.26 1.68 1.22 1.22

58

TABLE 4 Description

(MINERAL FIBRE Continued) Density kg/m3 Conductivity k W/m.oC Conductance (C) W/m2.oC Specific Heat Per inch For thickkJ/(kg.oC) thickness (1/k) ness listed m.oC (1/C) m2.oC 43.38 1.58 0.79 0.39 4.54 3.01 49.97 23.94 20.40 19.85 18.74 16.52 19.85 13.88-13.12 12.15 0.63 1.27 2.53 0.22 0.33 1.59 0.92 Resistance (R)

Cellular polyurethane (R-11 exp.) 0.023 24.0 (unfaced) Foil-faced, glass fibre-reinforced cellular 0.020 32.0 Polyisocyanurate (R-11 exp.) Nominal 12.70 mm Nominal 25.40 mm Nominal 50.80 mm 0.042 240 Mineral fibre with resin binder Mineral fibreboard, wet felted 0.049 256-272 Core or roof insulation 0.050 288 Acoustical tile 0.0563 336 Acoustical tile Mineral fibreboard, 0.060 368 wet moulded Acoustical tile Wood or cane fibreboard Acoustical tile 12.70 mm Acoustical tile 19.05 mm 0.050 240 Interior finish (plank, tile) Cement fibre slabs (shredded wood with 400-432 0.072-0.070 Portland cement binder) Cement fibre slabs (shredded wood with 0.082 352 magnesia oxysulfide binder) FIELD APPLIED Polyurethane foam Spray cellulosic fibre base

0.71

0.80

0.59 1.30 1.34 1.30

24.0-40.0 0.023-0.026 32.0-96.0 0.035-0.043

43.38-36.50 23.11-28.94

59

Thermal conductivity (k) of industrial insulation DESIGN VALUES

W/m.oC TABLE 5 Form Material Composition Accepted Typical Typical Conductivity k at Mean Temp oC Max Density Temp for (kg/m3) Use, oC 73.3 59.4 45.6 31.7 17.8 3.9 10.0 23.9 37.8 93.3 148.9 260.0 371.1 482.2

BLANKETS & FELTS MINERAL FIBRE (Rock, slag or glass) Blanket, metal reinforced 650 540 180 96-192 40.0-96.0 ( less than 12.0 0.037 0.046 0.056 0.078 0.035 0.045 0.058 0.088 0.036 0.037 0.040 0.043 0.048 0.052 0.076 0.035 0.036 0.039 0.042 0.046 0.049 0.069 0.033 0.035 0.036 0.039 0.042 0.046 0.062 0.030 0.032 0.033 0.036 0.039 0.040 0.053 0.029 0.030 0.032 0.033 0.036 0.037 0.048 0.027 0.029 0.030 0.032 0.033 0.035 0.045 0.039 0.040 0.042 0.043 0.045 0.046 0.072 0.098 0.037 0.039 0.040 0.042 0.045 0.046 0.069 0.095 0.035 0.036 0.037 0.039 0.042 0.045 0.065 0.086 0.032 0.033 0.035 0.036 0.039 0.042 0.056 0.073 0.029 0.030 0.032 0.033 0.035 0.036 0.046 0.059 0.035 0.036 0.037 0.039 0.050 0.063 200 450 650 VEGETABLE & ANIMAL FIBRE Hair Felt or Hair Felt plus Jute 80 160 0.037 0.040 0.042 0.043 48-128 0.023 0.024 0.026 0.027 0.039 0.030 0.032 0.033 0.035 0.050 0.079 48.0 0.050 0.065 0.0/86 120

Mineral fibre, glass Blanket, flexible, fine-fibre organic bonded

16.0 24.0 32.0 48.0 Blanket, flexible, textile-fibre organic bonded 180 10.4 12.0 16.0 24.0 48.0 Felt, semi-rigid organic bonded Laminated & felted

60

TABLE 5 (Thermal conductivity (k) of industrial insulation Continued)

Form Material Composition Accepted Typical Typical Conductivity k at Mean Temp oC Max Density Temp for (kg/m3) Use, oC 73.3 59.4 45.6 31.7 17.8 3.9 10.0 23.9 37.8 93.3 148.9 260.0 371.1 482.2

BLOCKS, BOARDS & PIPE INSULATION ASBESTOS Laminated asbestos paper Corrugated & laminated asbestos Paper 4-ply 6-ply 8-ply MOULDED AMOSITE & BINDER 85% MAGNESIA CALCIUM SILICATE CELLULAR GLASS DIATOMACEOUS SILICA 150 150 150 820 320 650 980 480 870 1040 MINERAL FIBRE Glass, Organic bonded, block and boards Non-punking binder Pipe insulation, slag or glass 200 540 180 260 Inorganic bonded-block Pipe insulation slag or glass 540 980 540 48-160 0.023 0.024 0.026 0.027 0.029 0.032 0.035 0.036 0.037 0.048 0.058 48-160 48.0-64.0 0.029 0.032 0.033 0.035 0.042 48-160 160-240 240-384 160-240 0.029 0.035 0.036 0.037 0.048 0.058 0.048 0.055 0.065 0.079 0.046 0.053 0.060 0.075 0.089 0.107 0.048 0.055 0.065 0.079 0.037 0.045 0.055 0.075 176-208 240-272 288-320 240-288 176-192 192 176-240 192-240 136 336-352 368-400 0.078 0.082 0.098 0.071 0.073 0.085 0.068 0.071 0.082 0.046 0.053 0.060 0.075 0.089 0.104 0.050 0.055 0.060 0.055 0.059 0.063 0.075 0.089 0.104 0.091 0.107 0.137 0.039 0.040 0.042 0.043 0.045 0.046 0.048 0.050 0.052 0.060 0.071 0.101 0.148 0.092 0.098 0.104 0.101 0.108 0.105 370 480 0.058 0.065 0.072 0.086

61

TABLE 5E (Thermal conductivity (k) of industrial insulation Continued)

Form Material Composition Accepted Typical Typical Conductivity k at Mean Temp oC Max Density Temp for (kg/m3) Use, oC 73.3 59.4 45.6 31.7 17.8 3.9 10.0 23.9 37.8 93.3 148.9 260.0 371.1 482.2 240 0.033 0.035 0.036 0.037 0.040 0.042

MINERAL FIBRE Resin binder RIGID POLYSTYRENE Extruded, Refrigerant 12 exp. smooth skin surface Extruded cut cell surface Moulded beads 80 80 80 35.2 28.8 16.0 24.0 20.0 28.0 32.0 RIGID POLYISOCYANDRATE Cellular, foil-faced glass fibre reinforced, Refrigerant 11 exp POLYURETHANE Refrigerant 11 exp (unfaced) RUBBER, Rigid Foamed VEGETABLE & ANIMAL FIBRE Wool felt (pipe insulation) INSULATING CEMENTS MINERAL FIBRE (Rock, slag or glass) With colloidal clay binder With hydraulic setting binder 980 650 384-480 480-460 0.071 0.079 0.088 0.105 0.122 0.108 0.115 0.122 0.137 80 320 0.040 0.043 0.045 0.048 100 70 24.0-40.0 0.023 0.024 0.026 0.026 0.026 0.024 0.023 0.023 0.024 72 0.029 0.030 0.032 0.033 0.023 0.023 0.024 0.023 0.024 0.026 0.027 0.029 0.024 0.026 0.027 0.029 0.030 0.033 0.035 0.036 0.039 0.024 0.027 0.029 0.030 0.032 0.035 0.036 0.037 0.040 0.023 0.024 0.027 0.029 0.030 0.032 0.033 0.035 0.037 0.024 0.026 0.027 0.029 0.032 0.033 0.035 0.036 0.039 0.023 0.024 0.026 0.027 0.029 0.032 0.033 0.035 0.036 0.022 0.023 0.026 0.027 0.029 0.030 0.032 0.033 0.035

120

32.0

0.017 0.019 0.020 0.022

62

TABLE 5 (Thermal conductivity (k) of industrial insulation Continued)

Form Material Composition Accepted Typical Typical Conductivity k at Mean Temp oC Max Density Temp for (kg/m3) Use, oC 73.3 59.4 45.6 31.7 17.8 3.9 10.0 23.9 37.8 93.3 148.9 260.0 371.1 482.2

LOOSE FILL Cellulose insulation (milled pulverised paper of wood pulp) Mineral fibre, slag, rock or glass Perlite (expanded) Silica aerogel Vermiculite (expanded) 40.0-48.0 32.0-80.0 48.0-80.0 122 112-131 64-96 0.037 0.039 0.042 0.027 0.030 0.033 0.036 0.037 0.040 0.045 0.032 0.035 0.036 0.039 0.040 0.043 0.045 0.048 0.050 0.019 0.020 0.022 0.022 0.023 0.024 0.026 0.056 0.058 0.060 0.063 0.065 0.068 0.071 0.049 0.050 0.056 0.058 0.060 0.063 0.066

63

Basic types of insulation selected properties

TABLE 6 TYPE Calcium Silicate FORM Pipe Covering Block Segments TEMPERATURE RANGE Up to 982oC (1800oF) k-FACTOR * .066 at 150oC .45 at 300oF NOTES Good mechanical abuse characteristics, non-combustible. Some are water absorbent. Good strength, water and vapour resistant, non-combustible. Poor abrasion resistance. Properties variable. Good handling and workability. May be water absorbent. Some are non-combustible.

Cellular Glass

Pipe Covering Block Segments

267oC to 482oC (450oF to 900oF)

.077 to 150oC .53 at 300oF

Glass Fibre

Pipe Covering Board Blanket

to 455oC (850oF) to 510oC (950oF)

.035 at 24oC .24 at 75oF 0.050 at 150oC .35 at 300oF varies see manuf. data .035 at 24oC .24 at 75oF .061 at 150oC .42 at 300oF conductivity varies with density

Mineral Fibre

Pipe Covering Board

to 870oC (1600oF)

Non-combustible, good workability water absorbent.

Ceramic Fibre

Blanket or Board

to 1760oC (3200oF) to 650oC (1200oF) to 1040oC (1900oF) to 760oC (1400oF)

.30 at 93oC (200oF) 1.75 at 315oC (600oF) .69 at 315oC (600oF) .55 at 93oC (200oF)

Temperature ranges varies with manufacturer, style and type. One coat application Insulating and finishing. Slow drying, rough texture filling and insulating. Used over basic insulation smooth finish, usually 3.175 mm (1 / 8") to 6.35 mm (1/ 4") thick application.

Cements

Hydraulic setting cement High temperature mineral wool Pointing and finishing cement (Mineral or Vermiculite)

64

Protective coverings and finishes

TABLE 7 WEATHER BARRIERS TYPE JACKETS: COMPOSITION 1. Films laminated to felts or foil 2. Stainless steel (various alloys available with factory-applied moisture barrier) 3. Galvanised Steel (coated and with factory-applied moisture barrier) 4. Aluminium alloys (usually with factory-applied moisture barrier) 5. Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) 6. High Impact Plastic (ABS) 7. Roofing felt MASTICS: 1. Asphalt emulsion 2. Asphalt cut-back 3. Resin emulsion 4. Polyvinyl acetate 5. Acrylic FASTENERS Contact adhesives and/or tape Corrosion resistant bands, screws or rivets NOTES Corrosion resistant bacteria and mildew resistant Excellent mechanical strength, corrosion, mildew and bacteria resistant Good mechanical strength

Corrosion resistant bands, screws or rivets Corrosion resistant bands, screws or rivets Mechanical fasteners, adhesive or matching tape ABS welding adhesive or matching tape Bands or wire Apply with reinforcing mesh Apply with reinforcing mesh Apply with reinforcing mesh Apply with reinforcing mesh Apply with reinforcing mesh

Good mechanical strength, good workability May require protection from ultra-violet radiation. Resists chemicals and bacteria Water base, a breather mastic Solvent base, also a vapour barrier Tough, resilient film Tough, resilient film Tough, resilient film Tough, resilient film

Covering shall not be termed a weather barrier unless its joints and overlap are adequate to prevent the entry of rainwater.

65

Vapour retarders
TABLE 8 TYPE JACKETS: COMPOSITION 1. Foil Scrim Laminate 2. Metal Jacketing 3. Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) 4. High Impact Plastic (ABS) 5. Film Laminate MASTICS: 1. Asphalt cut-back 2. Resins advent type 3. Elastomeric Polymer NOTES Seal joints. Mechanical strength is less than metal or plastic. Generally for indoor applications. Seal joints. Mechanical strength is good. Seal with compatible adhesive and/or tape. Seal with welding adhesive. Seal with contact adhesive and/or tape Apply with reinforcing mesh. Combustible. Brush or spray application. Apply with reinforcing mesh. Combustible.

66

Energy Content of Some Fuels

TABLE 9 Fuel blast furnace gas coal: bituminous coke oven gas gasworks gas LPG (liquid) natural gas oil paraffin SASOL gas: hydrogen rich SASOL gas: methane rich wood, air dried Energy content 3.1 25 17.3 18 27 33-42 42 35 18 33-36 17 MJ / cubic metre MJ / kilogram MJ/cubic metre MJ / cubic metre MJ / litre MJ / cubic metre MJ / kilogram MJ / litre MJ / cubic metre MJ / cubic metre MJ / kilogram

67

SOURCES OF FURTHER INFORMATION

For the latest news in energy efficiency technology: Energy Management News is a free newsletter issued by the ERI, which contains information on the latest developments in energy efficiency in Southern Africa and details of forthcoming energy efficiency events. Copies can be obtained from: The Energy Research Institute Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Cape Town Rondebosch 7700 Cape Town South Africa Tel No: (+27 21) 650 3892 Fax No: (+27 21) 686 4838 Email: eri@eng.uct.ac.za

68