Category Journal Differences Similarities

Sample 1 Six-year-olds students (12 students) All journals used students as their
2 Year 8 students (25 students) samples.
3 10-11 years old students (179 students)
Setting 1 Primary School in Newcastle, NSW, Australia. • Journal 1 and 3 setting were in
school
2 Secondary college in Victoria, Australia. • Journal 1 and 2 has time settings for
their research.
3 Various elementary schools of Athens, Greece.
Procedure 1  Involved 2 cycles (cycle 1 student work • Journal 1 and 2 do cycles in their
individually while cycle 2 student work in pair) action research.
 1st phase: develop collaboration
 Teach basic interpretation skills for
collaboration
 Use ‘Y’ charts (promote discussion of
particular social skills)
 Students write together in pairs
 .2nd phase: consideration of individual
accountability
 Ask children to use different colour pencils
in order to detect who do most in writing
process.
rd
 3 phase: Ability level consideration
 Students being partnered in mixed ability
partnerships.
 4th phase: Considered pre-writing talk
 Observe students in writing and taking
notes.
th
 5 phase: further reading- recognition and noting
of peer collaboration and peer tutoring, co-writing
and co-responding
2  Involved 3 cycles
 Cycle 1 (11 weeks)
 Weeks 1-3 : Pre-negotiation phase
 Weeks 4 : Negotiation begins (major
class meeting discuss of perception of
English, explain the study and call
students’ support)
 Week 6: Introduction to practice of
negotiation and discuss of
implementation of Narrative Writing
unit.
Data collection 1  Audio tape recording, observation. -
and analyzing  Triangulation technique for analysis data.
2  Questionnaires, classroom meetings, journals,
partnership observation and interviews.
3  Questionnaire.
 Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Shapiro-Wilk tests
 Mann Whitney U Test