B GIO DC V O TO TRNG I HC BCH KHOA H NI VIN O TO SAU I HC

TI: IU KHIN TRUY NHP TRONG MNG CM BIN KHNG DY

Ging vin hng dn : TS. Nguyn Ti Hng Nhm thc hin : Nhm 6 Nguyn Vn Hong (CB120690) Trn c Chnh (CB120659) Lp : 12BKTTT1 Mn hc : Mng bng rng

H ni, thng 01 nm 2013

Li ni u................................................................................................................1 I. GII THIU..........................................................................................................1 II. GIAO THC IU KHIN TRUY CP TRONG MNG WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS ............................................................................................................5 2.1. M hnh giao thc cho WSN: .........................................................................5 2.2. Cc thuc tnh ca giao thc MAC ................................................................5 2.2.1. tr (Delay):.........................................................................................5 2.2.2. Lu lng (Throughput):.........................................................................6 2.2.3. Kh nng m rng (Scalability): ..............................................................6 2.2.4. Tnh n nh (Stability):...........................................................................6 2.2.5. Hiu sut s dng nng lng:.................................................................6 2.3 Cc giao thc chung ........................................................................................7 2.3.1 CSMA (a truy cp cm nhn sng mang):...............................................7 2.3.2. CSMA/CD ...............................................................................................8 2.3.3. CSMA/CA...............................................................................................8 2.4. Cc giao thc MAC cho mng WSN ............................................................10 2.4.1 Schedule-Based Protocols:......................................................................11 2.4.1.1. SMACS: Self-Organizing Media Access Control for Sensornets.....12 2.4.1.2. Phn nhm phn bc tng thch, nng lng thp (LEACH: LowEnergy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy):......................................................12 2.4.2. Random Access-Based Protocols ..........................................................13 2.4.2.1. Giao thc a truy cp vi bo hiu (PAMAS - Power aware mediumaccess with signalling):................................................................................13 2.4.2.2. Giao thc qun l nng lng v cu hnh ri rc (STEM)..............14 2.4.2.3. Mt dng ca giao thc da trn s tranh chp xut pht t chun IEEE 802.11 ................................................................................................14 2.5. SENSOR-MAC ...........................................................................................14 2.5.1. Lng nghe v ngh theo chu k (Listen and Sleep):................................15 2.5.2. S phi hp v la chn lch lm vic ...................................................15 2.5.3. ng b khung thi gian: ......................................................................16 2.5.4. Lng nghe thch ng: .............................................................................17 2.5.5. iu khin truy cp v trao i d liu: .................................................17 2.5.6. Chuyn thng ip:................................................................................18 2.5.7. Hiu sut ca S-MAC ............................................................................19 2.6. T-MAC (Time out-MAC) .............................................................................20 2.6.1. Phn nhm v ng b...........................................................................21 2.6.2. Thc hin gi RTS v chn TA trong T-MAC.......................................22 2.6.2.1. Khong cnh tranh c nh (Fixed contention interval) ...................22 2.6.2.2. Th li pht li RTS........................................................................23 2.6.2.3. Xc nh khong TA.......................................................................23 2.6.2.4. Trnh nghe tha ..............................................................................23 2.6.2.5. Truyn thng bt i xng ..............................................................23 KT LUN ............................................................................................................25 TI LIU THAM KHO .......................................................................................25 BNG PHN CNG NGHIN CU ......................................................................26

Nhm 6 /BKTTT1 GIAO THC IU KHN TRUY NHP TRONG MNG CM BIN KHNG DY Li ni u Gii hn v ngun nng lng, kh nng tnh ton, b nh, thit k giao thc truyn thng phc tp cn tr ng dng ca nhiu cng ngh c s dng trong cc mng khc. Hn ch v chi ph node cm bin hn na hn ch v cc cng ngh mng cm bin c th s dng. Giao thc iu khin truy cp cung cp nh hng ln nht trn c ch truyn thng v cung cp nh hng trc tip nht trong vic s dng cc b thu pht, tiu th nng lng ln nht trong hu ht cc cc node cm bin. Bi vit ny trnh by mt cuc tho lun v mng cm bin, cc khi nim iu khin truy cp mi trng (MAC) lin quan n cc mng cm bin v kim tra cc giao thc truy cp khng dy trc y thy rng chng c ph hp vi yu cu v c im ca cc mng cm bin hay khng. Sau trnh by mt s giao thc xut gn y cho cc mng cm bin. I. GII THIU Mng cm bin (sensor network) l mt cu trc, l s kt hp cc kh nng cm bin, x l thng tin v cc thnh phn lin lc to kh nng quan st, phn tch v phn ng li vi cc s kin v hin tng xy ra trong mi trng c th no . Mi trng c th l th gii vt l, h thng sinh hc. Cc ng dng c bn ca mng cm bin ch yu gm thu thp d liu, gim st, theo di, v cc ng dng trong y hc.

Hnh 1.1 : M hnh mng cm bin khng dy. Mng cm bin khng dy (WSN) l mng cm bin trong cc kt ni gia cc node cm bin bng sng v tuyn. Mt node cm bin c nh ngha l s kt hp cm bin v b phn x l, hay cn gi l mote. Cc node (sensor nodes hay cn gi l WNs) c kh nng lin lc v tuyn vi cc node ln cn v cc chc nng c bn nh x l tn hiu, qun l giao thc mng v bt tay vi cc node ln cn truyn d liu t ngun n trung tm. Chc nng c bn ca cc node trong mng WSN ph thuc vo ng dng ca n, mt s chc nng chnh: Xc nh c gi tr cc thng s ti ni lp t. Nh c th tr v nhit , p sut, cng nh sng ti ni kho st. Pht hin s tn ti ca cc s kin cn quan tm v c lng cc thng s ca s kin . Nh mng WSN dng trong gim st giao thng, cm bin phi nhn bit c s

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Nhm 6 /BKTTT1 di chuyn ca xe c, o c tc v hng di chuyn ca cc phng tin ang lu thng Phn bit cc i tng. V d phng tin lu thng m cm bin nhn bit c l g xe con, xe ti, hay xe but, Theo du cc i tng. V d trong mng WSN qun s, mng cm bin phi cp nht c v tr cc phng tin ca i phng khi chng di chuyn trung vng bao ph ca mng. Hnh 1.1 cho thy m hnh cu trc ca mng cm bin thng dng. Cc cm bin lin kt theo giao thc Multihop, phn chia Cluster chn ra node c kh nng tt nht lm node trung tm, tt c cc node loi ny s truyn v node x l chnh. Nh vy, nng lng cng nh bng thng knh truyn s s dng hiu qu hn. Tuy nhin, c th thy cu trc mng phc tp v giao thc phn chia Cluster v nh tuyn cng tr nn kh khn hn. WSN c phn ra lm 2 loi, theo m hnh kt ni v nh tuyn m cc nodes s dng: Loi 1 (C1WSN): h thng li kt ni a ng gia cc node qua knh truyn v tuyn.

Hnh 1.2: Dng 1 WSN , lin kt multipoint-to-point, multihop dng nh tuyn ng S dng giao thc nh tuyn ng Cc node tm ng i tt nht n ch Vai tr ca cc node sensor ny vi cc node k tip nh l cc trm lp (repeater) Khong cch rt ln (hng ngn mt) Kh nng x l d liu cc node chuyn tip Mng phc tp M hnh a im-im hay im-im, 1 kt ni radio n node trung tm S dng giao thc nh tuyn tnh 1 node khng cung cp thng tin cho cc node khc Khong cch vi trm mt Node chuyn tip khng c kh nng x l d liu cho cc node khc

Loi 2(C2WSN):

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Nhm 6 /BKTTT1 H thng tng i n gin

Hnh 1.3: Dng 2 WSNs lin kt point-to-point , Star nh tuyn tnh Cc ngun nng lng thay th mi sau khi trin khai tr nn khng kh thi hoc qu tn km trong hu ht cc trng hp, do , cc giao thc v cc ng dng phi s dng khn ngoan cc ngun nng lng hu hn. Mt s cc node cm bin c th c kh nng ly nng lng t mi trng, chng hn nh vi mt t bo nng lng mt tri, nhng b sung thm kh nng nh vy lm tng chi ph node cm bin, phc tp trong trin khai mng, v cc thit b thng mi hin nay tiu th qu nhiu nng lng tn ti vo cc ngun nng lng mi trng xung quanh trong hu ht cc mi trng. Cc node cm bin giao tip bng cch hnh thnh mt mng li multihop chuyn tip cc tin nhn n ch, c th thu thp d liu thu hi sau bi ngi dng cui hoc chuyn d liu qua mt lin kt thng tin lin lc chuyn dng. Mc d s dng thng tin lin lc multihop gim nhu cu nng lng cho truyn thng, thu pht khng dy thng tiu th lng nng lng ln nht cho mi khong thi gian s dng trong vng mt node cm bin v, do , cung cp tim nng ln nht tit kim nng lng. Ngoi vic ci thin thit k v tuyn, mt phng tin hiu qu giao thc iu khin truy cp (MAC) s hu kh nng nht gim tiu th nng lng ca b thu pht v n trc tip kim sot hot ng thu pht. Mt vi kha cnh thit k ca giao thc MAC trong mng cm bin khc vi giao thc MAC trong cc mng khc. Th nht, cc node cm bin tit kim nng lng bng cch tt cc phn cng khng cn thit bi v hu ht phn cng, ngay c khi khng hot ng, tiu th mt phn lng nng lng. Nh vy, mi node cm bin bng cch no phi phi hp vi cc node ln cn m bo c hai thit b vn hot ng v tham gia trong giao tip. Do giao thc MAC trong mng cm bin thng c thc hin hay tham gia tch cc trong chc nng ny do cc lp trn ch c mt khi nim tru tng ca cc lin kt kh thi hoc thng tin v topo. Mt s cng ngh, chng hn nh phn nhm da trn c s lp lch schedule-based v separate wakeup communication c cp. Th hai, mng cm bin to ra lu lng khc vi cc m hnh truyn thng hin c trong cc mng khc. Kim sot mi trng cung cp mt ng dng in hnh mng cm bin. Cc node cm bin theo di mt c tnh mi trng nh k gi d liu n mt thc th trung tm thu thp v phn tch. Cc thit b c nhn to ra lu lng mc nh k vi trng ti nh. Th 3, gii hn ngun nng lng ca node cm bin cn tr vic s dng cc k thut giao thc MAC ph bin. Nhiu giao thc MAC v tuyn lin tc nghe cc knh v tuyn cho cc hot ng hoc tip nhn hoc trc khi truyn. Tuy nhin, mt b

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Nhm 6 /BKTTT1 thu pht lin tc cm nhn c knh s nhanh chng lm cn kit cc ngun ti nguyn nng lng node cm bin v lm gim tui th mng n mc khng th chp nhn c. Kh nng m rng t ra mt vn na cho cc nh thit k giao thc. Mng cm bin c th hot ng vi hng trm hng ngn thit b, do , cc giao thc tp trung c mt bt li khc bit do nhng ph tim n lin quan n phn phi thng tin. Cc thut ton phn phi, thm ch ti u, ph hp vi cc chc nng v nn tng ca cc mng cm bin tt hn nhiu hn so vi cc thut ton tp trung. Khi cc node cm bin lm cn kit ngun ti nguyn nng lng, chng tr nn v dng v khng tham gia trong hot ng ng dng. Giao thc phi thch ng vi nhng thay i ny m khng tn chi ph khng cn thit. Thch ng giao thc MAC cng c th phn ng vi cc node cm bin di ng.

Hnh 1.4: Giao thc chung cho mng cm bin. Giao thc mng cm bin gm lin lc trong mng v qun l. Giao thc lin kt trong mng gm cc lp nh m hnh OSI. Mt phng qun l cng sut: Qun l cch cm bin s dng ngun nng lng ca n. V d : node cm bin c th tt b thu sau khi nhn c mt bn tin. Khi mc cng sut ca node cm bin thp, n s broadcast sang node cm bin bn cnh thng bo rng mc nng lng ca n thp v n khng th tham gia vo qu trnh nh tuyn. Mt phng qun l di ng : c nhim v pht hin v ng k s chuyn ng ca cc node. Cc node gi vic theo di xem ai l node hng xm ca chng. Mt phng qun l : Cn bng v sp xp nhim v cm bin gia cc node trong mt vng quan tm. Khng phi tt c cc node cm bin u thc hin nhim v cm nhn cng mt thi im. Layer 1 : lp vt l: cc qui c v in, knh truyn , cm bin, x l tn hiu Layer 2 : lp lin kt d liu : cc cu trc khung, nh thi Layer 3 : lp mng: nh tuyn Layer 4 : lp chuyn vn: truyn d liu trong mng, lu gi d liu. Upper Layers : phc v cc ng dng trong mng, bao gm x l ng dng, kt hp d liu, x l cc yu cu t bn ngoi, c s d liu ngoi.

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Nhm 6 /BKTTT1 II. GIAO THC IU KHIN TRUY CP TRONG MNG WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS 2.1. M hnh giao thc cho WSN: c im knh truyn ch cho php mt node truyn thng ip ti mt thi im xc nh. Vic chia s truy cp knh truyn cn phi xy dng giao thc MAC cho cc node trong mng. T m hnh tham kho OSI, giao thc MAC c xy dng lp thp ca lp lin kt d liu (Data Link Layer_DDL) . Lp cao ca DDL c xem nh lp iu khin ligic (LLC). S tn ti ca lp LLC cho php nhiu la chn cho lp MAC, ph thuc vo cu trc v giao thc ca mng, c tnh knh truyn, v cht lng cung cp cho ng dng. Lp vt l (PHY) gm cc c tnh v mi trng truyn v cu hnh mng. N nh ngha giao thc v chc nng cc thit b vt l, giao din v mt in t c vic thu nhn bit. Chc nng ch yu lp PHY bao gm cc qui c v in, m ha v khi phc tn hiu, ng b pht v thu, qui c v chui bit Lp MAC nm ngay trn lp vt l. Cung cp cc chc nng sau: Kt hp d liu vo frame gi i bng cch thm vo trng header gm thng tin v a ch v trng kim sot li. Tch frame thu c ly ra a ch v thng tin kim tra li khi phc li thng ip. iu chnh truy cp i vi knh truyn chia s theo cch ph hp vi i hi v c im ca ng dng.

Hnh 2.1: M hnh tham kho OSI v cu trc lp lin kt d Lp LLC ca DDL cung cp giao din trc tip cho lp cao hn. Mc ch chnh l ngn cch lp cao vi cc lp thp hn pha di, do to ra kh nng hot ng gia cc dng khc nhau ca mng. 2.2. Cc thuc tnh ca giao thc MAC C rt nhiu thuc tnh cn quan tm khi thit k giao thc MAC. Mt s vn quan trng nh tr, kh nng lu thng, tnh chc chn, kh nng m rng, tnh n nh v s cng bng trong i s vi cc node c quan tm nht trong giao thc MAC. 2.2.1. tr (Delay): Thi gian tr l lng thi gian cn thit gi d liu c x l bi lp MAC trc khi n c pht thnh cng. Tr khng ch ph thuc vo lu lng ti trong mng m cn do la chn thit k giao thc MAC. i vi cc ng dng khc khe v thi gian, giao thc MAC cn phi cung cp lng bin tr m bo cho cc ng dng c c QoS (cht lng dch v) p ng yu cu. C 2 dng m bo thi gian tr l xc sut (probanilistic) v tt nh (deterministic). Thi gian tr theo xc sut c m t bi mt gi tr k vng, lch

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Nhm 6 /BKTTT1 v khong tin cy. Thi gian tr tt nh a ra mt s trng thi c th on trc c gia thng ip n v thng ip truyn i. Do , tt nh m bo m bin trn cho thi gian truy cp. S tt nh l yu cu quan trng trong cc h thng thi gian thc, s chnh xc ca ng dng lin quan mt thit thi gian hot ng ring cc lp di. 2.2.2. Lu lng (Throughput): Lu lng c nh ngha l tc thng ip c lu thng trong h thng. N thng c o bng thng ip trn giy hay bit trn giy. Trong mi trng khng dy, lu lng l phn dung lng knh truyn c dng cho truy d liu. Lu lng tng ln khi ti trong h thng tng ln. Vn quan trng ca giao thc MAC l phi lm ti a lu lng knh truyn trong khi tr tin l nh nht. chc chn (Robustness): chc chn l s kt hp ca s tin cy, linh ng v cc yu cu ph thuc kh, phn nh mc ca giao thc trong vic i ph vi li v thng tin sai. t c s chc chn trong mng thi gian thc nh WSNs l rt kh khn, v n ph thuc vo tnh cht ca cc yu t gy h hng cho ng truyn v cc node. 2.2.3. Kh nng m rng (Scalability): M rng l kh nng ca h thng p ng c cc c im m khng quan tm n kch thc mng hay s node cng tranh chp. Trong mng WSNs, s node l rt ln, hng ngn thm ch hng triu node. Kh nng m rng tr thnh mt nhn t quan trng. y l thch thc, c bit trong mi trng thay i theo thi gian nh mng khng dy. Vic nhm cc node cm bin vo cc cluster cho php thit k cc giao thc a truy cp vi kh nng m rng cao. 2.2.4. Tnh n nh (Stability): Tnh nh l kh nng h thng thng tin iu khin c s dao ng ca ti qua mt khong thi gian di hot ng. Mt giao thc MAC n nh phi c th iu khin ti tc thi, khng t ti mc ti a dung lng knh truyn. Thng thng, kh nng m rng ca giao thc MAC xt theo kha cnh tr hay lu thng trong mng. Cn tnh n nh l v mt tr, nu thi gian ch c gii hn bin. V mt lu thng trong mng, giao thc MAC n nh nu lu thng khng b tt nghn khi ti tng ln. S cng bng (Fairness): Mt giao thc MAC c xem l cng bng nu n phn chia dung lng knh truyn u cho tt c cc node tranh chp m khng gim qu mc lu lng mng. t c s cng bng gia cc node tranh chp l c s ngang bng v QoS v trnh nhng tnh hung mt vi node c nhiu hn cc node cn li. C nhiu trng hp, mng phi thch ng cc ngun lu lng a dng vi cc kiu khc nhau v i hi v QoS cng khc nhau. thch ng vi cc nhu cu ti nguyn khng ng nht, cc node c chia trng s khc nhau phn nh vic phn chia ti nguyn trong mng. S cng bng c tnh da trn phn chia trng s. Mt giao thc MAC c xem l cng bng mt cch t l nu n khng tng ti nguyn cho node no , trong khi li gim t l phc v cho node khc di mc t l phn chia ca n. 2.2.5. Hiu sut s dng nng lng : Mt node cm bin c trang b mt hay nhiu cm bin, cc vi x l nhng vi kh nng hn ch, v giao tip trn dy tn radio (nh c gii thiu chng 3). Nhng node cm bin ny c cp ngun pin dung lng nh. Khng ging nh cc mng khng dy khc, mng WSNs thng c trin khai nhng mi trng khng nh hng, gy kh khn cho vic thay i ngun pin. Nhng hn ch ny tc ng trc tip n thi gian sng ca node. Nh vy vic tit kim nng lng tr thnh mt phn quan trng trong WSNs ko di thi gian hot ng ca mng. Mt kh nng c th c l gim tiu th nng lng ti node bng cch dng cc mch in cng sut thp. S tch hp cc chip

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Nhm 6 /BKTTT1 trong thit k node cm bin l bc cn thit tng hiu qu s dng nng lng. Tuy nhin, hiu qu s gim nu kh nng x l v thng tin ca cc node hot ng khng hiu qu. t c iu ny i hi thit k cc giao thc lin lc c kh nng qun l nng lng. Hiu qu s dng nng lng l mt vn quan trng nht trong thit k giao thc MAC cho WSNs. C nhiu yu t nh hng n hiu qu nng lng ca lp MAC: S ng (Collision): xy ra khi c 2 hay nhiu node cng pht ti mt thi im. Pht li gi b h s lm tng nng lng tiu th. Nghe khi ri (Idle listening): N xy ra khi thnh phn sng v tuyn thc hin nghe knh xem c d liu khng nhn. S tiu hao ny c bit cao trong nhng ng dng mng cm bin, ni khng c d liu trao i trong thi gian khng c s kin c cm bin. Nghe ln hay nghe tha (Overhearing): khi node nhn c cc gi dnh ring cho cc node khc. Phi nghe tha nhng lu thng khng cn thit, khng ginh cho mnh c th l mt nhn t chnh gy tiu hao nng lng khi lu lng, ti truyn tng v mt phn b node cao. Ph tn gi iu khin (Control packet overhead): vic gi v nhn cc gi iu khin s lm tiu th nng lng qu nhiu, tr cc gi d liu c ch c th c truyn. Chuyn i (frequent switching): thay i cc trng thi hot ng khc nhau c th gy hao ph nng lng. Hn ch s ln chuyn i gia ch hot ng-ng ca node c th tit kim nng lng hiu qu. Giao thc lp lin kt d liu s dng nng lng hiu qu khi loi b hay t nht l lm gim hao ph nng lng t cc ngun nn trn. Hn na hiu qu c th nng ln bng cch dng cc s qun l nng lng thng minh tp trung khng ch ti cc node m cn cc ngun tiu th nng lng khc. 2.3 Cc giao thc chung Nhng giao thc MAC nghin cu rng ri trn nhng lnh vc truyn thng ca truyn thng ting ni v d liu khng dy. a truy nhp phn chia theo thi gian (Time Division multiple Access - TDMA), a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s (Frequency Division Multiple Access - FDMA) v a truy nhp phn chia theo m (Code Division Multiple Access - CDMA) l nhng giao thc MAC c s dng rng ri trong nhng h thng truyn thng t bo hin i. Mc ny s tm hiu mt s giao thc trn xem n ph hp th no khi p dng trong mng cm bin: 2.3.1 CSMA (a truy cp cm nhn sng mang): C 2 loi, CSMA khng kin tr (nonpersistent) v CSMA kin tr (persistent). Vi nonpersistent CSMA, khi mt node c d liu v sn sng pht, n s nghe trng thi knh truyn xc nh xem liu c node no khc ang s dng knh truyn hay khng. Nu knh truyn rnh, node s pht gi d liu ca n ngay lp tc v ch gi xc nhn ng ACK v t thi gian timeout cho gi ny. My thu c th tranh chp vi cc node khc c pht gi ACK. V vy xp x thi gian tranh chp trung bnh ty thuc vo lu lng ti v s trm tranh chp. Nu sau thi gian timeout m cha nhn c gi ACK, node xem nh gi d liu b mt do tranh chp hay do nhiu. Trm ny s pht li gi ln na. Nu knh truyn bn, node s ch sau mt khong thi gian nh trc, sau mi cm nhn knh truyn tr li xem rnh cha. Ph thuc vo trng thi knh truyn, nu knh truyn rnh node s pht gi ca n, nu knh truyn bn node ch mt khong thi gian sau kim tra li. Qu trnh c lp i lp li cho n khi gi d liu c pht thnh cng. Giao thc nonpersistent CSMA lm gim thiu can nhiu gia cc gi. Nhc im chnh ca giao thc ny l knh truyn c th rnh trong sut thi gian ch sau mi kim tra li trng thi knh truyn ca node (gi l thi gian cht), iu ny gy lng ph knh truyn mt cch khng cn thit. T pht trin thm cc lp giao thc p-persistent CSMA. Vi 1- persistent khng cho php knh truyn rnh nu node c d liu cn pht,

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Nhm 6 /BKTTT1 tc l nu node cm nhn c knh truyn ang bn th n tip tc lng nghe, khi knh truyn va chuyn sang rnh th ngay lp tc node pht gi ca mnh. Khng ging nh nonpersistent CSMA, node ch mt thi gian ri mi lng nghe knh truyn tr li. Nh vy, 1-persistent s dng rt hiu qu knh truyn, vic truyn s c thc hin lp tc ngay khi knh truyn va rnh. y l c im khc bit chnh gia 2 loi non-persistent v persistent. Giao thc p-persistent l m hnh trung gian gia non-persistent v 1-persistent. p- l xc sut m node pht gi ngay khi knh truyn rnh. Vi nonpersistent (p=0), tc l node gn nh khng pht gi ngay khi knh truyn rnh. 1-persistent (p=1), node pht ngay tc th khi knh truyn rnh v n lun lng nghe trng thi knh truyn. Vi xc sut (1-p), trm ch sau mt khong thi gian no trc khi th pht gi ln na. CSMA i hi cc thit b vn cn trong trng thi nhn khi khng truyn dn n tiu th nng lng. 2.3.2. CSMA/CD Nhc im ca CSMA l cc trm tranh chp khi pht hin ra ng vn tip tc pht cho n khi ht gi ang pht. Vi gi d liu di, lng bng thng b lng ph l rt ln. Hn na, cc node c th phi ch qua mt khong thi gian tr khng cn thit pht ht gi trc khi pht li gi mt ln na, gii quyt nhng nhc im ca CSMA v xa hn l gim khong thi gian ng , mng dng giao thc m rng CSMA/CD, cc node thng tin c kh nng lng nghe trong khi truyn. Nu mt node c d liu pht, u tin n lng nghe xc nh c node no khc ang truyn hay khng, nu khng node s pht gi ca mnh v tip tc gim st tn hiu trn ng truyn trong khi vic truyn ang din ra. Nh vy, node c th gim st tn hiu trn ng truyn v pht hin ng ngay khi n xy ra. Nu c mt tn hiu can nhiu c pht hin, node ngng ngay lp tc vic truyn ca n. Khi ng xy ra, mi trm ang tranh chp trong vng ng s ch sau mt khong thi gian ngu nhin trc khi pht li gi. Khi ng dng CSMA/CD cho mng WSN. Nhc im chnh ca CSMA/CD l cn cung cp cho cc node cm bin kh nng pht hin xung t. Node cm bin c kh nng lu tr, x l, v ngun nng lng rt hn ch. Nhng hn ch ny gy ra rt nhiu kh khn trong vic thit k lp MAC. Cung cp kh nng pht hin xung t cho WSN l khng th nu khng thm phn cng vo cho cc node. Trn thc t, my thu pht v tuyn thng hot ng bn song cng. pht hin xung t, node cm bin phi c kh nng nghe trong khi ni (listening while talking). Tuy nhin, s phc tp v gi thnh cc node phi thp v kh nng m rng vi s lng ln cc node l mt c im quan trng ca WSN phi lun c. Nh vy, thit k lp vt l phi ti u m bo gi thnh thp. Mt iu quan trng na hn ch vic s dng gii thut CSMA/CD iu tit truy cp trong mi trng khng dy l s kh khn ca vic pht hin ng trong mi trng ny. Trong mng c dy dn, suy hao thp lm cho t s tn hiu trn nhiu ti my pht v my thu gn bng nhau. Trong mi trng mng khng dy, c tnh thay i theo thi gian ca knh truyn v tuyn, cng sut tn hiu gim nhanh theo khong cch gy ra nhiu kh khn cho ni pht trong vic nhn ra c hay khng ng ti ni thu. Nhc im ny hn ch kh nng ng dng cc giao thc da trn k thut pht hin xung t trong mng WSN. 2.3.3. CSMA/CA Phng php dng cm bin sng mang tng hiu qu chia s truy cp mi trng. Mc d c th ng dng trong mi trng khng dy, nhng vn gp phi 2 vn , gi l vn node n v node hin. Hai vn ny gin tip pht sinh t c tnh thay i theo thi gian ca knh v tuyn, gy ra bi cc hin tng vt l nh nhiu, fading, suy hao v Can nhiu kt hp vi s gim nhanh cng sut thu theo khong cch, gii hn khong cch truyn ti a.

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Nhm 6 /BKTTT1 Node n (hidden node): c nh ngha l node nm trong vng ca node ch n nhng nm ngoi vng node pht.

Hnh 2.2: Hin tng hidden-node trong mng WSN Node B nm trong vng ph sng ca node A v C. Gi s node A v C khng c vng ph ln nhau. Mi lin lc gia 2 node ny khng thc hin c. Gi s node A cn gi gi d liu cho node B theo ng cc nguyn tc ca CSMA: A cm nhn knh truyn, nu knh rnh node A bt u pht cho B. Gi s node A cha hon thnh vic pht gi cho B th node C mun pht d liu cho B. Node C dng CSMA, cm nhn knh truyn. V A v C ngoi tm ca nhau, C khng nghe c tn hiu t A. Do , C nhn thy knh truyn rnh v pht gi ca mnh cho B. Kt qu l B nhn ng thi 2 gi, ng xy ra ti my thu.C 2 gi u hng. Node hin (exposed-node): nh ngha l node nm trong vng ca node pht nhng nm ngoi vng node ch n.

Hnh 2.3: Hin tng exposed-node trong mng WSN Node B nm trong vng bao ph ca node A v C. Node D nm trong vng bao ph ca node B. Node A v C ngoi tm ca nhau. Gi s node B mun pht d liu cho A .Theo giao thc CSMA, node B lng nghe trng thi knh truyn, xc nh knh truyn rnh, B bt u gi gi d liu cho A.Gi s rng node C cng cn gi gi d liu cho D. Node C theo ng nguyn tc ca giao thc CSMA, n lng nghe trng thi knh truyn.Bi v qu trnh truyn gia B v A vn tip tc, node C xc nh knh truyn ang bn v hon li vic pht gi cho D. Tuy nhin s tr ny l khng cn thit, bi v qu trnh truyn gia C v D thnh cng nu nh node D nm ngoi vng bao ph ca node B. Nhiu cch gii quyt c nu ln nhm loi b hay lm gim nh hng ca node n v node hin: dng m bo bn; da trn vic trnh ng CSMA/CA s dng cc th tc bt tay ready-to-send (RTS), clear-to-send (CTS). Vi phng php CSMA/CA: bi v node khng th pht hin c ng ang xy ra hay khng, n c gng trnh xung t bng cch ch mt khong thi gian cho n khi knh trng. Khi mt node nh pht mt gi d liu, u tin n cm nhn sng mang xc nh xem c node no ang truyn hay khng. Nu khng, node gi gi RTS bo l mun gi d liu n cho node cn gi gi d liu. Nu knh truyn rnh, node nhn s gi tr li bng gi CTS cho bit node ny sn sng nhn. Sau khi nhn c gi CTS, node pht s gi ngay gi d liu cho node kia. Nu sau khong thi gian nh trc, node pht khng nhn

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Nhm 6 /BKTTT1 c gi xc nhn CTS th coi nh node nhn cha sn sng nhn d liu, n s ch mt khong thi gian trc khi bt u li th tc RTS/CTS.

Hnh 2.4: Trnh xung t dng th tc bt tay RTS/CTS. Node B mun pht gi cho C. Sau khi xc nh knh truyn l rnh, B pht gi RTS. Node C nhn c gi RTS t B, p li bng gi CTS sn sng nhn d liu. Trong gi RTS v CTS c a ch ch v a ch ngun cn thng tin. Khi B pht gi RTS cho C th ng thi A cng nhn c gi RTS ny. A t timer cho n khi hon thnh truyn d liu gia B v C, khng pht bt k gi no. Khi C tr li gi CTS cho B th D cng nhn c gi ny. D cng t timer cho n khi hon thnh vic truyn d liu. Trong nhiu mi trng, th tc RTS/CTS l gim xung t v tng hiu qu s dng bng thng. Tuy nhin, th tc ny khng hon ton gii quyt c vn hidden-node:

Hnh 2.5: Hn ch trong chng ng ca giao thc bt tay RTS/CTS Node A nhn thy knh rnh v gi gi RTS cho B. p li, B tr li bng gi CTS. Node C cng nhn c gi CTS ny do C nm trong vng bao ph ca B. Node D mun truyn d liu cho C, v vy n gi cho C gi RTS. Lc ny C ang nhn gi CTS t B. Do c 2 gi u b h. Trong lc , node A nhn c gi CTS ng t B, bt u qu trnh gi gi d liu cho B. Node D sau thi gian timeout, pht li gi RTS cho C. Node C khng nhn c gi RTS t B nn coi nh knh truyn rnh. C tr li bng gi CTS cho D. Node B trong vng bao ph ca C nn B cng nhn c gi ny. ng thi, node B cng ang nhn gi d liu t node A, ng xy ra. C 2 gi u b sai Mc d vn cn mt s sai st trong gii quyt vn hidden-node, giao thc CSMA/CA dng th tc bt tay RTS/CTS c s dng kh rng ri trong mng khng dy trnh ng cc gi v lm tng lu lng mng. 2.4. Cc giao thc MAC cho mng WSN Nhu cu duy tr nng lng l vn quan trng nht trong thit k giao thc MAC cho mng WSN. Nhiu nhn t gy ra lng ph nng lng, nh overhead qu di, lng

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Nhm 6 /BKTTT1 nghe trong trng thi ngh, ng cc gi, v nghe ln (overhearing) iu tit truy cp i hi trao i thng tin iu khin v ng b gia cc node tranh chp. S trao i lng ln thng tin ny cng lm tng cng sut tiu th. Chu k lng nghe di lm tng tiu th nng lng v gim lu lng qua mng. Vic pht li cc gi b ng tiu tn lng ln nng lng ca node. S ng xy ra nhiu lm gim cht lng ca giao thc MAC. Tng t, vic nghe gi m a ch n khng phi l ca node (gi l nghe ln) cng lm tiu tn nng lng khng cn thit, i tng chnh ca giao thc MAC l gim nng lng hao ph do ng , lng nghe, nghe ln, v overhead qu di. Cc giao thc ny c phn ra lm 2 nhm: giao thc mp MAC da trn c s c lp lch (schedule-based) v da trn tranh chp (contention-based). Schedule-based l lp giao thc MAC truy cp knh truyn da trn lch trnh sp xp sn. Knh truyn c gii hn cho mt node ti mt thi im bng cch phn trc ti nguyn h thng cho ring node . Contention-based trnh phn trc ti nguyn cho node. Thay vo , knh truyn radio c chia s cho tt c cc node v theo nhu cu. Nhng nhiu node cng c nhu cu s dng knh truyn, kt qu l ng xy ra. Chc nng chnh ca giao thc lp MAC da trn tranh chp l ti thiu hoc trnh hon ton ng . Vic gii quyt ng thng t c bng cch dng gii thut phn tn, ngu nhin sp xp li truy cp knh truyn i vi cc node ang tranh chp. tng cn bn gim i overhead l buc cc node phi vo trng thi ng khi n khng hot ng. Tuy nhin, trng thi ng ca cc node m khng c s phi hp c th lm vic thng tin gia cc node ln cn tr nn kh khn. Phn tip theo s phn tch v schedule-based protocols v contention-based protocols thng qua giao thc T-MAC v S-MAC. 2.4.1 Schedule-Based Protocols: Giao thc to ra s sp t trc iu tit truy cp ti nguyn trnh xung t gia cc node. Thng thng, ti nguyn gm thi gian, bng tn, hay m CDMA. Mc tiu chnh ca giao thc loi ny l hiu qu s dng nng lng cao ko di thi gian sng ca mng. Mt s thuc tnh khc l kh nng m rng v thch ng thay i lu lng ti v cu hnh mng. Hu ht cc giao thc thuc nhm schedule-based u dng m hnh tng t TDMA, trong knh truyn c chia ra thnh cc khe thi gian nh trn hnh 2.6. Mt dy N cc khe nm k nhau, N l thng s h thng. Khung ny lp li tun hon theo thi gian. Trong mi khung, mi mt node c phn mt s khe thi gian. Cc khe ny chnh l lch trnh cc node hot ng. Lch trnh ny c th c nh, xy dng theo nhu cu hay c hai. Da trn s phn chia trc cho mi node, cm bin lun phin thay i gia hai ch : tch cc hoc ngh. Trong ch tch cc, node dng cc khe phn cho n pht v nhn cc khung d liu. Ngoi cc khe thi gian c phn trc, node chuyn v trng thi ngh, tt cc b thu pht bo ton nng lng.

Hnh 2.6: Giao thc MAC da trn TDMA ng dng trong WSN

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Nhm 6 /BKTTT1 2.4.1.1. SMACS: Self-Organizing Media Access Control for Sensornets SMACS l mt giao thc iu khin truy cp c th t chc cu hnh mng ngu nhin m khng cn phi to s ng b chung ton h thng. Giao thc SMACS dng phng php hn hp TDMA/FH nh l s thng tin c sp xp trc bt ng b (nonsynchronous scheduled communication) khng cn thng tin kt ni chung hay s ng b v thi gian. Mi node trong mng to ra cc khung ging nh trong TDMA, gi l superframe lin lc vi cc node xung quanh. Chiu di ca superframes l c nh. Khung ny c chia thnh nhiu frame nh hn. Nhng kch thc frame nh th khng c nh v c th thay i theo thi gian khc nhau trong cng mt node v gia cc node. SMACS i hi mi node phi thc thi mt phng thc pht hin cc node ln cn. Mi node to mt ng lin lc vi mt node mi pht hin c bng cch gn mt khe thi gian cho lin kt ny. Node ch ni chuyn vi node mi ny qua mt khe thi gian duy nht. Cn phi m bo khng c can nhiu xy ra gia cc lin kt gn nhau. lm c iu , node dng phng php phn chia knh ngu nhin, chn mt knh t nhiu knh tn s (FDMA) hay code tri ph (CDMA) cho mi lin kt. S dng cu trc superframe, mi node xy dng cc khe thi gian sn c thng tin vi cc node ln cn, cc node phi iu chnh tn s ca n n knh tn s hay m code CDMA ph hp lin lc vi nhau. 2.4.1.2. Phn nhm phn bc tng thch, nng lng thp (LEACH: LowEnergy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy): LEACH xy dng cu trc v sp xp cc node thnh cc Cluster. Trong mi Cluster, chn ra mt Cluster head. LEACH dng TDMA thng tin gia cc node v Cluster head. Cluster head chuyn thng ip nhn c t cc node n cho trm trung tm (base station). Base station l mt thit b cp cao hn, qun l tt c cc Cluster head trong khu vc mng.

Hnh 2.7: Cluster trong WNS Cluster head lp sn lch trnh theo TDMA v pht lch ny cho tt c cc node trong Cluster ca n. Lch lp trc ny s ngn ng gia cc gi d liu. Hn na, vic sp xp trc c th c cc node dng xc nh khe thi gian trong sut khong thi gian ch tch cc, iu ny cho php cc node (tr Cluster head) tt cc b phn thu pht v tuyn ca n khi cha c gn khe thi gian. LEACH gi s rng cc node bt u thit lp trng thi pha cluster v ng b v thi gian. Mt k thut c th c dng thc hin ng b l trm trung tm gi i xung ng b n tt c cc node. gim can nhiu gia cc Cluster vi nhau, LEACH dng gin phn chia m da vo my pht. Lin lc gia 1 node v Cluster head dng k thut tri ph chui trc tip (direct sequence spread spectrum), trong mi Cluster c phn mt m tri ph duy nht, c dng tt c cc node trong Cluster truyn d liu cho Cluster head. M tri ph c phn chia cho Cluster head theo nguyn tt first-in, first-served, bt u t Cluster head th nht, sau n cc Cluster head tip theo. Cc node phi hiu chnh cng sut pht gim can nhiu n cc Cluster k cn. Khi nhn c gi d liu t node trong Cluster, Cluster head tp hp d liu trc khi gi ti trm trung tm. Lin lc gia 1 Cluster head v Base station thc hin bng m

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Nhm 6 /BKTTT1 tri ph c nh v CSMA. Trc khi pht d liu cho Base station, Cluster head phi cm nhn knh truyn chc chn rng khng c Cluster head khc ang dng knh truyn. Nu knh truyn ang bn, Cluster head ngng truyn d liu cho n khi knh truyn rnh. V tng qut, giao thc da trn lp lch trc khng xy ra ng , hn ch c lng ph nng lng gy ra o tranh chp. Hn na, cc node cm bin ch cn iu chnh phn v tuyn trong sut khe thi gian node thu hay pht d liu. Trong cc khe thi gian khc, chng tt cc chc nng thu pht v tuyn, do trnh overhearing. Node hot ng vi chu k nhim v ngn hn, ko di thi gian sng ca node. Tuy nhin giao thc MAC lp lch trc c nhiu bt li, gii hn s dng trong mng WSN. S dng TDMA i hi s sp xp cc node thnh Cluster. Cu trc phn cp ny thng hn ch ch cho php node lin lc vi Cluster head ca n. Lin lc peer-to-peer khng th thc hin trc tip (nu cc node mun giao tip trc tip, khi chng phi lng nghe trong sut khe thi gian, gim hiu qu nng lng). Giao thc ny ph thuc vo s ng b tt v thi gian. Tuy nhin, ng b cc node cm bin phn b rt kh thc hin v gi thnh cao, c bit i vi mng cm bin khng dy b hn ch v nng lng. Bn cnh , giao thc MAC lp lch trc i hi cc k thut khc nh FDMA hay CDMA thng tin qua li gia cc cluster v can nhiu. Quan trng hn, TDMA thng b hn ch v kh nng m rng v kh thch ng vi node di ng v thay i cu hnh mng. Bi v cc node vo hay ra khi mt Cluster, chiu di khung cng nh phn b khe thi gian phi hiu chnh li. S thay i thng xuyn lm tng gi thnh hay lm chm hot ng chung ca h thng. 2.4.2. Random Access-Based Protocols Giao thc lp MAC truy cp ngu nhin c bit n nh l cc giao thc da trn s tranh chp, khng i hi s phi hp gia cc node ang truy cp knh truyn. Cc node ng ngng mt khong thi gian trc khi th truy cp tr li knh truyn. Tuy nhin, cc giao thc ny khng thch hp vi mi trng mng WSN. S m rng cc giao thc ny vi kh nng trnh ng v request-to-send (RTS), clear-to-send (CTS) ci thin tin cy. Tuy nhin, hiu qu s dng nng lng ca cc giao thc loi ny vn thp do ng , lng nghe trng thi ngh, overhearing, overhead qu di. Nhiu c gng trong thit k giao thc MAC truy xut ngu nhin tp trung gim tiu hao nng lng ko di thi gian sng cho mng. 2.4.2.1. Giao thc a truy cp vi bo hiu (PAMAS - Power aware mediumaccess with signalling): L giao thc xut ban u cho mng Ad Hoc, c gng duy tr nng lng bng cch s dng hai b thu pht: mt cho bn tin d liu, mt cho bn tin iu khin. Giao thc kt hp dng m bo bn (busy tone) vi cc gi RTS v CTS cho php cc node khng hot ng tt cc b thu pht v tuyn. N l mt trong nhng giao thc MAC cm nhn nng lng u tin a ra cho cc mng khng dy a hop. Mt thit b nhn s dng m bo bn ch ra rng cc thit b khc c th b mt bn tin RTS v CTS, khng th truyn i trn knh d liu.

Hnh 2.8 Truyn d liu trong PAMAS

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Nhm 6 /BKTTT1 Hnh 2.8 th hin bn tin truyn trong PAMAS: bn tin truyn trong PAMAS bt u bi ngun gi i mt bn tin RTS ti ch trn knh iu khin. ch sau quyt nh nu n phi truyn mt CTS bng cch kim tra knh d liu v knh iu khin. Nu ch khng pht hin hot ng no trn knh d liu v khng nghe thy mt bn tin RTS v CTS gn y n s tr li bn tin CTS. Ngun sau khi nhn c bn tin CTS s truyn bn tin d liu qua knh d liu. ch bt u truyn mt m bo bn qua knh iu khin mt khi n bt u nhn c bn tin d liu cc node gn nhn ra rng chng khng th s dng knh d liu. PAMAS thc hin mt m bo bn nh mt bn tin gp 2 ln chiu di bn tin RTS hay CTS. Hn na, trong qu trnh nhn d liu, ch s truyn mt m bo bn bt c lc no n nhn c mt bn tin RTS hoc pht hin nhiu trn knh iu khin. Trong PAMAS, cc node s tt my thu sng (i vo trng thi ng) bt k khi no chng khng nhn hoc gi thnh cng. c bit, chng cng chuyn sang ch ng khi chng tnh c bit c s truyn ca node ln cn n node khc hoc nu n pht hin thng qua biu hin ca knh bo hiu iu khin RTS/CTS rng c 1 node ln cn ang nhn. Khong thi gian ca ch ng c thit lp theo chiu di ca qu trnh truyn ang xy ra, c ch th bi knh iu khin. Nu qu trnh truyn c bt u trong khi mt node vn ch ng, vo lc node thc dy, gi tn hiu thm d xc nh khong thi gian qu trnh truyn xy ra v bao lu n c th quay tr li ch ng. Trong PAMAS, mt node ch c th t vo trng thi ng kh n b cm nhn hoc truyn theo bt k ng no, cho cht lng tr /thng lng ca mng khng li. Tuy nhin vn cn lng ph nng lng ng k trong ch nhn idle (v d: trong iu kin khi 1 node khng c gi tin gi v khng c s hot ng no trn knh) v lng ph khi phi s dng n 2 knh lm vic ng thi ngha l s dng 2 h thng v tuyn. 2.4.2.2. Giao thc qun l nng lng v cu hnh ri rc (STEM) STEM c hiu sut nng lng cao hn. Giao thc ny dng 2 knh: mt knh cho d liu v mt knh cho wake-up (nh thc). Mt node s tt knh truyn v tuyn ca n nu nh khng c nhu cu lin lc vi cc node khc. Khi node c d liu pht, n bt u pht knh nh thc. Knh bo hiu wake-up hot ng nh m tn hiu nh s. Vic truyn tn hiu ny phi lu tt c cc node ln cn u c nh s. Khi mt node c nh thc, n chuyn sang ch hot ng. Node nhn cc gi v x l sau tr li ch ng. Giao thc STEM c th c dng lin kt vi cc giao thc lp MAC da trn lp trnh sn. Tuy nhin, giao thc ny ch hiu qu trong mi trng mng m cc s kin xy ra khng thng xuyn. Nu cc s kin din ra thng xuyn, nng lng tiu ph cho cc tn hiu nh thc s tng ng k. 2.4.2.3. Mt dng ca giao thc da trn s tranh chp xut pht t chun IEEE 802.11 Ngn overhearing dng cc gi RTS v CTS, im chung ca cc giao thc ny l dng gi RTS v CTS trao i gia hai node tranh chp bt mt node phi chuyn sang ch ngh. Nhng gii thut ny cn da vo lch ng b gia cc node gn nhau trnh lng nghe trng thi ri. Chng khc nhau cch to chu k nhim v ngn v cch t c hiu sut cao, c bit khi chiu di cc gi d liu gn bng chiu di cc gi RTS v CTS. Cc giao thc cn khc nhau v k thut gim thi gian tr gi. Chng cn khc nhau v mc v s cng bng gia cc node trong mng. 2.5. SENSOR-MAC Giao thc sensor-MAC (S-MAC) c thit k gim hao ph nng lng do ng , lng nghe, overhead iu khin, v overhearing. Mc tiu l tng hiu sut nng lng trong khi vn t c s n nh v kh nng m rng.

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Nhm 6 /BKTTT1 S-MAC to chu k nhim v thp trn cc node qua mng a ng, tit kim nng lng ng k. Trong sut khong thi gian khng c s kin g xy ra, node S-MAC theo chu k s lun phin gia ch lng nghe v ng. Mi node ng v thc dy sau nhng khong thi gian t trc, trong khi tt ch thu pht v tuyn. Khi ht thi gian ny, node chuyn sang ch tch cc. gim overhead iu khin m vn m bo c tr gi thp, giao thc dng ch ng c phi hp gia cc node ln cn. Vic ng theo chu k gip tit kim nng lng thiu th. Tm quan trng ca tr gi ph thuc nhiu vo i hi cu ng dng. S-MAC tp trung vo cc ng dng chu tr c vi giy. Tuy nhin, khi node theo lch trnh b hn ch, tr c th rt ng k. S-MAC dng k thut lng nghe thch ng (adaptive listening). Do c im ca cc ng dng, ti mi thi im nht nh mt node cm bin c th c lng ln thng tin cn trao i vi cc node xung quanh n. p ng cc yu cu ny trong khi phi gim overhead, S-MAC hi sinh s cng bng truy cp knh truyn, mt node c php gi mt thng ip di di dng chm. K thut ny ci thin iu khin overhead v trnh overhearing. 2.5.1. Lng nghe v ngh theo chu k (Listen and Sleep): Mt trong cc tiu ch khi thit kt S-MAC l gim nng lng tiu th do lng nghe, phng php thng dng l xy dng chu k lm vic ngn cho cc node. Theo chu k, cc node chuyn sang trng thi ng, tt cc b thu pht v tuyn. Node chuyn sang tch cc khi c lu lng qua mng. Hnh 2.9 m t chu k lm vic ca node vi thi gian lng nghe v thi gian ng to thnh khung (frame). Da trn s ny, mi node t timer cho wake-up v vo ch ng trong khong thi gian nht nh. Khi ht timer, node thc dy v lng nghe xc nh xem c nhu cu thng tin vi cc node khc hay khng. Mc d chiu di khong lng nghe c th c chn ty mi node cm bin, nhng n gin gi tr nn tng t tt c cc node.

Hnh 2.9: Khung thi gian hot ng ca node. Vic lp khong thi gian lng nghe v ng ca cc node ln cn phi c phi hp gim overhead iu khin. Khc vi cc giao thc khc, s phi hp c c thng qua node master nh l cluster head iu hnh qu trnh hot ng trong cluster. S-MAC node to ra cc cluster o, lin lc trc tip vi cc node xung quanh trao i v ng b lch trnh listen & sleep. 2.5.2. S phi hp v la chn lch lm vic Cc node ln cn phi hp lch trnh lng nghe v ng tt c cc node cng lng nghe v cng ng cng thi im. phi hp lch lm vic ca mnh, mi node chn thi gian biu v trao i vi cc node xung quanh trong sut qu trnh ng b. Mi node xy dng bng thi gian, bao gm lch lm vic ca tt c cc node ln cn m n bit. chn c lch trnh, u tin node lng nghe knh truyn trong khong thi gian c nh, t nht cng bng thi gian ng b. Khi ht thi gian ny, nu node khng nghe thy bng thi gian t bt k node no, node s chn lch lm vic ca n lp ra. Node thng bo lch ny n tt c node xung quanh bng cch pht qung b gi SYNC. Nhng trc , node cm nhn sng mang gim nguy c ng cc gi SYNC. Nu trong sut thi gian ng b node nhn c lch lm vic t node no trc khi chn v thng bo lch ca mnh, node s t lch ging nh lch n nhn c. Node ch n khong thi gian ng b k tip thng bo lch cho cc node xung quanh.

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Nhm 6 /BKTTT1

Hnh 2.10 : S ng b v la chn lch trnh ca node bin Mt node c th nhn mt bng thi gian khc sau khi n chn v thng bo lch ca chnh n. iu ny s xy ra nu gi SYNC b sai do ng hay can nhiu knh truyn. Nu node khng c node xung quanh, node s b lch ca mnh v thch ng vi lch t node khc. Mt khc, nu node c nhm node ln cn ng b lch vi n nhng vn nhn c lch mi t node khc cha ng b th node s thch ng vi c hai lch. Khi node cn c nh thc ph hp vi c hai lch lm vic trn. Li ch ca phng php to lch lm vic a sng mang l cc node bin ch cn pht mt gi ng b SYNC. Nhng bt li ca phng php ny l cc node bin tiu th nhiu nng lng hn, bi v chng ch ng t hn. Cc node ln cn c th khng pht hin c cc node khc, v tr hay mt gi SYNC. gii quyt nhc im ny, S-MAC node yu cu thc thi vic pht hin node thng xuyn, theo chu k mt node lng nghe trong khong thi gian ng b. Cc node khng c bt k node ln cn no phi thc hin pht hin node xung quanh thng xuyn hn. 2.5.3. ng b khung thi gian: Lc thc/ng yu cu s ng b gia nhng node trong vng ln cn. Vic cc node trong vng ln cn nh k cp nht ln nhau thi gian biu ca chng l cn thit ngn nga s sai lch thi im ca chu k nghe/ng. Vic cp nht thi gian biu c thc hin bng trao i gi tin ng b SYNC. Gi tin SYNC rt ngn, v bao gm a ch ca node gi v thi im chuyn sang trng thi ng tip theo ca n. mt node nhn c gi SYNC v cc gi d liu, khong thi gian lng nghe c chia lm 2 phn nh. Phn u tin nhn nhng gi tin ng b, phn hai nhn nhng gi RTS, CTS. Mi phn c chia tip thnh nhiu khe thi gian cho nhng node gi thc hin cm nhn sng mang. V d, nu mt node gi mun gi mt gi tin ng b th n khi ng cm nhn sng mang khi node nhn bt u nghe. N ngu nhin la chn mt khe thi gian kt thc cm nhn sng mang. Nu n khng pht hin ra bt k s truyn no vo khong cui khe, th n chim c ng truyn v bt u gi gi tin ng b ca n ti thi im y. Vic thc hin truyn gi d liu cng c thc hin tng t.

Hnh 2.11: ng b gia my thu v my pht

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Nhm 6 /BKTTT1 Hnh 2.11 th hin mi quan h nh thi ca ba trng hp c th khi mt node gi thc hin truyn ti mt node nhn (CS l cm ng sng mang): Trong trng hp th nht, node ch gi mt gi SYNC, trng hp th hai node ch gi gi d liu, trng hp th ba node gi c gi SYNC v gi d liu. Mi node nh k qung b nhng gi tin ng b ti cc ln cn ca n k c khi n khng c node ng b theo. iu ny cho php mt node mi gia nhp nhm ln cn hnh thnh trc . Node mi thc hin th tc chn mt thi gian biu c sn lm thi gian biu ca n. Qung thi gian nghe di n c kh nng hc v theo mt thi gian biu c sn trc khi n t chn cho mnh mt thi gian biu c lp. 2.5.4. Lng nghe thch ng: M hnh listen & sleep theo chu k c th lm tng tr do cc node phi lu tr v chuyn thng ip gia cc node mng. Nu cc node theo lch trnh lp ra mt cch khc khe, cc gi d liu c th b tr ti mi ng. ch ra nhc im ny v ci thin c tnh tr, giao thc dng k thut gi l lng nghe thch ng (adaptive listening). K thut ny gim s tr gi bng cch ko di thi gian lng nghe ca node nu nh node c kh nng c chn lm node k tip trn ng i ca gi t ngun n ch: Mt node ang trong ch lng nghe, s trao i gi RTS hay CTS gia cc node ln cn vi cc node khc; gi s node ang lng nghe c th l bc k tip trn ng nh tuyn ca gi RTS/CTS (node ny c th c chn), node s ko di thi gian lng nghe trnh nguy c gy c tr gi d liu nu n c chn. Node ny xc nh thi gian cn thit hon thnh qu trnh truyn gi t trng thi gian trong gi RTS/CTS m n bt c. Ngay khi nhn c d liu, node trc pht ra gi RTS bt u th tc bt tay RTS/CTS vi node ang lng nghe. Nu node lng nghe khng nhn c gi RTS trong qu trnh lng nghe thch ng, n tr li trng thi ng. 2.5.5. iu khin truy cp v trao i d liu: iu tit truy cp knh truyn cho nhiu node cm bin ang tranh chp, S-MAC dng th tc da trn CSMA/CA, gm cm bin sng mang vt l v cm bin sng mang o kt hp dng nghi thc bt tay RTS/CTS gim vn node n-node hin. Cm bin sng mang o dng vector phn phi mng NAV (Network Allocation Vector), l mt bin c gi tr l thi gian cn li cho n khi kt thc truyn gi d liu hin ti. Cm bin sng mang vt l lng nghe knh truyn pht hin qu trnh truyn d liu. Cm bin sng mang ngu nhin trong ca s tranh chp trnh xung t. Mt node c php pht d liu nu c cm bin sng mang o v vt l u cho thy knh truyn rnh.

Hnh 2.12: M hnh trnh ng trong S-MAC Khi mt node cm bin mun truyn d liu, n phi gi mt khung RTS khung ny cha trng NAV thit lp trn tt c cc node nghe c n mt khong thi gian cn thit

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Nhm 6 /BKTTT1 node ny c th hon thnh qu trnh truyn d liu ca mnh cng thm thi gian nhn khung ACK tr li t node thu. Node thu sau khi nhn c khung RTS s i ht mt SIFS v gi tr li node pht bng khung CTS, cc node cn li nghe c khung CTS ny s cp nht li khong thi gian NAV ca mnh. Node pht nhn c khung CTS t node thu, i ht mt mt SIFS s bt u truyn d liu. Sau khi nhn c khung d liu, node thu i ht mt SIFS s gi v node pht bn tin ACK bo rng mnh nhn d liu. Lc ny khong thi gian NAV cc node khc va ht hiu lc v tt c cc node li tip tc tham gia vo qu trnh tranh chp mi dnh quyn chim dng mi trng truyn thng thc thi cm bin sng mang o hiu qu, cc node cn phi lng nghe tt c cc qu trnh truyn d liu t cc node xung quanh, k c gi d liu khng gi cho n. Vic nghe ln v nhn cc gi khng phi gi cho mnh dn n tiu hao nng lng ng k. trnh tnh trng ny, S-MAC cho php cc node chuyn sang ch ng sau khi chng nghe thy cc gi RTS hay CTS gia hai node khc. Trong gi RTS/CTS c cha thi gian qui nh ti a cho truyn gi d liu cn truyn ngay sau ty theo di gi d liu. Node khi to bin NAV bng gi tr trong trng thi gian ca cc gi RTS/CTS v sang ch ng cho n khi gi tr NAV gim n 0. V thi gian gi d liu thng di hn gi RTS/CTS nn th tc trnh nghe ln c th tit kim ng k nng lng tiu tn cho hot ng ny. Mt node mun pht mt gi d liu trc tin phi cm nhn knh truyn. Nu knh truyn bn, node sang trnh thi ng v thc dy khi knh truyn tr nn rnh. Nu knh truyn rnh, node pht i gi RTS v ch nhn gi CTS t my thu. Khi nhn c gi CTS, node gi gi d liu ca n. Qu trnh truyn gi hon tt khi node nhn c gi xc nhn ng ACK t pha thu. Sau node sang trng thi ng cho n khi c nhu cu trao i cc gi d liu k tip. 2.5.6. Chuyn thng ip: S-MAC a ra khi nim v chuyn thng ip (message passing), thng ip l d liu c ngha m node phi x l. Thng ip c chia thnh nhiu phn nh. Nhng phn ny c pht i thnh tng chm n. Cc mu thng ip c pht ch dng mt gi RTS v CTS trao i gia node pht v node thu. Khi hon tt gi RTS/CTS, node dnh thi gian cn thit hon thnh qu trnh truyn thng ip km cc gi xc nhn ACK da vo thi gian trong trng thi gian ca gi RTS hay CTS.

Hnh 2.13: Qu trnh truyn thng ip trong S-MAC Sau khi pht xong mt mu, thit b pht ch nhn gi xc nhn ng ACK t thit b nhn. Nu n nhn c gi ACK, node pht tip tc cc mu tip theo. Tuy nhin, nu khng nhn c ACK node tng thi gian yu cu hon thnh qu trnh truyn thng ip truyn li mu v ch nhn ACK tng ng. Cc node khc da vo thng tin trong gi RTS hay CTS nh thi gian cm bin sng mang o v chuyn sang ch ng cho n khi ht thi gian truyn thng ip. S-MAC c kh nng tit kim ng k

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Nhm 6 /BKTTT1 nng lng hao ph. Thch hp cho cc ng dng m s cng bng khng phi l tiu ch thit k quan trng v tng tr gi c th chp nhn c. 2.5.7. Hiu sut ca S-MAC S- MAC c thc hin trn cc Berkeley mote (Berkeley mote l modun cm bin v tuyn khng dy c sn xut bi Berkeley). S-MAC thc hin cho php mt ngi dng cu hnh n nhiu ch khc nhau. Tiu mc ny cho thy mt s kt qu o lng ca S-MAC qua Mica motes (Mica motes l mt thit b th h 3 s dng trong mng cm bin khng dy cng sut thp, thc thi 2,4 GHz v 868/916 MHz. Vi MICAz Mote a ra 2.4 GHz, IEEE/ZigBee 802.15.4 v MICA2 l 868/916 MHz my thu pht v tuyn a knh s dng cho cng sut thp, wireless, sensor networks ) vi cc cu hnh sau y: + 10% chu k hot ng khng cn lng nghe thch ng. + 10% chu k hot ng lng nghe thch ng. + Khng chu k ng (100% chu k hot ng) nhng trnh nghe trm (overhearing). Topo trong o lng l mng tuyn tnh 11 node, vi node u tin nh l node ngun v node cui cng nh l Sink. Sink l node tip nhn d liu, pht ra yu cu truy vn d liu. Mc tiu th nng lng

Hnh 2.14 Tiu th nng lng trong 3 ch S-MAC Nng lng tiu th c o trong mng qua 10 bc nhy ca mng c cu hnh S-MAC nh trn. Trong mi ln kim tra, node ngun gi mt s lng c nh ca d liu, 20 bn tin, mi bn tin l 100 byte). Hnh 2.14 cho thy s tiu th nng lng trong tt c cc node trong mng thay i. N cng cho thy tm quan trng ca lng nghe thch ng khi lu lng tr nn nng n. tr Mt bt li ca S-MAC l tr ca vic gi tin nhn c th c tng ln. Trong v d ny, tr c o bng thi gian mt bn tin di chuyn qua cc hop khc nhau khi ch c mt bn tin trong mng ti mt thi im. Trong hnh 2.15 cho thy o tr nh mt hm ca khong cch. Trong c 3 ch ca S-MAC, tr tng tuyn tnh vi s hope. Tuy nhin, tr ch 10% chu k hot ng khng lng nghe thch ng c tr cao hn nhiu so vi 2 ch cn li. L do l mi bn tin phi ch mt chu k ng trn mi hop. Trong khi tr ca S-MAC lng nghe thch ng rt gn vi MAC m khng c

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Nhm 6 /BKTTT1 bt k ng nh k. Bi v, lng nghe thch ng thng cho php S-MAC ngay lp tc gi tin nhn n hop tip theo.

Hnh 2.15: tr trong S-MAC Nng lng so vi tr v Thng lng By gi chng ta nhn vo s cn bng cc yu t khc nhau t c s kt hp tt nht m S-MAC c thc hin trn tr, nng lng v thng lng. S-MAC gim tiu th nng lng, nhng n lm tng tr v do lm gim thng lng. nh gi hiu sut tng th, chng ta so snh nh hng kt hp ca tiu th nng lng v lm gim thng lng bng cch tnh ton chi ph trn mi byte ca nng lng v thi gian truyn d liu t ngun n sink. Hnh 2.16 cho thy kt qu theo lu lng khc nhau. Chng ta c th thy, khi ti lu lng truy cp rt nng (bn tri), lng nghe thch ng v ch khng ng cho thy tt hn ng m khng c thch ng lng nghe. Nu khng c thch ng lng nghe, tr ng trn mi hop l gim hiu qu s dng nng lng - thi gian tng th. Ti ti nh hn (bn phi), chi ph nng lng - thi gian ch khng ng vt qua nhanh chng chi ph ca cc ch ng.

Hnh 2.16: Chi ph nng lng - thi gian cho mi byte trn truyn d liu t ngun ti sink 2.6. T-MAC (Time out-MAC) Mc d thc hin gim tiu hao nng lng bng vic gim thi gian ch nghe qua gii php thc hin chu trnh thc/ng c nh, nhng gii php ny ca S-MAC cha t hiu qu ti u. S-MAC c hai tham s quan trng: ln ca khung thi gian (frame time) v di thi gian thc (active time). ln khung thi gian b gii hn bi yu cu v tr cho php v ln b m. ln thi gian thc ph thuc ch yu trn tc pht

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Nhm 6 /BKTTT1 sinh thng ip: n phi ln node cm bin c th pht i tt c cc thng ip ca n trong khong thi gian thc. Trong khi yu cu tr v khng gian b m ni chung l c nh th tc pht sinh thng ip thng thay i. m bo tt c cc thng ip c pht nh mong mun, node cm bin phi c ci t mt thi gian thc sao cho c th x l mc thng lng cao nht. Nhng khi thng lng xung thp th thi gian thc s khng c s dng ti u v do nng lng s b lng ph do vn nghe khi ri (idle listening). Giao thc iu khin truy nhp T-MAC (Timeout-MAC) do hai tc gi Tijs van Dam v Koen Langendoen, khoa Cng ngh thng tin v cc h thng, Trng i hc cng ngh Delft, H Lan, gii thiu ti Hi ngh quc t v cc h thng mng cm bin nhng ln th nht ti Los Angeles, M, nm 2003 (Sensys03), l s ci tin S-MAC khc phc nhc im trn. tng mi ca giao thc T-MAC l gim bt thi gian nghe khi ri bng vic truyn tt c cc thng ip trong nhng cm (burst) c di thay i, cc node c php ng gia cc cm thng ip, xc nh mt cch mm do di ti u thi gian thc theo s thay i ca lu lng ng truyn.

Hnh 2.17. Lc c bn T-MAC vi thi gian thc thay i Hnh 2.17 cho thy lc c bn ca giao thc T-MAC. Mi node nh k tnh dy lin lc cc node ln cn, sau ng tip cho n khi khung tip theo. Trong lc , nhng thng ip mi c a vo hng i. T-MAC cng s dng k thut RTS, CTS, Data, ACK trnh xung t v truyn s liu tin cy. Mt node s c t ch nghe v sn sng thc hin truyn s liu khi n ang trong trng thi thc. Trng thi thc s kt thc khi khng c mt s kin kch hot (activation event) no xut hin mt khong thi gian TA. Mt s kin kch hot l: + S kt thc mt khung thi gian theo nh k. + S tip nhn bt k d liu no trn sng v tuyn. + S xut hin s kin cm bin c pht hin qua thnh phn v tuyn. + S kt thc truyn d liu ca mt node c s hu gi d liu hoc s bin nhn ACK; + Thng tin v s kt thc trao i d liu ca cc node ln cn qua nhn c cc gi RTS, CTS. Thng s TA xc nh thi gian ti thiu cho vic thc ch nghe trn mt khung thi gian. Lc timeout chuyn tt c cc giao dch vo mt cm ti im bt u ca khung. Khi nhng thng ip gia cc thi gian hot ng phi c a vo b m. ln ca b m xc nh cn trn ca ln khung thi gian cc i. 2.6.1. Phn nhm v ng b ng b khung thi gian c thc hin qua s hnh thnh phn nhm o nh c m t trong giao thc S-MAC. Khi mt node cm bin bt u qu trnh hot ng ca mnh, n bt u bng vic i v nghe. Nu n khng nghe thy g trong mt khong thi gian nht nh, th n t chn cho mnh mt lch lm vic v truyn mt gi tin ng b SYNC cha ng thi gian khi to ca khung tip theo trong lch lm vic. Nu node cm bin trong thi gian khi ng nghe thy mt gi tin ng b t node khc, th n s theo lch lm vic trong gi tin ng b v qung b gi tin ng b tng ng ca chnh mnh. Cc node cm bin thc hin pht li ngay gi tin ng b ca chng. Chng thc

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Nhm 6 /BKTTT1 hin nghe y mt khung mt cch khng thng xuyn, v vy chng c th pht hin ra s tn ti ca nhng thi gian biu khc nhau. iu ny ny cho php cc node mi hoc cc node di ng c th c chp nhn gia nhp nhm tn ti trc . Nu mt node c mt thi gian biu nhng li nghe c t gi tin ng b mt thi gian biu khc (t node khc), th n chp nhn c hai v thc hin pht mt gi tin ng b cha thi gian biu ca mnh cho cc node khc bit c s tn ti thi gian biu . Vic chp nhn c hai thi gian biu lm vic c ngha rng node s c nhng s kin kch hot ti thi im bt u ca c hai khung. Mun truyn d liu, cc node cm bin phi khi ng ti im bt u khong thi gian thc quy nh trong lch biu ca chng. Ti thi im , c cc node ln cn c cng thi gian biu, v cc ln cn m chp nhn thi gian biu nh s b sung u trng thi thc. Nu n thc hin im bt u ca mt khung ca node ln cn, th c th n pht trong khi ln cn ca n vn ang rong trng thi ng. Vi lc ny lm c th thc hin qung b m ch cn pht mt ln duy nht. Lc ng b c m t trn c gi l qu trnh phn nhm o, thc y cc node hnh thnh nhm vi cng thi gian biu m khng bt buc thi gian biu ny p dng ti tt c cc node trong mng. N cho php thc hin qung b c hiu qu, v trnh s duy tr thng tin cc node ln cn. 2.6.2. Thc hin gi RTS v chn TA trong T-MAC T-MAC cn b sung mt s c tnh so vi S-MAC thc hin s iu chnh ti u thi gian thc. 2.6.2.1. Khong cnh tranh c nh (Fixed contention interval) Trong nhng giao thc trn nn cnh tranh, nh IEEE 802.11, cc node i ngu nhin mt khong thi gian nht nh, gi l khong thi gian cnh tranh, sau khi pht hin c xung t. Ch khi ng truyn ri trong thi gian y chng mi khi ng li s truyn. Thng thng, mt lc back-off c s dng: khong thi gian cnh tranh tng thm khi lu lng ng truyn tng. Lc back-off gim bt xc sut xy ra xung t khi ti tng cao, trong khi ti thiu tr khi ti thp. Trong giao thc T-MAC, mi node truyn cc thng ip trong hng i ca n vo mt cm ti im bt u ca khung. Trong thi gian truyn cm ny, ng truyn l bo ha: nhng thng ip c truyn tc cc i. Mi node u mun ginh quyn truy nhp ng truyn mi khi n gi mt gi tin RTS. Khong cnh tranh ngy cng tng th li khng c ch khi ti phn ln cao v khng thay i. Bi vy, s truyn RTS trong TMAC bt u bi vic i v nghe mt khong thi gian ngu nhin trong phm vi mt khong cnh tranh c nh. Khong ny c iu chnh ph hp vi ti cc i. Khong thi gian cnh tranh lun lun c s dng d khng c xung t.

Hnh 2.18. Lc trao i d liu c bn. Trong hnh 2.18 Node C nghe c CTS t node B v s khng lm phin giao tip gia A v B. TA phi di C c th nghe c phn u CTS.

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Nhm 6 /BKTTT1 2.6.2.2. Th li pht li RTS Khi mt node pht mt gi tin RTS, nhng khng nhn c tr li mt CTS, c th mt trong ba trng hp xy ra: Node nhn khng nghe c RTS v xung t; Node nhn b ngn cn tr li v nghe c RTS hoc CTS; Node nhn ang ng. Khi node gi khng nhn cu tr li trong khong TA, n c th chuyn sang trng thi ng. Tuy nhin, iu c th khng hp l trong nhng trng hp 1 v 2: s xy ra hin tng node mun gi chuyn sang trng thi ng trong khi node nhn vn thc. Khi trng hp ny xy ra thm ch ngay ti thng bo u tin ca khung, thng lng gim ng k. Bi vy, mt node cn phi c gng gi li RTS nu n khng nhn c cu tr li. Nu khng c cn s tr li sau khi th li, n cn phi t b nh truyn v sang trng thi ng. 2.6.2.3. Xc nh khong TA Mt node khng nn chuyn sang trng thi ng trong khi cc node ln cn ca n vn cn trao i s liu, mt khi node ln cn c th l node nhn ca mt thng bo k tip. Khi bt u nhn c gi tin RTS hoc CTS ca mt node ln cn cng thc hin mt tc v kch hot khi to khong TA. Khng nm trong vng ln cn, nn mt node s khng nhn c thng ip RTS t mt node m khi to truyn thng vi ln cn ca n. Khong TA phi di nhn t nht bt u ca gi CTS (Hnh 2.18). S quan st ny cho chng ta mt cn di ca di khong TA: TA > C + R + T y C l chiu di khong cnh tranh, R l di mt gi RTS, v T l thi gian turn-around (khong thi gian ngn gia kt thc ca gi RTS v s bt u ca gi CTS). Chn thi gian TA ln s lm tng s tiu ph nng lng. 2.6.2.4. Trnh nghe tha Giao thc S-MAC a ra tng node s sang trng thi ng sau khi nghe c mt gi tin RTS hoc CTS dnh cho cho node khc. Khi node b ngn cn vic gi d liu trong thi gian , n khng th tham gia bt k truyn thng no v tt nht l tt b phn thu pht v tuyn ca n tit kim nng lng. Trnh nghe tha l mt ty chn trong giao thc T-MAC gim nng lng tiu th. Tuy nhin, chng s lm xung t do thng tin iu khin (overhead collision) cao hn: mt node c th khng nhn c gi tin RTS v CTS trong khi ng v lm phin giao tip no khi n tnh dy tr li. Do vy, lu lng cc i gim bt. Mc du vic trnh nghe tha s tit kim in nng nhng n khng c s dng khi mun t bng thng cc i. 2.6.2.5. Truyn thng bt i xng Do lu lng trn mng cm bin phn ln l ng hng, nh dng truyn thng t nhiu node ti node gc (Notes-to-Sink), nn T-MAC xut hin hin tng lm gim thng lng cc i ca mng. Hin tng ny c m t nh sau (Hnh 2.19): Cc node t A n D hnh thnh mt t bo vi cc ln cn ca n. Cc thng ip di chuyn t trn xung di, nh vy node A ch pht ti B, B ch pht ti C, v C ch pht ti D.

Hnh 2.19. Hin tng ng sm. D i ng trc khi C gi mt RTS cho n

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Nhm 6 /BKTTT1 Khi node C mun pht d liu ti node D, n phi tin hnh cnh tranh, thm d ng truyn ginh quyn pht. Vic thm d c th khng tin hnh c v trc n nhn mt thng ip RTS t node B, hoc nghe c thng ip CTS t node B tr li ti node A. Khi C khng tin hnh c vic thm d ng truyn do nhn c thng ip RTS t node B, n s tr li B mt thng ip CTS, D s nghe c thng ip ny v t lch chuyn sang trng thi thc khi truyn thng gia C v B kt thc. Tuy nhin, nu C khng tin hnh c l do nghe c thng ip CTS t B tr li A (Hnh 2.19), n phi gi im lng. trng hp ny, do D khng bit truyn thng gia A v B, khng nhn c thng ip mun truyn d liu t C, n s chuyn sang trng thi ng khi thi gian thc theo lch kt. Ch ti im bt u ca khung tip theo, node C mi c c hi thc hin thm d v tin hnh trao i d liu vi node D. Nhng vn quan st c trn c gi l hin tng ng sm (early sleeping problem), tc l mt node chuyn sang trng thi ng khi mt node ln cn vn thc v mun trao i d liu vi n. Trong dng truyn thng t node n node gc, ng sm lm gim thng lng c th ca T-MAC ti t hn mt na thng lng cc i ca nhng giao thc truyn thng, hoc so vi S-MAC. C hai gii php khc phc hin tng trn. Gi sm RTS (Future request to send): tng ca gii php gi sm RTS l s cho node nhn tim nng (node D) bit c c mt node mun gi d liu cho n, nhng ang trong tnh trng phi gi im lng khng lm nh hng n giao tip khc. Khi mt node nghe c mt thng ip CTS dnh cho cho node khc, n ngay lp tc gi mt gi FRTS (node C trong Hnh 2.20). Gi FRTS cha thng tin v di ca khi d liu truyn thng ly c trong thng ip CTS.

Hnh 2.20. Thc hin gi sm RTS. Gi tin FRTS gi D thc Mt node nhn c gi tin FRTS th n bit rng trong khong thi gian t tip theo n s nhn c mt thng ip RTS, do vy phi lp lch thc trc thi gian y. Thng tin thi gian t c ly trong thng ip FRTS. thng ip FRTS (do C pht) khng gy nhiu d liu trao i (gia A v B) theo sau thng ip CTS, d liu phi c hon li khong thi gian truyn FRTS. khng mt knh truyn, node khi to RTS ban u (Node A) truyn mt gi tin DS (DataSend). Sau gi DS, n ngay lp tc gi d liu bnh thng. FRTS c cng kch thc vi DS, n s ch xung t vi gi DS m khng phi vi gi d liu. Gi DS b mt, nhng khng c vn g v n khng cha ng thng tin. Vi gii php FRTS, di ca khong thi gian TA phi c tng thm mt khong bng di thng ip CTS. Vic thc hin gii php gi sm RTS s lm tng thng lng cc i trong truyn thng ng hng. Tuy nhin, v c DS v FRTS, mc tiu th nng lng cng tng thm. Cng c th s dng k thut FRTS trong cc dng truyn thng khc nhng ch khi mun tng thng lng mt cch chnh ng. V khi ti mc thp th tc trao i d liu cng thp do phi gia tng x l thng tin iu khin.

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Nhm 6 /BKTTT1

Thc hin u tin gi khi b m y (taking priority on full buffers): Khi no b m truyn/nh tuyn ca mt node gn y, th vic gi s hp l hn l tip tc nhn. Khi mt node nhn c RTS dnh cho n, ngay lp tc n gi gi RTS ca chnh mnh cho node khc, thay v vic tr li vi mt CTS nh bnh thng.

Hnh 2.21. Thc hin u tin gi khi b m y Gii php ny c hai hiu qu, trc ht khi node C khi tr li B bng thng ip RTS khi b m ca n y, mt mt n tr li B rng n khng mun nhn, mt khc ng thi n cng thng bo cho D l n mun gi d liu. Nh vy xc sut m vn ng sm xy ra s thp hn. Hai l, thc hin u tin gi khi b m y hnh thnh mt gii hn iu khin lung trong mng c li cho nhng dng truyn thng t node ti node gc. Trong Hnh 2.21, node B b ngn gi cho n khi node C c khng gian b m. KT LUN Thit k giao thc lp MAC hiu qu rt quan trng i vi mng WSN em li thnh cng trong hot ng cho mng. Mt thit k hiu qu giao thc MAC-layer cho WSN phi m bo hiu qu s dng nng lng ko di thi gian sng ca mng. Giao thc MAC-layer cn phi c kh nng m rng ph hp vi kch thc mng, mt node v cu hnh mng. S cng bng gia cc node, gim tr, lu lng cao v bng thng cng l thuc tnh quan trng trong thit k giao thc lp MAC. Bi tiu lun gii thiu tng quan v mng cm bin khng dy, nghin cu nh gi mt s c ch iu khin truy nhp mi trng (MAC) nh S-MAC, T-MAC. TI LIU THAM KHO 1). Medium Access Control in Wireless SensorNetworks; Kurtis Kredo II, Prasant Mohapatra. 2). Medium Access Control in Wireless SensorNetworks; Wei Ye and John Heidemann. 3). Bhaskar Krishnamachari, Networking Wireless Sensors, Cambridge University Press 2005. 4). Edgar H. Callaway, Jr., Wireless Sensor Networks: Architectures and Protocols 5). Ilker Demirkol, Cem Ersoy, and Fatih Alagz, MAC Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks: a Survey

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Nhm 6 /BKTTT1

BNG PHN CNG NGHIN CU STT 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Tn mc Tng quan mng cm bin M hnh giao thc cho WSN Cc thuc tnh ca giao thc MAC Cc giao thc chung SMACS Phn nhm phn bc tng thch, nng lng thp (LEACH) 7. PAMAS - Power aware mediumaccess with signalling 8. Giao thc qun l nng lng v cu hnh ri rc (STEM) 9. Mt dng ca giao thc da trn s tranh chp xut pht t chun IEEE 802.11 10. SENSOR-MAC 11. T-MAC Nguyn Vn Hong X X X X X X X X Trn c Chnh X X X X X

X X

X X

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