.

H
.

2009

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
O . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Salyut, SkyLab Mir . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41
Columbia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Sputnik . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .48
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .49
: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .64
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .65
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .78
Hubble: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .79
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
Webb: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .90
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .91
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .104
ESA: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .105
NASA: H . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
RFSA: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .126
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127

,
,
.
.
70,
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,
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.
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.

,
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.
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Leonov, 18 1965,

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14

20 Edward White.
,
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Ed White

3 1965.

,


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1967.
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. , 1979,
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.

15


21 1969,
Neil Armstrong Edwin
Buzz Aldrin
,
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,

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1970.
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.
1975
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22 ,


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1976
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1970
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44

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46

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SPUTNIK

51

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54

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56

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1965

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.

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1960, 23.000 .

.


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57

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58

,
, .

.

, -

1960,
.

,
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,
. , 2005

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59

. ,

.

.
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GOES 28 1999.

 Sputnik

60
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.
.
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2004 (FY-3A).

, , (InSat 3D), 2004.

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,
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62


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.
,

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64

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, ,
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,
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.

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1990 1996

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-

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.

21




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.

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67
1957 Sputnik 1

,
.

,
,
. 40

,
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,
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.

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.


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68
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, :
.



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Venus Express
,
,


,

2020.
JUNO EJSM.

Moonrise Glory (),
Solar Orbiter Solar Probe (),
BepiColombo () MAVEN
ExoMars ().

H A Magellan Pioneer Venus Orbiter.

Venera 13 14.

69

70
25 2004,
Opportunity ()
,

Spirit (),
Gusev.
Spirit

o Meridiani

.

Sojourner ()
Mars Pathnder ( ) 1997.
, ,
.
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Pathnder, .
,
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,
,
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MER (Opportunity Spirit),
125 km
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.

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,

.
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72
90 km/h


.
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,

,
,

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).
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( )
.

.

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.
,
,

.
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.
.
, ,
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1831,
,
,

. Mars Express,
2003
,

.

.
30
,
.
, ,

. 1999
Mars Climate Orbiter
1998,
,
1999, Spirit.
, Mars Polar
Lander/Deep Space 2
. , 21 1993,

Mars Observer ,
.



.
.
Mars Pathf inder
1997,
Mars Global Surveyor. - Spirit.

73

74

1997
, , .


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,

,
,

2030.

75

,

.
,
2005 Deep Impact

.
Tempel 1,
500
km 4 2005.
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,
, Hubble.
, 19 2006,
New Horizons
, 27
2007 Dawn (),

, ,
- .


4,6 .

Dawn .
,
220
,

.
Dawn
2011 130
670 km. ,
258 ,
.



.
9

New Horizons.

76

,
2015. 9
,

.
10 15



.
1997

Cassini-Huygens
.
, ,
, , 27 , .


. Cassini
,
,
. ,
7

2004.
Cassini

, , 19
,
,
.

,

,
,
. ,
.
Cassini ,

.

,
.
Cassini
,
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.
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, ,
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77

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78

,

.
Huygens


.


,

180 C. ,

,


, ,

.


.
(505 km), ,
,
,
Cassini

. 2005
175 km,

, -

.
, Messenger ()
14 2008.


Mariner 10,

, 1974
1975. Messenger , ,

,
.
Mariner
10 1974-1975
,
10.000 . Messenger ,

.


18 2011,
. 2014
BepiColombo
ESA ISAS.

79

81
2002
Columbia
Hubble.

Hubble,
(ACS),

.
Hubble,

. ACS
, ,

,
,
.

,
.
Hubble
1990 Discovery.

.

2 1/50
,

.

Endeavour 1993.

Discovery

1997, 1999.

Hubble
2009
, ,
2014,
James Webb,

2014.
Hubble,

Edwin Hubble (1889-1953)

Hubble:

O
Edwin Hubble.

82

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