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weki c_g mvwii mvP Bwb Mji bvg K bv Rvb| GB

Mji cQb hviv KvR KiQb Zv`i ga AbZg GKRb njb GB
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MwYZwe` Ges cKkjx| whwb eZgvb hyivi gnvKvk MelYv K`

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KwDUvii Rv`yK i

KwDUvii Rv`yKi

vbdvWi KwDUvi mvB wWcvUgU MBUm feb (wej

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KwDUvii Rv`yK i

I cvMvg| 2005 mvji RvbyqvixZ Iqv-BKvbvwg dvivg ZvK

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"Don't be evil"|

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KwDUvii Rv`yK i

me wKQyB Rvbv hvq Mj Ki ZvB nwjEWi GB wejevW MjK

Bkii mv_ Zyjbv!

KwDUvii Rv`yKi

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mvMB web Ges Zvi ez I Mji mn cwZvZv jvwi cR|

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KwDUvii Rv`yK i

MwYZi mv_ iqQ Mji AweQ` mK| ZvBZv weki

miv cvMvgviiv Mj KvR KivUvK mvbi cZxK gb Kib| Avi
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10

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Public License (GPL) GiI jLK wZwb| KwcjdU aviYvwU Zvi

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cRi cavb PvjK| GNU Emacs, GNU C compiler I
GNU Debugger cfwZ mdUIqvi Zix I weZiY mn GNU

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KwDUvii Rv`yK i

11

12

KwDUvii Rv`yKi

nvfvW wekwe`vjqi c`v_ wevb wefvM GLvbB KwEUvii cwZ

AvMn Zix nqwQj jgvbi
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jvei GKRb cLvZ nvKvi| hvi KvR njv msiwZ mdUIqvi
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K_v| wKQz UvKv w`q wewbgq KivUv mg_b KiZ cviZb bv| Aekl

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KwDUvii Rv`yK i

13

wZwb AwZ mvebvgq g~jevb mdUIqvi Zixi KvR Qo w`jb Ges

mB mv_ Qvojb GgAvBwUi gZ wekweLvZ BwUwUDU wcGBPwWi
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14

KwDUvii Rv`yKi

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gy mvm (Copyleft) KvRi jvMv

KwDUvii Rv`yK i

15

gy mdUIqvi jvBmbi ga mePq ekx eenZ Mbyn Rbvij

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16

KwDUvii Rv`yKi

Kg bq| gy mdUIqvi mK jgvb cPyi ce wjLQb| Zvi

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KwDUvii Rv`yK i

17

18

KwDUvii Rv`yKi

AwdmB Nywgq cob| gvevBj dvb eenvi Kib bv| Zvi evwMZ
m` ej Zgb wKQyB bB| Avmj cvq MZ wZb `kK ai Zvi
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Torvalds)

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KwDUvii Rv`yK i

19

20

KwDUvii Rv`yKi

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KwDUvii Rv`yK i

21

22

KwDUvii Rv`yKi

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KwDUvii Rv`yK i

23

wjbv Kvbji c_g msiY (0.0.1) BUvibU cKvk cvq

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32

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KwDUvii Rv`yK i

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Kvwjdvwbqvq Zix njv Avcji wekvj nW Awdm hvi

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eZb Aek ZvK hyivi DPgvbi Uv iU (hv g~j Avqi 35%)

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e nq Mj bZzb Avwbgkb gywf Zixi KvR| kl ch 2005 mvj
BmbviK wWRbx nZ mwiq djv njv Ges 7.4 wewjqb Wjvi g~j
wf Rem Zvi mvai Avwbgkb msv wciK wWRbxi KvQ wew
Ki w`jb Ges wbRK wWRbxi evW Ae wWi`i ga hy
Kijb| RemK wWRbxi 7% kqvi `Iqv njv hLvb wWRbxi
GgwiUvm cwiPvjK iq B. wWRbxi kqvi gv 1% | 2006 mvji 9B
Ryb Rem Ges wWRbxi Abvb cwiPvjK`i ` wmvi wfwZ
wiwjR njv bZzb wgvwK wPKjv Kvim(Cars) Ges Avevi Zvi
`vib ckv`vix gbvfveK mg_b w`j GwU|
Gevi Avwm Rem Gi ewMZ Rxeb| 1991 mvji 18B gvP
Rem weq Kib Zvi bq eQii QvU jib cvDqjK| Zvi cwievi
wZbwU mvb Rb bq| wK Avb bvgi AviI GKwU gqi mv_ Rem
Gi mK nq Ges Rb bq Remi AviI GK Kbv wjmv| meZt
Zvi bvgB Avcji ZrKvjxb wjmv cRi bvg ivLv nqwQj|

wjmv cRi Rb nq Zvi wcZnxb Kbv wjmvi bvg, hvi gv

AvbK wZwb KLbI weq Kibwb
Remi ek wKQz evqvMvdx ei nqwQj wewfb mgq Ges
hjvK wZwb wbRB Aea NvlYv Kib| GgbB GKwU njv mK
Kvwgs Ae wf Rem| hLvb ejv nq ixW KjR covi mgq
Remi Rvqvb evBR bvgi GK gqi mv_I mK Zix nqwQj|
wK cieZxZ ZvKI wZwb weq Kibwb| gRvi evcvi njv GB
Rvqvbv Avevi cLvZ MvqK ee wWjvbiI cwgK wQj|
Rem wbRK wbivwglfvRx ej `vex KijI KvhZ wZwb
gvUB Zv bb| 1982 Z wZwb mvb igvZ GKwU AvcvUgU wKbb
hLvb ivRKbv Bqvmgxb AvMv Lvb _vKZv| cieZxZ GwU wZwb BD2 (U2) evi bvgKiv MvqK evbvi KvQ wew Ki `b|

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KwDUvii Rv`yK i

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44

KwDUvii Rv`yKi

2004 mvj miKvii KvQ _K AbygwZ cvIqv Mj cvmv`wU fvvi

wK GKwU kZi wewbgq| kZwU njv KD hw` cvmv`wU bv fO Gi
Dbqb KiZ Pvq Ze ZvKB GwU w`q w`Z ne| AbKB AvMn
`Lvj Gi cwZ wK KvDKB `Iqv njv bv| Avevi GwU fvZI
w`Q bv vbxq Av`vjbKvixiv| dj AvR ch wfi ivRKxq
cvmv` H AevZB AvQ|

weLvZ mvb igvZ GKwU AvcvUgU wKbb Rem hv ci evi

bvgKiv MvqK evbvi KvQ wew Ki `b
Avevi 1984 Z mZi nvRvi eMdzUi wekvj GK bxq ivRcvmv`
wKbb Kvwjdvwbqv DWmvBW| GwU RvKwjs nvDR bvg cwiwPZ wQj
hvi cwZ IqvwksUb w_| cvq `k eQi wRem GLvbB _vKjb Ges
cieZxZ 1998 mvj wej wKbUbI GwUK eenvi Kib Zvi KbvK
vbdvW covbvi mgq| wK gB cvmv`i Aevi AebwZ NUZ
jvMjv Ges Ggb Aevi `vovjv h, GwUK Avi wVKB Kiv hve bv|
ZvB kl ch Rem wVK Kijb GwU f wZwb QvU GKwU AvaywbK
evwo evbveb| wK vbxqiv Zv`i GZ w`bi HwZnevnx cvmv`wU
fvZ w`Z PvBjv bv| dj Rem cojb gnv Svgjvq| mekl,

wekvj GK bxq ivRcvmv` wKbb Kvwjdvwbqv DWmvBW wKy

wec` AvQb vbxqiv Zv`i GZ w`bi HwZnevnx cvmv`wU fvZ
w`Z Pvqbv

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KwDUvii Rv`yK i

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46

KwDUvii Rv`yKi

I wPKjv| G`i ga cvBiUm Ae wmwjKb fvjx, wUqgc&d Ae

biWm, biWm 2.0.1 Ges Avwbgkb BDiKv-7 DjL|

AmyZvi Kvib GLb Avcj _K QywUZ AvQb Rem

2004 mvji gvSvgvwS mgq Rem Gi cU GKwU wUDgvi
aiv co| hw` mwU Lye fqven wQj bv wK Rem ejb wUDgviwU LyeB
RwUj Ges mvivbv LyeB KwVb ne| A_P ^ mgqB Wvviiv GwU
mvwiq w`j Kvb iKg Kgv_ivwc ev iwWqkbi eenvi bv KiB|
Zvi AeZgvb Avcji `vwqZ wbqwQj wUgwm KzK Ges fvjB Pvwjq
wQjb| 2006 mvj Gm wf Rem cgvb Kijb wZwbB Z_ chywi
`ywbqvi AbZg GK mdj ew| GKvavi Avcj Kvvbx wmBI Ges
wWRbxi evW Ae wWii`i GKRb nq wbRK Z_ I webv`b
RMZi kwK GK KvwiMi wnme cKvk KiZ mg njb| Zvi
KvRKg Ges Drcvw`Z cb KvhgZv I AvwfRvZ mKjK GLbI
gy Ki iLQ| f RemK wbq wbwgZ nqQ GKvwaK WKzgUvix

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KwDUvii Rv`yK i

47

Avcji AviK KvwiMi wf IRwbqvK (Stephen

Gary "Woz" Wozniak)

AmvaviY cwZfvai KwDUvi evwbK wf IRwbqvKi Rb

Kvwjdvwbqvi mvbRvm kni| Zvi DvweZ KwDUvi Avcj-1
mi `kK Pig Rbwcq nq DV| 1976 mvj wf Rem GB
IRwbqvKi mv_B Rb `b Avcj KwDUvi Kvvwb| Zv`i

48

KwDUvii Rv`yKi

DvweZ Avcj-2 I mi-Avwki `kK KwDUvicgx`i gvwZq

iLwQj| 1985 mvj IRwbqvK Avcj Qo Pj hvb Ges Avi
KLbI wdi Avmbwb|
wf IRwbqvKi WvKbvg IR| IRi Rv`yKi M
AbyKiYB Zvi GB bvgKiY| wZwb AvgwiKvi weLvZ BDwbfvwmwU Ae
KvwjdvwbqvZ coZ Mjb 1975 mvj| wK A wKQz coB AvMn
nvwiq djb Ges QvULvU BjKUwbK hcvwZ evbvZ i Kib|
Aek Zvi AwaKvsk Avwevii DkB wQj mB mgqi cvDjvAvjZvi nvg-weD KwDUvi Kvei m`m`i GKUzLvwb gy Kiv|
GB me cRi Zgb Kvb fwelr wQj bv ejv Pj|

AvgwiKvi weLvZ BDwbfvwmwU Ae KvwjdvwbqvZ coZ Mjb

1975 mvj wK A wKQz coB AvMn nvwiq djb| ci Aek

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KwDUvii Rv`yK i

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50

KwDUvii Rv`yKi

1986 mvj Avevi GLvb wdi Gm evPji wWMx bb| wK ZvI

wbRi bvg bq iwK KvK Qbvg
ez Remi mv_ wgj IR wVK Kijb Zviv GKwU KwDUvi
Zix Kieb Ges evRvi wewI Kieb| em hgb fvev ZgbB
KvR| wbRi GBP wc mvqwUwdK KvjKzjUi I wf Remi
WIqvMbwU wew Ki 1300 Wjvi cvIqv Mj Ges mB UvKvq Zviv
`yRb ivZ-w`b LvUvLvwU Ki Zix Kijb KvwLZ mB KwDUvii
cUvUvBc ev bgybv| GwU Zix njv Remi evmvi MviR| Zv`i
c_g GB KwDUviwU wQj mB mgqi wnme AmvaviY GKwU h|
ZLb evRvi mvaviYZt h KwDUvi cvIqv hZ Zvi bvg wQj
Avwqvi-8800| wK Gi wQj bv Kvb wWmc wKsev mwZKvii
viR eev| GgbwK AvDUcyUI AvmZv jvBU dvwks Gi gvag|
GB aibi KwDUvi kLi BjKUwbK KvRi Rb eenvi Kiv hZ
cvi wK mvaviY gvbyli eenvii Rb AekB bq|
Abw`K IRi KwDUvi Avcj-1 wQj mew`K _KB
`vib ^qs m~Y| GZwQj 25 Wjvii GKwU gvBvcmmi hvi bvg
gm 6502 Ges vqx ggix ev ig (ROM)|

wf IRwbqvKi (evg) mv_ KvR e wf Rem

1976 mvji cnjv Gwcj IR Zvi ez Remi mv_ MVb
Kijb Avcj KwDUvi Kvvbx| Gi Rb wZwb Zvi wnDjUcvKvWi PvKzixI Qo w`jb Ges Avcj hy njb MelYv I
Dbqb kvLvi mnKvix cwmWU wnme|

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52

KwDUvii Rv`yKi

wMqB wZwb eySZ cvijb GLb mgq GmQ KwDUvii mv_

wKvi hy Kivi hvZ GwU kI KiZ cvi|
1980 mvj IR wgwjqwbqvi eb Mjb| ZvKB Avcj
KwDUvii MWdv`vi ejv nZv| wK Gi ciB NUjv ANUb|
Avcj-2 Gi ci Avcj-3 Zgb evRvi aiZ cvijv bv Ges
cvkvcvwk AviK wjmv cKiI am bvgvjv| 1981 Z IR mvvyR
vB cvK GKwU wegvb `~NUbvq wKQzw`bi Rb Zvi wZkw nvwiq
djb| wKfve GB `~NUbvwU NUjv Ges Kv_vq GBme Kvb Z_B
Zvi gb iBjv bv| Zvi evex Kvw KKi KvQ ch RvbZ
PvBjb wK NUwQj mBw`b| hLb Zvi evex Av Av me Lyj
ejj| IRi wZkw wdi AvmZ jvMjv| hw`I IRi KwDUvi
Mgi AvmwI wZkw divZ mnvqZv Ki AbKUvB|

wf IRwbqvKi Avcj-2 KwEUvi| ZrKvjxb mgq Pig

RbwcqZv cvq GB KwEUviwU
Gevi wZwb Zvi cyiv mgq Ges gav eq Kijb Avcj-1
Gi Dbqb| wKQzw`bi gaB wZwb Deb Kijb Avcj-2 hvZ
wQj DbZ iRyjkbi Qwe c`kbi eev hLvb Abvb KwDwUi
aygv jLv c`kb KiB v wQj| wZwb GZ GKwU dwc wW
KUvjvi hy Kijb Ges mB mv_ ivw DBwMsUbK (gvKivBU
mdUIqvii RbK, Avcj Kvvbxi c_g Kgx) wbq wjL djb
GKwU Av`k wW AcviwUs wmg| Gfve nvWIqvi hvsk
wWRvBbi cvkvcvwk IR wbRB Avcjb ewki fvM mdUIqviI wjL
djZ jvMjb| Zix Kijb Kvjwfb bvgi GKwU DbZ cvMvwgs
fvlvi BUvcUi, myBU-16 bvgi 16-weU cmmii BUvKmb mU,
eKAvBU bvgi GKwU KwDUvi Mg BZvw`| GB MgwU Zix KiZ

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KwDUvii Rv`yK i

53

wf IRwbqvK vB cvK GKwU wegvb `~NUbvq wKQzw`bi Rb Zvi

wZkw nvwiq djb| QwewU mB vB cvKiB
mB cb `~NUbvq IRi GB `yiev nqwQj Zvi bvg wQj exP
evbvRv| mvvRi vBcvK _K DoZ wMq GB `~NUbvwU NU|
wK my nIqvi ci IRwbqvK Avi Avcj wdi Mjb bv| eis
wZwb Zvi evex KvKK weq Kijb| hvK wZwb gRv Ki mycvi
Igvb ej WvKZb| KviY, mycviIgvbi nvivbv wZkw
(wcbvBUi AvNvZ) divZ mycvi Igvbi f~wgKvB ewk|
hvBnvK, Avcj bv wMq wZwb eis Zvi wekwe`vjq Kvwjdvwbqv
BDwbfvwmwU evKjZ wdi Gjb Ges 1987 mvj Zvi mvZK covbv
kl Kijb| wK ZvI wbRi bvg bq iwK KvK Qbvg| iwK wQj
Zvi KzKzii bvg Avi KvK Zvi eD Gi bvg| Gi ga hw`I wZwb
GKevi Avcj wdi GmwQjb wK mvgvb GK Bwwbqvii Pq
ewk eo Kvb c` wbZ PvBjb bv| eis mnKgx`i Drmvn w`ZB
Zvi ewk fvj jvMZv|

54

KwDUvii Rv`yKi

wf IRwbqvK AvgwiKvi weLvZ BDwbfvwmwU Ae Kvwjdvwbqv

evKj _K Aekl wWMx wbjb Zvi wcq KzKzi iwKi Qbvg
Gevi wZwb AviK bZzb Kvvbx Zix Kib hvi bvg KvDW9 Gi KvR wQj BDwbfvmvj wigvU KUvj Zix Kiv| hv w`q bvbv
iKg hcvwZ wbqY Kiv hve| 1987 Z GwU Zix njv|
Gici wZwb cKkjx KvRKgI Qo w`jb| me ev` w`q
wZwb zji Kvk dvBfi evPv`i covZ i Kijb| ay ZvB bq,
wbRi mg A_B wZwb `vb Ki w`jb vbxq GKwU zj (hLvb
wZwb QvUejvq cowQjb) hvi bvg wQj evUm MvUvm wWw zj|
Gi cvkvcvwk Zix Kijb BDbymb (Unuson-Unite us In Song)
bvgi GKwU `vZe msv hvi gvag AvgwiKvi eo eo `ywU Drme
AvqvRb Kijb|

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KwDUvii Rv`yK i

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56

KwDUvii Rv`yKi

Zviwenxb Mvevj cwRmwbs wmgi Dveb Kiv| GKB eQi wZwb

WbMvi BbKvcviUi evW Ae wWii`i GKRb wnme hvM
w`jb Ges wUgvevBjb Rb wncnc bvgi GKwU chyw Zix KiZ
jvMjb|

mvbRvmi evPv`i GKwU Rv`yNii mvgbi ivvwUi bvgKiY Kiv

njv ZviB bvgvbymvi IR Iq (Woz Way)
mvbRvmi evPv`i GKwU Rv`yNiI wZwb e A_ `vb Kijb
Ges Gi Dbqb KvR Ki mKji gb Rq Ki wbjb, wekl Ki
evPv`i| mB Rv`yNii mvgbi ivvwUi bvgKiY Kiv njv ZviB
bvgvbymvi IR Iq (Woz Way), AvgwiKvi ZrKvjxb cwmWU
ivbv wiMvb ZvK chywZ Ae`vb ivLvi Rb bvkbvj gWj Ae
UKbvjwR c`vb Kijb| 1997 Z KwDUvi BwZnvmi Rv`yNi
ZvK djv wnme Af~ wbj| 2000 mvj AvgwiKvi RvZxq
DveK`i wjwZ hy Kiv njv|
2002 mvj wZwb Avevi Z_r chywi gvS wdi Gj Ges
Bjm Ae wRDm ev msc IR (Woz) cKi i Kijb

wUgvevBjb Rb wncUc bvgi GKwU chyw IR bZyb Avwevi

2004 mvj W. Ug wgjvii D`vM IRK b_ Kvivwjbv U
wekwe`vjq mvbm~PK WiU wWMx c`vb Kijv KwDUvi RMZ
wekl Ae`vb ivLvi Rb| 2005 mvj IR Aviv `ywU WiU wWwM
cjb wgwkMvb I dvwiWvi `ywU bvgx wekwe`vjq nZ| cvkvcvwk
evPv`k Kzji Rb QvULvU KvR e iBjb|

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KwDUvii Rv`yK i

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58

KwDUvii Rv`yKi

wf IRwbqvKi weLvZ eB iWoz

IRi AvZRxebx cKvk Kiv njv 2006 mvj hvi bvg wQj AvBIR:
dg KwDUvi wMK Uz Kv AvBKb-nvD mvB BbfUW cvmbvj
KwDUvi, Kv-dvDW Avcj G nvW dvb WyBs BU (iWoz:
From Computer Geek to Cult Icon: How I Invented the
Personal Computer, Co-Founded Apple, and Had Fun
Doing It.)

evPv`i Kzj IR
GKB eQi Zvi Bjm Ae wREm cK e Ki w`q bZzb GK
cKi i Kijb hvi bvg AvKzBqvi UKbvjwR| Gi KvR wQj
wewfb chywi Kvvbx nZ UKbvjwR AwaMnY Ges mB
UKbvjwRi Dbqb mvab Kiv|

f IRwbqvK e AvQb cvjv Ljv wbq

GLb IR e AvQb cvjv Ljv wbq| wZwb Kvwjdvwbqv
mgy`ZUi mvMIq cvjv Uxgi GKRb iZc~Y m`m| Zvi `j

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KwDUvii Rv`yK i

59

AvQb wmwjKb fvjxi KwDUvi RMZi AviI AbK fM`q

chywwe`|
ewRxeb IR GKRb gRvi gvbyl| mB mgq wZwb Zvi evmv
nZ Wvqvj-G-RvK bvgi gRvi GK dvb mvwfm Pvjy Kib| GB
KvR KiZ wMqB Zvi cwiPq nq GKwU gqi mv_ Ges cieZxZ
ZvKB wZwb weq Kib|

60

KwDUvii Rv`yKi

cviv bv| Zvi GB weLvZ Dw cieZxZ eeZ nq wmwfjvBRkb4 bvgi GKwU KwDUvi Mg|
IRK wbqI wewfb mgq wbwgZ nqQ WKzWvgv I KvUzb wP|
G`i ga Kv bvInqvi Pwi `Lv hvq IRi bvg wbq GK
ew evPv`i Kv wbq cvjvq| BDiKv-7 KvUzb wP `Lv hvq
GK nvKvii bvg IR| GgbwK jvm bvgi Rbwcq msMxZ wkxi Mvb
Avnve G IRi K_v bZ cvIqv hvq| GQvov cvBiUm Ae
wmwjKb fvjx I wUqvd Ae biWm WKzWvgvZI IRi DcwwZ
jbxq|

f IRwbqvK LjQb wfwWI MBgm

`y KvRI wZwb wQjb Iv` ew| Kvwmbvi Qov wc
msMn Ki mjv w`q eB evwbq Avevi eB wc KU `kbv_xi
KvQ wew Kiv wQj Zvi wcq KvRi ga GKwU| GiKg KiZ wMq
jvm fMvmi GK KvwmbvZ GKevi aivI coZ nq ZvK| wZwb Lye
fvj wMUviI evRvZ cvib| Zvi wcq GKwU Dw njv Ggb
KwDUviK KLbI wekvm Kiv bv, hv Zzwg Rvbvjv w`q Qzo djZ

Ggb KwDUviK KLbI wekvm Kiv bv, hv Zzwg Rvbvjv w`q Qzo
djZ cviv bv| Zvi GB weLvZ Dw cieZxZ eeZ nq
wmwfjvBRkb-4 bvgi GKwU KwDUvi Mg

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KwDUvii Rv`yK i

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62

KwDUvii Rv`yKi

wf IRwbqvK GLb KwEUvii Pq QvULvU Kzji KvR KiZB

ewk fvjevmb
cwZfvevb GB KwDUvi evwbK IR Zvi c_g Rxeb
cvimbvj KwDUvii Dbqbi Rb Ae`vb ivLb wK cieZxZ
KwDUvi KvQ _K mi Gm wbqwRZ nb mgvR KjvY Ges GLb
ch wbjvf GB ew QvU QvU KvRi gvSB Avb` LuyR cvb|

IivKj WvUveBRi RbK

jvwi Avwjmb (Lawrence Joseph "Larry"
Ellison)

jvwi Avwjmbi cyiv bvg ji Rvmd Avwjmb| wZwb

wekweLvZ IivKj WvUveBR cwZvbi mncwZvZv Ges wPd Awdmvi
wnme GLb KgiZ| 19.6 wewjqb Wjvii gvwjK jvwi weki 9g
abx ew| GgbwK 2000 mvj wZwb wKQz mgqi Rb 1g vbwUI
`Lj Ki wbqwQjb wKQz mgqi Rb wej MBUmK nvwiq|
Avwjmbi Rb wbDBqK knii gvbnvUb xc| Zvi gvqi
bvg dvi jgvb wK evevi cwiPq bB| 19 eQi eqm
AweevwnZ Aevq Zvi gv ZvK Rb `b Ges jvjb cvjbi `vwqZ
bb bv| eis bq gvm eqm ZvK Avwjmb cwievii KvQ `K w`q
`Iqv nq| Zvi cvjK evevi bvg jyBm Avwjmb I gvqi bvg wQj

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KwDUvii Rv`yK i

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wjwjqvb| Zviv `yRb wgj ZvK wbq `wY wkKvMvi GK `yB igi
AvcvUgU evm KiZ jvMjb| ZvK fwZ Kiv njv mgy`ZUi
GKwU nvB zj| mLvb wZwb wQjb GKRb Dj cwZfvai wK Kg
zj Avmv Qv|
Aekl wZwb Avievbv-kvbi wekwe`vjq fwZ njb|
wK Zvi cvjK gvqi gZzi ci wZwb wekwe`vjqi covbvI Qo
w`jb gv wZxq el Gm| Zvi fvl Abyhvqx Zvi cvjK evev wQjv
AZ AmnhvMx GKRb gvbyl hvi jvwii cwZ Kvb AvKlYB wQj bv
wK Abw`K Zvi cvjK gvqi Zvi cwZ fvjevmv wQj Adzivb|
Gici wZwb wkKvMv wekwe`vjq fwZ njb wK mLvbI cov kl
KiZ cvijb bv| Aekl covbvi Pv ev` w`q wZwb
Kvwjdvwbqvq Pj Mjb|

jvwi Avwjmbi Avievbv-kbi wekwe`vjq cov kl njv bv

AvRI| KjR WcAvEU mdj ew`i wZwb GKRb nq Mjb
1970 mvj Avwjmb Avgc Kicvikb KvR i
Kijb| mLvb Zvi GKwU KvR wQj AvgwiKvi Mvq`v msv

64

KwDUvii Rv`yKi

wmAvBG-Gi Rb GKwU WvUveBR wmg Zix Kiv Ges GB cKi

bvg wQj IivKj|
KW bvgi GK WvUveBR wekli jLv GKwU ccvi
Avwjmbi Lye cQ` njv| GwU wQj wijkbvj WvUveBRi Dci|
GKwU MelYvc| 1977 mvj wbRi 2000 Wjvi wewbqvM Ki
Avwjmb vcb Kijb GKwU Kvvbx hvi bvg ivLv njv mdUIqvi
WfjcgbU jveiUix| cieZxZ 1979 mvj Gi bvg cwieZb
Ki ivLv nq wijkbvj mdUIqvi BbK Ges mekl IivKj|

1970 mvj Avwjmb Avgc Kicvikb KvR i Kijb|

mLvb Zvi GKwU KvR wQj AvgwiKvi Mvq`v msv wmAvBG-Gi
Rb GKwU WvUveBR wmg Zix Kiv Ges GB cKi bvg wQj
IivKj

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KwDUvii Rv`yK i

65

G chvq Rb ivwL, mvwKK WvUvem (BsiwR fvlvq:

Relational database) nj WvUvemi mvwKK gWj AbymiY Ki
Zwi Kiv WvUvem| mvwKK WvUvem ejZ WvUvemi Dcv I
wgv-K evSvq, WvUvem iYveYKvix mdUIqvi, hv mvwKK
WvUvem eevcbv eev (Relational Database Management
System) bvg cwiwPZ, ZvK evSvq bv| Gi BsiwR cwifvlv
relational database c_g msvwqZ Kib I cPjb Kib GWMvi
KW|Avwjmb bwQjb h, AvBweGg Kvvbxi WvUveBR wmgI
KWi ZK (Edgar F. Codd Theory) gb Pj|
ZvB wZwb PvBjb Zvi wbRi Zix WvUveBRKI (hwUI GB
Zi Dci wfw Ki Zix Kiv nqQ) AvBweGg-Gi WvUveBR
DB2 Gi mv_ KwUej Ki Zix KiZ| wK cijb bv| KviY
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WvUveBR nZ `~i Kiv nqQ|

66

KwDUvii Rv`yKi

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KwDUvii Rv`yK i

67

jvwi Avwjmbi IivKj Kicvbikbi jvMv wbq AvKvk wegvb

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KwDUvii Rv`yK i

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70

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KwDUvii Rv`yK i

71

wekwe`vjqK Zvi `qv K_v bv ivLvi Rb Ges h_ Aby`vb bv

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72

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KwDUvii Rv`yK i

73

jvix MBUm KwDUvi mvB wews G KvR KiZb vbdvW

hvB nvK, jvix cBR hLb vbdvWi wcGBPwW MelYvq
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74

KwDUvii Rv`yKi

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KwDUvii Rv`yK i

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76

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KwDUvii Rv`yK i

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78

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KwDUvii Rv`yK i

79

Iqv BKvbwgK dvivg jve cBRK AvMvgx w`bi Mvevj

wjWvi wnme wbevwPZ KiQ| BUvibU mvP Bwbi Dci Zvi iqQ
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80

KwDUvii Rv`yKi

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Zvi cwievi weki wZxq abxZg cwievi hLvb weki GK b^i abx
cwievi njv IqvjUb cwievi|

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KwDUvii Rv`yK i

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82

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KwDUvii Rv`yK i

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KwDUvii Rv`yKi

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KwDUvii Rv`yK i

85

86

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wej MBUm I wf evjgvii `Lv

wK 30 eQi ci wej MBUm nvifvWi wWMx cqwQjb
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Zib wej MBUm

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KwDUvii Rv`yK i

87

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c_g gvBvmdU cwievi

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djkwZZ H KvvbxwU Zv`i mv_ mdUIqvi wewbgqi GKwU Pzw
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88

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KwDUvii Rv`yK i

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KwDUvii Rv`yK i

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KwDUvii Rv`yK i

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KwDUvii Rv`yK i

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KwDUvii Rv`yK i

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KwDUvii Rv`yK i

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KwDUvii Rv`yK i

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KwDUvii Rv`yK i

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KwDUvii Rv`yK i

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KwDUvii Rv`yK i

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KwDUvii Rv`yK i

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KwDUvii Rv`yK i

111

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KwDUvii Rv`yK i

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KwDUvii Rv`yK i

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hvi bvg wQj we (B) cvMvwgs fvlv| GZ ek wKQy mshvRb Ges
mskvab Ki Wwbm wiwP Zix Kijb wm (C) cv Mvwgs fvlv| GwU
nq DVj AZ Rbwcq GKwU cqvRbxq Ges wkvg~jK cvMvwgs
fvlv|
QvU LvU KwDUvi nZ i Ki mycvi KwDUvi ch GwU
eenvi nZ jvMjv| AvgwiKvi bvkbvj vvW BwUwUDU Gi gvb
wbqY GwMq Gjv| fvlvwU Zwii c_g Dk wQj BDwb-Gi
KvW jLvq Gi eenvi, wKy AwPiB GwU GKwU enyj eenZ fvlvq
cwiYZ nq| cieZx wevbx zqvmUvci wm- cvm cvm (C++) fvlvi
wfw wnme GwU KvR jvMjv|

116

KwDUvii Rv`yKi

AvRKi w`b wZwb jymU UKbjwRZ QvU GKwU MelYv

Mci bZZ w`Qb| wZwb cavb wWwweDUW AcviwUs wmg, fvlv
ivdwUs I myBwPs hvski Dvebi KvR Kib| Bbdibv AcviwUs
wmgi Zixi KvRI KiQb|
cP Dvebx gZvi AwaKvix GB KwDUvi wevbx Rxeb
cqQb AbK cyivi I cwiwPwZ| Gi ga GwmGg ZuvK miv
Melbvc jLvi Rb w`qQ cyivi 1974 mvj| GQvov Uzwis
cyivi I RvZxq cyiviZv AvQB|
Gevi Avwm Kb _mbi M| GB gnvb KwDUvi wevbx
g~jZt we (B) cvMvwgs fvlvi RbK Ges BDwb I cvm bvBb
AcviwUs wmgi KvR mnvqZvKvix wnmeB cwiwPZ|
Kbi Rb AvgwiKvi wbD Aiwj 1943 mvj| wZwb wWMx
jvf Kib AvgwiKvi weLvZ BDwbfvwmwU Ae Kvwjdvwbqv (evKj)
nZ| Zvi gvvm w_wmm mycvifvBR Kib cdmi evKjv whwb
Avevi evKjv-gwm AvjMvwi`gi RbK|

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KwDUvii Rv`yK i

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118

KwDUvii Rv`yKi

mdUIqvi Zix Kib| Rvmd Kvbm bvgi AviK wevbxi mv_

wgj wZwb Zix Kib ej (Belle) bvgi GK `vev Ljvi
KwDUvi|

Kb _mb `vev Ljvq g

wm cvm cvm fvlvi RbK - weRvb v DmUvc

Rvmd Kvbm bvgi AviK wevbxi mv_ wgj wZwb Zix Kib
ej (Belle) bvgi GK `vev Ljvi KwDUvi
hvB nvK cwZfvevb GB wevbx g~jZt w_Iix wbq KvR
KijI ijvi Gckb wfwK UU mvwPs wdPvi mg jLvjwLi

weRvb vDmUvc g~jZt KvR Kib wkK wnme Uvm G

G Gg wekwe`vjq| AZ cwZfvevb GB KwDUviwe` Zix Kib
AeR IwiqUW cvMvwgs fvlv wm cvm cvm| mviv wek ej
eeZ GB cvMvwgs fvlvwU AZ Rbwcq, gavex cvMvgvi`i KvQ
Gi Abe` gWyjvi cvMvwgs wdPvi _vKvi KviY|
wZwb GB cvMvwgs fvlvi AwiwRbvj wWRvBbvi I w` wm cvm
cvm cvMvwgs jvsMyqR bvgi weLvZ eBqi iPwqZv|

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KwDUvii Rv`yK i

119

wm cvm cvm fvlvi RbK - weRvb vDmUvc Gi weLvZ eBqi Kfvi

120

KwDUvii Rv`yKi

Uvm G I Gg wekwe`vjqi KwDUvi wevb wefvMi

cdmi GB wevbx Zvi wcGBPwW wWMx jvf Kib KgweR
wekwe`vjq _K 1979 mvj| Zvi AvM covbv Kib WbgvK
Avim wekwe`vjq MwYZ I KwDUvi wevb wbq| WbgvKB Rb
Zvi|
wZwb wekwe`vjqi cdmi njI Uwjdvb I UwjMvd msv
AT&T ej jveiUixi Zvi hvMvhvM memgqB wQj| ZvK ejv nq
AT&T Fellow. 2004 mvj IEEE KwDUvi mvmvBwU k
KwDUvi D`vv cyivi `q| GKB mv_ wZwb ACM djv
wnme KvR KiQb 1993 mvj _K|
Zvi Zix Kiv cvMvwgs fvlv wm cvm cvm cieZx Rvfv I wmkvc fvlv ZixZ AbyciYv wnme KvR Ki| Zvi jLv eBwU AvR
19wU fvlvi Abyw`Z nqQ| megvU wZwb 5wU eB jLb meB
cvMvwgs wbq| 2004 mvj AvgwiKvi RvZxq Bwwbqvwis AvKvWgxi
wm ++ fvlv Zixi KviY wbR`i g^vi Ki bq| Abw`K 2005
mvj wmMgv mvB (Sigma Xi) bvgK Melbv Mc nZ cyivi jvf
Kib|

Uvm G G Gg wekwe`vjqi jve Qv`i mv_ weRvb vDmUvc

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KwDUvii Rv`yK i

121

KgweR wekwe`vjqi wWwweDUW wmg KwDUvi jve nZ

wcGBwW jvf Kib weRvb vDmUvc
WbgvKi wZxq eng kni Avim Rb bqv GB wevbx
hLb Avim wekwe`vjq _K KwDUvi wevb gvvm jvf Kib
ZLb Lye ekx gvbyl GB wWMx cZ bv| cieZxZ KgweR
wWwweDUW wmg KwDUvi jve nZ wcGBwW jvf Kib| wZwb
PvwPj KjRi g^vi wQjb| mLvb wZwb Zvi x gvwiqb PgrKvi
mgq KvUvb ew`b| mLvbB Rb bq Zv`i GKgv Kbv Avbv
gwi| Zvi gZ, KgweR njv weki GK Rv`yKix kni|

122

KwDUvii Rv`yKi

1979 mvj weRvb Zvi x KbvK wbq Pj Avmb

AvgwiKvi wbDRvwmZ ej jvei wimvP mUvi hvM `Iqvi Rb|
mLvb wZwb evm KiZ i Ki gqmwfj bvgi GK AvevwmK
GjvKvq| Zvi Qj wbKjvmi Rb nq ZLb, cieZxZ wZwb
wekwe`vjq hvM w`jI ej jvei mv_ hvMvhvM ivLb Ges Zix
KiZ _vKb AmvaviY me KwDUvi mdUIqvi|
AvgwiKvi wewfb gvMvwRbjv ZvK wewfb mgq mvb
RvwbqQb| 1999 mvj diPzb gvMvwRb AvgwiKvi miv 12 Rb
bexb wevbxi GKRb ej AvLvwqZ Kib| 1995 mvj BYTE
gvMvwRb miv 20 KwDUvi D`vvi GKRb DcvwaZ Ki| AviI
gRvi nj, AvgwiKvZ KwDUvi Rv`yNi ZvK KwDUvi nj Ae
dg G ivL|

dvwR (Fuzzy) jwRKi ceZK- jyZwd AvmKi Rv`n

(Lotfi Asker Zadeh)
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KwDUvii Rv`yK i

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124

KwDUvii Rv`yKi

Avwevi| GwU QvovI Z-transformation Avwevii Rb ZvK

mvbbv `Iqv nq| wWmwU UvBg wmMbvj cmwms Gi Rb Zvi
DvweZ Z-transformation g_W eeZ nq|

dvwR (Fuzzy) jwRK njv KwDUvi wevb I MwYZi wgk&b Zix

Zxq wevbi Ggb GK kvLv hLvb aiv nq k~Y (0) I GK (1)
A_vr Real numer [0,1] Gi gaI wmv nZ cvi
Bivbx GB gymwjg KwDUvi evwbKi nvZ ai DV GmQ
MwYZi bZzb GK kvLv- hvi bvg dvwR (Fuzzy) jwRK| 1965 mvj
GKwU mwgbvi c_g wZwb dvwR mU Gi Dci Melbvc wjLb|
cieZxZ 1973 mvj dvwR jwRKi cve Kib|
g~jZ dvwR (Fuzzy) jwRK njv KwDUvi wevb I MwYZi
wgk&b Zix Zxq wevbi Ggb GK kvLv hLvb aiv nq k~Y (0) I
GK (1) A_vr Real numer [0,1] Gi gaI wmv nZ cvi| GB
wevbx cPwjZ KvjKzjvmi Rb bZzb wKQz AcvikbI De Kib|
AvwiUj DvweZ wiUvKkb I wijvkb jwRKi wfwZ Zvi GB

dvwR (Fuzzy) jwRK eenviKi Zix AbK nq

`bw`b eeZ hcvwZ

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KwDUvii Rv`yK i

125

Kvmwcqvb mvMii Zxi AvRvievBRvbi evKzZ Rb GB evwbKi

gavex GB wevbx AvRvievBRvbi evKz kni RbMnb Kib|
Zvi gv wQjb GKRb ivwkqvb Wvvi I evev wQjb Bivbx mvsevw`K|
whwb ckvi KvR ivwkqvq Aevb KiwQjb| wK vwjbi
mgvRZvwK eevi KviY Zviv Pj Avmb Bivb| mLvb wZwb Avj
eR DP we`vjq cvV bb| zji cvU kl Ki wekwe`vjq
mwwjZ fwZ cixvq wZwb AmvaviY gavi ^vi iL 2q vb `Lj
Ki bb Ges Znivb wekwe`vjq nZ mdjfve Zwor Kkj
mvZK wWMx bb|

126

KwDUvii Rv`yKi

GgAvBwU (MIT) nZ gvvm I wcGBPwW wWMx bb jyZwd

cieZxZ 1944 mvj wZwb AvgwiKvq Pj Avmb Ges
GgAvBwU (MIT) nZ gvvm I wcGBPwW wWMx bb| Gici wZwb
1959 mvj _K BDwbfvwmwU Ae Kvwjdwbqv (evKj) Z covbv i
Kib| GiB mv_ wZwb dvwR (Fuzzy) jwRKi avibvi ceZb
Kib|

1959 mvj _K BDwbfvwmwU Ae Kvwjdwbqv (evKj) Z covbv i

Kib| GiB mv_ wZwb dvwR (Fuzzy) jwRKi avibvi ceZb Kib
1994 Z ACM ZvK djv wnmve mvbbv `q Ges 1995
Z IEEE nZ mvbbvi gWj w`h ej, GB mvb ZvK `Iqv

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KwDUvii Rv`yK i

127

njv dvwR jwRK Gi WfjcgU Ges Gi wewfb AvwcKkb Zixi

Rb| GQvovI wZwb AmsL wekwe`vjq nZ WiU wWMx jvf Kib
Ges cKvk Kib AbK eB I MelYvc|

IEEE nZ mvbbvi gWj cjb dvwR jwRK Gi WfjcgU

Ges Gi wewfb AvwcKkb Zixi Rb

128

KwDUvii Rv`yKi

cvwievwiK Rxeb wZwb weq Kib dvB Rv`nK| Zvi `yB

Qjgq bigvb Rv`n I jv Rv`n| gRvi evcvi njv Zvi Qj
bigvb Rv`nI BDwbfvwmwU Ae Kvwjdvwbqv (evKj) nZ covbv I
WiU kl Ki vbdvW wekwe`vjq Aavcbv i KijI GLb
Zv ev` w`q Perfect 10 bvgi GKwU cbv gvMvwRbi cKvkKi
`vwqZ wbqQb| Gi KviY 46 wgwjqb Wjvi Avw_K wZi myLxb
nqI wZwb GB KvRi cvkvcvwk cvKvi Ljvq (GK iKgi Ryqv) gb
w`qQb| Rv`n Gi Qji GK evex wekweLvZ cbv cwKv
Playboy-G KmgwUK mvRvix bv Kivi KviY kixi c`kbi myhvM
bv cvIqvq bigvb Rv`n GB D`vM bb| Perfect 10 cwKvi
ewk njv GZ gWj nIqvi Rb cvKwZKfve cvIqv kvixwiK
m`hB h_|

DBgb Bb KwDwUs AwbZv eM (Anita Borg)

BDwbfvwmwU Ae Kvwjdwbqv (evKj) Gi wkK`I Kve

mvgb `vwoq jyZwd

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KwDUvii Rv`yK i

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130

KwDUvii Rv`yKi

AwbZv eM 1997 mvj BbwwUDU Ad DBgb G UKbvjwR

bvg GKwU cwZvbi m~Pbv Kib| Gi KvR nQ gq`iK
KwDUvi evwbK nZ DrmvwnZ Kiv| GwU 150 wgwjqb dvws cvq
Ri I mvb gvv wmg nZ|
Rxeb wZwb AmsL GIqvW I mvbbv cqQb| 1999 mvj
wej wKbUb ZvK wekl cwmWUwmqvj mvbbv `b| g~jZt
gq`iK chywi w`K DrmvwnZ Kivi KvibB wZwb wbevwPZ nb|

AwbZv eM GKRb AvgwiKvb gq KwDUvi evwbK|

AvgwiKvi wkKvMvZ 1949 mvj Zvi Rb| A KqKRb gq
KwDUvi wevbx`i ga wZwb AbZg| wZwb 12 ermi AvgwiKvi
weLvZ BKzBcgU KvvbxZ MelK wnme KvR Kib| wZwb Zix
Kib `ZMwZi ggvix wmg| GiB mv_ DBgb Bb KwDwUs
bvg GKwU Kbdvi Gi ceZb Kib|

Mj Kvvbxi AwbZv eM vjviwkc cvIqv Qjgqi `j

Awjqvi UNSW BDwbfvwmwU Zvi bvg wekl cyiv i
NvlYv Kib| gq`iK Z_ chyw coZ DrmvwnZ Kivi Rb Ges
Z_ chywZ bZZ `qvi Rb Zwi KiZ Mj Kvvbx AwbZv eM
jvikxc w`q _vK| MwYZ I wevbi cwZ AwbZv eMi wQj
AmvaiY fvjevmv, G Rb wZwb Zvi gvK KwZZ w`q ejb, gv Avgvq
ejwQj AsK LyeB gRv`vi| ZvB Avwg fewQjvg nZI cvi|

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KwDUvii Rv`yK i

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132

wbDBqK wekwe`vjq nZ WiU Kiv gnvb G gq KwDUvi wevbx

2003 mvj eb Kvvi gZzeiY Kib|

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KwDUvii Rv`yKi

KwDUvii Rv`yK i

133

AvaywbK KwDUvi wevbi RbK Gjvb Uzwis (Alan

Turing)

KwDUvi wevbi RbK hw` KvDK ejv nq Ze wZwb neb

Gjvb Uzwis| wZwb KwDUvi GjMvwi`g Gi cwigvc Kivi Rb
Avwevi Kib Uywis gwkb| GQvov Kwg eywgvi Rb Uzwis U
Zvi AviKwU bvgKiv Avwevi| gvbPvi wekwe`vjq em wZwb
Zix Kib gvbPvi gvK Iqvb bvgK GKwU KwDUvi| 2q
wekhyi mgq wZwb wcUvMvwdi Dci cPzi KvR Kib| Rxeb
KwDUvi wevbi Rb AmsL Ae`vb ivLv G evwbKi bvg
ACM 1966 mvj nZ Uzwis AvIqvW bvg GKwU AZ mvbRbK

134

KwDUvii Rv`yKi

cyivi c`vb Kiv nq _vK| hv KwDUvi wevbx`i Rb bvej

cyivi Gi mgZzj ej aiv nq| Zvi bvg gvbPvi kni iqQ
wekl ivv, weR I fvh|

Gjvb Uzwis Gi bvg jbi wKsm KjRi GKwU K iqQ GLbI

Gjvb Uzwis RbMnY Kib jb kni 1912 mvj| Zvi evev
wQjb fviZxq wmwfj mvwfmi GKRb m`m| QvUejv _K wZwb
wQjb AZ gavex| gv 16 eQi eqm wZwb AvjevU AvBbvBbi
Z eyS djb| cP gav _vKvi coI cwikg Kivi AwbQv I
c_vMZ wevb coZ bv PvIqvi KviY KgweR wekwe`vjqi wUwbwU
KjR covi myhvMwU nvZQvov Kib Ges fwZ nb wKsm KjR|
mLvb _K wZwb vZK cov kl Kib|

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KwDUvii Rv`yK i

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136

KwDUvii Rv`yKi

cieZxZ AvgwiKvi wcUb wekwe`vjq _K wZwb Zvi

wcGBPwW wWMx ARb Kib| wZwb Zvi wcGBPwW Melbv c Uywis
gwkbi avibv `b| 1945-47 mvj ch Bsjvi bvkbvj
wdwRKvj jveiUwiZ AUvgwUK KwDwUs Bwb ZixZ e
wQjb|

GKwU KvwbK Uywis cixv

wZwb wmgyjUW KwDUvii wWRvBb Kib GLvb em| Ges
Kwg eywgvi Rb Uzwis U Avwev i Kib| GQvov MwYZi Rb
wZwb Ae`vb ivLb|

Gjvb Uzwis Gi Uywis gwkbi aviYv

1946 mvj wZwb c_g vW cvMvg KwDUvi Gi wWRvBb
Kib| Gici wZwb gvbPvi wekwe`vjqi MwYZ wefvM hvM`vb
Kib Ges cieZxZ GKB wekwe`vjqi KwDUvi jveiUwii
cwiPvjK nb|

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KwDUvii Rv`yK i

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138

KwDUvii Rv`yKi

BUji Pqvigvb
W. KBM Avi eviU (Craig Barrett)

Gjvb Uzwis Gi Uywis gwkbi Qwe

gavex GB KwDUvi wevbxi gZy NU 1954 mvj
inmRbKfve| wZwb h mgq RbwQjb nvgvmPyqvwjwU wbwl
wQj| wK wZwb Gi mv_ Rwoq cib| 1954 mvji 8B Ryb
mvqvbvBU welwqvq gZ Aevq ZvK cvIqv hvq|
hw`I ejv nq Zvi gZywU wQj myBmvBW wK AbK gb Ki
ZvK gi djv nqQ| 2006 mvj gUgvm bvgi ev mxZ `j
Gjvb Pzwis Gi Rb wekl Mvb iPbv Ki| DjL G ev `jwUi 2
Rb m`m ^xKZfve nvgmPzqvj|

weki eo cwZvbMyjvi AbZg BUj| GB cwZvbi PZy_

cwmWU Ges eZgvb Pqvigvb W. KBM Avi eviU| wZwb h
Kej BUji Pqvigvb ZvB bq wZwb hyivi wkv Dbqbi
AbZg cavb msMVKI|

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KwDUvii Rv`yK i

139

KBM eviUi Rb 1939 mvj mvbdvwbmKvZ| wZwb

mvZK, mvZKvi Ges wcGBPwW jvf Kib weLvZ vbdvW
wekwe`vjq _K| mvZK mb Kivi ci wZwb hvM `b vbdvW
wekwe`vjqi c`v_we`v I cKkj wefvMi cfvlK wnme| wZwb
GB wefvM hy wQjb 1974 mvj ch| m mgq wZwb mnhvMx
AavcK wnme wkKZv KiwQjb|
eviU 1972 mvj WbgvKi Wvwbk KvwiMwi wekwe`vjq
_K dyjevBU djv jvf Kib| Gi AvM 1964-65 mvj Bsjvi
bvkbvj wdwRKvj jveviUwi _K jvf Kib GbGwUI cvWvivj djv| wZwb Zvi wkKZv Rxeb gvUwiqvj cvcvwURi
Dci gvBvvKPvii cfve wbq cvq 40 wUi gZb MelYvc cKvk
Kib| gvUwiqvj mvBbi Dci Zvi jLv GKUv eB wewfb
wekwe`vjq covbv nq| 1974 mvj wZwb BUj Kcvikb
UKbvjwR WfvjcgU Awdmvi wnme hvM `b| 1984 mvj
wZwb GB cwZvbi fvBm cwmWU c`ghv`v jvf Kib| 1987 mvj
wmwbqi fvBm cwmWU Ges 1990 mvj nb GwwKDwUf fvBm
cwmWU wnme c`bwZ cvb| 1992 mvj wZwb BUji cwiPvjK
cl`i m`m wbevwPZ nb Ges 1993 mvj wPd AcviwUs Awdmvi
c` AwawZ nb| 1997 mvj wZwb BUji PZy_ cwmWU wnme
gbvwbZ nb| 1998 mvj cavb wbevwn KgKZv ev wPd GwwKDwUf
Avwdmvi c` jvf Kib| 2005 mvji 18B g wZwb cwZvbwUi
Pqvigvb c` AwawZ nb|
W. eviU BUj QvovI weki kxlvbxq wKQy msMVbi m
hy AvQb| RvwZmsNi Mvevj Gjvqb di Bbdigkb G
KwgDwbKkb UKbvjwR Av WfvjcgUi Pqvigvb wnme
`vwqZ cvjb KiQb wZwb| UW cwjwm G bMvwkqkbi
cwmWUi Dc`v KwgwU Ges AvgwiKvb nj_ Bbdigkb
KwgDwbwUi AbZg m`m W. eviU| GQvovI wZwb weRbm

140

KwDUvii Rv`yKi

Kvqvwjkb di yWU GwPfgU Ges bvkbvj Bbvfkb BwbwkqwUf

wjWviwkc KvDwbji hyM-Pqvigvb Ges BDGm KvDwbj di
BUvibvkbvj KvDwbj Gi Uvw evWi GKRb g^vi| GLvbB kl
bq, 'Bbvfkb AvgwiKv' bvgi bvkbvj Mfvbim Gmvwmqkb Uv
dvm, bvkbvj Bbd"vvKPvi GWfvBRwi KvDwbj Ges mvBwUwdK
KwgDwbKkb G bvkbvj wmwKDwiwU KwgwUi GKRb m`m Ges
BDGm mwgKvi Bvw Gmvwmqkb, w` bvkbvj di dvDkb,
AvKvBf Ges UKbKi evW Ad wWiii GKRb m`m| wkvwe`
Ges vbdvW wekwe`vjqi Dc`v nevi Kvib W. eviU memgq
Pv KiQb Qv`i Rb bZyb wKQy KiZ| GRb wZwb yjMyjvi
gvb DbZ Kiv Ges ewk msLK wkv_xi Rb DPwkv I chyw wkvi
c_ Dy KiZ Pv Ki MQb me`v| gvwKb cwmWUK wZwb me
mgq civgk w`qQb wkvi wewfb w`K mK| wewfb yjMyjvi gvb
evovbvi welq IKvjwZZ Zvi Rywo wQj bv|

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KwDUvii Rv`yK i

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142

KwDUvii Rv`yKi

KBM eviU wQjb AvgwiKvb mwgKvi wk mwgwZi

Pqvigvb| wZwb GB wki Dbqbi ivWgvc Zwi Kib Ges wewfb
wekwe`vjq MelYvi eev Kib| W. eviU wekvm Kib h
'KwDUvi hv`y KiZ cvi bv, Ze wkKiv cvib| mB wekvm
_KB wZwb GKwU cK nvZ bb hB cKji AvIZvq cv_wgK
chvq cvq 25 wU `ki Kgc `k j wkKK cwkb `Iqv
ne hb Zviv kbxK chyw evenvi Kivi gvag wkvi gvb
evovZ cvib| evsjv`ki gvwUZI cv ivLb BM wKQyw`b AvM
Zvi KgKvi cwiwPwZ wbq| [2]

evsjv`k BUji KBM eviU

Zvi evwMZ D`M 2000 mvj evb Pvjy nq KwDUvi

Kve-nvDm bUIqvK| GB Kvei j mgvR chywMZ gZcv_K
Kwgq Avbv| GQvov wkvi gvb Dbqb Zvi bqv Ab D`MMyjvi
ga AvQ -BUj mvBb UvjU mvP AvIqvW jviwkc| hvi Ab
bvg 'Rywbqi bvej cvBR', 2001 mvj PviwU vb BUji
AjvfRbK KvenvDm Zwi Kib, wkvq Ae`vbi Rb bvkbvj
Avjvqb Ad weRbm Abvm NvlYv, 2001 mvj BUji mKj 'K12' wkK Ges wc-mvwfm dvKvwji Rb wUPvi WfjcgU cvMvgi
cmvi evovb, 2001 mvj GWyKkbvj wjWviwkci Rb Abvm NvlYv|

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KwDUvii Rv`yK i

143

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