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History Ncert
History Ncert
History Ncert
Lora=rk ds ckn
,d u;k vkSj [kafMr jk"V
vxLr 1947 esa tc Hkkjr vkkkn gqvk rks mlosQ lkeus dbZ cM+h pqukSfr;k
FkhaA cVokjs dh otg ls 80 yk[k 'kj.kkFkhZ ikfdLrku ls Hkkjr vk x, FksA
bu yksxksa osQ fy, jgus dk bartke djuk vkSj mUgsa jkskxkj nsuk k:jh FkkA
blosQ ckn fj;klrksa dh leL;k FkhA rdjhcu 500 fj;klrsa jktkvksa ;k
uokcksa osQ 'kklu esa py jgh FkhaA bu lHkh dks u, jk"V esa 'kkfey gksus osQ
fy, rS;kj djuk ,d Vs<+k dke FkkA 'kj.kkfFkZ;ksa vkSj fj;klrksa dh leL;k
ij iQkSju ;ku nsuk ykfkeh FkkA yacs nkSj esa bl uotkr jk"V dks ,d ,slh
jktuhfrd O;oLFkk Hkh fodflr djuh Fkh tks ;gk osQ yksxksa dh vk'kkvksa
vkSj vkdka{kkvksa dks lcls vPNh rjg O;Dr dj losQA
fp=k 1 & bykgkckn esa egkRek xka/h dh vfLFk;ksa dk folZtu] iQjojh 1948
vHkh Lora=krk dks N% eghus Hkh ugha gq;s Fks fd lkjk jk"V xgjs 'kksd esa iM+ x;kA 30 tuojh 1948 dks dV~Vj fopkjksa okys ukFkwjke
xksMls us egkRek xka/h dh gR;k dj nhA og xka/hth osQ bl n`<+ fo'okl ls erHksn j[krk Fkk fd fgUnqvksa vkSj eqlyekuksa dks
lnHkkouk cukrs gq;s bdV~Bs jguk pkfg,A mlh 'kke gDosQ&cDosQ jk"V us vkdk'kok.kh ij tokgjyky usg: dk Hkkoqd Hkk"k.k lquk
nksLrks] lkfFk;ks] gekjh fkanxh dh jks'kuh cq> xbZ vkSj pkjksa rjiQ v/sjk gS--- gekjs fiz; usrk--- jk"Vfirk vc ugha jgsA
160
gekjs vrhr
III
1947 esa Hkkjr dh vkcknh dkiQh cM+h Fkh rdjhcu 34-5 djksM+A
;g vkcknh Hkh vkil esa cVh gqbZ FkhA blesa mQph tkfr vkSj uhph tkfr]
cgqy fganw leqnk; vkSj vU; keks dks ekuus okys Hkkjrh; FksA bl fo'kky
ns'k osQ yksx rjg&rjg dh Hkk"kk, cksyrs Fks] muosQ igukoksa esa Hkkjh I+kQoZQ
Fkk] muosQ [kku&iku vkSj dke&kakksa esa Hkkjh fofokrk FkhA bruh fofokrk
okys yksxksa dks ,d jk"V&jkT; osQ :i esa oSQls laxfBr fd;k tk ldrk Fkk\
,drk dh leL;k osQ lkFk gh fodkl Hkh ,d cM+h leL;k FkhA
Lora=krk osQ le; Hkkjr dh ,d fo'kky la[;k xkoksa esa jgrh FkhA
vkthfodk osQ fy, fdlku vkSj dk'rdkj ckfj'k ij fuHkZj jgrs FksA ;gh
fLFkfr vFkZO;oLFkk osQ xSj&f"k {ks=kksa dh FkhA vxj iQly pkSiV gks tkrh
rks ukbZ] c<+b]Z cqudj vkSj vU; dkjhxjksa dh vkenuh ij Hkh ladV iSnk
gks tkrk FkkA 'kgjksa esa iSQDVh eknwj HkhM+ Hkjh >qXxh cfLr;ksa esa jgrs Fks tgk
f'k{kk ;k LokLF; lqfokkvksa dh [kkl O;oLFkk ugha FkhA bl fo'kky vkcknh
dks xjhch osQ paxy
q ls fudkyus osQ fy, u osQoy [ksrh dh mit c<+kuk
k:jh Fkk cfYd u, m|ksxksa dk fuekZ.k Hkh djuk Fkk tgk yksxksa dks jkskxkj
fey losQA
,drk vkSj fodkl dh izf;kvksa dks lkFk&lkFk pyuk FkkA vxj Hkkjr
osQ fofHkUu rcdksa osQ chp ekStwn erHksnksa dks nwj u fd;k tkrk rks os
fgald vkSj cgqr [krjukd Vdjkoksa dk :i ys ldrs FksA fygkkk ,sls
Vdjko ns'k osQ fy, egxs Hkh iM+rs FksA dgha mQph tkfr vkSj uhph tkfr
osQ chp] dgha fganv
q ksa vkSj eqlyekuksa osQ chp rks dgha fdlh vkSj otg
ls ruko dh vk'kadk cuh gqbZ FkhA nwljh rjiQ] vxj vkfFkZd fodkl osQ
ykHk vkcknh osQ cM+s fgLls dks ugha feyrs gSa rks vkSj ;knk HksnHkko iSnk
gks ldrk FkkA ,slh fLFkfr esa vehj vkSj xjhc] 'kgj vkSj nsgkr] laiUu vkSj
fiNM+s bykdksa dk I+kQoZQ iSnk gks ldrk FkkA
h xfrfofk
dYiuk dhft, fd vki
1947 esa Hkkjr ls tkus okys
,d fczfV'k viQlj gSAa mlh
le; vki vius ?kj okyksa osQ
uke [kr fy[krs gSa ftlesa
vki bl ckr dh ppkZ dj
jgs gSa fd vaxsz kksa dh
vuqifLFkfr esa Hkkjr dk D;k
gksxkA Hkkjr osQ Hkfo"; osQ
ckjs esa vkidh D;k jk;
gksxh\
u, lafokku dh jpuk
fnlacj 1946 ls uoacj 1949 osQ chp rdjhcu 300 Hkkjrh;ksa us ns'k osQ
jktuhfrd Hkfo"; osQ ckjs esa yack fopkj&foe'kZ fd;kA ;|fi bl
lafokku lHkk dh cSBosQa ubZ fnYyh esa vk;ksftr dh xbZ Fkha ijarq blosQ
lnL; iwjs ns'k esa iSQys gq, Fks vkSj os cgqr lkjh jktuhfrd ikfVZ;ksa osQ
izfrfufk FksA bUgha ppkZvksa osQ iQyLo:i Hkkjr dk lafokku fy[kk x;k
ftls 26 tuojh 1950 dks ykxw fd;k x;kA
gekjs lafokku dh ,d [kkfl;r ;g Fkh fd mlesa lkoZHkkSfed
o;Ld erkfkdkj dk izkokku fd;k x;k FkkA bldk eryc ;g Fkk fd
21 lky ls ;knk mez osQ lHkh Hkkjrh;ksa dks izkarh; vkSj jk"Vh; pqukoksa esa
oksV nsus dk vfkdkj FkkA ;g ,d kafrdkjh dne FkkA blls igys dHkh
Hkh Hkkjrh;ksa dks [kqn vius usrk pquus dk vfkdkj ugha feyk FkkA fczVsu
vkSj vejhdk tSls vU; ns'kksa dh turk dks ;g vfkdkj VqdM+ksa&VqdM+ksa esa
lkoZHkkSfed Ok;Ld&
lHkh Ok;Ld ukxfjdksa dks er
nsus dk vf/dkj
161
162
gekjs vrhr
III
gh fn;k x;k FkkA ogk lcls igys laiUu iq#"kksa dks oksV nsus dk vfkdkj
feykA blosQ ckn f'kf{kr iq#"kksa dks Hkh erkfkdkj fn;k x;kA eknwj iq#"kksa
dks dkiQh yacs la?k"kZ osQ ckn ;g vfkdkj feykA efgykvksa dks lcls var
esa erkf/dkj fn;k x;k og Hkh yacs tq>k: la?k"kZ osQ cknA blosQ
foijhr] Hkkjr esa vkkknh osQ OkqQN gh le; ckn ;s iSQlyk ys fy;k x;k
Fkk fd ns'k osQ lHkh L=kh&iq#"kksa dks ;g vfkdkj fn;k tk,xk Hkys gh os
vehj gksa ;k xjhc] i<+&s fy[ks gksa ;k vui<+ gksAa
lafokku dh nwljh fo'ks"krk ;g Fkh fd mlesa reke tkfr;ksa] keks ;k
fdlh Hkh rjg dh i`"BHkwfe ls laca k j[kus okys lHkh ukxfjdksa dks dkuwu
dh ukj esa leku ekuk x;kA Hkkjr osQ OkqQN yksx pkgrs Fks fd Hkkjr dh
jktuhfrd O;oLFkk fganw vkn'kks ij vkkkfjr gks vkSj Hkkjr dks ,d fganw
ns'k ?kksf"kr fd;k tk,A viuh ckr osQ leFkZu esa mUgksaus ikfdLrku dk
mnkgj.k fn;k ftldk xBu gh ,d [kkl leqnk; eqlyekuksa osQ fgrksa
dh j{kk osQ fy, fd;k x;k FkkA ijarq Hkkjrh; izkkuea=kh tokgjyky usg:
dk Li"V er Fkk fd Hkkjr fganw ikfdLrku ugha cu ldrk vkSj u gh
cuuk pkfg,A
eqlyekuksa osQ vykok Hkkjr esa fl[k vkSj bZlkb;ksa dh Hkh cM+h la[;k FkhA
blosQ vykok ikjlh] tSu rFkk vU; keks osQ yksx Hkh FksA u, lafokku esa bu
lHkh leqnk;ksa osQ yksxksa dks Hkh ogh vfkdkj fn, x, tks vfkdkj fganv
q ksa dks
fn, x, FksA pkgs ljdkjh ;k futh {ks=k dh ukSdfj;ksa dk loky gks ;k dkuwu
ls lacfa kr dksbZ ekeyk gks] bu lHkh leqnk;ksa osQ yksxksa dks Hkh oSls gh volj
nsus dk izkokku fd;k x;k tSls fganv
q ksa dks fn, tk jgs FksA
ksr 1
h xfrfofk
,d eqlfye ifjokj esa cki&csVs
osQ chp gks jgh ckrphr dh
dYiuk dhft,A csVk ekurk gS fd
foHkktu osQ ckn ifjokj dks
ikfdLrku pys tkuk pkfg, tcfd
firk dk fo'okl gS fd mUgsa
Hkkjr esa gh jguk pkfg,A bl
v;k; (rFkk v;k; 11) esa nh
xbZ lwpukvksa osQ vkkkj ij
vfHku; djosQ crk, fd nksuksa osQ
rdZ D;k gksaxsA
163
h xfrfofk
vaxsz kh dks Hkkjr dh ,d
Hkk"kk osQ :i esa cuk, j[kus
osQ iSQlys osQ vkt dh rkjh[k
esa gksus okys ,d iQk;ns vkSj
,d uqdlku ij viuh d{kk
esa ppkZ dhft,A
164
gekjs vrhr
III
165
58 fnu osQ vu'ku osQ ckn 15 fnlacj 1952 dks iksV~Vh Jhjkeqyq dk nsgkar
gks x;kA tSlk fd ,d v[kckj us fy[kk Fkk] Jhjkeqyq osQ nsgkar dh [kcj us iwjs
vkakz dks vLr&O;Lr dj MkykA fojksk bruk O;kid vkSj xgjk Fkk fd osQanz
ljdkj dks vkf[kjdkj ;g ekx ekuuh iM+hA bl rjg] 1 vDrwcj 1953 dks
vkakz osQ :i esa ,d u, jkT; dk xBu gqvk] tks ckn esa vka/z izns'k cukA
vkakz dh LFkkiuk osQ ckn vU; Hkk"kk;h leqnk; Hkh vius&vius vyx jkT;ksa
dh ekx djus yxsA iQyLo:i] ,d jkT; iquxZBu vk;ksx dk xBu fd;k x;k
ftlus 1956 esa viuh fjiksVZ ljdkj dks lkSai nhA vk;ksx us lq>ko fn;k fd
vlfe;k] caxyk] mfM+;k] rfey] ey;kye] dUuM+ vkSj rsyqxw Hkkf"k;ksa osQ fy,
vyx&vyx izkra ksa dk xBu djus osQ ms'; ls ftyksa vkSj izkra ksa dh lhek dks iqu%
r; fd;k tk,A mRrj Hkkjr osQ fo'kky fganh Hkk"kh {ks=k dks ckV dj dbZ jkT;
cuk fn, x,A OkqQN le; ckn] 1960 esa cEcbZ izkra dks ejkBh vkSj xqtjkrh Hkk"kh]
nks vyx jkT;ksa esa ckV fn;k x;kA 1966 esa iatkc dk foHkktu gqvk vkSj gfj;k.kk
dks vyx jkT; osQ :i esa ekU;rk nh xbZA iatkc esa iatkch Hkkf"k;ksa (ftuesa ls
;knkrj fl[k Fks) vkSj gfj;k.kk esa gfj;k.koh ;k fganh cksyus okyksa dh cgqrk;r
FkhA
m-ilh-iz k jkT;
fxyfxV
tEew
vkSj
d'ehj
m-i
-l
h-i
zk-
vI+kQxkfuLrku
bjk
fp=k 5 (d)
14 vxLr 1947 ls igys Hkkjrh;
izkar vkSj fj;klrsaA
phu
iatkc
kT;
(frCcr)
u
c j
k
k
r
t
a
L
i
jkeiqj
fp T;
yiqj
yq
cgko
jk
fnYyh
c
usiky
u
k
r
L
jktiq
r
kuk
vle
qfp
flfDde Hkw V ku
la;qDr izkar
[kSji
cy
j
qj vkesj
;
[kklh LVsV~l
kfy
cukjl
ow
Q
p
j
esokM+
o
Xoknj
kS
fla/
X
v
qj
fcgkj
xtq jkr
.ki
iwoh
fcgkj
ef
Fkku Hkkjr
Z Hk
ca
x
ky
jktL e;
k
j
u
r
f=kiqjk
Dd
hn
cekZ
pe
r
a
k
z
if'
i
osaQnzh;
ukxj
nho neu
gosyh
lk
vjc
caxky dh
cE
M+h
cb
m
lkxj
[kkM+ h
Z
gS n jkckn
dksYgkiqj
vkSj nDduh
;eu
jkT;
l
xksok
nzk
e
eSlwj
ekgs
fj;klrsa
y{k}hi (Hkkjr)
fczfV'k Hkkjr
g n
ekynho
166
gekjs vrhr
III
enzkl
jkT;
ikafMpsjh
dkjhdy
vaMeku vkSj fudksckj }hilewg
(Hkkjr)
flyksu
e gk lk x j
;w-,l-,l-vkj-
HkwriwoZ fj;klrsa *
tEew
vkSj
d'ehj
vI+kQxkfuLrku
fgekpy
phu
izns'k
(frCcr)
iatkc
ifV;kyk vkSj iwohZ
fd
hZ
ik
iatkc jkT; la?k
&iwo lh
fnYyh
usiky
mkj ar ,tsa
k
jktLFkku
flfDde Hkw V ku
lhe
mkj izns'k
vkesj
vkle qj
esokM
khi
iwohZ ikfdLrku e.
r foa; i
fcgkj
zns'k
Hkkj
dPN
f=kiq
j
k
;
e
V
if'pe
jk"
cekZ
caxky
lkS
e; izns'k
nho neu nknj vkSj
mM+ h lk
vjc
caxky dh
ukxj gosyh
lkxj
[kkM+ h
cEcbZ
gS n jkckn
;eu
xksok
vka/
k
L r
bjk
vU; jkT;
eSlwj
ekgs
ikafMpsjh
enzkl dkjhdy
vaMeku vkSj fudksckj }hilewg
(Hkkjr)
y{k}hi =kko.kdksj
dksphu
(Hkkjr)
g n
flyksu
e gk lk x j
ekynho
h xfrfofk
fp=k 5 (d)] 5 ([k) vkSj
5 (x) dks ns[ksaA ;ku nsa fd
fp=k 5 ([k) esa fj;klrsa
fn[kkbZ ugha ns jgh gSaA mu
jkT;ksa dks igpkusa ftudk
1956 vkSj ckn esa xBu
fd;k x;k FkkA mu jkT;ksa dh
dkSu lh Hkk"kk, Fkha\
lksfo;r la?k
tEew
vkSj
d'ehj
vI+kQxkfuLrku
ik
fd
k
L r
fgekpy
izns'k
phu
(frCcr)
iatkc
gfj;k.kk
u
bjk
fnYyh
usiky
mkj izns'k
jktLFkku
xq t jkr
e; izns'k
k
izns'
kkpy
.
#
v
flfDde Hkw V ku
vle ukxkySaM
es?kky;
qj
.ki
fcgkj
ef
ckaXkykns'k
fekksje
if'pe
caxky
cekZ
mM+ h lk
caxky dh
[kkM+ h
ukZ
V d
vka/z izns'k
xksok]
neu
vkSj nho
ikafMpsjh
rfeyukMq
oQs jy
y{k}hi
(Hkkjr)
g n
ekynho
e gk lk x j
167
168
gekjs vrhr
III
ksr 2
OkqQN yksxksa dk dguk Fkk fd izkFkfed f'k{kk dh mis{kk gks jgh gSA
OkqQN vU; yksxksa dk ekuuk Fkk fd vkfFkZd uhfr;ksa osQ dkj.k
i;kZoj.k ij iM+ jgs izHkkoksa ij mfpr ;ku ugha fn;k x;k gSA
egkRek xkakh dh vuq;k;h ehjk cgu us 1949 esa fy[kk Fkk]
foKku vkSj e'khujh osQ }kjk mls (ekuork dks) OkqQN le; rd
Hkkjh iQk;nk gks ldrk gS ysfdu vkf[kjdkj rckgh gh feysxhA
gesa OkqQnjr osQ lary
q u dk v;;u djosQ mlosQ fu;eksa osQ fglkc
ls viuh fkanxh pykuh pkfg,] rHkh ge LoLFk vkSj uSfrd :i
ls lH; iztkfr osQ :i esa thfor jg ik,xAs
h xfrfofk
D;k ehjk cgu dh ;g ekU;rk lgh Fkh fd foKku vkSj
e'khujh ekuo lH;rk osQ fy, leL;k, [kM+h dj nsxa As
bl ckr ij viuh d{kk esa ppkZ dhft,A bl ppkZ osQ
fy, vki vkS|ksfxd iznw"k.k vkSj taxyksa osQ fouk'k ls
gekjh nqfu;k ij iM+ jgs izHkkoksa tSls mnkgj.kksa osQ ckjs esa
lksp ldrs gSaA
Lora=krk osQ ckn
169
gekjs vrhr
III
171
vU;=k
Jhyadk esa D;k gqvk
1956 esa] ftl le; Hkkjr esa Hkk"kk osQ vkkkj ij jkT;ksa dk iquxZBu fd;k tk jgk Fkk] mlh le; Jhyadk (rRdkyhu
uke lhyksu) dh laln us ,d dkuwu ikfjr djosQ flagyk Hkk"kk dks ns'k dh jktHkk"kk dk ntkZ ns fn;kA bl dkuwu osQ
tfj, flagyk Hkk"kk dks lHkh ljdkjh Ldwy&dkWystksa] ljdkjh ijh{kkvksa vkSj vnkyrksa dh Hkk"kk cuk fn;k x;kA Jhyadk
osQ mRrj esa jgus okys rfeyHkk"kh vYila[;dksa us bl u, dkuwu dk fojksk fd;kA ,d rfey lkaln us dgk fd tc
vki eq>ls esjh Hkk"kk Nhu ysrs gSa rks vki esjk lc OkqQN eq>ls Nhu ysrs gSaA ,d vkSj usrk us psrkouh nh] vki lhyksu
dks ckVuk pkgrs gSaA fu'pr jfg,A eSa vk'oklu nsrk gw fd (vkidks) ,d foHkkftr lhyksu gh feysxkA flagyk Hkk"kh
,d foi{kh lnL; us dgk Fkk fd vxj ljdkj viuk #[k ugha cnyrh gS vkSj bl dkuwu ij vM+h jgrh gS rks bl
NksVs ls ns'k esa ls nks VwVs&iwQVs jDrjaftr ns'k Hkh iSnk gks ldrs gSaA
fiNys dbZ n'kdksa ls Jhyadk esa x`g ;q py jgk gSS tks blh dkj.k
iSnk gqvk fd ogk osQ rfeyHkk"kh vYila[;dksa ij flagyk Hkk"kk Fkksih
tk jgh gSA vkSj ,d vU; nf{k.k ,f'k;kbZ ns'k ikfdLrku Hkh
blfy, nks VqdM+ksa esa cV x;k Fkk D;ksafd iwohZ ikfdLrku osQ caxyk
Hkk"kh yksxksa dks yxrk Fkk fd ikfdLrku esa mudh Hkk"kk dks nck;k tk
jgk gSA blosQ foijhr Hkkjr ,dhr jk"V osQ :i esa dk;e jgk gSA
oqQN gn rd blfy, fd ;gk cgqr lkjh {ks=kh; Hkk"kkvksa dks
iQyus&iwQyus dk ekSdk fn;k x;kA vxj fganh dks mlh rjg nf{k.kh
fp 12 ([k) & canwd fy, gq, rfey mxzoknh& Hkkjr ij Fkksi fn;k tkrk ftl rjg iwohZ ikfdLrku ij mnwZ ;k mRrjh
Jhyadk ij flagyk Hkk"kk dks Fkksi fn;k x;k Fkk rks 'kk;n Hkkjr Hkh x`g
Jhyadk esa x`g;q dk izrhdA
;qksa esa my> dj fc[kj tkrkA tokgjyky usg: vkSj ljnkj iVsy dh
vk'kadkvksa dks fuewZy lkfcr djrs gq, Hkk"kk;h jkT;ksa us Hkkjr dh ,drk osQ fy, dHkh [krjk iSnk ugha fd;k cfYd mUgksaus
bl ,drk dks vkSj xgjkbZ nh gSA blls irk pyrk gS fd tc ,d ckj viuh Hkk"kk osQ ncus dk Hk; [kRe gks tkrk gS
rks fofHkUu Hkk"kk;h lewg ,d fo'kky jk"V osQ vax osQ :i esa lgt vkxs c<+us yxrs gSaA
172
gekjs vrhr
III
2-
3-
(?k) ------ dh e`R;q ls bruk kcjnLr vkanksyu iSnk gqvk fd ljdkj dks vkakz
Hkk"kh jkT; osQ xBu dh ekx dks ekuuk iM+kA
4-
jktuhfr esa gekjs ikl lekurk gksxh vkSj lkekftd o vkfFkZd thou esa ge
vlekurk dh jkg ij pysaxs dgus osQ ihNs MkW- vacsMdj dk D;k vk'k; Fkk\
6-
Lora=krk osQ ckn ns'k dks Hkk"kk osQ vkkkj ij jkT;ksa esa ckVus osQ izfr fgpfdpkgV
D;ksa Fkh\
7-
,d dkj.k crkb, fd vkkknh osQ ckn Hkh Hkkjr esa vaxsz kh D;ksa tkjh jghA
8-
vkkknh osQ ckn izkjafHkd n'kdksa esa Hkkjr osQ vkfFkZd fodkl dh dYiuk fdl
rjg dh xbZ Fkh\
ehjk cgu dkSu Fkha\ muosQ thou vkSj vkn'kks osQ ckjs esa irk yxk,A
10- ikfdLrku esa Hkk"kk osQ vkkkj ij gq, mu fooknksa osQ ckjs esa vkSj irk yxk,
ftudh otg ls ckaxykns'k dk tUe gqvkA ckaxykns'k dks ikfdLrku ls vkkknh
oSQls feyh\
173
Js;
laLFkk,
fn vksfLk;u vkoQkZbo ,.M ykbczsjh dysD'ku] eqacbZ (v;k; 7 fp=k 1] 8)
usg: eseksfj;y E;wfk;e ,.M ykbcszjh] ubZ fnYyh (v;k; 9 fp=k 4] 5] 7] 13_ v;k; 12 fp=k 1] 2] 4] 6] 7] 9)
iQksVks fMohku] Hkkjr ljdkj] ubZ fnYyh (v;k; 11 fp=k 20_ v;k; 12 fp=k 3]10)
if=kdk,
fn byLVsfVM yanu U;wk (v;k; 9 fp=k 15)
iqLrosaQ
veu ukFk ,oa t; foBykuh] gksfjtal % fn VkVk& bafM;k laspqjh] 1904&2004 (v;k; 7 fp=k 10] 14] 15)
lh-,-cs;yh] la-] ,u byLVssfVM fgLVh vkWiQ ekMuZ bafM;k] 1600&1947 (v;k; 7 fp=k 11_ v;k; 8 fp=k 2] 4] 6_ v;k;
10 fp=k 6] 7] 17] 22_ v;k; 11 fp=k 3] 4] 5] 10)
tku cszesu] yscj ckW.Mst bu osLVuZ bafM;k (v;k; 9 fp=k 11)
T;ksfrUnz tSu ,oa vkjrh vxzoky] us'kuy gsaMhozQkV~l ,.M gs.Mywe E;wft;e] ubZ fnYyh] esfiu (v;k; 7 fp=k 4] 5)
ekyfodk dkjysdj] jh&fokfuax fn ikLV (v;k; 9 fp=k 6] 8_ v;k; 8 fp=k 11)
ekfjuk dkVZj] ljosaV~l] ljnklZ ,.M lsVylZ (v;k; 9 fp=k 9)
ihVj :gs] xka/h (v;k; 11 fp=k 1] 6] 12] 13] 14] 16] 17] 18] 19] 21)
lwku ,l- chu] ;Sadh bafM;k % vesfjdu dkWef'Zk;y ,aM dYpjy ,udkmaVlZ fon bafM;k bu fn ,t vkWiQ lsy] 1784&1860
(v;k; 9 fp=k 3] 7)
lwku LVkx] la-] fn vkV~lZ vkWiQ n fl[k dXMe (v;k; 10 fp=k 19)
;w- ckWy] taxy ykbiQ bu bafM;k (v;k; 7 fp=k 12)
osfj;j ,fYou] n ,xkfj;k (v;k; 7 fp=k 13)
VSDlVkbYl iQkWj VsfEiy VsM ,aM MkWojh] dysD'ku laLo`Qfr E;wfk;e vkWiQ ,ojhMs vkVZ (v;k; 7 fp=k 2] 6)