Lab Lecture Final

Laboratory Final on April 27 at 1:00PM in SB 1011 25 multiple choice test Questions from the weekly quizzes

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Experiment 11 Oxidation-Reduction Chemistry

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Purpose
To observe and predict the emf of a voltaic cell and a concentration cell. Also, to balance redox equations in acidic and alkaline solutions.

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Background
Voltaic Cells An electrochemical cell that uses spontaneous chemical reactions to produce a voltage. The voltage is produced by the transfer of electrons from one ion or molecule to another. Oxidation when one substance loses electrons. Reduction when one substance gains electrons. Zn(s) + Cu2+(aq) Zn2+(aq) + Cu(s) The interesting part is converting this equation to a workable cell.

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Background
Voltaic Cells

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Background
Voltaic Cells Voltage is carried by: Electrons (through wire) Ions (solution, salt bridge) Both pathways are required to form a completed circuit.

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Background
Voltaic Cells Notice that each beaker (half-cell) contains the complete half-reaction. Anode (Oxidation) Zn(s) Zn2+(aq) + 2 e Cathode (Reduction) Cu2+(aq) + 2 e- Cu(s)

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Background
Voltaic Cells Cell EMF Cell electromotive force (Ecell) the voltage a voltaic cell generates. The voltage generated by a voltaic cell depends on a number of factors, a few of which are: the half-cells used the concentrations of the reagents the temperature of the cell.

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Background
Voltaic Cells Standard Cell Potential Cell electromotive force (Ecell) the voltage a voltaic cell generates. If the cell is operated at standard state (298K, 1M solution concentrations and 1 atmosphere pressure) the voltage o E generated is referred to as a standard cell potential ( cell)

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Background
Voltaic Cells Standard Cell Potential Cell electromotive force (Ecell) the voltage a voltaic cell generates. If the cell is operated at standard state (298K, 1M solution concentrations and 1 atmosphere pressure) the voltage o E generated is referred to as a standard cell potential ( cell)
o cell

Zn(s) +

Cu2+(aq)

Zn2+(aq)

+ Cu(s)

1.10V

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Background
Voltaic Cells Standard Reduction Potential

Reduction potentials are summarized in a table. These potentials can be used to determine the cell potential.
o o o Ecell Ered (cathode) Ered (anode)

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Background
Voltaic Cells Concentration Cell Solution concentration has an impact on cell emf. The Nernst equation can be used to predict the emf.

RT EE ln Q nF
o

Simplifying the equation yields (at T = 298.15K):

0.0592V EE log Q n
o

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Background
Balancing Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
1. Break up the overall reaction into two half reactions omitting H+, OH-, and H2O. 2. For each half reaction, balance all of the elements except O and H. 3. Balance for oxygen. For each half reaction, balance the O's by adding H2O to the side of the reaction that is deficient in oxygen. 4. Balance for hydrogen. For each half reaction, add H+ to the side of the reaction that is deficient in hydrogen. If you are balancing a reaction in acid solution, skip to step 5 BASE ONLY a) For each half reaction, add OH to both sides of the equation. Add enough OHto neutralize the H+ ions added in step 4. b) For each half reaction, take the H+ and OH and combine them to form water. Cancel out water molecules that appear on both sides of the reaction. 5. For each half reaction, balance the charge by adding electrons. The electrons are added to the more positive side, and the difference in charge gives the number of electrons to add. 6. Multiply one (or both) half reactions by a whole number so that both half reactions have the same number of electrons. 7. Add the half reactions. The electrons will cancel, as will some of the H+, OH, and H2O.
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Background
Balancing Oxidation-Reduction Reactions (Acid)
1. Break up the overall reaction into two half reactions omitting H+, OH-, and H2O.

H2S(aq) + NO3-(aq) NO(g) + S(s)

NO3-(aq) NO(g) H2S(aq) S(s)

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Background
Balancing Oxidation-Reduction Reactions (Acid)
2. For each half reaction, balance all of the elements except O and H.

H2S(aq) + NO3-(aq) NO(g) + S(s)

NO3-(aq) NO(g) H2S(aq) S(s)

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Background
Balancing Oxidation-Reduction Reactions (Acid)
3. Balance for oxygen. For each half reaction, balance the O's by adding H2O to the side of the reaction that is deficient in oxygen.

H2S(aq) + NO3-(aq) NO(g) + S(s)

NO3-(aq) NO(g) NO3-(aq) NO(g) + 2 H2O(l) H2S(aq) S(s)

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Background
Balancing Oxidation-Reduction Reactions (Acid)
4. Balance for hydrogen. For each half reaction, add H+ to the side of the reaction that is deficient in hydrogen.

H2S(aq) + NO3-(aq) NO(g) + S(s)

NO3-(aq) NO(g) NO3-(aq) NO(g) + 2H2O(l) 4H+(aq) + NO3-(aq) NO(g) + 2H2O(l) H2S(aq) S(s)

H2S(aq) S(s) + 2H+(aq)

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Background
Balancing Oxidation-Reduction Reactions (Acid)
5. For each half reaction, balance the charge by adding electrons. The electrons are added to the more positive side, and the difference in charge gives the number of electrons to add.

H2S(aq) + NO3-(aq) NO(g) + S(s)

NO3-(aq) NO(g) NO3-(aq) NO(g) + 2H2O(l) 4H+(aq) + NO3-(aq) NO(g) + 2H2O(l) 3e- + 4H+(aq) + NO3-(aq) NO(g) + 2H2O(l) H2S(aq) S(s)

H2S(aq) S(s) + 2H+(aq) H2S(aq) S(s) + 2H+(aq) + 2e-

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Background
Balancing Oxidation-Reduction Reactions (Acid)
6. Multiply one (or both) half reactions by a whole number so that both half reactions have the same number of electrons.

H2S(aq) + NO3-(aq) NO(g) + S(s)

NO3-(aq) NO(g) NO3-(aq) NO(g) + 2H2O(l) 4H+(aq) + NO3-(aq) NO(g) + 2H2O(l) 3e- + 4H+(aq) + NO3-(aq) NO(g) + 2H2O(l) 2(3e- + 4H+(aq) + NO3-(aq) NO(g) + 2H2O(l)) H2S(aq) S(s)

H2S(aq) S(s) + 2H+(aq) H2S(aq) S(s) + 2H+(aq) + 2e3(H2S(aq) S(s) + 2H+(aq) + 2e-)

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Background
Balancing Oxidation-Reduction Reactions (Acid)
6. Multiply one (or both) half reactions by a whole number so that both half reactions have the same number of electrons.

H2S(aq) + NO3-(aq) NO(g) + S(s)

NO3-(aq) NO(g) NO3-(aq) NO(g) + 2H2O(l) 4H+(aq) + NO3-(aq) NO(g) + 2H2O(l) 3e- + 4H+(aq) + NO3-(aq) NO(g) + 2H2O(l) 2(3e- + 4H+(aq) + NO3-(aq) NO(g) + 2H2O(l)) 6e- + 8H+(aq) + 2NO3-(aq) 2NO(g) + 4H2O(l) H2S(aq) S(s)

H2S(aq) S(s) + 2H+(aq) H2S(aq) S(s) + 2H+(aq) + 2e3(H2S(aq) S(s) + 2H+(aq) + 2e-) 3H2S(aq) 3S(s) + 6H+(aq) + 6e-

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Background
Balancing Oxidation-Reduction Reactions (Acid)
7. Add the half reactions. The electrons will cancel, as will some of the H+, OH, and H2O.

6e- + 8H+(aq) + 2NO3-(aq) 2NO(g) + 4H2O(l) 3H2S(aq) 3S(s) + 6H+(aq) + 6e-

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Background
Balancing Oxidation-Reduction Reactions (Acid)
7. Add the half reactions. The electrons will cancel, as will some of the H+, OH, and H2O.

6e- + 8H+(aq) + 2NO3-(aq) 2NO(g) + 4H2O(l) 3H2S(aq) 3S(s) + 6H+(aq) + 6e2H+(aq) + 2NO3-(aq) + 3H2S(aq) 2NO(g) + 3S(s) + 4H2O(l)

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Background
Balancing Oxidation-Reduction Reactions (Alkaline)
1. Break up the overall reaction into two half reactions omitting H+, OH-, and H2O.

Cr3+(aq) + MnO2(s) Mn2+(aq) + CrO42-(aq)

Cr3+(aq) CrO42-(aq) MnO2(s) Mn2+(aq)

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Background
Balancing Oxidation-Reduction Reactions (Alkaline)
2. For each half reaction, balance all of the elements except O and H.

Cr3+(aq) + MnO2(s) Mn2+(aq) + CrO42-(aq)

Cr3+(aq) CrO42-(aq) MnO2(s) Mn2+(aq)

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Background
Balancing Oxidation-Reduction Reactions (Alkaline)
3. Balance for oxygen. For each half reaction, balance the O's by adding H2O to the side of the reaction that is deficient in oxygen.

Cr3+(aq) + MnO2(s) Mn2+(aq) + CrO42-(aq)

Cr3+(aq) CrO42-(aq) Cr3+(aq) + 4H2O(l) CrO42-(aq) MnO2(s) Mn2+(aq) MnO2(s) Mn2+(aq) + 2H2O(l)

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Background
Balancing Oxidation-Reduction Reactions (Alkaline)
4. Balance for hydrogen. For each half reaction, add H+ to the side of the reaction that is deficient in hydrogen.

Cr3+(aq) + MnO2(s) Mn2+(aq) + CrO42-(aq)

Cr3+(aq) CrO42-(aq) Cr3+(aq) + 4H2O(l) CrO42-(aq) Cr3+(aq) + 4H2O(l) CrO42-(aq) + 8H+(aq) MnO2(s) Mn2+(aq) MnO2(s) Mn2+(aq) + 2H2O(l) MnO2(s) + 4H+(aq) Mn2+(aq) + 2H2O(l)

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Background
Balancing Oxidation-Reduction Reactions (Alkaline)
4. Balance for hydrogen. For each half reaction, add H+ to the side of the reaction that is deficient in hydrogen. a) For each half reaction, add OH to both sides of the equation. Add enough OHto neutralize the H+ ions added in step 4.

Cr3+(aq) + MnO2(s) Mn2+(aq) + CrO42-(aq)

Cr3+(aq) CrO42-(aq) Cr3+(aq) + 4H2O(l) CrO42-(aq) Cr3+(aq) + 4H2O(l) CrO42-(aq) + 8H+(aq) Cr3+(aq) + 4H2O(l) + 8OH-(aq) CrO42-(aq) + 8H+(aq) + 8OH-(aq) MnO2(s) MnO2(s) MnO2(s) MnO2(s) Mn2+(aq) Mn2+(aq) + 2H2O(l) + 4H+(aq) Mn2+(aq) + 2H2O(l) + 4OH-(aq) + 4H+(aq) Mn2+(aq) + 2H2O(l) + 4OH-(aq)

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Background
Balancing Oxidation-Reduction Reactions (Alkaline)
4. Balance for hydrogen. For each half reaction, add H+ to the side of the reaction that is deficient in hydrogen. b) For each half reaction, take the H+ and OH and combine them to form water. Cancel out water molecules that appear on both sides of the reaction.

Cr3+(aq) + MnO2(s) Mn2+(aq) + CrO42-(aq)

Cr3+(aq) CrO42-(aq) Cr3+(aq) + 4H2O(l) CrO42-(aq) Cr3+(aq) + 4H2O(l) CrO42-(aq) + 8H+(aq) Cr3+(aq) + 4H2O(l) + 8OH-(aq) CrO42-(aq) + 8H+(aq) + 8OH-(aq) Cr3+(aq) + 4H2O(l) + 8OH-(aq) CrO42-(aq) + 8H2O(l) Mn2+(aq) Mn2+(aq) + 2H2O(l) + 4H+(aq) Mn2+(aq) + 2H2O(l) + 4OH-(aq) + 4H+(aq) Mn2+(aq) + 2H2O(l) + 4OH-(aq) MnO2(s) + 4H2O(l) Mn2+(aq) + 2H2O(l) + 4OH-(aq) MnO2(s) MnO2(s) MnO2(s) MnO2(s)

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Background
Balancing Oxidation-Reduction Reactions (Alkaline)
4. Balance for hydrogen. For each half reaction, add H+ to the side of the reaction that is deficient in hydrogen. b) For each half reaction, take the H+ and OH and combine them to form water. Cancel out water molecules that appear on both sides of the reaction.

Cr3+(aq) + MnO2(s) Mn2+(aq) + CrO42-(aq)

Cr3+(aq) CrO42-(aq) Cr3+(aq) + 4H2O(l) CrO42-(aq) Cr3+(aq) + 4H2O(l) CrO42-(aq) + 8H+(aq) Cr3+(aq) + 4H2O(l) + 8OH-(aq) CrO42-(aq) + 8H+(aq) + 8OH-(aq) Cr3+(aq) + 4H2O(l) + 8OH-(aq) CrO42-(aq) + 8H2O(l) Cr3+(aq) + 8OH-(aq) CrO42-(aq) + 4H2O(l) Mn2+(aq) Mn2+(aq) + 2H2O(l) + 4H+(aq) Mn2+(aq) + 2H2O(l) + 4OH-(aq) + 4H+(aq) Mn2+(aq) + 2H2O(l) + 4OH-(aq) MnO2(s) + 4H2O(l) Mn2+(aq) + 2H2O(l) + 4OH-(aq) MnO2(s) + 2H2O(l) Mn2+(aq) + 4OH-(aq) MnO2(s) MnO2(s) MnO2(s) MnO2(s)

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Background
Balancing Oxidation-Reduction Reactions (Alkaline)
5. For each half reaction, balance the charge by adding electrons. The electrons are added to the more positive side, and the difference in charge gives the number of electrons to add.

Cr3+(aq) + MnO2(s) Mn2+(aq) + CrO42-(aq)

Cr3+(aq) + 8OH-(aq) CrO42-(aq) + 4H2O(l) Cr3+(aq) + 8OH-(aq) CrO42-(aq) + 4H2O(l) + 3eMnO2(s) + 2H2O(l) Mn2+(aq) + 4OH-(aq) 2e- + MnO2(s) + 2H2O(l) Mn2+(aq) + 4OH-(aq)

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Background
Balancing Oxidation-Reduction Reactions (Alkaline)
6. Multiply one (or both) half reactions by a whole number so that both half reactions have the same number of electrons.

Cr3+(aq) + MnO2(s) Mn2+(aq) + CrO42-(aq)

Cr3+(aq) + 8OH-(aq) CrO42-(aq) + 4H2O(l) Cr3+(aq) + 8OH-(aq) CrO42-(aq) + 4H2O(l) + 3e2(Cr3+(aq) + 8OH-(aq) CrO42-(aq) + 4H2O(l) + 3e-) MnO2(s) + 2H2O(l) Mn2+(aq) + 4OH-(aq) 2e- + MnO2(s) + 2H2O(l) Mn2+(aq) + 4OH-(aq) 3(2e- + MnO2(s) + 2H2O(l) Mn2+(aq) + 4OH-(aq))

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Background
Balancing Oxidation-Reduction Reactions (Alkaline)
6. Multiply one (or both) half reactions by a whole number so that both half reactions have the same number of electrons.

Cr3+(aq) + MnO2(s) Mn2+(aq) + CrO42-(aq)

Cr3+(aq) + 8OH-(aq) CrO42-(aq) + 4H2O(l) Cr3+(aq) + 8OH-(aq) CrO42-(aq) + 4H2O(l) + 3e2(Cr3+(aq) + 8OH-(aq) CrO42-(aq) + 4H2O(l) + 3e-) 2Cr3+(aq) + 16OH-(aq) 2CrO42-(aq) + 8H2O(l) + 6eMnO2(s) + 2H2O(l) Mn2+(aq) + 4OH-(aq) 2e- + MnO2(s) + 2H2O(l) Mn2+(aq) + 4OH-(aq) 3(2e- + MnO2(s) + 2H2O(l) Mn2+(aq) + 4OH-(aq)) 6e- + 3MnO2(s) + 6H2O(l) 3Mn2+(aq) + 12OH-(aq)

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Background
Balancing Oxidation-Reduction Reactions (Alkaline)
7. Add the half reactions. The electrons will cancel, as will some of the H+, OH, and H2O.

2Cr3+(aq) + 16OH-(aq) 2CrO42-(aq) + 8H2O(l) + 6e6e- + 3MnO2(s) + 6H2O(l) 3Mn2+(aq) + 12OH-(aq)

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Background
Balancing Oxidation-Reduction Reactions (Alkaline)
7. Add the half reactions. The electrons will cancel, as will some of the H+, OH, and H2O.

2Cr3+(aq) + 16OH-(aq) 2CrO42-(aq) + 8H2O(l) + 6e6e- + 3MnO2(s) + 6H2O(l) 3Mn2+(aq) + 12OH-(aq) 6e- + 2Cr3+(aq) + 3MnO2(s) + 16OH-(aq) + 6H2O(l) 2CrO42-(aq) + 3Mn2+(aq) + 12OH-(aq) + 8H2O(l) + 6e-

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Background
Balancing Oxidation-Reduction Reactions (Alkaline)
7. Add the half reactions. The electrons will cancel, as will some of the H+, OH, and H2O.

2Cr3+(aq) + 16OH-(aq) 2CrO42-(aq) + 8H2O(l) + 6e6e- + 3MnO2(s) + 6H2O(l) 3Mn2+(aq) + 12OH-(aq) 2Cr3+(aq) + 3MnO2(s) + 4OH-(aq) 2CrO42-(aq) + 3Mn2+(aq) + 2 H2O(l)

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Procedure Experiment 11
- For this experiment, work in pairs.

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Procedure Experiment 11
Voltaic Cells
Cell Set-Up (Cu / Zn) 1. Get Zn, Cu, and Mg electrodes. Polish each electrode with sandpaper. 2. Pour approximately 50 mL of 0.1 M CuSO4 into a 150 mL beaker. Pour 0.1 M Zn(NO3)2 into the porous cup until the cup is about 2/3 full. Put the porous cup into the CuSO4 solution. 3. Place a Zn electrode into the Zn(NO3)2 solution and a Cu electrode into the CuSO4 solution. 4. Hook one of the alligator clips to the Zn electrode, and the other alligator clip to the Cu electrode. 5. If the voltage is negative, reverse the alligator clips. Record the voltage on your report sheet.

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Procedure Experiment 11
Voltaic Cells

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Procedure Experiment 11
Voltaic Cells
Cell Set-Up (Cu / Mg) 6. Remove the alligator clips and empty the contents of the porous cup into the waste container. Rinse the inside of the cup with distilled water 7. Place 0.1 M Mg(NO3)2 into the porous cup until the cup is about 2/3 full. Put the Mg electrode into the Mg(NO3)2 solution. Place the porous cup into the CuSO4 solution. 8. Hook one of the alligator clips to the Cu electrode, and the other alligator clip to the Mg electrode. 9. Record the voltage on your report sheet. If the voltage is negative, reverse the alligator clips.

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Procedure Experiment 11
Voltaic Cells
Cell Set-Up (Zn / Mg) 10. Remove the alligator clips. DO NOT EMPTY ANY CONTAINERS!! 11. Get another 150 mL beaker and put 50 mL of 0.1 M Zn(NO3)2 in the beaker. Put the porous cup containing the Mg(NO3)2 solution into the beaker containing the Zn(NO3)2. 12. Place the Zn electrode into the Zn(NO3)2 solution and make sure the Mg electrode is in the Mg(NO3)2 solution. 13. Hook one of the alligator clips to the Zn electrode, and the other alligator clip to the Mg electrode. 14. Record the voltage on your report sheet. If the voltage is negative, reverse the alligator clips.

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Procedure Experiment 11
Concentration Cells
Cell Set-Up (Concentration Cell) 15. Remove the alligator clips and put both the Mg(NO3)2 solution and the Zn(NO3)2 solution into the waste container. SAVE THE 0.1 M CuSO4 SOLUTION. YOU WILL USE IT NEXT. 16. Wash the porous cup with distilled water and fill it approximately 2/3 full with 0.001 M CuSO4 solution and place it in the 150mL beaker containing the 0.1M CuSO4. 17. Hook each of the alligator clips to the Cu electrodes in each solution. 18. Record the voltage on your report sheet. If the voltage is negative, reverse the electrodes. 19. To the porous cup containing the 0.001 M CuSO4 solution, add 10 drops 6 M NH3 and mix well. Record the voltage on your report sheet. 20. Place all used solutions in the waste basket. Return the electrodes to the Used electrodes container.

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Safety
The 6 M NH3 gives off irritating fumes.

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Waste Disposal
All solutions used in this experiment must be placed in the container marked "Recovered Metals and Metal Ions". Electrode materials should be returned to the Used Electrode container.

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