2554

1
1.1
1.2 (Iron) (Steel) (Cast iron)
1.3 (Classification of steel)
1.3.1 (Alloy steel) (Unalloy steel)
1.3.2 (Type of steel products)
1.3.3
1.3.4
1.4
2
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.3.1 (Interstitial solid solution)
2.3.2 (Substitutional solid solution)
2.3.3 (Element)
2.3.4 (Compound)
2.3.5 ( stabilizer)
2.3.6 ( stabilizer)
2.4 (Strengthening mechanism)
2.4.1 (Solid solution strengthening)
2.4.2 (Precipitation strengthening)
2.4.3 (Transformation strengthening)
2.4.4 (Dislocation strengthening)
2.4.5 (Grain refinement)
2.4.6 (TRIP)
2.4.7 Twin (TWIP)
3
3.1

1
1
2
2
3
4
5
5
6
8
8
11
13
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
16
17
19
20
20
22
23
24
24

3.2
27
3.2.1 (Manufacturing of hot-rolled steel flat products)
27
3.2.2 (Manufacturing of cold-rolled steel flat products) 28
3.3
29
3.3.1 (Chemical composition)
29
3.3.2 (Hot deformation process)
31
3.4
38
4
40
4.1
40
43
4.2 (Casting)
4.2.1 (Ferrous materials)
47
4.2.2 (Casting process)
48
4.2.3 (Casting parameters)
50
4.2.4 (Casting tool and equipments)
51
4.2.5 (Casting defects)
53
4.3 (Plastic deformation)
53
4.3.1 (Rolling Process)
60
4.3.2 (Forging)
64
4.3.3 (Extrusion Process)
67
4.3.4 (Wire &bar drawing)
70
4.3.5 (Shearing)
75
4.3.6 (Bending)
76
4.3.7 (Deep or cup drawing)
78
4.4 (Machining)
81
4.5 (Joining; Welding)
90
4.5.1
92
94
4.5.2
4.5.3 Tailor Welded Blank (TWB)
97
4.5.4 (Welding defects)
98
4.6 (Heat treatment)
99
4.7 (Surface finishing; Coating)
102
2

4.7.1
4.7.2
5
5.1
5.1.1
5.1.2
5.2
5.2.1
5.2.2
5.2.3
5.2.4
5.2.5
5.2.6
5.2.7
5.2.8

5.2.9
5.2.10 Dual Phase (DP steels)
5.2.11 TRansformation Induced Plasticity (TRIP steels)
5.2.12
5.2.13
5.2.14
5.2.15
5.2.16
5.2.17
5.2.18
5.2.19
5.2.20 :
5.2.21
5.2.22 /

103
104
107
109
109
112
120
120
121
122
124
125
126
127
128
131
132
136
139
142
143
149
153
154
159
161
164
169
173

5.2.23
5.2.24
5.2.25
5.2.26
5.2.27 SK5
5.2.28 SCM415
5.2.29 SCM440
5.2.30 100Cr6
5.2.31 D2
5.2.32 O1
5.2.33 H13
5.2.34 P20
5.2.35 M2
5.2.36
5.2.37
5.2.38
5.2.39
5.2.40
5.2.41
5.2.42
5.2.43
5.2.44
5.2.45
5.3
5.4
5.4.1
5.4.2
5.4.3

177
179
180
182
187
188
189
192
193
196
198
201
204
206
208
209
210
212
216
217
218
221
223
224
229
229
232
234
237

5
1. (Metallic materials) 2

2. (Polymeric (plastic) materials)

3. (Ceramic Materials)
4. (Composite materials)
5. (Electronic materials)
2

1.1

- (Fe) 4 5 % [1]
- =26 =55.8 7.87 g/cm3
TL 1808 K (1535 C) TM 3023 K (2750 C)
(Elastic modulus)
450 C (=0.4 TL)

- 80

- (Deformation) (Forming)
- (Phase transformations)

(Heat treatment)
1

- (Recycle)
1.2 (Iron) (Steel) (Cast iron)
(Iron, Fe)

2
(Steel) 2% (
)

(Cast iron) 2%

5 (Gray cast iron)
(Spheroidal graphite cast iron Nudular cast iron) (White
cast iron) (Malleable cast iron) CGI (Compacted graphite cast iron)
1.3 (Classification of steel)
( 1.1)
1.1:

- (Unalloy steels)
- (Alloy steels)
- (Stainless steels)

- (Blast furnace) Hot metal

- (Electric arc furnace)

-
-
-
-
-

-
-
-
-

1.3.1 (Alloy steel) (Unalloy steel)

1.2
1.2: () (Alloy steel) [2]
(Al) 0.3 %
(B)
0.0008%
(Cr) 0.3 %
( Cr 10.5%
(C) 1.2 %
)
(Co) 0.3 %
(Cu) 0.4%
(Pb ) 0.4 %
(Mn) 1.65 %
(Mo) 0.08 %

(Ni) 0.3 %
(Nb) 0.06 %
(Si) 0.6 %
(Ti) 0.05 %
(, W) 0.3 %
(V) 0.1 %
(Zr) 0.05 %
0.1 % (
(S) (P) (C)
(N))

- (C < 0.25%)
- (0.25% C < 0.6%)
- (C 0.6%)

1.3.2 (Type of steel products)

1.3
1.3:

(Slab)

(Billet)

Bloom

(Checkered
plate)

(Bloom)

(Hot
rolled coil)



(Cold rolled
coil)

(Round bar)

(Deformed bar
Reinforcing bar)

(Rod)
5
.. [3]
(Cold drawing)
(Wire)
H (H-beam)

(Sheet piling)

1.3.3
-

/
/

1.3.4
-

1.4

(recyclable)
1.1
3
-
-

(Life cycle)

 1.1: [4]

 2



2.1


2.1

2.1:

(Ferrite) ()
0.02% 723C

 body centered cubic (bcc)

(Austenite) ()
2.06% 1147C
face centered cubic (fcc)


(Cementite Iron Carbide)

(Intermetallic compound) 6.7%
Fe3C
(Pearlite)


Lamellar structure

(Martensite)
bcc body centred tetragonal (bct)

(Bainite)
530 oC (Ms)
(Iron carbide)
(Tough) -
(Ledeburite)
2 1147 oC
(M)

2.1

 2.1: [5]

(Interstitial free)
(Mild steel)
(0.7%Ni, 0.6%Cr)
(13%Cr)
(0.1%C)

(~0.1%C)
(~0.4%C)

Y.S. (MPa) T.S. (MPa) El (%) (Hv)

100-150
~280
~50
~220
~300
~45
~330
~550
~35
~180
~300
~500
>18
400-800
500-1200
25
~320
~300
~600
>40
~240
~900
~1000
~10
~3000
800-1150
~800
~1200
5
~380
~2400
~700

bcc fcc
bcc fcc
(octahedron) (tatrahedron)
6 4
( 2.2 2.3 a lattice constant a fcc
bcc) fcc
bcc

( Precipitation)

10

 2.2: (Interstitial sites) bcc [6]

2.3: (Interstitial sites) fcc [6]

2.2



(Elongation) 2.4

- (C<0.25%)

11

-
(0.25% C < 0.6%) 0.45%
- ()

- (C 0.6%)
1.4 %


0.45 %
100% (
) [6]

2.4:
(Normalized condition) [7]
12

2.3

(Certificate) (Si) (Mn) (S) (P)

2.2

2.2:

(C)

(Mn)

(Al)

(S)

(P)

(Cr)

-
- (Carbide)

- (Forging)
-
-
-
- (S)
-
-
-
- Hot shortness S
(Free Machining) S 0.30 %

-
- Cr Cu Ni
Corten
-
-
-
-
-

13

 2.2: ()

(Ni)
(Cu)
(Si)

(Mo)

(V)

(Ti)

(W)

(B)
(Pb)
(N)
(O)

-
- (Toughness)

-

-
-
- (Yield Stress)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
(Cutting tools)
-

(Hi-Speed)

-
- (Nitriding)

14

2.3.1 (Interstitial solid solution)

(Matrix)
(Fe)
2.3.2 (Substitutional solid solution)

2.3.3 (Element)
()
2.3.4 (Compound)


- (Carbide forming elements) Cr, Mo, W, V, Ti, Mn, Nb
- (Nitride forming elements) Al, Cr, Mo, W, V, Ti, Nb, B
- (Sulphide forming elements) Mn, Mo, W, Ti, Ni
2.3.5 ( stabilizer)
(Austenite stabilizer)
C N Mn Ni Cu
2.3.6 ( stabilizer)
(Ferrite stabilizer)
Cr Mo V W Ti Zn Nb Mo Si Al
2.4 (Strengthening mechanism)

15

(Solid solution strengthening)

(Precipitation strengthening)
(Transformation strengthening)
(Dislocation strengthening)
(Grain refinement)
(Transformation
induced
plasticity, TRIP)
- Twin (Twinning induced plasticity,
TWIP)

2.4.1 (Solid solution strengthening)

2
- (Interstitial solid solution)
(
)
- (Substitutional solid solution)

2.5

(Toughness)

0.1%
(Rephosphorized grades)
(Toughness)
16

 (Weathering grades)

2.5: (Solid solution strengthening)

(High strength low-alloy steels, HSLA) [8]
2.4.2 (Precipitation strengthening)

-

0.06%Nb 0.15% V
(Micro-alloying elements)


17

 (Transformation temperature)

2.6 1-2


(incoherent)


TiN (Heat
treatment)
(Toughness)

2.6: (Yield strength)

(Precipitation size) [9]

18

2.4.3 (Transformation strengthening)

2.7
0.05-0.20%

(Toughness)

(Heat treatment) (Quenching and
tempering)

2.7: (Transformation temperature)

[8]

19

2.4.4 (Dislocation strengthening)

(Dislocation strengthening)
Dislocation

Dislocation
D = 1.G.b.(total)1/2

D Dislocation
1.
G (Shear modulus)
b Burgers vector
total Dislocation

(Toughness)

2.4.5 (Grain refinement)

Hall-Petch
(High-strength structural steels)

y = i + kyd-1/2

y =
i = Dislocation
ky =
d =

(Mild steel) 2.8

(Controlled rolling)
20

2.8:
[10]

2.9

21

 2.9:
[11]
2.4.6 (TRIP)

Transformation induced plasticity, TRIP

( 2.10) TRIP (Work hardening rate)
(%elongation)

2.10: Transformation Induced Plasticity (TRIP)

TRIP (Transformation Induced Plasticity)
(Retained austenite)

22

 TRIP / /

()
TRIP
2.4.7 Twin (TWIP)
Twin
Twin
Twin (
Stacking fault energy ) Twin
Annealing twin Twin
Twin Deformation twin
Twin Twinning Induced Plasticity (TWIP)

(Elongation) TWIP
(Stress state)

2.11 TWIP
718 MPa (Uniform elongation) 61% [12]

()

2.11: TWIP Electropolishing

(Color etching) Klemm Annealing twin
( ) Deformation twin ( )
23

2


3.1

3.1.1 (Hematite, Fe2O3)

(Magnetite, Fe3O4)
(Float)
(Magnetic separation) (Agglomeration)

3.1.2
(Blast furnace) (Hot
metal) Pig iron (~4%)

(Sponge iron)
Hot Biquetted Iron (HBI)

3.1.3 (Pig iron)
( 1600 C)
2
-
-
70%
30%

24

 18-25 GJ/ton 7-10 GJ/ton

50
3.1.4


Slag
(Electric arc furnace)
Pig Iron

3.1.5
2
- (Ingot casting)
(Stationary mold) (Ingot)

- (Continuous casting)
(Mold) Billet, Bloom Slab

(Yield),
(Productivity)

(Near-net-shape
continuous technology)

(Semi-finish products)

3.1.6

25




1.
2.
3.
4.


()

3.1

26

 3.1:
3.2
2

3.2.1 (Manufacturing of hot-rolled steel flat products)

(Electric arc furnace, EAF) ( 3.2)

(Continuous casting)
(Slab) Slab
(Slab reheating furnace) (Slab reheating temperature, SRT)
1100-1250 C Slab (Descaling)
(Hot rolling)
(Finishing temperature, FT) 870 C
27

()
(Cooling table) (Coiler)
(Coiling temperature, CT) 550-710 C
Black coil
Pickled and Oiled (P&O) coil

- C (C-channel)
- (Pipe and Tube)
- (Spiral pipe)
- Container
-
- Chassis, Cross member, Wheel

Charging

Melting Continuous Shearing Reheating Descaling

casting

Hot Rolling

Cooling Coiling

3.2:
3.2.2 (Manufacturing of cold-rolled steel flat products)
(HR coil)
( 3.3) (Welding)
(Pickling) (Black coil)
(Scale breaker)
Scale breaker (Pickling)
(Side trimmer)

(Cold rolling)
28



(Elongation)
(Annealing)

(Temper rolling) .
(Yield point elongation)

3.3:
3.3


3.3.1 (Chemical composition)

)
3.4

29

 3.4: [6]

AlN Nb(C,N)
( 3.5)
-
-
-

30

 3.5: [6]
3.3.2 (Hot deformation process)
/

-
-
-
-
-
3.6

31

furnace

roughing mill finishing mill

cooling section

coiler

3.6: [6]
(Austenitization)
(Thermomechanical treatment, TMT)

- ( 3.6)
- (Repeated
recrystallization)
-

(Microalloying elements)
(Thermomechanical treatment)
(Precipitates)

32


3.7

3.7: NbC, TiC VN [6]

(Hot deformation)

( Dynamic
recrystallization) ( Static recrystallization)
(
)
3.8

-
1 (Pass)
(rehardened)

33

- (Incubation period)
( Pass )

3.8: [6]
V Nb Ti
(Incubation)
(Dynamic recrystallizatinon)
1000 C

Dislocation

(Recrystallization
temperature)
( 3.9)

34


3.9:
[6]
Ar3 (Controlled
rolling)
Ar3 (Tnr)
(Torsion test)
Tamura et al [13] (Regression equations)
Ar3 (
50% ) Ar3

35

 8-30 .. 0.03-0.16%
Ar3:
Ar3 = 910 310(%C) 80(%Mn) 20(%Cu) 15(%Cr) 55(%Ni) 80(%Mo) + 0.35(t 8)
t = .. (8 .. t 30 ..)
(Tnr)

Tnr Borrato et
al [14]
Tnr = 887+464C+890Ti+363Al-357Si+6445Nb-644(Nb)1/2+732V-230(V)1/2
(Controlled rolling)
Ar3 Tnr

(Precipitates)
(Nucleation sites)

(Matrix)

(Toughness)

( 3.10)

36

 3.10:
[15]

(Precipitate) (Coiling temperatures)



600 C ( 3.11)

3.11: [6]
37


(Austenitizing temperature)
(Finish rolling temperature) (Degree of
deformation in the last rolling frame work) (Cooling rate)
(Transition
temperature) 3.12

3.12: [6]
3.4



3.1
3.1:

(PC Strand)

38

 3.1: ()

(Tire cord) /


(Wrought steels)
( )
(
)

(Turbine)
/ (Refining)

39

 4

4.1










(Tolerance)




(Maximum roughness height)


(Service life)


- (Physical properties) (Density)
(Melting point) (Thermal conductivity)
- (Mechanical properties)

(Tension) (Compression) (Fatigue)
(Creep)
40

- (Chemical properties) (Corrosion

resistance)
(Operational and manufacturing costs) 1 4

(Manufacturing)
manus factu

(Gross National Product
(GNP), The sum of the value of all goods and semi-products produced in a national economy)

3
Manufacturing

Production
(Products Specification)
Process





-
-
-

41


3
1. (Forming & Shaping)
- (Foundry)
(Mold)

- (Plastic deformation)
a)
(Cold forming) b)
(Warm forming)
760
600 c) (Hot forming)
950 1,100

- (Machining)

2. (Heat treatment &Surface finish)

- (Heat treatment)
1)
2)

(Torsion) 3)
3

- 3 1)
2)
(Shot peening, sand blasting)
3)

3. (Assembly operation)
42

- (Permanent joining process)

(Welding) 2


- (Mechanical fastener) 2

4.2 (Casting)
(Casting) (Mold)
(Cavity)

2 1) (Ingot,
billet casting) (Forming)

(
800 1,000 )
75 -90 2)
(Shape casting)



(Inclusion) (Defects)

3
(Ternary and Polycomponent alloy)
2 2
(Si) (Mn) (P) (S)
(Crystals) 1)
Face-center cubic (FCC) 2) Body-center cubic (BCC) 3) Hexagonal close-packed
structures (HCP) 727
43

FCC
727 BCC
4.1 (Fe-C phase diagram)

2
1) (
15) Electronic structure
(Substitutional solild solution) 2)
( 60 )
(Interstitial solid solution)
15

(Solid solution) (Intermetallic
phase)
(Cementite) (Graphite) 4.1
(Fe Phase Diagram)
( 2)

727 A1
0.77

2 (Pearlite)
(Eutectoid) 4.1 - (Fe-C phase diagram)
( 2)
4.3 () 1,147

(Eutectic) (Cooling rate)
(Secondary
cementite or graphite) 727
A1 0.77
5 4.1 - (Fe-C phase diagram)
44

 4.1: - (Fe-C phase diagram) [16]

1.

(Fine grain) (Columnar grain)

(Ingot solidification structure) 4.2

45

 4.2: (Ingot solidification structure) [17]

2.
(Inclusion)


3.


(Gas
porosity)

(Zero strength inclusion)
4.3
4. (Cooling rate)
(Yield stress)

1,394 1,148
1,538
4.1 - (Fe-C phase diagram)

46

 4.3: [16]
4.2.1 (Ferrous materials)




2
(Cast steels) (Cast irons)
(White cast irons) (Malleable cast irons) (Gray
cast iron) (Nodular cast graphite) CGI (Compacted graphite
iron)
1,600
(Mold)
(Long freezing range)

2 C.E. (Carbon
equivalent, [C% + (Si%+P%)/6]) 3

47

 (Ball mills)
(Wear plates)
(Heat
treatment) 900 -1,000

(%Elongation) 6 -12

C.E. (Carbon equivalent, [C% + (Si%+P%)/6])
(graphite flake)

(Ferro alloys)

(Low alloy steel) 400 700 MPa
8 25

CGI

4.2.2 (Casting process)

1) 2) 3) 4)
5) 6) 7)
8) 9)
4.4

48

 4.4: (Casting process) [18]

1. (Melting)
50
100
(Gas porosity)

2. (Molding) (Cavity) (Shape)

(Pattern)
(Pouring basin, sprue, gate and runner)
(Shrinks during solidification)
(Risers) (Core)
(Vents)

(Cope) (Drag)
(Flask)
3. (Pouring into mold)

(Turbulence)

(Solidification)
4. (Casting)

49

5.

6.
(As cast)

7. (Cleaning &Finishing)
(Shot blast)
(Machining)
8. (Quality assurance)
(Non-destructive testing)
4.2.3 (Casting parameters)

(Castability)
(Pattern design)

(Fluidity of molten metal)

- (Pouring temperature)

- (Viscosity)
- (Surface tension)

- (Solidification rate)

(Solidification shrinkage)
3, -2.5, 5
(Riser)

(Volume / Surface area)2
50

4.2.4 (Casting tool and equipments)

3
(Cupola)

(Induction furnace)
1,600

(Electric arc furnace)

(Refining)

(Mold) (Pattern)
(Expandable-mold, Permanent-pattern casting)
(Expandable-mold, Expandable-pattern casting) (Permanent casting)

(Expandable-mold, Permanent-pattern casting)

(Sand molding) (Shell molding)
(Slurry molding) 3
(Binder)

4.5

200 260

51

 4.5: (Sand molding) [18]

(Expandable-mold, Expandable-pattern casting)

1) (Investment casting)



2)

(Permanent casting)




(Vent)
4
Gravity-feed Permanent-Mold Casting

Low-Pressure Permanent-Mold Casting (Hot chamber)

Die Casting
1,000
52

 (Centrifugal casting)



4.2.5 (Casting defects)



1.

2. (Shot run, misrun, cold laps)

(Gating system)

3.

4. (Shrinkage) (Solidification time)

(Risers)
5. (Pinholes & blowholes)

(Porosity)

4.3 (Plastic deformation)
(Ductile material)

(Die)
(Flow)
53

 (Die cavity)
(Plastic deformation)

4.6:
(Force) (Elasticity)

4-6
(Stress)
()
(Strain) 4.6
(Stress-strain curve) (Yield point, yield strength)
(Plastic deformation)
(Spring back)

(Uniform plastic
deformation) (Micro-structure
defects) (Necking)

54


(Compressive force)
4.6
(Yield stress) (Ductility)


2
1) (Bulk deformation)

- (Rolling process)
- (Forging process)
- (Extrusion process)
- (Wire & Bar drawing)
2) (Sheet deformation)

- (Bending)
- (Deep or cup drawing)
- (Shearing)
-
4.7

55

 4-7:

3
1) (Cold forming)
300

2) (Warm forming)
30 600
3) (Hot forming)
50 75 950 1,200
56

 (Recrystallization)
(Ductility)

(Stress)
Flow stress

(Cold forming)
4-6
(Strain hardening) Flow
stress 4.1
Yf

(4.1)

Yf = (Flow stress, MPa)

K = (Strength coefficient, Mpa)
= (True strain)
n = (Strain hardening

exponent)
(Hot forming)
(Recrystallization)
Flow
stress (Strain rate) 4.2
Yf

/m

(4.2)

Yf = (Flow stress, MPa)

C = (Strength coefficient, Mpa)
/
= (True strain rate)
m = (Strain rate sensitivity exponent)

57

 4.1
4.2 4.3 4.1

Yf

/m

(4.3)

A = (Strength coefficient, Mpa)

4.1:
Strain-rate
sensitivity Coefficient
exponent of friction
(m)

Yield
Strain

stress
hardening

(MPa)
exponent (n)

30%

0-0.05

0.1

>300 C

30 50%

0.05 - 0.1

0.2

400 - 600
C

50 70%

0.05 - 0.4

0.4 - 0.5

900 1,200 C

180 - 410
0.12 - 0.25
(1008 (1008 - 1045)
1045)

() ()
58

1) (Residual stress)
2) (Recovery)
3) (Recrystallization)
4) (Grain growth)
4.8

4-8:
- (Residual stress)
30
(Strain hardening)
(Ductility)
- (Recovery) 30 60
300 600
(atom diffusion)
59

 (Heat treatment) (Stress

relief)

(Quenching)
- (Recrystallization) 50
900 1,100
(Strain hardening)

- (Grain growth)

4.3.1 (Rolling Process)

(Compressive force) (Rolls) 2
(,
)
90

1) (Slab) 2) (Billet) 3)
(Bloom) 4.9

60

 4.9:



4.10

4.10:

61


(Reheating furnace) 1,050 1,200
10 - 16
(Parts design)
5.5

(Control cooling)
(Packing)

(Thermo-mechanical process)
()
(Cast structure)
(Deformed elongated grains)
(Uniform fine grains)

(Reduction ratio)
4
6 9

4.11

4.11: [18]

1) (Threading) (Bolt, Screw)
62

 (Machining) 4.12 2)
(Rotary tube piercing) 6
(Mandrel)
(Steel seamless tube) 4.13 3)
(Ring rolling)
4.14

4.12: (Threading) [18]

4.13: (Rotary tube piercing) [17]

63

 4.14: (Ring rolling) [18]

4.3.2 (Forging)


(Toughness)
(Engine parts)
Camshafts, Crankshafts and Piston Connecting Rods
(Toughness)
(Fatigue performance)
(Forgeability)
1,100 1,250

(Thermal cracking)
3 4.15 1) Open die forging 2)
Impression-die forging
4.16 3) Precision die forging
1) (Heading)
2) (Coining)
64

 (Mold and Die) 1

(Flash)
(Heat treatment)
4.17

4-15: a) Open die forging b) Impression-die forging c) Precision die

forging [17]

4-16: Impression-die forging [18]

65

 4-17: [18]

60 JIS G 4051: Carbon Steel
for Machine Structural Use
JIS G 4105:
Chromium Molybdenum Steels JIS G 4804: Free Cutting Carbon
Steels JIS G4051

1. (Chemical Composition) (P)

(S) 0.030 0.035
0.025 0.025
2. Flaw Dressing

3. (Shape and Dimension Tolerance)

(Closed Die Forging)

4.

66

5.
(Forging machine)
5 1) (Hydraulic press) 2)
(Mechanical press with an eccentric drive) 3) Knuckle-joint press 4)
(Screw press) 5) Gravity drop hammer 4-18

4.18: (Forging machine) [18]

4.3.3 (Extrusion Process)

(Billets) (Die)


900
67

 2
1) Direct extrusion
4.19 2) Indirect extrusion
4.20

4.19: Direct extrusion [17]

4.20: Indirect extrusion [17]

68


(Elongate grain size)
4.21

4.21: [18]

(Container)

1)
(Impact extrusion) 2)
(Hydrostatic extrusion)

4.22

69

 4.22: (Hydrostatic extrusion) [17]

4.3.4 (Wire &bar drawing)

(Bar)


4.23 (Reduction of area,
r)
r

(A0 Af) / A0

(4.3)

2
1) (Bar drawing)
(Die) 1
(Cold draw bar)

4.24
2) (Wire drawing)
5.5
0.1
0.06 0.80

4 12
70

 (Forming ability) 4.25

4.26

(Yield stress)

60 15 40

4.23: (Wire &bar drawing) [17]

4.24: (Bar drawing) [17]

71

 4.25: (Wire drawing) [18]

4-26: [18]
(Die)
4 1) (Entry)
2) (Approach)
(Approaching angle) 6 15
3) (Bearing surface)
4)
(Back relief) 4.27
Progressive die
72

 4.27: (Die) [17]

(Tool steel), (Diamond)

Inserts Nibs
4.28

4.28: Inserts Nibs [18]

(Bending) (Deep or cup
drawing) (Shearing)

(Cold work)
(Bulk deformation)



73

 1)
(Yield stress) 2) (Tensile stress) 3) (%Elongation)
4) Yield-point elongation
(Lueders bands)
4.27 5)
(Strain hardening exponent)
6) (Planar
anisotropy) (Deep drawing ability)
Average normal anisotropy (Ravg) 7) (Grain size)
ASTM No.7 (Orange peel)

4.27: Yield-point elongation (Lueders

bands) [18]
1)
0.15 3
Rimmed steel, Killed steel Interstitial-free steel 2)
(High-Strength steels)
2 3) (Stainless steel)
(Austenite)
4) (Coated steel)

74


(Shearing) (Bending) (Deep or cup drawing)

4.3.5 (Shearing)

() (Punch)
30
(Fracture)
(Burr) 4.28 4.29

4.28: [17]

4.29: [17]

(Clearance, C)

75

0.075 (Press ram)

(Punch) (Guide pins) (Die) 4.30

4.30: [17]
4.3.6 (Bending)
(Compressive strain)
(Tensile strain)

(Light section)
(Stiffness)
(moment of inertia) (Vbending) (Edge bending) 4.31

76

 4.31: (V-bending) (Edge bending) [18]

(Elastic recovery)
4.32 (Springback) 4.33

4.32: (Springback) [18]

4.33: [18]
77

 1)
90 (Flange) 4.34 2) 180 (Hemming)
3) (Seaming)
4) (Curling)

4.35

4.34: 90 (Flange) [18]

4.35: (Bending machine) [18]

4.3.7 (Deep or cup drawing)
(Cup) (Box)
(Punch) (Die cavity)
78

 4.36

4.36: (Deep or cup drawing) [18]

(Blank size) (Straightening)
25
(Holding force)
(Wrinkling)
0.015

1.1


4.37

1) (Redrawing)

2) (Ironing)
3) (Dooming) (Necking)
4.38

79

 4.38: [17]

4.38: [18]
(Punch)
(Die)
1) (Hydroform)
4.39
2) (Rubber forming) 3)
(Explosive or Magnetic pulse forming)
(Spinning)

4.40
80

 4.39: (Hydroform) [17]

4.40: (Spinning) [18]

4.4 (Machining)

3 (Conventional machining)
(Abrasive processes) (Nontraditional machining)
81






(Machine tool)
(Turning machine) (Milling machine) (Drilling machine)
3 4.41
(Single-point tool)
(Multiple cutting edge tools)

4.41: (Conventional machining) [17]

2 4.42 (Cutting tool)
(Chip)
82

 (Ductility)
Rake face Flank

4.42: 2 [17]
(Feed)
(Depth) (Cutting speed) 3
(Metal removal rate) 4.43
2 (Roughing cut)
(Finishing cut)
98
600

4.43: [17]
(Machinability) (System property)

1. (Low ductility) (Low tensile

strength)
83

2. (Metallurgical bond)
(Atom diffusion) Rake face
3. (Hard compounds)

4. (Secondary phase)
(Chip breaking)
5.
1)
0.2
0.45 2) (FreeMachining Steels) 3)
(Alloy steels)
3) (Stainless steel)
4)

4.2
B1112
2 1) Crater Wear
Rake face 2) Flank Wear
4.44

100
4.45

84

 4.2:

B1112
(C<0.20)
(0.20>C<0.30)
(0.40>C<0.50)
(4140)
(4340)

(316)
(416)

(HB)
180-220
130-170
140-210
180-230
190-210
200-230
160-220
190-200
190-210

1.00
0.50
0.65
0.55
0.55
0.45
1.50
0.35
0.90

4.44: Crater Wear Flank Wear [17]

85

 4.45: [18]
1)

4.46 2) (Toughness)
3) (Wear
resistance) 4) (Chemical stability inertness)

4.46: [17]
86

 1)
2) (High-speed steels)
2 M series
10 T series 12-18
M series 95
3) (Cast-cobalt alloys)

45, 32 15 4)
(Carbides) (High costeffective) 2 5)
(Coated tools)
Chemical-vapor deposition (CVD) Physical-vapor deposition
(PVD) 6) (Ceramics)

(Cutting speed) 4.47 (Optimum cost-effective)

(Tool cost) (Cost of tool change
time) (Machining time cost)

4.47:
87




Machining center (CNC, Computerized
numerical control)
(Abrasive processes) (Grinding)
(Abrasive particles)

1)
(Mechanical energy processes) Ultrasonic machining, Water jet 2)
Electrochemical machining processes 3) (Thermal energy
processes) Electric discharge machining (EDM), Electric discharge wire cutting
(EDWC), Electron beam machine (EBM), Laser beam machining (LBM), Oxyfuel cutting
Plasma cutting 4) (Chemical machining)

40
(Cyclic load)
(Stress
concentration) 4.48

1.

4.49

88

 4.48:

4.49:
2.

(Cast structure)

3.
4. 15
5 (Average roughness,
Ra) 0.5 0.2

89

5.

(Pattern flow)
4.50

4.50:
6.

4.5 (Joining; Welding)

2 15,000

(Assembly Joining) 1) (Welding)
2) (Adhesive bonding) 3)
(Mechanical fastening) 4.51

90

 4.51:


4.3

4.3: [18]

1
1
1
1

2
2
1
2

3
1
1
3

1
1
1
1

1
3
1
1

1
3
1
1

2
3
3
1

2
1
3
3

Adhesive bonding
3
1
1 = 2 = 3 =

Arc welding
Resistance welding
Brazing
Bolts &Nuts

91



3 1) (Fusion welding)

2) (Brazing)
Soldering
450 Soldering
450 3)
(Solid-state welding)

4.5.1




3
4.52 1) 2)
(Heat-affected zone)

3)

4.53

92

 4.52: [18]

4.53: [18]
4.54
0.30 850 1,100

93

 4.54: 0.30 [18]

(Weldability)



1.
0.25

2.
3.
4.

5.
4.5.2

3 1) (Oxyfuel gas
welding) 2)
(Arc-welding) 30,000

94

 3) Electron-beam welding Laser-beam welding

(Shield Metal Arc Welding ; SMAW)

(AC)
(DC) AC DC Inverter
GMAW FCAW
4.55

4.55: (Shield Metal Arc Welding ; SMAW) [18]

(Gas Tungsten Arc Welding ; GTAW) TIG
(Ar)

(DC) (AC) Aluminum
Inverter
GTAW

MIG (Gas Metal Arc Welding ; GMAW) MIG Metal Inert Gas CO2
CO2 CO2


4.56

95

 4-56: MIG (Gas Metal Arc Welding ; GMAW) [18]

(Flux Cored Arc Welding ; FCAW) MIG



SAW (Submerge Arc Welding ; SAW)


4.57

4.57: SAW (Submerge Arc Welding ; SAW) [18]

96

 4.4:

4.5.3 Tailor Welded Blank (TWB)

Tailor Welded Blank

TWB bodyside frames, door inner
panels, motor compartment rails, center pillar inner panels, windshield frame 4.58
Laser-Beam welding (LBW)

97

 4.58: Laser-Beam welding (LBW)

[18]
4.5.4 (Welding defects)


1) (Porosity)
2) (Slag Inclusion)
3)
4)
(Weld profile) 4-59 5) (Crack)
6) 7)
4.60

98

 4.59: (Weld profile) [18]

4.60: [18]
4.6 (Heat treatment)





1) (Stress-relief
annealing)
2) (Annealing)

3) (Spheroidizing)
4) (Precipitation
hardening)
(Coherent)
99

0.8

A3
- 4.1 A3


(time-temperature-transformation diagram, TTT diagram)
4.61

4.61: (TTT diagram) 0.8%C [16]

TTT diagram 2
(Critical cooling temperature)

1. (Full annealing)

100

 (Normalizing annealing)

2.
(Normalizing)

3.
300

4. (Quenching)

FCC BCC BCT

(Tempering) 5
0.2

5.





1)
0.3

2) 0.2


3) 700

101



4.7 (Surface finishing; Coating)


4
1) 2)
3)

4)
4.62

4.62: [18]

1)
2)

4.63

102

 4.63: [18]

2 1) (Surface treatment)
2)

4.7.1
3 1)
4.62
2)

3)
4.5

-
-
-
-
-

103

1) (Blast
finishing) 2) (Shot peening)

4.7.2

-
-
-
-
-
-
(Plating)

1) Faraday

4.64
2) (Hot dipping)

Galvanneal -

104

 4.64: [18]

2 1) 2)
Anodizing
PVD
(Physical vapor deposition)
4.65 PVD
Vacuum evaporative CVD (Chemical vapor deposition)
PVD

CVD 4.66

4.65: PVD Vacuum evaporative [17]

105

 4.66: CVD [17]

(Porcelain enameling)

800

Hard facing
Hard facing

Thermal spraying

106

 5

-

(Yield/Tensile strength ratio)

(Heat
treatment)

Erichsen test, Cupping test, Nakajima test (FLD)


(Machinability)

Free-machining steel

(Weathering
steel)

(Impact test)
API

107

- Carbon equivalent (C.E.)

C.E.

- (Invar steel
36%)

Dilatometer
- BA, Hair line

- (Heat
treatment)

-
-

-
-
-

-
-

108

5.1
5.1.1

(Standard
organization)
AFNOR
Association francaise de Normalisation ()
AISI
American Iron & Steel Institute ()
ASTM
American Society for Testing & Material ()
BS
British Standard ()
DIN
Deutsches Insitut Fur Normung. ()
ISO
International Organization for Standardization ()
JIS
Japanese Industrial Standard ()
TIS
. .

API
American Petroleum Institute
ASME
American Society of Mechanical Engineer
ASTM
American Society for Testing and Materials
SAE
Society of Automotive Engineer
AMS
Aerospace Mateirals Specification

-
ASTM, JIS, SAE
A 570/A 570M 96, G3101 (1995) Standard
109

Specification for structure steel, Rolled steel for general structure

1045, SS 400 5.1
-
SAE 5.1
- 1) 2)
3) 4)
5) 6)
7) 8) 9)

JIS vs. ASTM

JIS G3101 (1995) Rolled steel for general structure; SS 400

Strength 400 N/mm2

- SS330, SS400, SS490,SS540

ASTM A36/A 36M-96 Standard Specification for Structure Steel

5.1:
5.1: SAE
Type

Carbon steels
Manganese steels

SAE
series
10xx
11xx
12xx
15xx
13xx

Major Constituents
Plain carbon (Mn 1.00 %max)
Resulfurized
Resulfurized and rephosphorized
Plain carbon (Mn 1.00% to 1.65%)
Mn 1.75%
110

 5.1: SAE ()
Type
Nickel steels

Nickel-chromium
steels
Molybdenum
steels
Chromiummolybdenum
(Chromoly) steels

Nickel-chromiummolybdenum
steels

Nickelmolybdenum
steels

SAE
series
23xx
25xx
31xx
32xx
33xx
34xx
40xx
44xx
41xx
43xx
43BVxx
47xx
81xx
81Bxx
86xx
87xx
88xx
93xx
94xx
97xx
98xx

Major Constituents
Ni 3.50%
Ni 5.00%
Ni 1.25%, Cr 0.65% or 0.80%
Ni 1.25%, Cr 1.07%
Ni 3.50%, Cr 1.50% or 1.57%
Ni 3.00%, Cr 0.77%
Mo 0.20% or 0.25% or 0.25% Mo & 0.042 S
Mo 0.40% or 0.52%
Cr 0.50% or 0.80% or 0.95%, Mo 0.12% or 0.20% or 0.25%
or 0.30%
Ni 1.82%, Cr 0.50% to 0.80%, Mo 0.25%
Ni 1.82%, Cr 0.50%, Mo 0.12% or 0.35%, V 0.03% min
Ni 1.05%, Cr 0.45%, Mo 0.20% or 0.35%
Ni 0.30%, Cr 0.40%, Mo 0.12%
Ni 0.30%, Cr 0.45%, Mo 0.12%
Ni 0.55%, Cr 0.50%, Mo 0.20%
Ni 0.55%, Cr 0.50%, Mo 0.25%
Ni 0.55%, Cr 0.50%, Mo 0.35%
Ni 3.25%, Cr 1.20%, Mo 0.12%
Ni 0.45%, Cr 0.40%, Mo 0.12%
Ni 0.55%, Cr 0.20%, Mo 0.20%
Ni 1.00%, Cr 0.80%, Mo 0.25%

46xx

Ni 0.85% or 1.82%, Mo 0.20% or 0.25%

48xx

Ni 3.50%, Mo 0.25%

111

 5.1: SAE ()
Type

Chromium steels

Chromiumvanadium steels
Tungstenchromium steels
Siliconmanganese steels
High-strength lowalloy steels

SAE
series
50xx
50xxx
50Bxx
51xx
51xxx
51Bxx
52xxx

Cr 0.27% or 0.40% or 0.50% or 0.65%

Cr 0.50%, C 1.00% min
Cr 0.28% or 0.50%
Cr 0.80% or 0.87% or 0.92% or 1.00% or 1.05%
Cr 1.02%, C 1.00% min
Cr 0.80%
Cr 1.45%, C 1.00% min

61xx

Cr 0.60% or 0.80% or 0.95%, V 0.10% or 0.15% min

72xx

W 1.75%, Cr 0.75%

92xx
9xx
xxBxx
xxLxx

Major Constituents

Si 1.40% or 2.00%, Mn 0.65% or 0.82% or 0.85%, Cr 0.00%

or 0.65%
Various SAE grades
Boron steels
Leaded steels

(: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAE_steel_grades)
(Steel grade)

5.1.2
(.)

- ( 5.2)
- ( 5.3)
112

 ( 5.4)
- ( 5.5)
-

5.2:
.

.
528-2548 (Hot

rolled flat carbon steel of commercial and drawing qualities)

1479

2541
(Hot-rolled carbon steel coil, strip, plate
and sheet for general structure)
1499

2541
(Hot-rolled carbon steel coil, strip,
plate and sheet for welded structure)
1501

2552
(Hot rolled flat carbon steel for machine structure)
1735 (Hot
2542
rolled carbon steel coil and strip for pipe and tubes)
1884

2542
(Hot-rolled high
strength steel coil strip plate and sheet with improved formabilityh
for automotive structrura uses)
1999

2543
(Hot-rolled steel coil plate and sheet for
automobile structural uses)
2011

2543
(Superior atmospheric corrosion resisting
hot-rolled steel coil strip plate and sheet)
2060

2543
(Hot-rolled carbon steel coil strip plate and shee
for gas cylinders)
.
113

 5.3:
.

2012
2543
(Cold reduced carbon coil, strip and sheet of
commercial and drawing qualities)
2140 (Cold
2546
rolled steel coil strip and sheet for automobiles uses)
2183
2547
/ : (Single cold reduced
blackplate coil strip and sheet for tin plating or
chromium/chromium oxide coating)
2184
2547
/ : (Double cold reduced
blackplate coil strip and sheet for tin plating or
chromium/chromium oxide coating)
2256
2548
(Cold reduced carbon steel coil, strip and sheet for
porcelain enamel)
2257
2549
(Cold reduced carbon steel coil strip and sheet of
structural quality)
5.4:
.

16-2536 (Tinplate)
1279 (Chromium coated steel sheet)
2538
2131 :
2545
(Prepainted hot-dip zinc-coated steel : coils and sheets)
2132 :
2545
(Prepaint hot-dip zinc-coated steel : corrugated
114

 5.4: ()
.

2223
2548
(Electrolytic zinc-coated cold-rolled steel coil, strip and
sheet)
2228/
2548
(Hot-dip aluminium/zinc-coated
steel sheet of commercial, drawing and structural qualities)
5.5:
.

20-2543 : (Steel bar for reinforced

concrete: round bars)
24-2548 : (Steel bar for reinforced
concrete: deformed bars)
55-2516 (Flat and square steel bars)
71-2532 (Galvanized wire)
95-2540 (Steel wires for prestressed
concreate)
107-2533 (Hollow structural steel sections)
138-2535 (Steel binding wires)
163-2535 (Annealed low carbon steel wires)
194-2535 (Ordinary low carbon steel wires)
276-2532 (Steel pipes)
348-2540 (Low carbon steel wire rods)
349-2548 (High carbon steel wire rods)
404-2540 (Galvanized steel wire strands)
420-2540 (Steel wires strands for
prestressed concrete)
514-2531 (Steel wire ropes)
565-2528 (Hard drawn steel wires)
115

 5.5: ()
.

.
644-2539 (Hot-rolled steel bar for cold-finished steel bar)

728-2530 (Piano wire rods)

747-2531 (Cold-drawn steel wire for concrete

reinforcement)
869-2532 (Cold-finished steel bars)

943-2533 (Cold-drawn deformed steel

wire for concrete reinforcement)

1227 (Hot rolled structural steel sections)

2539
1228 (Cold formed structural steel

2549
sections)
1303 (Welded structural steel

2548
sections)
1309 (Hot rolled steel sheet piles)

2539
2243 (Carbon steel

2548
wire rods for cold heading and cold forging)
2244 (Wire rods for core wire

2548
of covered electgrode)
2367

2551
(Weld steel pipe for conveying oil gas and high pressure
liquid)

. (.)

- http://library.tisi.go.th/T/fulltext/TIS/by_title/P1.htm
- (

116


)
Download . 5.2

5.2:

117

 .
)
- http://www.ratchakitcha.soc.go.th 5.3
- /
( 5.4)
- ( 5.5)
PDF Download

5.3: (.)

118

 5.4:

5.5:
119

5.2
5.2.1
: .528 HR1, HR2, HR3, HR4
: JIS G3131 SPHC, SPHD, SPHE;
DIN 1614 St22, St23, St24; AISI 1006-1012; ISO 3573 HR1,
HR2, HR3, HR4; BS 1449 HR1, HR2, HR3, HR4
:

(%)

HR 1 ( )
HR 2 ()
HR 3 ()
HR 4 ()*

Mn

0.15

0.60

0.05

0.05

0.12

0.50

0.04

0.04

0.10

0.45

0.03

0.03

0.08

0.45

0.03

0.03

(MPa)
270-430
270-370
270-390

*

. 528 4
HR1, HR2, HR3, HR4 HR1
(Elongation)
(
(Gauge length) )

- (Cold formability)
-
- (Surface roughness)
-

120



Compressor


(Temper rolling)
()
5.2.2
: .1479 SS 330, SS 400, SS 490, SS 540
: JIS G3101 SS 330, SS 400, SS 490,
SS 540
:

(%)

Mn

330-430

SS 330
SS 400

0.50

0.50

SS 490
SS 540

(MPa)

400-510
490-610

0.30

1.60

0.40

0.40

540

. 1479
(JIS) SS 330
SS 540 SS 400
(Tensile strength)
SS

121


(Rolled-in scale) (Lamination)

-
-

(Rolling stock)

: 5.2.3
: .1499 SM 400 A, SM 400 B, SM 400 C, SM 490 A,
SM 490 B, SM 490 C, SM 490 YA, SM 490 YB, SM 520 B, SM 520 C, SM 570
: JIS G 3106 SM 400 A, SM 400 B,
SM 400 C, SM 490 A, SM 490 B, SM 490 C, SM 490 YA, SM 490 YB, SM 520 B, SM 520 C,
SM 570
:

C, Mn, Si, P S
Ni, Cu, Cr, Mo, V, B (Carbon equivalent)
(sensitive)

122

(MPa)
16 .

(MPa)

SM 400 A, SM 400B, SM 400 C

245

400-510

SM 490 A, SM490 B, SM 490C

SM 490 YA, SM 490 YB

325
365

490-610
490-610

SM 520 B, SM 520 C

365

520-640

SM 570

460

570-720

1. A, B, C

2. SM 490 YA SM 490 YB
SM490 A SM 490 B 4

. 1499 11
SM 400 A, SM 400 B, SM 400 C, SM 490 A, SM 490 B, SM 490 C, SM 490 YA, SM490 YB,
SM 520 B, SM 520 C SM 570

. 1499 (Charpy impact test)

12 .

SM 400 B
SM 400 C
SM 490 B
SM 490 C
SM 490 YB

(C)
0
0
0
0
0

()
27
47
27
47
27
123


SM 520 B
SM 520 C
SM 570

(C)
0
0
-5

()
27
47
47

(Rolling stocks)

: 5.2.4
: .1735 SPHT 1, SPHT 2, SPHT 3, SPHT 4
: JIS G3132 SPHT 1, SPHT 2,
SPHT 3, SPHT 4
:

(%)

()

P
()

S
()

(MPa)

0.50

0.040

0.040

270

0.60

0.040

0.040

340

Mn

C
()

Si
()

()

SPHT 1

0.10

0.35

SPHT 2

0.18

0.35

124

 (%)

Mn

C
()

Si
()

()

SPHT 3

0.25

0.35

SPHT 4

0.30

0.35

(MPa)

()

P
()

S
()

0.30

0.90

0.040

0.040

410

0.30

1.00

0.040

0.040

490

. 1735 4 SPHT 1 SPHT 4
:

(: JFE brochure)

: 5.2.5
: .1884 SPFH 490, SPFH 540, SPFH 590, SPFH 540Y,
SPFH 590Y
: JIS G3134 SPFH 490, SPFH 540,
SPFH 590, SPFH 540Y, SPFH 590Y
:
:

. 1884 SPFH 490
SPFH 590Y

(MPa)
(MPa)

SPFH 490

325

490

SPFH 540

355

540

125

(MPa)
(MPa)

SPFH 590

420

590

SPFH 540 Y

295

540

SPFH 590 Y

325

590

SPFH Y
()
Y
:

: 5.2.6
: .1999 SAPH310, SAPH370, SAPH400, SAPH440
: JIS G3113 SAPH310, SAPH370,
SAPH400, SAPH440
:

P
S
() ()

(MPa)
(MPa)
< 6 .

SAPH 310

185*

310

SAPH 370

225

370

255

400

305

440

SAPH 400

0.040

0.040

SAPH 440
*
126


.1999
:

(Press formability)
(Automobile frame)
: 5.2.7
: .2060 1, 2, 3
: JIS G3116 SG255, SG 295, SG 325,
SG 365; ISO 4978-1, 2, 3, 4
:

1
2
3

C
0.20
0.20
0.20

Si
0.30
0.35
0.30

(%)
Mn
P
0.60 0.05
1.20 0.04
1.50 0.04

S
0.05
0.04
0.04

Nb
0.01-0.04

. 2060 -2543 3
1, 2 3

1
2
3

(MPa)
(MPa)
255
402
300
440
340
490

127

28
24
20

 (Killed steel)
(Rolled-in scale)
(Lamination) (Seam)

500
(LPG)

: 5.2.8

: .2367 B, X42, X46, X52, X56, X60, X65, X70, X80

: :

.2367

128

 (%)

C1)

Mn2)

Ti

0.22

1.20

0.025

0.015

0.04

3) 4)

X42

0.22

1.30

0.025

0.015

0.04

2) 3)

X46 X52 X56

0.22

1.40

0.025

0.015

0.04

2) 3)

X60

0.22

1.40

0.025

0.015

0.04

2) 3)

X65

0.22

1.45

0.025

0.015

0.06

2) 3)

X70

0.22

1.65

0.025

0.015

0.06

2) 3)

X80

0.22

1.85

0.025

0.015

0.06

2) 3)

1) 0.01
0.05 1.50 X42 X46
X52 1.65 X56 X60 X65 2.00
X70 X80
2)

3)
0.15
4)
0.06

(Carbon equivalent ; CE)

0.12 Ito-Bessyo formular
CE(Pcm)
CE(Pcm) = C + Si/30 + Mn/20 + Cu/20 + Ni/60 + Cr/20 + Mo/15 + V/10 + 5B
0.001
CE(Pcm)
129

 0.12 International Institute of

Welding formular CE(IIW)
CE(IIW) = C + Mn/6 + (Cr + Mo + V)/5 + (Ni + Cu)/15
CE (Pcm)
0.25 CE(IIW) 0.43 X80 20.3

(Toughness)
(Hydrogen induced crack resistance)
(Pipelines) (Wells)
(Seaport)

B
X42
X46
X52
X56
X60
X65
X70
X80

(MPa)
241-448
290-495
317-524
359-531
386-544
414-565
448-600
483-621
552-690

(MPa)
414-758
414-758
434-758
455-758
490-758
517-758
531-758
565-758
621-827

- 0 C
3
27 41
X 80

130

 68
101
-

110-2,040 .
: 5.2.9
: .2011 SPA-H
: JIS G3125 SPA-H; ASTM A242;
CORTEN
:

(Cu) (P) (Si) (Cr)

Cu, Cr, P (Cracking)

SPA-H

C
max
0.12

Si
0.25 0.75

(%)
Mn
Cr
Ni
S
0.20 - 0.30 0.65 0.04
0.50
1.25

P
Cu
0.07 - 0.25 to
0.15
0.60

SPA-H . 2011
CORTEN
Weathering steels
(Mild steel)
SPA-H

131

(.)

SPA-H

6.00
6.00

(MPa)
345
355

(MPa)

(%)

480
490

5
1A

22
15

SPA-H 2-3

Mixed metal oxyhydroxides
(Crack-free)

(Chimneys) (Containers)

: 5.2.10 Dual Phase (DP steels)

: ArcelorMittel
Dual Phase 600, Dual Phase 780 Dual Phase 1180
: :

132

(%)
C
Mn
Si
0.14
2.1
0.40
0.18
2.4
0.60
0.09
1.0
0.25
0.09
1.0
0.30

Dual Phase 600

Dual Phase 1180
Dual Phase 600

Dual Phase 780

DP
( ) 20-70%
- (Continuous
yielding)

DP 1000 MPa DP

YS (MPa)

TS (MPa)

Dual Phase 600 330-410

Dual Phase 1180 900-1100
Dual Phase 600 330-460

Dual Phase 780

450

600-700
1180
580-670
750

%El
(L0=80 mm)
21
5
22
15

BH2 (MPa)
30
30
30
30

BH2 Bake Hardening Strain aging

(Interstitial solid solution)
(Baking treatement) 170C
133

20 Dislocations /
(pinned) Dislocations
Bake hardening, BH2 ( .
)
BH2 = LYS - 2% PS
LYS lower yield stress (Baking)
2% PS 2% Proof stress

BH steel
: : (Bumper reinforcements)
(Side impact beam)

Bumper in Dual Phase 1180 (thickness: 1.35 mm)

Wheel web in hot rolled Dual Phase 600 - Patented

VersaStyle wheel from Hayes Lemmerz International

134

 : DP
DP

Run-out cooling
Run-out table
(interstitial)
Ms (
)

Run-out table -
Ms 300 C
Ferrite matrix ( 80%) + Martensite ( 20%)
DP
1.
Run-out table
( 80%)
(Quench) 200 C ( 20 % )

CCT DP

135

2.
(Annealing temperature)
Continuous annealing line
(Recrystallization temperature) Annealing 2 (
) (Quenching)

5.2.11 TRansformation Induced Plasticity (TRIP steels)

: ArcelorMittal TRIP 590, TRIP 690,
TRIP 780
: :

TRIP 590
TRIP 690
TRIP 780

C ()
0.175
0.200
0.250

(%)
Mn ()
2.0
2.0
2.0

Al+Si ()
2.0
2.0
2.0

:
TRansformation Induced Plasticity (TRIP)

(Refinforcement)
TRIP
(Islands of hard residual austenite) (
5%) (TRIP: TRansformation Induced Plasticity
effect) (Work hardening rate)
TRIP
(Stamping/forming)
TRIP

136

(Strain hardening capacity)

TRIP (Bake hardening, BH) ()
(Crash performance)
TRIP TRIP 590,
TRIP 690 TRIP 780 TRIP (Tensile stength)
MPa
TRIP (YS/TS ratio)
DP YS/TS 0.55 DP
TRIP TRIP

(Elongation) 30% TRIP
800 MPa
TRIP

TRIP 590
TRIP 690
TRIP 780

YS (MPa)
380-480
410-510
450-550

TS (MPa)
590-700
690-800
780-900

%El (L0=80)
26
25
23

n
0.20
19
0.18

BH2 (MPa)
40
40
40

- (
) (Reinforced parts)
- DP
TRIP
-

(Energy absorption)
TRIP
137

 Cross members, Longitudinal beams, B-pillar reinforcements bumper

reinforcements

B-pillar reinforcement in electrogalvanized TRIP 780 (thickness: 1.2 mm)

Bumper cross member in electrogalvanized TRIP 780 (thickness: 1.6 mm)

( ArcelorMittal product catalogue)
: TRIP
TRIP
-
400 C
- (Annealing) 2
(Intercritical
annealing)
(Quenching)
138

 TRIP

TRIP
5.2.12
: 22MnB5
: DIN 1.5528, Arcelor Usibor 1500P
:

139

C
0.22

(%) 22MnB5
Mn
Si
P
S
Al
N
Cr
Ti
1.25
0.25 0.013 0.004 0.040 0.0040 0.14 0.030

B
0.003

22MnB5 (Hot stamping)


(Final part) ( 50%
)
( )
YS (MPa)
TS (MPa)
Elongation L0=80 (%)
22MnB5
320-550
500-700
10
(Best practice) )
YS (MPa)
TS (MPa)
Elongation L0=80 (%)
22MnB5*
1100
1500
6
* 900-950 C 5-10
(Quenching) (Stamping tools) 50 C
(: ArcelorMittal product catalogue)

- (Springback)

-

-
-

140


(Fatigue strength)
22MnB5
(Structural parts)

- (Front and rear bumper beams)
- (Door reinforcements)
- B- pillar
- (Floor and roof reinforcements)

B-pillar ((thickness: 1.85 mm)

Bumper beam (thickness: 2.3 mm)

Door reinforcement (thickness: 1 mm)

Windscreen upright (thickness: 1.2 mm)

141

 Usibor 1500 P
5.2.13
: DIN X120Mn12
: 1.3401, Hadfield steel
:

C
1.10-1.30

Si
0.30-0.50

Mn
Cr
S
P
12-13
1.5 0.04 0.10

X120Mn12

(Work
Hardening) 200 HB 700 HB
(: www.sinthai.co.th)
Solution treatment 1000-1050C
(Water quenching)

-
-
(Machining)

142

Solution treatment 1000-1050C

(Quenching) (
800-1100 MPa)
5.2.14
: .2012 CR 1, CR 2, CR 3, CR 4
: JIS G3141 SPCC, SPCD, SPCE;
ISO3574
:
(Skin pass
Temper rolling)

(Stretcher strain or coil break) )

(%)

C
()

Mn
()

P
()

S
()

Al
()

CR 1 ( )

0.15

0.60

0.05

0.05

CR 2 ()

0.12

0.50

0.04

0.04

CR 3 ()

0.10

0.45

0.03

0.03

CR 4 ()

0.08

0.45

0.03

0.03

0.02

1) CR 1
8 4 2 1
143

2)


. 2012 4 CR1, CR2,
CR3, CR4 CR1 4
270 MPa
(Elongation) CR1, CR2, CR3
CR4

A
S
8
4
2
1

1 8
1 4
1 2

8, 4, 2 1

8
4
2
1

HRB
50 71
65 80
74 89
85

HV
95 130
115 150
135 185
170

A S

144



(MPa)
CR 1
270
CR 2
270
CR 3
270
CR 4
270

t < 0.4
32
34
36
36

0.4 t <
0.6
34
36
38
38

0.6 t < 1.0 t < 1.6 t <
1.0
1.6
2.5
36
37
38
38
39
40
40
41
42
40
41
42

T 2.5
39
41
43
43

t
CR 4 6

A S Erichen
1.6 . ()

CR 1
CR 2
CR 3
CR 4

0.4
7.2
7.6
8.0
8.0

0.5
7.8
8.2
8.6
8.6

0.6
8.4
8.8
9.2
9.2

0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
8.8
9.1
9.4
9.6
9.2
9.5
9.8 10.0
9.6
9.9 10.2 10.4
9.6
9.9 10.2 10.4

1.2
10.0
10.4
10.8
10.8

1.4
10.3
10.7
11.1
11.1

1.6
10.5
10.9
11.3
11.3

1. 0.4 1.6

2.
: -

145


(Drawing)
(Drum)

:

. (
)
JIS G 3141

JIS G 3141
JIS G
3141
SPCC

Commercial
quality

(Refrigerators)

SPCD Drawing quality Automotive floor and roof panels

SPCE, Deep drawing

SPCEN
quality
(Automotive outer panels) Automotive
fender and quarter panels
: 1. SPCE non-aging
N SPCE SPCEN
6 (Shipment) non-aging
146

 (Stretcher strains)

2. SPCCT T SPCC
(Tensile test) Erichsen test
(Temper rolling)
( A )
(Yield-point elongation) (Flatness)

(Temper Grade) JIS G 3141

(As-annealed)
S

(Standard
temper grade)
8
1 8

(1/8 hard)
4

1 4

(1/4 hard)

HRB

HV

**

**

**

**

(Deep
drawing)

50 95 130 180
71
(
)
(Drums)
65 115 180
80
150

(Inside radius)

147

 (Temper Grade) JIS G 3141 ()

HRB

HV

74
89

135
185

(Hard)
85

170

1 2

(1/2 hard)

Hard
180

(stiff) (springy)
(Flat work)
(No bending)
( )

(In-line annealing)

* HRB (Rockwell B scale)

HV 0.76 . (0.03 )
30T scale ( HRB
)
** A S
(%Elongation)

(Surface finish) JIS G 3141

Dull finish

Bright finish

D
(matt)

148

5.2.15
: .2140 CRAxxx ( xxx )
: JIS G 3135 SPFC xxx (Y, H) xxx

:
:
:
22
1. CRA260M*
2. CRA340
3. CRA370
4. CRA390
5. CRA440
6. CRA490
7. CRA540
8. CRA590
9. CRA490L
10. CRA540L
11. CRA590L
12. CRA780L
13. CRA980L
14. CRA1180L*
15. CRA270BH*
(bake hardening)
16. CRA340BH
(bake hardening)
17. CRA440H*
18. CRA590H*
19. CRA340D*
20. CRA370D*
21. CRA390D*
149

22. CRA440D*
*
(Bake hardening amount)

(MPa)

(MPa)

CRA340
CRA370
CRA390
CRA440
CRA490
CRA540
CRA590
CRA490L
CRA540L
CRA590L
CRA780L
CRA980L
CRA340BH

175
205
235
265
295
325
355
225
245
265
365
490
185

340
370
390
440
490
540
590
490
540
590
780
980
340

mm
0.60
1.00 230
1.00
34
35
32
33
30
31
26
27
23
24
20
21
17
18
24
25
21
22
18
19
13
14
6
7
34
35

(MPa)

30

150

(MPa)

CRA260M*
CRA340
CRA390
CRA440
CRA590L
CRA780L
CRA980L
CRA1180L
CRA270BH*
CRA340BH*
CRA440H
CRA590H
CRA340D
CRA370D
CRA390D
CRA440D

260
340
390
440
1180
1180
1180
1180
270
340
440
590
340
370
390
440

(MPa)

0.40
0.80

0.80
1.00
110-175
100-165
205-305
195-295
245-355
235-345
285-390
275-380
325-470
315-460
420-645
410-635
590-930
835-1225
135-225
125-215
185-285
175-275
355-460
345-450
430-580
420-570
165-255
155-245
175-265
165-255
205-305
195-295
245-355
235-345

0.40

0.60
46-54
33-43
29-40
26-38
40-50
34-44
23-35
35-45
33-43
31-42
28-39

0.60

0.80
47-55
34-44
30-41
27-39
17-32
12-25
41-51
35-45
36-46
17-32
36-46
34-44
32-43
29-40

0.80

1.00
48-56
35-45
32-43
28-40
18-33
13-26
9-20
5-16
42-53
36-46
37-47
17-32
37-47
34-45
33-44
30-41

(MPa)
30
30
-

* CRA260M CRA270BH

-
CRA270BH 30 MPa
- (Mean plastic
strain ratio) CRA260M CRA270BH
CRA340BH CRA340D CRA370D CRA390D CRA440D
(rm)
rm = (r0+ 2r45+r90) / 4
151

 rm
r0
r45 45
r90 90

(Drawing) CRA340 CRA370
CRA390 CRA440
: Bake hardening steel (BH)
BH ( CRA270BH CRA340BH)
(Automotive outer panels)
BH (Yield strength, YS) (Press forming)
(Baking)
(Conventional drawing
steels)
- (Indentation resistance)

152


BH
(Bake hardening)
BH (Door)

5.2.16
: .2257 CR220, CR250, CR320, CR550
: :

CR220
CR250
CR320
CH550

C
0.15
0.20
0.20
0.20

(%)
Mn
P
0.035
1.50
1.50

S
0.035

4
1. CR220
2. CR250
3. CR320
4. CH550
153

 1. CR220 CR250 CR320 (Rimmed

steel) (Killed steel)
(Resistance to brittle
fracture)
2. CH550 1 ()

CR220
CR250
CR320
CR550

(%)

(MPa) (MPa) L0 = 50 mm L0 = 80 mm
220
300
22
20
250
330
20
18
320
400
16
14
550
-

: 5.2.17
: . 2256 CRPE1, CRPE2, CRPE3, CRPE4, CRPE5
: JIS G 3133 SPP
:

. 2256
5
1. CRPE1 (Commercial quality)
2. CRPE2 (Drawing quality)
154

3. CRPE3 (Deep drawing quality)

4. CRPE4 (Stretcher strain)
(Ductility) 6 (Deep drawing non-aging quality)
5. CRPE5 (Extra deep
drawing stabilized interstitial free quality)
3
1 (direct coating) 2
(Ground and cover coating)
2 2
3 CRPE5
2

1
2
3

0.008
0.05
0.02

(%)

0.43
0.53
0.030
0.38

0.040

(Enamel)

(%)

(MPa)
0.60 . 0.60 .
CRPE1
CRPE2
CRPE3
CRPE4
CRPE5

410
270-370
270-350
270-350
350

27
30
34
36
37
155

28
31
35
37
38

 1. CRPE1
2. 140
CRPE5 120

- (Decarburization)
-
()
- (Mean plastic strain ratio, rm)
1.6 CRPE5
- (Hydrogen permeation) 6.7

:
(inorganic)

(glassy) (Porcelain enamel)
Porcelain enamel
( Frit)

(Barbeque grilles) (Bathtubs)

www.porcelainenamel.com

156

Porcelain enamel
Porcelain enamel 2
Two-coat system (ground coat)
(cover coat)

two-coat, two fire system
2 two-coat, one fire system
one-coat system single-coat, single fire


(warpage) (Formed part)

(Reboil)
(Frit)

Fishscale

(Enamel frit)




157

 (Fissures) (Flaked-off enamel)

Fish scale
Fishscale
(Micro-voids)
(trap)

3
(1) Decarburized steels Direct-on cover coat enamel
(2) Low-carbon enameling steels
(3) Interstitial free steels
Decarburized steels
decaburizing anneal
one-coat direct-on cover coat multiple-coat
(Reboil)
Fishscale

(C) 0.003-0.005% (Mn) 0.20-0.30% (P) 0.01%
(S) 0.01-0.02%
Low-carbon enameling steels
(B) (Steel making)
Fishscale Decarburizing
anneal Multiple coats
single, decorative cover coat
0.02-0.04% 0.15-0.30%
0.03-0.07% 0.015% 0.015%
Interstitial-free steels (Extra deepdrawing, fully stabilized steel) Vacuum degassing
Stabilizing elements (
) (Interstitial elements)
Interstitial free (Two-coat
system)
158


0.005% 0.20% 0.03% 0.01%
0.02% 0.06-0.15%
(C 0.04-0.07%)

(
)
Fishscale
5.2.18
: .2183 () .2184 () MR, L
D
: JIS G 3303 SPB
:

(Tin mill black plate, TMBP)

TMBP 2
- TMBP (Single-reduced)
/
(skinpass
temper rolling) 1-3%

- TMBP (Double-reduced)
/

20-50%
3

159

1. MR
/

2. L
/

3. D
(Aluminium killed steel)
2
7 4
()
T-1
T-2
T-2.5
T-3
T-4
T-5
T-6

(HR 30 T)
49 4
53 4
55 4
57 4
61 4
65 4
70 4

()

(HR 30 T)

DR-8
DR-9
DR-9M
DR-10

73 4
76 4
77 4
80 4

1)

160

()1)
MPa
550 70
620 70
660 70
690 70

 ()

C
Mn
P
S
Si
Cu
Ni
Cr
Mo
Al

( D)
D
L
MR
0.12
0.13
0.13
0.60
0.60
0.60
0.020
0.015
0.020
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.020
0.020
0.020
0.20
0.06
0.20
0.15
0.04
0.15
0.10
0.06
0.10
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.02-0.20
0.10
0.20

1.
2. (Silicon
killed steel) 0.080
:
:

/
: 5.2.19
: JIS C 2552 35 A 230 65 A 1600
: : ( )
: :
(Non grain-oriented steel Nonoriented magnetic steel) (Insulation coating Core
Plating) Varnish (Inorganic material)
161

 (Lamination)

(Core)
Core loss Magnetic flux density
: Core loss
: Rotating equipment, Relay cores,
Motors, Lighting (Ballast)

:
(
) (Core)

Core
loss Core loss Epstein test
(Alternating magnetic field)
/ Core loss (/
) Core loss /

Core loss

(Magnetizing)
(insulate)

162

 Core loss



3%
Core loss

Core loss

2
- Oriented steels
(~0.003%C)
( Core loss
Non-oriented steels)
Power transformers, Distribution transformers, (Large
generators) 0.23, 0.27, 0.30, 0.35 ..
- Non-oriented steels
Non-oriented steels

Rotating equipment, Relay cores, Motors, Lighting
(Ballast) 0.35, 0.50, 0.65 ..

(
Core loss ) / (Space requirement)

163

5.2.20 :
: .2131 CGCxxx ( xxx )
: JIS G 3302 CGCxxx ( xxx
)
:
: :
.2131
(Durable synthetic resin paint)

CGCC
CGCH
CGCD1
CGC340
CGC400
CGC440
CGC490
CGC570

SGCC
SGCH
SGCD1
SGC340
SGC400
SGC440
SCG490
SCG570

164


0
1
2
3

2
3

- 00
- 12
2

Z06
Z08
Z10
Z12
Z18
Z20
Z22
Z25
Z27
Z35
Z45
Z60
F04
F06
F08
F10
F12
F18

()
0.013
0.017
0.021
0.026
0.034
0.040
0.043
0.049
0.054
0.064
0.080
0.102
0.008
0.013
0.017
0.021
0.026
0.034
165

 2
(1) Z
(2) F
:
-
-
- 1

10 50
1 1.5 24

1
2
3

()
200
500
2000

1 0.20
150


1.5
:

-
-
-
-
-
-
- (Piping)
- (Ventiduct)
166

-
- (Partition frame)
- ()

( www.bluescopesteel.co.th)
:
(Hot Dipped Galvanized; HDG)
HDG
(Zinc bath)
465 C
(Paintability)

167

Electrolytic GIS
Cleaning

Cut to Length

Continuous
Galvanizing Line

(Spangle) ()
(Minimum spangle
Spangle free) 0.15%
( )

Zero Spangle () Normal Spangle () Galvanneal

()
(Galvanneal Iron-Zinc coating, IZ)
IZ Hot Dipped
Galvanized, HDG
Zn-Fe (Matt
168

gray) (Spangle)
Spot Seam
HDG HDG


Galvanneal HDG

IZ

5.2.21
: .2223 SExxxxx ( xxxxx )
: :
: :
.2223

SECC
(Commercial quality)
SPCC
SECD
(Drawing quality)
SPCD
SECE
(Deep drawing quality)
SPCE
SEFC340
SPFC340
(Spinning quality)
SEFC370
SPFC370
SEFC390
SPFC390
SEFC440
SPFC440
SEFC490
SPFC490
(Forming quality)
SEFC540
SPFC540
SEFC590
SPFC590
169

SEFC490Y
SEFC540Y
SEFC590Y
SEFC780Y
SEFC980Y
SEFC340H

(Lower yield ratio type)

(Bake-hardening type)

SPFC490Y
SPFC540Y
SPFC590Y
SPFC780Y
SPFC980Y
SPFC340H

(1 )

(2)
2.5
8.5
8
17
16
25.5
24
34
32
42.5
40

(1)
()
(1 )
ES
EB
3
E8
10
E16
20
E24
30
E32
40
E40
50
(1)

(2)
50

170

0
0.001
0.003
0.004
0.005
0.006

()
EB
E8
E16
E24
E32
E40

(1)
(2)

C
P
M

O
X

(Bake hardening amount)

171

SECC
SECD
SECE
SEFC340
SEFC370
SEFC390
SEFC440
SEFC490
SEFC540
SEFC590
SEFC490Y
SEFC540Y
SEFC590Y
SEFC780Y
SEFC980Y
SEFC340H

(MPa)
175
205
235
265
295
325
355
225
245
265
365
490
185

(MPa)

0.30-0.60 mm

0.60-1.00 mm

(270)
270
270
340
370
390
440
490
540
590
490
540
590
780
980
340

34
36
38
-

(36)
38
40
34
32
30
26
23
20
17
24
21
18
13
6
34

30

:
-
SPFC340H (Bake hardening grade)
:

-
(Shutters)
- (Computer casing)
-
:
(Electrogalvanized steel, EG)

172

 (zinc sulfate)

(Phosphate treatment; P)
(Chromate treatment; C)

5.2.22 /

: .2228 01, 02 03
: : /

.2228
/ 50-60%
1.6

/ 4

01
02
03
6 220 250 280
320 350 550

(Commercial quality)
(Drawing quality)
(Deep drawing quality)
(Structural quality)

173


(%)

01
02 03
220 550

C
0.10
0.06
0.25

Mn
0.60
0.50
1.15

P
0.030
0.030
0.20(1)

S
0.035
0.025
0.040

1. (1) 250 280 0.10

2. /


/

AZ090
AZ100
AZ150
AZ165
AZ185
AZ200

( 2 )
3 (1)
1 (2)
90
75
100
85
150
130
165
140
185
160
200
170

1. (1) 3
2. (2) 3
3. 40

174


AZ090
AZ100
AZ150
AZ165
AZ185
AZ200

(g/m2)
(mm)
75
0.020
85
0.023
130
0.035
140
0.038
160
0.043
170
0.046

(MPa)

(MPa)

01
02
03

300
260

430
410

(%)
mm
50
80
5.65So
24
23
22
26
25
24

(MPa)

(MPa)

220
250
280
320
350
550

220
250
280
320
350
550

320
350
390
430
450
560
175

%
mm
50
80
20
18
18
16
16
14
14
12
12
10
-

 1. /

2. / 0.6
2
3. / 550
85 HRB

-
4 (: www.bluescopesteel.co.th)
-

( www.bluescopesteel.co.th)
: /

Galvalume Zincalume Hot dip galvanizing

(HDG) 55%
1.6% (: JIS Handbook : Ferrous Material & Metallurgy II 2001)

- (Durability)

(High temperature resistant)
-
( Sacrificial protection)
176




HDG 2-4


5.2.23
: .16
: JIS G 3303 SPTE
:

.16
2
- E 2
- D 2
2 (Standard
or prime grade)
. 16-2536
(ingot) 99.75
0.050
: .16-2536 0.15-0.49

: :
:




177

Tin-mill products /


Tin-mill products
-> -> -> -> Temper -> -> Blackplate

Blackplate -> -> -> -> -> -> Tinplate

2 . (Pickling)

Blackplate ( )
(Temper
rolling) Single reduced blackplate ( 0.15-0.60 .(: JIS Handbook :
Ferrous Material & Metallurgy II 2001, Japanese Standards Association))
(
) Double reduced blackplate ( 0.14-0.36 .)
( Temper)
Blackplate
Tin plate Tin-free steel
Tinplate Blackplate (Tin)

(Electro-deposition of tin)
()
()
(Passivation)
(Lubrication) Tinplate
Lacquer

(Tin sulphide)

178

Tin-free steel Blackplate

( Tinplate Tin-free steel (bypass)
) Tin-free steel Blackplate Tin-free steel
Lacquer

5.2.24
: .644 SGD A, SGD B, SGD 1, SGD 2, SGD 3, SGD 4
: JIS G 3108 SGD A, SGD B, SGD 1,
SGD 2, SGD 3, SGD 4

(Hot-rolled steel bar for cold finished steel bar) .644-2539

(Killed steel)

SGD A
SGD B
SGD 1
SGD 2
SGD 3
SGD 4

0.10
0.10-0.15
0.15-0.20
0.20-0.25

(%)
Mn
P ()

0.045
0.30-0.60

179

S ()

0.045

 (MPa)

(.)
16

SGD A
SGD B
SGD 1
SGD 2
SGD 3
SGD 4

245

16 40
40
100

235
216

100
206

(MPa)
294-392
402-510

(.)
25

25

26
20

31
24

: : (Cold-finished steel bar) (Cold

drawn)
: 5.2.25
: .864 SGD A-D, SGD B-D, SGD 1-D, SGD 2-D, SGD 3D, SGD 4-D
: JIS G 3123 SGD 30-D, SGD 41-D
: (Cold-finished steel bar)
(cold drawn)

: (.644)

180

()
(MPa)
SGD A-D
5-20
382-736
22-100
343-637
SGD B-D
5-20
500-853
22-100
451-755
SGD 1-D
5-80
324-588
SGD 2-D
5-80
343-628
SGD 3-D
5-80
363-667
SGD 4-D
5-80
382-706

()
(MPa)
SGD A-D
5.5-80
382-736
SGD B-D
5.5-80
500-853
SGD 1-D
5.5-80
324-588
SGD 2-D
5.5-80
343-628
SGD 3-D
5.5-80
363-667
SGD 4-D
5.5-80
382-706

(HRB)
58-99
50-94
74-103
69-100
47-88
50-93
55-96
58-98

(HRB)
58-99
74-103
47-86
50-93
55-96
58-98

() N
(Normalizing) Q (Quenching and tempering) A
(Annealing) AS (Spheroidizing)
: :
: -

181

5.2.26
: JIS G4051 S45C
: . 1501 S45C; AISI 1045;
UNI C45; DIN 1.1191 Ck45; SAE1045
:

C
0.42-0.48

(%)
Si
Mn
P
0.15-0.35 0.6-0.9 0.030

S
0.035

S45C . 1501 S45C

-
-
- (Toughness)
-
-

S45C
(Shaft)
(Fixtures)

182

 S45C

S45C

(Normalized or untreated) 690-780 MPa
(: http://www.sinthai.co.th)

(MPa)
370-490

(MPa)
690-780

(Austenitizing
temperature)
830 - 860

(Quenching
medium)
(Tempering

temperature)
(HRC)

180-400
45-55

(Hot forging)

JIS G4051

1. (P) (S)
0.030 0.035 0.025
0.025
2. Flaw Dressing

3. (Shape and dimension tolerance)

(Closed die forging)

183







(Bright Bar, Cold Drawn Bar) (Cutting to Length)

1,150-1,260
(Pre-forming)
(Upset Forging) (Closeddie forging) (Flash trimming)
(Heat treatment)
(Annealing) (Normalizing)
(Quenching) (Tempering) (Stress Relieve)

184

185

JIS
SAE
S10C
S20C
S30C
SAE1030
S35C
SAE1035
S45C
SAE1045
S50C
SAE1050
S55C
SAE1055
SAE1060
SAE1065
SAE1070
SAE1074
SAE1075

C
0.08-0.13
0.18-0.23
0.27-0.33
0.28-0.34
0.32-0.38
0.32-0.38
0.42-0.48
0.43-0.50
0.47-0.53
0.48-0.55
0.52-0.58
0.50-0.60
0.55-0.65
0.60-0.70
0.65-0.75
0.70-0.80
0.70-0.80

(%)
Si
Mn
P
0.15-0.35 0.30-0.60 0.030
0.15-0.35 0.30-0.60 0.030
0.15-0.35 0.60-0.90 0.030
(0.15-0.30) 0.60-0.90 0.030
0.15-0.35 0.60-0.90 0.030
(0.15-0.30) 0.60-0.90 0.030
0.15-0.35 0.60-0.90 0.030
(0.15-0.30) 0.60-0.90 0.030
0.15-0.35 0.60-0.90 0.030
(0.15-0.30) 0.60-0.90 0.030
0.15-0.35 0.60-0.90 0.030
(0.15-0.30) 0.60-0.90 0.030
(0.15-0.30) 0.60-0.90 0.030
(0.15-0.30) 0.60-0.90 0.030
(0.15-0.30) 0.60-0.90 0.030
(0.15-0.30) 0.50-0.80 0.030
(0.15-0.30) 0.40-0.70 0.030

S
0.035
0.035
0.035
0.050
0.035
0.050
0.035
0.050
0.035
0.050
0.035
0.050
0.050
0.050
0.050
0.050
0.050

(: Brochure Nippon Steels Special Steel Sheet)

JIS

SAE

S30C
SAE1030
S35C
SAE1035
S45C
SAE1045
S50C
SAE1050
S55C
SAE1055
SAE1060
SAE1065
SAE1070
SAE1074

(Qil Quenching)

(Quenching temperature)
(HRC)
850-900 (Water quenching)
44
850-900 (Water quenching)
44
850-900
44
850-900
57
830-880
51
830-880
51
810-860
57
810-860
53
810-860
54
810-860
54
790-850
57
790-850
57
790-850
57
780-840
57

186

*
314
249
156
124
98
78
61
49
33

 * (Critical cooling rate)

90%
5.2.27 SK5
: JIS G4401 SK51
: AISI W1-8; DIN 1.625; SAE1086
:

C
0.80-0.90

(%)
Si
Mn
P
0.35
0.50
0.030

S
0.030

:
-
:
(gauge)

SK5

(Annealing)
730-760 C
()

(Annealed)
207 HB
(15.2 HRC)

(Hardening)
770-830 ()

(Tempering)
150-200 (
)

187

(Tempered)
59 HRC

JIS
SAE
SK85 (SK5)
SAE1086
SK95 (SK4)
SAE1095
SK120 (SK2)

C
0.80-0.90

(%)
Si
Mn
P
0.10-0.35 0.10-0.50 0.030

0.030

0.80-0.93

(0.15-0.30)

0.30-0.50

0.030

0.050

0.80-1.00

0.10-0.35

0.10-0.50

0.030

0.030

0.90-1.03

(0.15-0.30)

0.30-0.50

0.030

0.050

1.15-1.25

0.10-0.35

0.10-0.50

0.030

0.030

() JIS
(: Brochure
Nippon Steels Special Steel Sheet)

JIS

SAE

SK85 (SK5)
SAE1086
SK95(SK4)
SAE1095
SK120(SK2)

(Qil Quenching)

(Quenching temperature) (HRC)

770-830
60
770-830
60
770-830
60
770-830
60
770-830
60

*
(Qil Quenching)
29
18
4

* (Critical cooling rate)

90%
SK4 (Drill)
SK2
5.2.28 SCM415
: JIS G4105 SCM415 / SCM21
: AISI 5115; DIN 1.7131/16MnCr5
:

188


C
0.13-0.18

Si
0.15-0.35

(%)
Mn
P
S
0.65-0.85 0.030 0.030

Cr
0.90-1.20

Mo
0.15-0.30

SCM415

:
-
-
-
-
-
-

:
SCM415

SCM415 (: www.thyssenkruppmaterials.co.th)

- : 207 HB ()
- : 58-62 HRC ()
189

5.2.29 SCM440
: JIS G4105 SCM440
: AISI 4140; DIN 1.7225 / 42CrMo4
:

C
0.38-0.45

Si
0.10-0.40

Mn
0.60-0.90

Cr
0.90-1.20

Mo
0.15-0.30

S
0.035

SCM440

100 kgf/mm2 980 MPa (: www.bssteel.co.th)

-
-
-
- (Forgeability)
- (toughness)
-
-
-
-
- ~ 650 HV (: www.thyssenkruppmaterials.co.th)
-

SCM440
(Piston rod)

190

- : 229 HB ()
- : 55-60 HRC ()

SCM415

(%)
C
Si
Mn
P
S
Cr
Mo
0.13-0.18 0.15-0.35 0.60-0.90 0.030 0.030 0.90-1.20 0.15-0.25

SCM435

0.18-0.23 0.15-0.35 0.60-0.90 0.030 0.030 0.90-1.20 0.15-0.25

0.28-0.33 0.15-0.35 0.60-0.90 0.030 0.030 0.90-1.20 0.15-0.25
0.33-0.38 0.15-0.35 0.60-0.90 0.030 0.030 0.90-1.20 0.15-0.25

SCM440

0.38-0.43 0.15-0.35 0.60-0.90 0.030 0.030 0.90-1.20 0.15-0.25

SCM420
SCM430

191


(: Brochure Nippon Steels Special Steel Sheet)
(Qil Quenching)

(HRC)
(Quenching
*
temperature)
SCM415
850-900
132
33
SCM420
850-900
109
35
SCM430
830-880
68
43
SCM435
830-880
52
46
SCM440
830-880
41
49
* (Critical cooling rate)
90%
5.2.30 100Cr6
: JIS G4805 SUJ2
: AISI 52100; DIN 1.3505 / 100Cr6
:

C
0.90-1.05

Si
Mn
Cr
0.15-0.35 0.50 max. 1.30-1.60

SUJ2 1% 1.5%

(62-66 HRC)
58-62 HRC (: www.thyssenkruppmaterials.co.th)

-
-
-
192

-
-
-

SUJ2

- : 217 HB ()
- : 58-62 HRC ()
5.2.31 D2
: AISI D2
: JIS G4404 SKD11;
DIN 1.2379/X155CrVMo12-1
:

C
1.50-1.6

Si
Mn
P
0.10-0.40 0.15-0.45 < 0.03

S
Cr
Mo
< 0.03 11.0-12.0 0.60-0.80

V
0.90-1.10

D2
(
)

193


1%
D2

-
- (
)
-
- (Toughness)

-
- (Hardenability)
-
(Quenching)

-
-
-
- (Non deformation
properties)

194

- (Resistance to
decarburization) 704 C (1300F)

/

D2 (Blanking)
(Pressing) (Bending) (Drawing) (Wire-drawing)
(Cold extrusion) (Trimming)
(Coining)
(
Abrasive Plastics Thermoset Plastics)


D2
D3 D4 D7
D2

www.bssteel.co.th

D2 (Soft Annealed)
250 HB () (Quenched and
tempered) 58-61 HRC

195


(Austenitizing
temperature)
1,020-1,050 C

(Tempering
temperature)
200-500 C

(Quenching
medium)

(Tempering)
58-61 HRC

(: www.sinthai.co.th)
(Decarburization)

-
-
-
-
5.2.32 O1
: AISI O1
: JIS SKS-3; DIN 1.2510 / 100MnCrW4
:

C
Mn
Cr
V
W
0.95
1.1
0.6
0.1
0.6

O1



O1
(64 HRC)
200C

196


-
-
-
-
-
-

O1
4 .

(C)
780-820

/ 180-220 C

64 HRC

(C)
HRC

100
64

200
62

197

300
57

400
53


AISI

W
(Water-hardening tool steels)
S
(Shock-resisting tool steels)
O
A
D
P
H
T
M

(Oil-hardening cold-work tool steels)

(Air-hardening, medium-alloy cold-work
tool steels)
(High-C, high-Cr cold-work
tool steels)
(Mold steels)
(Hot-work tool steels)
W (Tungsten high-speed tool steels)
Mo (Molybdenum high-speed tool steels)

5.2.33 H13
: AISI H13
: JIS SKD61; DIN 1.2344/X40CrMoV5-1
:

C
0.37-0.43

(wt%)
Si
Mn
P
S
Cr
Mo
V
0.90-1.20 0.30-0.50 < 0.030 < 0.030 4.80-5.50 1.20-1.50 090-1.10

H13 (Hot work tool steel)
(Cr-Mo-V)


198

 0.4%
5%

1.0%

-
(Red-hardness)
480 C
()
(Tempering)
- (Thermal shock)
-
-
- (Wear resistance)

(
)
()

-
-
-
-

H13 (Die
casting) (Hot extrusion) (Hot forging)


199



H13 (Soft Annealed)
235 HB () (Quenched and
tempered) 48-55 HRC
(Austenitizing
temperature)

(Quenching
medium)

1,020 - 1,060 -820 C

(Tempering
temperature)
550-650 C

(Tempering)
48-55 HRC

(Red hardness)
(Thermal shock)

5%
1 3.25%



(die casting)

H10 H11 H12 H13 H14
2


200

H21


3

(Heat cracking)

H42
5.2.34 P20
: AISI P20
: DIN 1.2311 / 40CrMnMo7
:

C
0.40

(wt%)
Mn
Cr
1.5
1.9

Mo
0.2

P20 (Plastic mould steel)
280325 HB (29-34 HRC)

400

- (Texturing)
- 1000 MPa
-
- EDM Wire-cut
- 400 .
-
201

- 650 HV
- 1000 HV

P20 1,000 N/mm2

- -

- (Mould frames)

- (sleeves) (die holder) (extrusion)

280-325 HB

175-200C

3
- Pre-hardened steels
0.20-0.30%
202

 (machinability)
(hubbing / hobbing)


P20
P20
(die casting)
P21
-

P20

- Case hardening steels
0.07-0.10%
(Hobbing/Hubbing)
(
)
P4 P6
-


420 440C
( HCl
)

203

5.2.35 M2
: AISI M2
: JIS SKH51, UNI HS6-5-2, DIN 1.3343 / HS6-5-2
:

C
0.90
(0.860.94)

Si
Mn
P
< 0.45 < 0.40 < 0.03

S
<
0.03

Cr
Mo
V
W
4.1
5.0
1.9
6.4
(3.80- (4.70- (1.70- (6.004.50) 5.20) 2.00) 6.70)

M2 (High speed steel)

-
- 600C
-
- (64-66 HRC)
-

- AISI D2
-
-
-
-
-
204

- PVD

M2

M2 high speed steel step drills

H13 (Soft Annealed)

300 HB () (Quenched and
tempered) 62-66 HRC

(Austenitizing
temperature)
1,190 - 1,230 -820 C

(Quenching
medium)

(Tempering
temperature)
550-570 C

(Tempering)
62-66 HRC

(: www.sinthai.co.th)

(High speed tool steels)
(saws) (milling cutters)

205

 ( )

2
1 (1220%)
(

)

T1
2


1%
1.6-2.0%

M2 M4 M42
10%
2
(Superhigh-speed tool steels)

5.2.36
: EN 10267 19MnVS6 30MnVS6 38MnVS6 46MnVS6
: ISO 11692 19MnVS6 30MnVS6
38MnVS6 46MnVS6
: (Hot rolled bar)

25 (Medium
carbon microalloyed steels)
(as-forged, air-hardended condition)

206

 (Heat treatment)
()
-

(Solid solution strengthening) 0.8%
0.08%
(Tellurium)

19MnVS6

Mn

0.15-0.22

1.2-1,6

30MnVS6

0.26-0.33

38MnVS6
46MnVS6

Red. of Elongation,
Area, %
%
>16
>32

0.08-0.20

YS
(MPa)
>300

TS
(MPa)
600-750

1.2-1.6

0.08-0.20

>450

700-900

>14

0.34-0.41

1.2-1.6

0.08-0.20

>520

800-950

>12

0.42-0.49

1.2-1.6

0.08-0.20

>580

900-1050

>10

>30
>25
>20

(: http://steeluniversity.org)

207

(Crankshafts) (Connecting rods) (Piston rods)

: 5.2.37
: .20-2543 SR24 .24-2548 SD30
SD50
: JIS G 3112-2004 SR 235, SD 295 A,
SD390, SD 490
:

SR24

SR24
SD30
SD40
SD50

C
0.28
0.27
-

()
Mn
S
P
0.058
0.058
0.05
0.05
1.80
0.05
0.05
1.80
0.05
0.05

C+(Mn/6)
0.50
0.55
0.60

2 (Round bars; RB)
(Deformed bars; DB) . 20-2543
SR24 . 24-2548 3 SD30, SD40
SD50 2
208

(MPa)

(MPa)

()

SR24

235

385

21

180

SD30

295

480

17

180

3 4

SD40

390

560

15

180

SD50

490

620

13

90

5 6

()

:
-
-
-
:

: -

5.2.38
: .348 SWRM xx ( xx )
: JIS G 3505 SWRM xx ( xx
)
:

(Low carbon steel wire rods) .348

209


SWRM 6
SWRM 8
SWRM 10
SWRM 12
SWRM 15
SWRM 17
SWRM 20
SWRM 22

C
0.08 (max.)
0.10 (max.)
0.08-0.13
0.10-0.15
0.13-0.18
0.15-0.20
0.18-0.23
0.20-0.25

(%)
Mn
P (max.)
0.60 (max.)
0.60 (max.)
0.30-0.60

0.040

S (max.)

0.040

: :
- (SWRM8-22)
- ( SWRM8-22)
- ( SWRM 10-22)
- ( SWRM8-15)
- ( SWRM8-22)
- (SWRM8-22)
- (SWRM8-22)
- (
SWRM6-8)
: 5.2.39
: .349-2548 SWRH xx(A,B) ( xx )
: JIS G 3506 SWRH xx(A,B) ( xx )
: ( )
210

(High carbon steel wire rods) .

SWRH 27
SWRH 32
SWRH 37
SWRH 42 A
SWRH 42 B
SWRH 47 A
SWRH 47 B
SWRH 52 A
SWRH 52 B
SWRH 57 A
SWRH 57 B
SWRH 62 A
SWRH 62 B
SWRH 67 A
SWRH 67 B
SWRH 72 A
SWRH 72 B
SWRH 77 A
SWRH 77 B
SWRH 82 A
SWRH 82 B

C
0.24-0.31
0.29-0.36
0.34-0.41
0.39-0.46
0.39-0.46
0.44-0.51
0.44-0.51
0.49-0.56
0.49-0.56
0.54-0.61
0.54-0.61
0.59-0.66
0.59-0.66
0.64-0.71
0.64-0.71
0.69-0.76
0.69-0.76
0.74-0.81
0.74-0.81
0.79-0.86
0.79-0.86

Si

Mn

0.030

0.030

0.30-0.60
0.60-0.90
0.30-0.60
0.60-0.90
0.30-0.60
0.60-0.90
0.30-0.60
0.60-0.90
0.30-0.60
0.60-0.90
0.30-0.60
0.60-0.90
0.30-0.60
0.60-0.90
0.30-0.60
0.60-0.90
0.30-0.60
0.60-0.90

0.15-0.35

211

 : : :

- (Prestressed concrete wire) (Wire

ropes)
- JIS G3560 (SWRH62-82(A,B))
- (Bead wire SWRH67A, 72B)
- (Spoke wire) (SWRH37,42 SWRH62(A,B))
- (Tyre cord reinforcement)
(SWRH62(A,B) SWRH67, 72(A,B))
- JIS G3537
(Stay wire) (SWRH37, 42(A,B) 62(A,B) SWRH27-42)

Bead wire

Tyre cord

: 5.2.40
: .2243-2548 SWRCH xx(R, A) xx
: JIS G 3507 SWRCH xx(R, A)
:

212

SWRCH 6 R
SWRCH 8 R
SWRCH 10 R
SWRCH 12 R
SWRCH 15 R
SWRCH 17 R
SWRCH 6 A
SWRCH 8 A
SWRCH 10 A
SWRCH 12 A
SWRCH 15 A
SWRCH 16 A
SWRCH 18 A
SWRCH 19 A
SWRCH 20 A
SWRCH 22 A
SWRCH 10 K
SWRCH 12 K
SWRCH 15 K
SWRCH 16 K
SWRCH 17 K
SWRCH 18 K
SWRCH 20 K
SWRCH 22 K
SWRCH 24 K
SWRCH 25 K
SWRCH 27 K
SWRCH 30 K
SWRCH 33 K
SWRCH 35 K
SWRCH 38 K
SWRCH 40 K
SWRCH 41 K
SWRCH 43 K
SWRCH 45 K
SWRCH 48 K
SWRCH 50 K

C
0.08
0.10
0.08-0.13
0.10-0.15
0.13-0.18
0.15-0.20
0.08
0.10
0.08-0.13
0.10-0.15
0.13-0.18
0.13-0.18
0.15-0.20
0.15-0.20
0.18-0.23
0.18-0.23
0.08-0.13
0.10-0.15
0.13-0.18
0.13-0.18
0.15-0.20
0.15-0.20
0.18-0.23
0.18-0.23
0.19-0.25
0.22-0.28
0.22-0.29
0.27-0.33
0.30-0.36
0.32-0.38
0.35-0.41
0.37-0.43
0.36-0.44
0.40-0.46
0.42-0.48
0.45-0.51
0.47-0.53

Si

0.10

0.10-0.35

0.10-0.35

(%)
Mn
P
0.60
0.60
0.30-0.60
0.040

0.30-0.60
0.30-0.60
0.30-0.60
0.60
0.60
0.30-0.60
0.30-0.60
0.30-0.60
0.030

0.60-0.90
0.60-0.90
0.70-1.00
0.30-0.60
0.70-1.00
0.30-0.60
0.30-0.60
0.30-0.60
0.60-0.90
0.30-0.60
0.60-0.90
0.30-0.60
0.70-1.00
1.35-1.65
0.030
0.30-0.60
1.20-1.50
0.60-0.90
0.60-0.90
0.60-0.90
0.60-0.90
0.60-0.90
1.35-1.65
0.60-0.90
0.60-0.90
0.030
0.60-0.90
0.60-0.90

213

S
0.040

Al

(Rimmed
steel)

0.035

0.02
(Aluminium
killed steel)

0.035

(Killed
steel)

(Killed
steel)

0.035



3
- SWRCH6R-17R (Rimmed Steel)
(Ingot)

- SWRCH6A-22A (Aluminium killed Steel)

Killed Steel (Si)
(Reduction)
- SWRCH10K-50K Killed Steel

-
(Cold-upsetting test)
1/3 1/4

- (Cleanness)
(Stress concentration)
( 0.035%)
(Machining) 0.020-0.035%
0.010%
(globular)
(elongated)
(Ca)
(Se) (Te)
-
-
- (Decarburization depth)
- (Good internal soundness)
- (High dimension accuracy)
214

 (Mass
production)
:
(Cold heading) (Cold forging)


-

(MPa)

4.8
5.8
6.8
8.8

420
520
600
800 (d16)
830 (d>16)
900

SWRCH8A-22A

SWRCH40K/48K
SWRCHB323
9.8
SWRCH40K/48K
SCr440, SCM435
SWRCHB323, 423
10.9
1040
SCr440, SCM435
SWRCHB423, 526
12.9
1220
SCM435, SCM440
(: .
)

( www.steel-n.com)
: 215

5.2.41
: .728-2530 SWRS xx(A,B) xx
: JIS G 3502 SWRS xx(A,B)
:

(Piano wire rods) 0.6-1.0%

0.3-0.9%

SWRS 62A
SWRS 62A
SWRS 67A
SWRS 67B
SWRS 72A
SWRS 72B
SWRS 75A
SWRS 75B
SWRS 77A
SWRS 77B
SWRS 80A
SWRS 80B
SWRS 82A
SWRS 82B
SWRS 87A
SWRS 87B
SWRS 92A
SWRS 92B

Si

Mn

P
(max.)

S
(max.)

Cu

0.12-0.32

0.30-0.60
0.60-0.90
0.30-0.60
0.60-0.90
0.30-0.60
0.60-0.90
0.30-0.60
0.60-0.90
0.30-0.60
0.60-0.90
0.30-0.60
0.60-0.90
0.30-0.60
0.60-0.90
0.30-0.60
0.60-0.90
0.30-0.60
0.60-0.90

0.025

0.025

0.20

0.60-0.65
0.65-0.70
0.70-0.75
0.73-0.78
0.75-0.80
0.78-0.83
0.80-0.85
0.85-0.90
0.90-0.95

216

 :
( (Crack) (Lap) (Seam)
(Scratch) (Pin hol)) (Depth of flaw) 0.10

(Decarburized depth) 0.07

- (Non-metallic inclusions)

-

- (
SWRS72, 75(A,B) SWRS77-80(A,B) SWRS87, 92(A,B))
- (
SWRS62-67(A,B))
- PC PC (SWRS67-82(A,B))
- (Steel cord) (SWRS67-75(A,B))

: 5.2.42
: .2244-2548 SWRY 11 SWRY 21
: JIS G 3503 SWRY 11 SWRY 21
217

: (
)

SWRY 11
SWRY 21

C
0.09
0.10-0.15

Si
0.03
0.03

(%)
Mn
P
S
Cu
0.35-0.65 0.020 0.023 0.20
0.35-0.65 0.020 0.023 0.20

: :
(Arc welding)

: 5.2.43
: .1227-2539 SM xxx SS xxx xxx
:
(Hot rolled structural steel sections)
(Mild steel) .1227-2539
()

218

(Angle)

(Channel)
(H-section)
(I-section)
(T-section)
(H) (I)
(Width, B)

SM 400
SM 490
SM 520
SM 570
SS 400
SS 490
SS 540

C
0.20
0.18
0.20
0.18
0.30

Si
Mn
P
0.35
0.60-1.40
0.55
1.60
0.035
0.55
1.60
0.55
1.60
0.050
0.050
1.60
0.040
219

S
0.035
0.050
0.050
0.040

 :
7 SM 400 SM 490 SM 520 SM 570 SS 400 SS490 SS 540 (
SM 400 SM 490 SM 520 SM 570 )

SM 400
SM 490
SM 520
SM 570
SS 400
SS 490
SS 540

(MPa)

16 mm
16 mm
245
235
325
315
365
355
460
450
245
235
285
275
400
390

(%)

(MPa)
()
5 mm 5-16 mm 16 mm
400-510
23
18
22
27
490-610
22
17
21
27
520-640
19
15
19
27
570-720
19
19
26
47
400-510
21
17
21
490-610
19
15
19
540
16
13
17
-

-
: :
- (H-section H-beam)
- (I-section I-beam)
- (Channel)
- (Angle)
- (T-section Cut-beam)

220

 (T-section)
(Channel)

( www.syssteel.com)
: 5.2.44
: .1228-2549 SSC 400
: JIS G G 3350 SSC 400

.1228-2549 ()
(Mild steel) (Cold forming)

6

(Light
angle steel)

(Light channel steel)

(Lip channel steel)
(Light Z steel)
(Lip Z steel)
(Hat steel)

221


. 1 SSC 4000

C
S
P

(%)
0.25
0.050
0.050

:
1 SSC 400

(MPa)
245

(MPa)
400-540

(%)
5 mm 5 mm
21
17

: :
:
2
1.
2.
2


(
)

222

5.2.45
: .1390-2539 SY 295 SY 390
: JIS G A 5528 SY 295 SY 390

(Hot rolled steel sheet piles) 4

-
- (U)
- (Z)
- (H)
:

223


P
S
Cu

0.040 ()
0.040 ()
0.25 ()

2
- SY 295
- SY 390

SY 295
SY 390

(MPa)
295
390

(MPa)

490
540

17
15

:
(Sheet pile)

: 5.3

Online Materials Information
Resource (MATWEB)

224

- http://www.matweb.com 5.6

- Alloy Composition
5.7

5.6: www.matweb.com

225

 5.7: Matweb
( 5.8)
- Find
( 5.9)
-

226

 5.8:

5.9:
-

( 5.10)

227

5.10: 410

228

5.4

3

-
-
-
5.4.1

(Conduit pipe)
(Pipe pile) Columns Bridge Roof Trusses

2
(Seamless pipe) Round billet
4
1. (Electric Resistance
Welding, ERW) ( 8 .
- 8 )
(Uncoiling) (Slitting)
( 5.11)


(flash) (Bead Trimming)
(Post-weld treatment)

Sizing mill

229

 5.11: ERW
ERW
(piling pipe) ERW ASTM A-53 Grade A & B; A-135; A-252 Grade
1,2,3; API5L Grade A & B; API5LX42 X-65
ERW pipe
-
-
-
-
-
(Si)
2. Arc Welding Double Submerged Arc Weld (DSAW)
Pipe arc flux
( double
)
DSAW
ERW
DSAW 2 pyramid rolls (bend rolled)
U-0 pyramid rolls
3 pyramid
U-0 "U" "O"
(finishing) (inspection)
(flat steel plate)
230

 DSAW ( onshore offshore)

structural members DSAW ASTM A134, A139, A252, A671,
A672, A690, A691 API 2B, 5LB, 5LX-42 5LX-80
3. Spiral Submerged Arc Welding (SAW)
( 5.12)
150-3300 .
3-19 . Spiral pipe 2
25%
(dredging) ASTM A 139,
A 211, A252

5.12: Spiral
Spiral
- (Order)
-
- ( Order )
- Scale
-
- Coil
(Order)
- (Camber)
4. (Seamless pipe)
(Torsion)
(drilling and pumping) (Boiler)
Steel billet (
) 1230 C Billet
231

 (Piercing rod) (Hollow pipe

shell) Support bar

5.4.2

5.11
5.12

232

 5.11:

(Diffusion annealing)
A3

(Spehroidizing annealing)
A1

A1
(Stress-relief annealing)

( 500-650 C)

A3
40-60 C (

< 0.8 %)

(Normalizing)
A1

40-60 C (
> 0.8 %)
A3
30-50 C (
< 0.8 %)

(Quenching)
(Hardening)

A1
30-50 C (
> 0.8 %)

(Tempering)
100-200 C

(Tempering)

500-600 C
(Toughness)

233

 5.12:
5.4.3


(Surface treatment)

5.12

( Certificate)
234

 ( 5.12)

5.12: (: www.thyssenkruppmaterials.co.th)

TiC
CVD
TiC
PVD

(C)
860-900 C

470-570


800-1050 Si

300-550

>>1000

2
.
0.5
.
0.4
.

0.01 .
0.1
.
>900
6-9

2-5
500

50-70
C
1

(HV)
900
1100
2000

950
4800
2000-2500
1000-1200

235

 (SAE J417)
Vickers Rockwell hardness Shore
Tensile Vickers Rockwell hardness Shore
Tensile Vickers Rockwell hardness Shore
Tensile
Hardness B scale C scale hardness strength Hardness B scale C scale hardness strength Hardness B scale C scale hardness strength
(Hv)
(HS)
(MPa)
(Hv)
(HS)
(MPa)
(Hv)
(HS)
(MPa)
(HRB) (HRC)
(HRB) (HRC)
(HRB) (HRC)
940
68.0
97
540
51.7
69
1860
280
(103.5)
27.1
40
890
920
67.5
96
530
51.1
1825
275
26.3
875
900
67.0
95
520
50.5
67
1795
270
(102.0)
25.6
38
855
880
66.4
93
510
49.8
1750
265
24.8
840
860
65.9
92
500
49.1
66
1705
260
(101.0)
24.0
37
825
840
65.3
91
490
48.4
1660
255
23.1
805
820
64.7
90
480
47.7
64
1620
250
99.5
22.2
36
795
800
64.0
88
470
46.9
1570
245
21.3
780
780
63.3
87
460
46.1
62
1530
240
98.1
20.3
34
765
760
62.5
86
450
45.3
1495
230
96.7
(18.0)
33
730
740
61.8
84
440
44.5
59
1460
220
95.0
(15.7)
32
695
720
61.0
83
430
43.6
1410
210
93.4
(13.4)
30
670
700
60.1
81
420
42.7
57
1370
200
91.5
(11.0)
29
635
690
59.7
410
41.8
1330
190
89.5
(8.5)
28
605
680
59.2
80
400
40.8
55
1290
180
87.1
(6.0)
26
580
670
58.8
390
39.8
1240
170
85.0
(3.0)
25
545
660
58.3
79
380
(110.0)
38.8
52
1205
160
81.7
(0.0)
24
515
650
57.8
370
37.7
1170
150
78.7
22
490
640
57.3
77
360
(109.0)
36.6
50
1130
140
75.0
21
455
630
56.8
350
35.5
1095
130
71.2
20
425
620
56.3
75
340
(108.0)
34.4
47
1070
120
66.7
390
610
55.7
330
33.3
1035
110
62.3
600
55.2
74
320
(107.0)
32.2
45
1005
100
56.2
590
54.7
2055
310
31.0
980
95
52.0
580
54.1
72
2020
300
(105.5)
29.8
42
950
90
48.0
570
53.6
1985
295
29.2
935
85
41.0
560
53.0
71
1950
295
(104.5)
28.5
41
915
550
52.3
1905
285
27.8
905
-


[1] The Encyclopedia of Earth, www.eoearth.org/article/Iron (24/03/11)
[2] http://igtf.customs.go.th/igtf/th/main_frame.jsp;jsessionid=
EDF4BE05C452AF68D17A33B6D222A772 (27/03/11)
[3] British Standard, BS EN 10079 Definition of steel products
[4] Bleck, W., Lecture course Steel Design, Department of Ferrous Metallurgy, RWTH Aachen
University, Germany, 2007
[5] Higgins, R.A., Engineering Metallurgy, Part 1: Applied Physical Metallurgy, Sixth edition,
1983, ISBN 0340589167
[6] Engineering Materials properties and selection ; Budinski
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