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KEDKANOK HONGTHONG
THEERANAN WIRUNPUTI

A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF REQUIREMENT

FOR THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
BURAPHA UNIVERSITY 2008





    

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ABSTRACT
This project is proposed to make the Solar cell Controller to move follow the sun. The
aim is the Solar cell can get the lightest intensity from the sun by using Microcontroller.
In processing and controlling of moving accurately and using low energy and used 2 Light
Dependent Resistor ( LDR ) to search for the location to make the Solar cell stay 90 degree
with beam of light. And because of Microcontroller PIC16F877 has input and output ports
more than 5 ports and Analog to Digital Converter (A/D) , used PIC16F877 in processing
and controlling of Solar cell moving that call axel 1 . The motor was controlled to move slowly
for generate the electric energy t hat increase the energy more than lay the Solar cell and
stay still in 15 degree about 20 %. From controlling the Solar cell to move follow the sun , can
get more energy from the sun and vary it to electric energy to collect in battery.
Keywords : Solar cell, Microcontroller, Light Dependent Resistor ( LDR ), Motor, Battery

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56.352

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[1]
 
 

, 
 
  www.klangbattery.com [Online]. 2551
 !"#$ : http://www.klangbattery.com/how_to.html [
 2552].
[2] 
 %&
! # #, '(! #%)&$(, *#(+#,!!'#$- !*$

#$ , $./)00%
%'  12 3%
4556
1&%
%'  $! 7
", 2537.
[3] 8

91 .(1,  $) "4
, electronics.se-ed.com, 2542. [Online].  !"#$ :
http://electronics.se-ed.com/contents/040h085/040h085_p04.asp ['#  2551].
[4] )&'$/? (87*##, 5@#" , www.ipst.ac.th, [Online].  !"#$ :
http://www.ipst.ac.th/design/design/article/rotary-fun.html [/  2551].
[5] 
.
 '(
', 
#$, th.wikipedia.org [Online].  !"#$ :
http://th.wikipedia.org/wiki [
 2551].
[6] &($/ '&., / .(" , *# +# '#

- 
 A "#
#$
$./)00%
%'  12 3%
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[7] (
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8! $./)00%
%'  12 '7$DD!.! ## 1&%
%'  $!  ', 2548.
[8]  00 
8, 

,!!'#$, www.leonics.co.th [Online].
 !"#$ : http://www.leonics.co.th/html/th/aboutpower/solar_knowledge.php
[
 2551].
[9]  8E  #,   A", 4DD$!!, www.rayongwit.ac.th [Online].
 !"#$ : http://www.rayongwit.ac.th/scibox/microcon.htm [
 2551]
[10] A8 '(7%, 

!&*#*
$#4556 $./)00%
%'  12 3%
4556 1&%
%'  $! 7
", 2546.
[11] Adisak Chinawong, 
&'#, www.adisak51.com, 2543 [Online].
 !"#$ : http://www.adisak51.com/page21.html [/  2551].
[12] Jonathan W. Valvano, Developing Embedded Software in C , users.ece.utexas.edu, 2551.
[Online].  !"#$ : http://users.ece.utexas.edu/~valvano/embed/toc1.htm
['# 2551].
[14] K. German, Tracking solar power systems , solarserver.de, 2551. [Online].  !"#$ :
http://www.solarserver.de/solarmagazin/anlageapril2000-e.html ['# 2551].

76
[15] T. GLOBAL_MODERATORS, Example Source code , wara.com, [Online].  !"#$ :
http://www.wara.com/modules.php?file=listart&name=News&ttid=11 ['# 2551].
[16] T. Wattsun, THE WATTSUN TRACKING ADVANTAGE:A CASE STUDY IN
SPRINGFIELD, MO , wattsun.com, [Online].  !"#$ :
http://www.wattsun.com/pdf/Wattsun_Tracking_Advantage.pdf ['# 2551].

77

 

78

  



79

  


 A 
 
 LDR

 B 




80

 C  


81

  
Datasheet

82

   Datasheet

83

BLOCK DIAGRAM PIC16F877

84

 PIC16F877

85

86

87

88

MJE 3055

89

90

  

Source Code

91

  Source Code

/************************************************************************************/
// Project : Solar Tracking Controller
// File : Main5.C
// CPU : PIC16F877, OSC 20MHz, 4 Clk = 200ns / machine cycle.
// Editor : MPLAB IDE v8.10
// Complier : HI-TECH C Compiler V9.60PL3
/************************************************************************************/
#include <htc.h>

/************************************************************************************/
// osc configurations :
// high speed crystal/resonator
// watchdog :
// enable watchdog timer
// power up timer :
// enable power up timer
// brown out reset :
// enable brown out reset
// Low Voltage Programmable :
// low voltage programming disabled
// data code protected :
// Do not read protect EEPROM data
// Flash memory write enable/protect : // flash memory write protected/disabled
// code protection
// protect program code
/************************************************************************************/
CONFIG(HS & WDTEN & PWRTEN & BOREN & LVPDIS & DUNPROT & UNPROTECT);

/************************************************************************************/
/* Define Constant
*/
/************************************************************************************/
#define STEP

(5.00/1023)*100

#define TB10MS 195

#define TB100MS 10
#define TBDB 2

// Constant for convert A2D to voltage

// Time base 10 milli seconds

// Time base 100 milli seconds
// Time base for debounce switch

92
#define TBREL 3
// Time base for release switch
/************************************************************************************/
/* Function Prototype
*/
/************************************************************************************/
void sysinit(void);
void a2d_init(void);
unsigned int read_a2d(unsigned char channel);
void check_light(void);
void delay(void);
void scansw(void);
void swserv(void);
/************************************************************************************/
/* Declare Global Variable
*/
/************************************************************************************/
unsigned char T10MS;
unsigned char T100MS;
unsigned int LDR_CLEFT;
unsigned int LDR_CRIGHT;
unsigned int LDR_LEFT;
unsigned int LDR_RIGHT;
signed int DIFF;
unsigned char SIGN;
unsigned int VCLEFT;
unsigned int VCRIGHT;
unsigned int VLEFT;
unsigned int VRIGHT;
unsigned int AVERG1;
unsigned char SWBUF;
unsigned char SWREG;
unsigned char DBCNT;
unsigned char RELCNT;
struct{

93
unsigned F10MS:1;
unsigned F100MS:1;
} Timer;
struct{
unsigned DBDone:1;
unsigned DBFlag:1;
unsigned RELFlag:1;
unsigned Enable:1;
} Sw;
/************************************************************************************/
/* Bits Assignment
*/
/************************************************************************************/
#define MOTOR_B RC1
#define MOTOR_A RC2
#define SW_LEFT RE1
#define SW_RIGHT RE2
/************************************************************************************/
/* Main Program
*/
/************************************************************************************/
void main(void)
{
sysinit();
a2d_init

while(1)
{
asm("clrwdt");
check_light

94

scansw();
swserv();

/************************************************************************************/
/* This is function Syetem Initialization
*/
/************************************************************************************/
void sysinit(void)
{
TRISA = 0xFF;
TRISB = 0x00;
TRISC = 0x00;
TRISD = 0x00;
TRISE = 0xFF;

OPTION = 0x0F;
PORTB = 0x00;
PORTC = 0x00;
PORTD = 0x00;
PORTE = 0x06;

T10MS = TB10MS;
T100MS = TB100MS;

Timer.F10MS = 0;
Timer.F100MS = 0

Sw.DBDone = 0;
Sw.DBFlag = 0;
Sw.RELFlag = 0
Sw.Enable = 0;

// Set PortA all input port.

// Set PortB all output port.
// Set PortC all output port.
// Set PortD all output port.
// Set PortE all input port.

// Set PortB as all output port.

// Set PortC as all output port.
// Set PortD as all output port.
// Set PortE<2:1> as input port.

95

INTCON = 0xA0;

/************************************************************************************/
/* This is function set up the A2D module
*/
/************************************************************************************/
void a2d_init(void)
{
ADCON0 = 0x80;
// ADC clock = Fosc/32 @20MHz
ADCON1 = 0x82;
// Select right justify result,
// config AN<7:5> as digital I/O AN<4:0> as analog input
}

/************************************************************************************/
/* This is function Read a2d value and return an 10 bit a2d result
*/
/************************************************************************************/
unsigned int read_a2d(unsigned char channel)
{
unsigned int ADRESULT;
ADON = 1;
ADCON0 &= 0xC1;
ADCON0 |= (channel<<3
delay();
GODONE = 1;
while(GODONE == 1)
{
}

96

ADON = 0;
ADRESULT = ADRESH << 8;
ADRESULT |= ADRESL;
}

return(ADRESULT);

/************************************************************************************/
/* This is function Check Light by LDR from port RA<0>(AN0) and RA<1>(AN1)
*/
/************************************************************************************/
void check_light(void)
{
if(( Timer.F100MS == 1)&&( Sw.RELFlag == 0))
{
Timer.F100MS = 0;
LDR_CLEFT = read_a2d(0);
VCLEFT = LDR_CLEFT * STEP;

//  LDR  !"

//

LDR_CRIGHT = read_a2d(1);
//  LDR #
VCRIGHT = LDR_CRIGHT * STEP;
//
LDR_LEFT = read_a2d(2);
VLEFT = LDR_LEFT * STEP;

//  LDR #! !"

//

LDR_RIGHT = read_a2d(3);
VRIGHT = LDR_RIGHT * STEP;

//  LDR #!#

//

if((VCLEFT > 200) && (VCRIGHT > 200)) // $%&'()* ?

{
// +,!
MOTOR_A = 0;
// +.!$/ Solar cell ."0&&%12(341
MOTOR_B = 0;
//

97
}
else
// $52!
{
DIFF = VCLEFT - VCRIGHT;
// .$#2

if(DIFF < 0)
// $ !"$# ?
{
//
SIGN = '-';
// +.!&%12."&*6('7 (-)
DIFF = DIFF * (-1);
//
}
//
else
// $2&3(.%2#!
{
//
SIGN = '+';
// +.!&%12."&*6(7 (+)
}
//

if(DIFF > 5)
// $)&3( ?
{
//
if(SIGN == '-')
// $3 !"3# ?
{
// +.!2&2:.0()*3 !"
MOTOR_B = 0;
// *;2&2:#< B (RC2)
MOTOR_A = 1;
// &*;2&2:#< A (RC1)
}
else
// $3#3 !" !
{
// +.!2&2:.0()*3#
MOTOR_A = 0;
// *;2&2:#< A (RC1)
MOTOR_B = 1;
// &*;2&2:#< B (RC2)
}
}
else
// $ !"$=#&3( !
{
//
AVERG1 = (VCLEFT + VCRIGHT)/2; // .&>41"#2$$/ solar cell

if((AVERG1<VLEFT)&&(AVERG1<VRIGHT)) // $$3 !"$=#

{
// +.!$/ Solar cell ."0&%12(341

98
MOTOR_A = 0;
MOTOR_B = 0;

// *;2&2:#< A (RC1)
// *;2&2:#< B (RC2)

}
else
// $3 !".%2#$!
{
//
if(AVERG1 > VLEFT)
// $3 !"$ ?
{
// +,! +.! Solar cell .0()*3 !",
MOTOR_B = 0;
// *;2&2:#< B (RC2)
MOTOR_A = 1;
// &*;2&2:#< A (RC1)
}

if(AVERG1 > VRIGHT)

// $3#$ ?
{
// +,! +.! Solar cell .0()*3#,
MOTOR_A = 0;
// *;2&2:#< A (RC1)
MOTOR_B = 1;
// &*;2&2:#< B (RC2)
}

/************************************************************************************/
/* This is function Delay Time
*/
/************************************************************************************/
void delay(void)
{
unsigned int dcnt1;

for(dcnt1=0;dcnt1<2;dcnt1++)
{
}

99

/************************************************************************************/
/* This is function Scan Left Switch and Right Switch
*/
/************************************************************************************/
void scansw(void)
{
if( Timer.F10MS == 1)
{
Timer.F10MS = 0;
SWBUF = PORTE & 0b00000110;
if(SWBUF != 0b00000110)
// ',:?@+,). ?
{
// +,
if( Sw.DBDone == 0)
{
if( Sw.DBFlag == 1)
{
if(SWREG == SWBUF)
{
DBCNT = DBCNT - 1;
if(DBCNT == 0)
{
Sw.DBDone = 1
Sw.Enable = 1
Sw.RELFlag = 1;
RELCNT = TBREL; .
}
}
else
{
Sw.DBFlag = 0;
}
}
else

100
{

Sw.DBFlag = 1;
DBCNT = TBDB;
SWREG = SWBUF;

}
else
{
RELCNT = TBREL;
SWBUF = PORTE & 0b00000110
if(SWREG != SWBUF)
{
MOTOR_A = 0;
// *;#< A #22&2:
MOTOR_B = 0;
// *;#< B #22&2:
}
}

}
else
// ',:)?@
{
if( Sw.RELFlag == 1)
{
RELCNT = RELCNT - 1;
if(RELCNT == 0)
{
Sw.RELFlag = 0;
Sw.DBDone = 0;
Sw.DBFlag = 0;
MOTOR_A = 0;
MOTOR_B = 0;
}
} } }

}
/************************************************************************************/
/* This is function Switch service routine
*/

101

/************************************************************************************/

void swserv(void)
{
if( Sw.Enable == 1)
{
Sw.Enable = 0;
if(SWREG == 0x04)
{
// +.!2&2:.0()*3 !"
MOTOR_B = 0;
// *;#< B #22&2:
MOTOR_A = 1;
// &*;#< A #22&2:
}
else if(SWREG == 0x02)
{
// +.!2&2:.0()*3#
MOTOR_A = 0;
// *;#< A #22&2:
MOTOR_B = 1;
// &*;#< B #22&2:
}
else
{
MOTOR_A = 0;
// *;#< A #22&2:
MOTOR_B = 0;
// *;#< B #22&2:
}
}
}

/************************************************************************************/
/* This is functin Interrupt Service Routine
*/
/************************************************************************************/
void interrupt isr(void)
{
/***** Timer 0 Code *****/

102
if((T0IE)&&(T0IF))
{
T0IF = 0;

if(--T10MS == 0)
{
T10MS = TB10MS;
Timer.F10MS = 1;

if(--T100MS == 0)
{
T100MS = 10;
Timer.F100MS = 1;
} } }}
/************************************************************************************/
/* End of Program
*/

103

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