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CCNA Guide To Cisco Networking Fundamentals: Router Startup and Configuration
CCNA Guide To Cisco Networking Fundamentals: Router Startup and Configuration
Objectives
Describe the steps involved in starting a router Describe and use the Cisco Discovery Protocol Configure IP on the Cisco router Troubleshoot router connectivity problems
Router Startup
In general, the boot process follows these steps:
Test hardware (POST) Load the bootstrap program Locate and load the Cisco IOS Locate and load the router configuration file
POST is a diagnostic test that determines if the hardware is operating correctly During the POST, the bootstrap program, also called the ROM Monitor, checks basic operations of the attached hardware
The ROM Monitor checks the configuration register for instructions regarding how to load the Cisco IOS
CCNA Guide to Cisco Networking Fundamentals, Fourth Edition 5
IP on the Router
To manually configure IP on an interface
You must first change to interface configuration mode Then, you can use the ip address command to configure an IP address for the specific interface
In the event you are configuring a serial interface as a DCE (data communication equipment)
You will also need to add the clockrate [bandwidth in bits per second] command
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IP Connectivity
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Telnet
Telnet
Utility that connects at the highest layer of the OSI model and provides remote access to other devices
Cisco routers allow telnet connections via their virtual terminal ports If you can establish telnet connectivity to a router
It is available on the network and you have connectivity at all layers
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IP Host Names
Sometimes, you cannot gain connectivity because the host name that you are trying to connect with is entered in a table incorrectly To determine the address to name mapping on your router, type:
router#show hosts
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Trace sends multiple ICMP packets with progressively higher time-to-live counters (TTL)
Until the packet reaches the destination
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Indicates that a router received, but did not forward, the ICMP echo request Protocol unreachable Network unreachable Port unreachable Request timed out
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IP Route
If you cannot get connectivity using Ping or Trace, you should check your routing table Issue the show ip route command from the enable mode prompt
To display the routing table
Typically, routing tables are dynamically created when routing protocols are configured on the router
If you want, you can use the ip route command from the global configuration mode
To statically enter routes in the routing table
CCNA Guide to Cisco Networking Fundamentals, Fourth Edition 18
Replies
Serial0/0 is up, line protocol is up Serial0/0 is up, line protocol is down Serial0/0 is up, line protocol is administratively down Serial0/0 is down, line protocol is down
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debug command
One of the most powerful tools you can use to obtain information from your router Tool is only available from privileged EXEC mode Debug has numerous subcommands
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CDP
Cisco Discovery Protocol (CDP)
Cisco proprietary Data Link layer protocol
Shares configuration information between Cisco devices that are connected directly to each other
Using CDP can help you quickly determine the network topology CDP was designed to be a low-overhead protocol
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CDP (continued)
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Cisco IOS
Cisco IOS is usually loaded from flash memory
If the router cannot find the IOS in flash memory, it will look for a copy on a TFTP server If it cannot find one there, it will boot a minimal version of the IOS from ROM
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Configuration Register
Every Cisco router has a 16-bit configuration register, which is stored in NVRAM This register allows you to control several boot functions:
Forcing the system into the bootstrap program Enabling or disabling the console Break function Setting the console terminal baud rate Loading the IOS from ROM Loading the IOS from a TFTP server
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RxBoot Mode
RxBoot mode
A limited version of the IOS
Prompt: router(boot)
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Enable your system to boot an IOS file from the TFTP server
Issue the following command from global configuration mode:
router(config)#boot system tftp somefile.bin
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You will be asked for the source filename, the IP address of the TFTP server, and the destination filename Type erase flash at the privileged EXEC mode prompt
To erase the IOS
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The system will tell you how much memory is used and how much is free If there is not enough memory to hold both the current IOS image and the upgrade
You will have to erase the existing flash memory as previously mentioned
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Summary
When a router boots, it follows a set routine Although a routers boot process can vary, the typical boot process follows a standard sequence If the Cisco IOS is set to load from a TFTP server, but the TFTP server cannot be located, then the IOS will boot from flash memory If the IOS cannot be found in flash memory or on the TFTP server, then a limited version will boot from ROM
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Summary (continued)
If the Cisco IOS is set to load a configuration file from a TFTP server, but the file or server is not available, the configuration file will be loaded from NVRAM The Cisco Discovery Protocol (CDP) shares information between Cisco devices about other local Cisco devices CDP uses broadcasts to update neighbors every 60 seconds by default Devices share information about their interface configurations and connections to other devices
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Summary (continued)
You can verify router connectivity to other systems by using telnet to determine if there is Application layer connectivity If you cannot get connectivity at the Application layer, try Trace and Ping One of the most important troubleshooting commands is the show interfaces command Ciscos Security Device Manager (SDM) is a Webbased tool designed to help you configure Cisco routers
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