Math 307- Summer 2004

Basic Formulas

Algebra b b2 Completing the square: X 2 + bX + c = (X + )2 + c. 2 4 b b2 4ac Quadratic formula: roots of aX 2 + bX + c are . 2a ab bc b c bc 1/b b Exponents: ab ac = ab+c ; = a ; ( a ) = a ; a = a. ac Geometry 4 Circle: circumference = 2r; area = r2 . Sphere: vol = r3 ; surface area = 4r2 . 3 2 Cylinder: vol = r h; lateral area = 2rh; total surface area = 2rh + 2r2 . 1 Cone: vol = r2 h; lateral area = r r2 + h2 ; total surface area = r r2 + h2 + r2 . 3 Analytic geometry Point-slope formula for straight line: y = y0 + m(x x0 ). Circle centered at (h, k ): (x h)2 + (y k )2 = r2 . Ellipse with semimajor axis along x-axis and semiminor axis along y -axis: x2 y 2 + 2 = 1. a2 b

Trigonometry opposite adjacent opposite ; cos = ; tan = ; hypotenuse hypotenuse adjacent 1 1 1 sin cos sec = ; csc = ; cot = ; tan = ; cot = ; cos sin tan cos sin sin x = cos x ; cos x = sin x ; 2 2 sin(x + ) = sin x; cos(x + ) = cos x. a b c Law of sines: = = . Law of cosines: a2 = b2 + c2 2bc cos A. sin A sin B sin C Sum of angles: sin(x + y ) = sin x cos y + cos x sin y ; cos(x + y ) = cos x cos y sin x sin y ; tan x + tan y tan(x + y ) = 1 tan x tan y sin = sin2 and cos2 formulas: sin2 x + cos2 x = 1; tan2 x + 1 = sec2 x; 1 + cot2 x = csc2 x ; 1 cos(2x) 1 + cos(2x) ; cos2 x = . 2 2 x+y yx Product formula: cos x cos y = 2 sin sin . 2 2 sin2 x =

Calculus. Basic dierentiation formulae: du dv d dv du d (u + v ) = + , (uv ) = u +v . dx dx dx dx dx dx d u 1 du dv = 2 v u , for v = 0. dx v v dx dx

Chain rule:

dz dy dz = . dx dy dx Fundamental Theorem of Calculus:

b

if F (x) = f (x) then

a

f (x)dx = F (b) F (a) and d dx

g ( x)

f (x)dx = F (x) + C

Dierentiation of limits of integral: Derivatives of specic functions:

h(u) du = h (g (x)) g (x) h (f (x)) f (x)

f (x)

dxn dex dln|x| 1 = nxn1 ; = ex ; = ; dx dx dx x d sin x d cos x d tan x = cos x; = sin x; = sec2 x; dx dx dx dArcsin x 1 dArctan x 1 = ; = . 2 dx dx 1 + x2 1x (u + v ) dx = u dx + v dx; au dx = a u dx;

Basic integration formulae: Substitution:

f (u(x)) u (x) dx = F (u(x)) , where u dv = uv v du;

f (u)du = F (u);

Integration by parts: Standard integrals: xn dx =

xn+1 + C (n = 1); n+1

dx = ln |x| + C ; x

ex dx = ex + C ; tan x dx = ln | cos x| + C ;

sin x dx = cos x + C ;

cos x dx = sin x + C ;

dx xdx = Arcsin x + C ; = 1 x2 + C ; 1 x2 1 x2 x dx 1 dx = Arctan x + C ; = ln(1 + x2 ) + C 1 + x2 1 + x2 2 Rational with quadratic denominator: If the degree of the numerator is not smaller than the degree of the denominator, divide. If the denominator does not factor use above two integrals and substitution. If the denominator does factor, then write ax + b A B = + which is the same as: ax + b = A(x d) + B (x c) (x c)(x d) xc xd Set x=c then x=d to nd A and B, given a and b.