1. The document discusses different types of quotas used to ensure representation of women in government.
2. It describes constitutional quotas that reserve a certain number of seats for women, election law quotas that require a minimum number of women on party lists, and political party quotas within parties.
3. The document analyzes quota systems used in countries like France, Argentina, and South Africa to increase the number of women in their national legislatures.
1. The document discusses different types of quotas used to ensure representation of women in government.
2. It describes constitutional quotas that reserve a certain number of seats for women, election law quotas that require a minimum number of women on party lists, and political party quotas within parties.
3. The document analyzes quota systems used in countries like France, Argentina, and South Africa to increase the number of women in their national legislatures.
1. The document discusses different types of quotas used to ensure representation of women in government.
2. It describes constitutional quotas that reserve a certain number of seats for women, election law quotas that require a minimum number of women on party lists, and political party quotas within parties.
3. The document analyzes quota systems used in countries like France, Argentina, and South Africa to increase the number of women in their national legislatures.
1. The document discusses different types of quotas used to ensure representation of women in government.
2. It describes constitutional quotas that reserve a certain number of seats for women, election law quotas that require a minimum number of women on party lists, and political party quotas within parties.
3. The document analyzes quota systems used in countries like France, Argentina, and South Africa to increase the number of women in their national legislatures.
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wrf;jzifh ud, k pf m;ðyonfph epf (Quo orD;rsm;udk cGw J rf;jzifh owfrw S af y; od@k aomf &0rf'g (Rwanda)/ qD'G if -ta) onf ‚if;wd@k ukd Eki d if aH &;tcef; jcif;[lI awG@&onf? (Sweden)/ aumhpw f m&Dum (Cost u¾twGi;f wd;k aygu0f ifa&muf urBmay:±Sd Edik if aH ygi;f 92 -a Rica)/ awmiftmz&du (South Edkifapa&;twGuf ausmaxmuf EdkifiHwGif trsKd;orD;rsm; EdkifiHa&; Africa) EdkifiHrsm;wGif cGJwrf;jzifh aemufcHay;rnfh a'gufwdkifwck wGiyf g0ifrE_ e_ ;f jrifrh m;vmap&ef cGJ ud, k pf m;ðypepf (Quota) udk usio hf ;kH (enf;pepfwck) jzpfonft h jyif t wrf;jzifh ud, k pf m;ðypHepf (Quota) onfqakd omfvnf; tqifh 3 qifh rsK;d orD;rsm;udk Edik if aH &;avmuwGif udk usio hf ;kH aeonfukd awG@&onf? vH;k wGif usio hf ;kH onfukd rawG@&ay? oauFwwcktjzpf Aef;jyoabm awmiftar&du Edik if rH sm;jzpfonfh tqdyk gEikd if rH sm;. cGw J rf; om toHk;cscH&onfhtjzpfrsKd; r tm*siw f ;D em; (Argentina)/ aumh jzifh ud, k pf m;ðypHepf (Quota) usihf oufa&mufap&eftwGuf aocsm pfwm&Dum(Costa Rica)/ *ef,m oH;k yHu k kd wzufpmrsuEf mS yg Z,m; atmif vkyaf y;xm;onfh pepf[k em (Guyana) ESiOhf a&mywGif =op wGif avhvm=unfEh ikd o f nf? vnf; qdEk ikd yf gonf? a=w;vsm; (Austria)/ *smreD (Germ trsK;d orD;rsm;twGuf cJG trsK;d orD;rsm;twGuf cGJ a ny)/ tdi k pf vef (Iceland)/ e,f wrf;pepf (Quota) onf tm;vH;k t wrf;jzifh ud, k pf m;ðyonfph eH pf (Quo omvef (Netherlands)/ tm±SwiG f wGuf wlnaD om tcGit hf vrf;rsm; -ta) udk ydi k ;f jcm;=unfv h #if tqifh xdik 0f rf (Taiwan) ESihf tmz&duwGif qdo k nfph Of;rsO;f udk qef@usio f nf[k oH;k qifjh zifh awG@Eikd o f nf? rdZk rfbpfcf (Mozambique) ESihf &0rf vnf; tcsKŒd ujrifEikd o f nf? tcsKŒd u 1? Constitutional Quota zG@J pnf; 'g (Rwanda) ponfh Edik if rH sm;jzpf vnf; Tpepfonf t&nftcsi;f tkycf sKyfykH tajccHOya'wGif trsK;d onf? vuf±dS 13 Edik if rH mS (Quota) a=umifrh [kwyf J “trsK;d orD;” qdw k hJ orD;rsm;tm; &mcdik Ef e_ ;f jzifh yg0ifEikd f pepfukd jyXmef;Edik &f ef óud;yrf;aeqJ vdiv f uQ%ma=umifo h m Edik if aH &; cGifhtwGuf jyXmef;jcif;jzifh v$wf jzpfonf? ‚if;wd@k rmS ta±SŒ'Darm orm;jzpfvmrnf/ xd@k jyif wu,f awmfwiG f trsK;d orD;rsm; cGw J rf;jzifh (East Timore) ESihf qD;&D;,m;vD,kd t&nftcsi;f ±So d nfh Ekid if aH &;orm; yg0ifEikd &f ef óu;d pm;jcif;? (Sierra Leone) ponfh Edik if rH sm;jzpf rsm;udrk l ab;z,fweG ;f xkwv f u kd o f 2? Election Law Quota a±G ; onf? vdjk zpfomG ;rnf[v k nf; tjiif;yGm; aumuf wifajrmufrq _ ikd &f mOya' ‚if;wd@k xw J iG f tcsK@d Eikd if H =uonf? Y cGw J rf;jzifh trsK;d orD;rsm;udk 0if rsm;rSm trsKd;orD;rsm;twGuf cGJ tcsK@d trsK;d orD;rsm;ud, k f a&mufa±G;cs,cf cH iG &hf Edik rf nfh Oya' wrf;t&ud, k pf m;ðyonfph epf t wdik u f vnf; ‚if;wd@k twGuf “t rsm;udk jyXmef;ay;jcif;? qifo h ;kH qifph vH;k udk usio hf ;kH aeonf rsK;d orD;jzpfI” qdo k nfh *k%yf 'k w f 3? Political Party Quota Edik if aH &; udk avhvmawG@±&dS onf? tqdyk gEikd f ckwnf;a=umifah wmh a±G;aumufr ygwDrsm;wGif ‚if;wdk@. udk,fpm; iHrsm;rSm jyifopf (France)/ zdvpfyikd f cHv[ kd k qd=k uonf? xd@k jyif &mcdik f 41
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E_e;f jzifh cGw J rf;csowfrw S v f u kd jf cif; ,cifuxm;±Scd o hJ nfh &mcdik Ef e_ ;f §cGJ wGuf vdt k yfonfh pepfjzpfonft h onf trsK;d orD;rsm;udk wqifch sErdS hf wrf;pepfukd qufxm;oifrh xm; jyif Edik if wH umudk avhvm=unfh csvu kd o f vdk jzpfomG ;Edik o f nf od@k r oifh jyefvnfpOf;pm;&efrmS 'kw, d v#if Tpepfukd toH;k ðyae=uonf [kwf uef@owfra_ bmiftwGi;f od@k tqifjh zpfonf? xd@k a=umifh tcsKŒd udk xifxif±mS ;±Sm; awG@jrif&ayvdrhf wGe;f yd@k vu kd of vdk jzpfomG ;Edik o f nf? aom zG@J pnf;tkycf sKyyf kH tajccHOya' rnf? jrefrmEkdifiHwGif 1990 a±G; trSefwu,fwGif trsKd;orD;rsm; udk a&;qGaJ eolrsm;taejzifh aemif aumufyw JG iG f trwf 485 ae&m onf t&nftcsi;f jynf0h v#if xdk vmrnfu h pd u P kd ylyefaernft h pm; wGif trsK;d orD; 15 OD;om a±G;cs,cf H owfrw S x f m;onfh &mcdik Ef e_ ;f u t vufawG@usonfh trsK;d orD;rsm; cJh&onfudk=unfhv#if cGJwrf;pepf rsK;d orD;rsm;. Edik if aH &;wGiyf g0ifru _ kd twGuf cGw J rf;pepfut kd &if jyXmef; onf jrefrmhtrsK;d orD;rsm;twGuf uef@owfvdkufrnfvm;[kvnf; Edik af &;twGuf pOf;pm;oifo h nf? t zefw;D ay;&ef trSew f u,fvt kd yf tjiif;yGm;=uonf? wbufu pOf; rSew f iG f trsK;d orD;rsm;twGuf cGJ aeayonf?vuf±EdS ikd if t H csKŒd wGif t pm;v#if trsKd;orD;rsm; vwfw wrf;pepfonf jrefrmhEikd if aH &; tzG@J rsKd;orD;rsm;twGuf cGJwrf;pepf avm ta±G;cs,cf cH iG &hf &ef zefw;D ay; tpnf;rsm;wGirf u Edik if w H umu (Quota) udk jyXmef;usio hf ;kH onfh & zdk@u yxrtqifhjzpf+yD; jyXmef; yg ±_yaf xG;eufeo J nfh ta=umif;t v'ftaejzifh trsK;d orD;rsm;Edik if aH &; xm;onfh &mcdik Ef e_ ;f §cGw J rf;xufykd &mwcktjzpf vufcx H m;onf? od@k wGif yg0ifrE_ e_ ;f udk avhvmazmfjy aom t&nftcsi;f ±So d nfh trsK;d o aomfvnf; trsK;d orD;rsm;. Edik if H xm;ygonf? rD;rsm; ay:xGuv f monft h csed w f iG f a&;tcef;u¾udk jr‡ifhwif&eft
ed*Hk;csKyftaejzifh jrefrm udkvnf; xnfhoGif;avhvm&ef a&;udk wòyid w
f nf;pOf;pm; jcif;onf Edik if t H aejzifh tem*wfwiG f Edik if H vdtk yfonf[k jrifro d nf? 'Drukd a& rSm;,Gi;f onf[k rnfou l rSrqdk awmfopfudk wnfaqmuf&eft pDa&;yxr/ trsK;d orD; tcGit hf a&; xm;yg? tem*wfjrefrmEdkifiH t wGuf EdkifiHwumrS tawG@tóuH u 'kw, d [k ajymaeol trsK;d om; wGuf zG@J pnf;yHt k ajccHOya'a&;qGJ rsm;udak vhvmI oifcef;pm,l&m acgi;f aqmifrsm; ±Sad e onfth wGuf &mwGif trsKd;orD;rsm;. tcef; wGif tqdyk gEikd if rH sm;rS trsK;d orD; ,ckuJhodk@ axmufjy&jcif;jzpfyg u¾udk txl;pOf;pm;csuf wckt rsm;. Edik if aH &; tcef;u¾udk jr‡ihf onf? trsK;d orD;rsm;ta&;udk csef aejzifh xnfo h iG ;f oGm;rnf[k ar#mf wifatmif rnfuJhodk@vkyfaqmif vSyfrxm;oifhyg? 'Drdkua&pDa&;/ vifyh gonf? Õ cJo h nfqo kd nfh tawG@tóuHrsm; vl@tcGit hf a&;/ trsK;d orD;tcGit hf 44