interkulturuli ganaTleba

Sesavali
aRniSnuli broSuris mizania, maswavleblebs miawodos zogadi informacia
interkulturuli ganaTlebis da misi efeqturi gamoyenebis Sesaxeb saswavlo procesSi.
aRniSnuli Tavis gacnobis Sedegad maswavlebeli:
- gaecnoba cneba kulturas da mis rols swavla-swavlebis procesSi;
- gaecnoba interkulturuli ganaTlebis arss;
- sxvaobas interkulturul da multikulturul ganaTlebas Soris;
- saqarTvelos konteqsts da interkulturuli ganaTlebis mniSvnelobas saqarTvelos
saganmanaTleblo sistemisTvis;
- saqarTveloSi arsebul mravalferovnebas, mis dadebiT mxareebs da
upiratesobebs swavlebis procesisTvis;
- interkulturuli ganaTlebis praqtikul sakiTxebs, strategiebs da rekomendaciebs
swavlebis procesSi “kulturulad adekvaturi pedagogikis” dasamkvidreblad.
- interkulturuli kompetenciebis ganviTarebis modelebs, romlebic gamoiyeneba
saswavlo procesSi.

interkulturuli ganaTleba umniSvnelovanesia 21-e saukuneSi. interkulturuli

sensitiuroba ar aris adamianuri cxovrebis “bunebrivi” procesi. interkulturuli
sensitiuroba ar gaxlavT ganuyofeli nawili adamianis ganviTarebis istoriuli procesebisa.
kulturaTaSoris kontaqts istoriul WrilSi Tan sdevda sisxlisRvra, represia, eTnikuri
wmenda da genocidi. interkulturuli ganaTleba gaxlavT instrumenti, romlis meSveobiTac
SesaZlebelia Seicvalos adamianTa kulturaTaSorisi urTierTobebis zemoT miTiTebuli
uaryofiTi “bunebrivi” qmedebani.

kultura da swavla-swavlebis procesi

kultura
mniSvnelovania rom Tavad termini kultura da masaTan dakavSirebuli swavla-
swavlebis Tematikis ganxilva iwvevs debatebs, rameTu am termins yvela Taviseburad
aRiqvams da maTi msjelobac aqeidan gamomdinareobs. Sesabamisad mniSvnelovnad
migvaCnia SevexoT kulturisa da swavlis procesis sakiTxebs.
Kkulturas swavlobs araerTi samecniero disciplina, kerZod, anTropologia,
sociologia, ganaTlebis mecnierebebi, fsiqologia, biznes-ekonomika da samxedro
mecnierebebic ki. Tuki yvela am samecniero dargs gadavxedavT, termin “kulturis”
asobiT gansxvavebuli ganmarteba Segvxvdeba, Tumca, ra Tqma unda, yvela es
ganmarteba ar aris adekvaturi swavla-swavlebis procesisa da kulturis dasakavSireblad.
Tumca, yvela am ganmartebas aqvs erTi saerTo, rom “kultura aris adamianis meir
Seqmnili garemo”. kultura gamoxatavs adamianis fiqrebs, ideebs, interaqciis
maxasiaTeblebs.
kuni aRniSnavs, rom “kultura aris socialuri qmedebebis, rwmenis, xelovnebis,
institutebis mTlianoba, romelsac aqvs transmisiuri xasiaTi, Seqmnilia adamianTa
garkveuli jgufis Sromisa da fiqris Sedegad. kulturis mTavari Semadgeneli elementebi
aris geografiuli situacia, eTnikuri kuTvnileba, ena, religia da istoria”.
termin kulturasTan dakavSirebulia araerTi sxva termini, romelic gvxvdeba
yoveldRiuri komunikaciis dros, magaliTad, subkultura, mikrokultura, eTnikuri
jgufebi, umciresobebi, multikulturuli ganaTleba da sxva. terminebis
gasaazreblad da ganmartebisTvis SegiZliaT isargebloT broSuris boloSi arsebuli
ganmartebiTi leqsikoniT.
rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, termin “kulturis” araerTi ganmarteba arsebobs,
romelTac gaaCniaT saerTo maxasiaTeblebi. Aterminis analizisas ZiriTadad sami
mniSvnelovani saerTo maxasiaTebeli ikveTeba: 1) kultura aris adamianis mier Seqmnili;
2) kultura arias gaziarebuli adamianTa jgufis mier; 3) kultura aris rogorc obieqturi,
agreTve subieqturi;
ganvixiloT cal-calke es saerTo maxasiaTeblebi, raTa ufro Rrmad CavwvdeT
kulturis arss.

1) kultura Seqmnilia adamianTa mier

cxovelebisgan gansxvavebiT adamianebi ar arian biologiurad programirebuli,
raTa maT avtomaturad icodnen, rogor unda SeZlon garemos utilizacia, sakvebisa da
TavSesafris mopoveba da a.S. anu adamianebs ar SeuZliaT gadarCnen sxva
adamianebis gareSe, romlebic zrunaven maTze da aswavlian maT. Sesabamisad,
adamianebma unda miagnon efeqtur gzebs rogorc erTmaneTTan, aseve garemosTan
interaqciisTvis. adamianebma unda iswavlon, rogor SeiZinon codna, maT Soris
cxovrebis wesebi, rac maT miscems gadarCenis saSualebas. swored es codna
(warmoqmnili ojaxSi, samezobloSi, literaturaSi, xelovnebaSi, klasSi) da am codnis arss
ewodeba kultura.
kultura, Cveulebriv, aris adamianis fizikuri Tu gonebrivi zemoqmedebis Sedegad
Seqmnili materia, anu yvelaferi is, rac bunebrivad ar xdeba cxovrebaSi. magaliTisaTvis,
zRvaze an okeaneSi arc wyali da arc horizonti ar aris kultura, aramed aris bunebrivi
mdgomareoba, Tumca, Tu rogor aris mowyobili am zRvis sanapiro - es ukve kulturis
nawilia da am kulturisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebiT xdeba sanapiros mowyoba.
magaliTad, amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi, maiamiSi sanapiroze aSenebulia uamravi
sastumro, gasarTobi kompleqsebi, saseirno bilikebi da marinadebi. msgavsi tipis
sanapiro sxva kulturis mqone xalxis mier SesaZlebelia Seracxuliyo wminda adgilad,
sadac adamianis Careva arsebul bunebriv garemoSi minimaluri iqneboda.
Mamerikis SeerTebuli StatebSi arsebuli maimis sanapiro miuTiTebs amerikeli
xalxis codnas, damokidebulebas da Rirebulebebs bunebrivi garemos mimarT, Tumca
msgavsi damokidebuleba ar iyo amerikis Seqmnis pirvel wlebSi da maSin miiCneoda,
rom adamiani bunebis ganuyofeli nawilia da vinaidan adamiani cxovrobs bunebis
SigniT da ara gareT, adamiani ar unda Caerios arsebul bunebriv garemoSi.
es magaliTi miuTiTebs, rom sxvadasxva sociokulturuli jgufi aRiqvams samyaros
sxavadsxvanairad, amasTanave, xazs usvams, rom kulturuli rwmenebi da
damokidebulebebi erTi da imave sociokulturul jgufis SigniT droTa ganmavlobaSi
SeiZleba da unda Seicvalos.

2) kultura aris gaziarebuli adamianTa garkveuli jgufis mier

kultura yalibdeba adamianTa socialuri urTierTobebis Sedegad. kulturuli ideebi da
gaazreba yalibdeba, roca garkveuli jgufi iziarebs erTmaneTis codnas,
damokidebulebebs, Rirebulebebsa da rwmenas. ufro metic: adamianTa es jgufi
ayalibebs RirebulebaTa ierarqias, romeli Rirebuleba ufro Zvirfasia maTTvis, Tumca
RirebulebaTa es ierarqiac SesaZlebelia Seicvalos droTa ganmavlobaSi. aRsaniSnavia,
rom gaziarebuli kulturuli identoba gadaecema erTi Taobidan Semdgom Taobas.

3) kultura aris rogorc obieqturi, aseve subieqturi

kultura Sedgeba ori komponentisagan: (a) obieqturi elementebi da (b) subieqturi
elementebi (triandisi, 1972). obieqturi kulturis komponentebi moicavs jgufisaTvis
damaxasiaTebel vizualurad da materialurad xelSesaxeb elementebs, magaliTad, enas,
romelzec laparakoben, tradiciebsa da ritualebs, romelTac icaven, tansacmels, romelsac
atareben, saWmels, romelsac miirTmeven da a.S. yvela es elementi advilad
SesamCnevia da am elemenetebis aRmoCena Tanabrad SesaZlebelia yvelasaTvis.
swored obieqturi kulturis elementebi igulisxmeba xSirad, rodesac saubaria kulturul
gansxvavebebze. subieqturi kulturis komponentebi aris vizualurad da materialurad
SeumCneveli kulturis aspeqtebi, kerZod, damokidebulebebi, Rirebulebebi, qcevis
wesebi da normebi, swavlis stili, socialuri rolebis ierarqia da a.S.
 subieqturi da obieqturi kulturis analizisas kulturas xSirad adareben aisbergs.
aisbergis mxolod 10%-is danaxvaa SesaZlebeli wylis zedapirze, xolo 90 %-i aisbergisa
damalulia wyals qveviT da Sesabamisad es 90% warmoadgebs safrTxes gemis
kapitnisTvis, romelic marTavs gems wyalSi. aisbergis msgavsad kulturis yvelaze
Sinaarsobrivi (da potenciurad safrTxis Semcveli) nawili aris SeumCneveli da Znelad
aRsaqmeli anu warmoadgens subieqtur kulturas. swored kulturis subieqturi aspeqtebia,
romelic warmoqmnis xSirad interkulturul gaugebrobebs da razec unda moxdes
fokusireba multikulturuli Tu interkulturuli ganaTlebis dros.

kultura da swavla-swavlebis procesi

adamianebi individualurad axdenen sakuTari Tavis kulturul identifikacias.
dadgenilia kulturuli identobis Tormeti wyaro, romelic gavlenas axdens swavla swavlebis
procesze (ix. sqema).

kuSneri,
makklilandi,
safordi, 2006,
gv. 70
am Tormet wyaros gaaCnia, ra Tqma unda, gadakveTis wertilebi. arsebiTia, rom
individis kulturuli identoba (Rirebulebebi, rwmena, codna, unarebi, damokidebulebebi)
yalibdeba am Tormeti wyaros mimarTebiT arsebuli gamocdilebiT. Eam gamocdilebis
SeZena ki xdeba individis urTierTobiT socializaciis iseT agentebTan, rogoricaa ojaxi,
eklesia, samuSao adgili, skola, mediasaSualebebi da a.S. (ix. sqema). swored
socializaciis am agentebis meSveobiT iZens individi kulturul codnas.

kuSneri, makklilandi, safordi, 2006, gv. 76

kulturuli codnis dagroveba: socializaciis agentebi
rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, kulturuli identobis formireba xdeba socializaciis procesis
Sedegad socializaciis agentebis meSveobiT. zemoTmoyvanil sqemaSi naTlad Cans, Tu
rogor xdeba kulturuli codnis filtracia socializaciis sxvadasxva agentis meSveobiT
individis gamocdilebis Sesabamisad. miuxedavad imisa, rom kulturuli identobis
wyaroebi (ena, religia, eTnikuri warmomavloba) aris universaluri wyaroebi da
damaxasiaTebeli nebismieri kulturisTvis, socializaciis agentebi (ojaxi, skola, eklesia,
media) romelTa meSveobiTac individs gadaecema kulturuli wyaro, mkveTrad
gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan sxvadasxva kulturaSi. Sesabamisad, sxvadasxva
sazogadoebaSi individebs uviTardebaT gansxvavebuli msoflmxedveloba.
aRniSnuli msjelobisas, albaT mniSvnelovania, ganvsazRvroT, ras niSnavs
socializacia da ra etapebs moicavs is. socializacia aris procesi, romlis meSveobiTac
individi eufleba ama Tu im konkretuli jgufisaTvis misaReb normebs. es normebi
SeiZleba moicavdes enis dauflebas, socialuri rolebis codnas da am rolebis Sesabamis
qmedebas, fizikuri da socialuri garemos aspeqtebis specifikur aRqmas da gaazrebas.
socializaciis procesi ki sam etapad iyofa: 1) pirveladi socializacia, romelic gulisxmobs
patara bavSvebis aRzrdas ojaxis an nebismier momvlelis mier; 2) meoradi socializacia,
romelic moicavs procesSi iseTi agentebis CarTvas, rogoricaa skola, samezoblo,
TanatolTa wre, televizia, eklesia da a.S. 3) zrdasrulTa socializacia, romelic gulisxmobs
zrdasruli adamianis axal socialur rolebTan Tu situaciasTan adaptacias, risTvisac is ar
momzadebula dawyebiTi da Sualeduri socializaciis procesis dros. aseTi tipis
socializacias ganekuTvneba, magaliTad, qorwineba, mSobloba, sacxovreblad sxva
qveyanaSi gadasvla, axal samuSaoze gadasvla da a.S.

socializaciis procesis limitebi

aRsaniSnavia, rom socializaciis process gaaCnia sakuTari limitebi. am limitebis
Soris gamoyofen sam mniSvnelovan SezRudvas, romelTa codnac Zalian
mniSvnelovania pedagogTaTvis: 1) socializaciis procesi SezRudulia bavSvis fizikuri da
biologiuri organizmis TaviseburebebiT. magaliTad, yvela axalSobili advilad eufleba enas,
Tumca enis daufleba problemaa smenadaqveiTebulisTvis. individs Tu ar gaaCnia
musikaluri smena, musikis meSveobiT socializaciis pirobebSic ki da mudmivad
musikaSi mecadineobiT is verafriT ver gaxdeba operis momRerali; 2) socializaciis
procesi aris dausrulebeli procesi da is arasdros ar mTavrdeba, anu adamiani mTeli
cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi imyofeba socializaciis procesSi. Sesabamisad, Tu bavSvis
socializacia moxda da is daeufla garkveul codnas, Tvisebebs Tu maxasiaTeblebs (ena,
situaciis Sesabamisi qmedeba, socialuri rolis gaazreba) es imas ar niSnavs, rom is
veRar SeiZens sxva damatebiT codnas, Tvisebebs da maxasiaTeblebs; 3) individebi ar
arian pasiuri mimRebi socializaciis procesis, isini aqtiurad zemoqmedeben TviTon am
procesze. individi iRebs an ar iRebs arsebul normas, interpretacias ukeTebs arsebul
normas, qmnis axal normebs sxvadasxva situaciidan gamomdinare. A
socializaciis samive es limiti gaxlavT resursi pedagogis xelSi, Tumca, rogorc diui
aRniSnavs, yvelaze efeqturia swavla maSin, rodesac igi iwyeba im codnidan, rac
bavSvs ukve gaaCnia. Sesabamisad, maswavleblisTvis mniSvnelovania icodes ara
mxolod kulturuli socializaciis zogadi aspeqtebi, aramed unda icnobdes TiToeuli
moswavlis kulturul maxasiaTeblebs, romlis farglebSic xdeboda maTi socializacia.
K
kulturuli sxvaobebis gaazreba
kulturuli codnis dagrovebis procesis ufro kargad aRsaqmelad gTavazobT sqemas,
sadac Sejamebulia es procesi da kidev erTxel aris xazi gasmuli am procesis
kompleqsurobaze, gansakuTrebiT multikulturul sazogadoebebSi.
kuSneri, makklilandi, safordi, 2006, gv. 85
rogorc sqemebidan Cans, kulturuli wyaroebi socializaciis sxvadasxva agentebis
meSveobiT ayalibeben individis kulturul identobas. mniSvnelovania, maswavleblebs
axsovdeT, rom kulturuli identoba mkveTrad gansxvavebulia rogorc sxvadasxva kulturis
urTierTmimarTebiT, agreTve erTi da imave kulturis SigniTac. Aam kulturulma
gansxvavebebma SeiZleba warmoSvas garkveuli gaugebroba an konfliqti skolasa Tu
klasSi swavlebis procesSi. am broSuris daniSnulebaa zogadi warmodgena SegiqmnaT
interkulturul ganaTlebis Sesaxeb, romelic xels Seuwyobs, erTi mxriv, gaugebrobebis
aRmofxvras da acilebas da, meore mxriv, SesaZlebels gaxdis, rom kulturuli sxvaobebi
klasSi pedagogma gamoiyenos, rogorc pozitivi da resursi ufro efeqturi saswavlo
garemos Sesaqmnelad. am broSuris mizania, maswavleblebma daiwyon garkveuli
sakiTxebis axleburad gaazreba da analizi da, Sesabamisad, gaxdnen yvela moswavlis
maswavlebeli da ara mxolod im moswavleTa maswavleblebi, romlebic ufro axlos
dganan maT kulturul identobasTan.

interkulturuli ganaTleba/interkulturuli ganaTlebis mizani

interkulturuli ganaTlebis mizans, sazogadod, warmoadgens rogorc
umravlesobis, aseve umciresobebis mozardTa warmatebuli integracia Tanamedrove
polieTnikur sazogadoebaSi da Camoyalibeba interkulturuli pirovnebisa, romelic iqneba
adekvaturi polikulturuli garemos pirobebSi. interkulturuli aRzrda mowodebulia
Camouyalibos Semswavlelebs msoflxedva da qceva, romelic daeyrdnoba humanurobis,
pasuxismgeblobis, solidarobis, urTierTgagebis, demokratiisa da tolerantobis principebs.
termini „kulturaTSorisi swavleba“ sxvadasxvagvarad ganimarteba. pirdapiri
gagebiT - igi sxva kulturasTan urTierTobisas warmoadgens codnis, Sexedulebebis da
qcevis Camoyalibebis individualur process. Tumca, ufro xSirad, kulturaTSorisi swavleba
ufro farTo konteqstSi ganixileba da aRniSnavs cnebas, romlis mixedviTac sxvadasxva
warmomavlobisa da kulturuli Rirebulebebis mqone adamianebi Tanacxovroben
mSvidobianad.
interkulturuli principebi moiTxovs kulturuli sxvaobebis aRiarebas, maT
pativiscemas, tolerantobas, sxvadasxva kulturis warmomadgenlebisTvis Tanabari
SesaZleblobebis micemas, diskriminaciis aRmofxvras. kulturaTSorisi urTierToba
gulisxmobs imis dafiqsirebas, rom sxvadasxva kulturis warmomadgenlebi erTmaneTs
hgvanan da gansxvavdebian kidec erTmaneTisgan.
interkulturuli swavlebis mTavari mizania moswavleebs da maT garSemo myof
adamianebs Soris urTierTobebis xelSewyoba. interkulturuli swavlebis arsebiTi
principebia:
• zogadsakacobrio faseulobebis (pluralizmi, tolerantoba, demokratia)
SeTviseba-aRiareba;
• kulturuli TviTidentobis aRqmisaTvis pirobebis Seqmna - umciresobebis
mier sakuTari kulturuli Strixebis SenarCuneba;
• yvela kulturis Tanabrad dafaseba, kulturuli dialogisTvis garemos Seqmna;
• warmatebis misaRwevad umravlesobis da umciresobebisTvis
mxardaWeris identurad uzrunvelyofa: mozardisTvis sakuTari cxovrebiseuli
problemebis gadaWraSi daxmareba.
interkulturul ganaTlebas gaaCnia ori gamoxatuli maxasiaTebeli: 1) es aris
ganaTleba, romelic aRiarebs, pativs scems da aRniSnavs adamianuri cxovrebis yvela
sferoSi mravalferovnebis arsebobas, rogorc normas; 2) es aris ganaTleba, romelic xels
uwyobs Tanasworobas da adamianis uflebebs, ewinaaRmdegeba usamarTlo
diskriminacias da xels uwyobs iseTi Rirebulebebis ganviTarebas, romlebzec SesaZlebeli
iqneba Tanasworobis cxovrebis wesis ageba.
aRsaniSnavia, rom mniSvnelovani gansxvavebaa terminebs “interkulturuli
ganaTleba” da “multikulturuli ganaTleba”. Ees ori termini xSirad erTi da imave
mniSvnelobiT gamoiyeneba xolme, Tumca Tanamedrove ganaTlebis mecnierebebis
literaturaSi mkveTri gansxvavebaa dafiqsirebuli. erT-erTi yvelaze martivi da mkafio
gamijvna am or termins Soris ekuTvnis kamileris (1992), romelic aRniSnavs, rom
“multikulturuli” aris aRweriTi termini, romelic ubralod afiqsirebs pluralizmis arsebobas
da sxvadasxva kulturis matarebeli xalxis faqtiur Tanacxovrebas, xolo termini
“interkulturuli” asaxavs arsebul interaqcias gansxvavebuli kulturis mqone xalxs Soris.
ganaTlebis sistema unda iRebdes mxedvelobaSi sazogadoebis multikulturul
maxasiaTeblebs da xels unda uwyobdes mSvidobian Tanaarsebobas da pozitiur
interaqcias sxvadasxva kulturul jgufs Soris. “multikulturuli ganaTleba” emsaxureba
swavlebas sxvadasxva kulturebis Sesaxeb, raTa miRweul iqnes “mimRebloba” an, sul
mcire, “tolerantoba” gansxvavebuli kulturis mimarT. xolo “interkulturuli ganaTleba”
scildeba sxvadasxva kulturaTa pasiuri Tanacxovrebis miRwevis amocanas da miznad
isaxavs Seqmnas mdgradi winapiroba, rom multikulturuli sazogadoebis Tanacxovreba
daefuZnos urTierTgagebis, pativiscemisa da dialogis principebs.

mravalferovnebis dadebiTi mxareebi swavlebis procesSi

aRsaniSnavia, rom mravalferovneba, warmoadgens resurss efeqturi saswavlo
procesis warmarTvis da dRevandeli realobis gaTvaliswinebiT multikulturul
sazogadoebaSi cxovrebisTvis momzadebuli moqalaqis Camosayalibeblad.
aRsaniSnavia, rom warsulSi maswavlebelTa momzadebi programebSi mravalferovneba
iyo aRqmuli negatiur konteqstSi im dros gavrcelebuli Teoriebidan gamomdinare da
efuZneboda mosazrebas, rom mravalferovneba aris problema, romlisgan unda
gaTavisuflde. midgoma, rom gansxvavebuli kulturuli jgufis moswavleebs gaaCniaT
gansxvavebuli gamocdileba da xedva, rac sasargebloa dominanti kulturuli jgufis
moswavleebisTvisac ar hqonda farTo mxardaWera.
Tumca globalizaciis procesma da saWiroebam rom moswavleebi unda
moemzadon pluralisturi da mravalferovan msoflioSi sacxovreblad da unda imuSaon
mravalferovan garemoSi radikalurad Secvala midgomebi mravalferovnebisadmi da misi
gamoyenebisadmi interkulturuli ganaTlebis gziT.
mravalferovnebis saganmanaTleblo paradigma xazs usvams, rom
mravalferovneba ganaTlebaSi sasargebloa yvela moswavlisTvis, rogorc umravlesobis
kulturis aseve umciresobis kulturuli jgufis moswavleTaTvis. mravalferovneba qmnis
ukeTes saswavlo garemos. swored es mosazrebaa yvelaze mkafio argumenti
interkulturuli ganaTlebis mxardasaWerad. patricia gurini aRniSnavs, rom mravalferovan
garemoSi da interkulturuli ganaTlebis elementebis gamoyenebiT moswavles
uviTardeba: a) mravalmxrivi xedva; b) mravalmxrivi xedvis pirobebSi xedvebs Soris
konfliqtis Tavidan aridebis unari; g) xdeba saerTo Rirebulebebis formireba, romelic
aerTianebs gansxvavebebs saerTo miznis misaRwevad. Ggurinis mosazreba
dadasturebulia ara erTi saganmanaTleblo eqspertisa da mecnierebis kvlevebiT.
mecnierebi ZiriTadad yofen mravalferovnebis dadebiT mxareebs or kategoriad: 1)
saswavlo (akademiuri) Sedegebi; da 2) demokratiuli Sedegebi.

1) saswavlo (akademiuri) Sedegebi

- kompleqsuri azrovneba;
- inteleqtualuri erTguleba;
- mravalmxrivi akademiuri unari
2) Ddemokratiuli Sedegebi
- mravalmxrivi xedvis miReba;
- kulturaTa sxvaobebisadmi pozitiuri damokidebuleba;
- samoqalaqo da kulturuli faseulobebis erTguleba

dResdReobiT yvela Tanxmdeba mravalferovnebis dadebiT mxareebze saswavlo

garemosaTvis da interkulturuli ganaTlebis saWiroebaze, Tumca mTavari problemaa
swavlebis procesSi mravalferovnebis efeqturad marTva da interkulturuli ganaTlebis
strategiebis sworad gamoyenebaa, rac sakmaod rTulal gadasaWreli amocanaa, rameTu
gadaulaxav gamowvevad rCeba sakiTxis kompleqsuroba, rac dakavSirebulia kulturuli
sxvaobebis simravlesTan.
saqarTvelos konteqsti interkulturuli ganaTlebis xelSesawyobad
saqarTvelos konteqsti sakmaod relevanturia interkulturuli ganaTlebis
xelSesawyobad, radgan saqarTvelos xasiaTdeba mravalferovnebis sakmaod maRali
xarisxiT. saqarTvelos konteqstSi SesaZlebelia gamoiyos 3 sxvadasxva tipis
mravalferovneba, romlis asaxvac unda moxdes saganmanaTleblo sistemaSi da
swavlebis procesSi: a) saqarTvelos Sida mravalferovneba; b) gare mravalferovneba; g)
TiToeuli individis gamocdileba aris TavisTavad interkulturuli.

a) saqarTvelos Sida mravalferovneba

1) eTnikuri mravalferovneba
saqarTvelo multieTnikuri qveyanaa. 2002 wlis mosaxleobis sayovelTao aRweris
mixedviT, eTnikurad qarTvelebi Seadgenen mosaxleobis saerTo raodenobis 83,8 %,
xolo sxva eTnikuri jgufebi 15,2 % (2002 wlis sayovelTao aRwera). faqtobrivad, arsebobs
4 regioni, sadac gansaxlebulia umciresobaTa warmomadgenlebi: afxazeTi, samxreT
oseTi, qvemo qarTli da samcxe-javaxeTi. qistebi kompaqturad saxloben kaxeTSi
(pankisis xeoba), Tumca qistebi Seadgenen regionis mxolod 7 %-s. kompaqturi
gansaxlebis garda, saqarTveloSi gvxvdeba iseTi eTnikuri jgufebis dispersiuli
gansaxlebebi, rogorebicaa rusebi, berZnebi, qurTebi, iezidebi, ebraelebi, asirielebi,
ukrainelebi da sxva.
2) religiuri mravalferovneba
saqarTvelo religiuradac mravalferovani saxelmwifoa, sadac saxloben gansxvavebuli
religiis warmomadgenlebi. ufro metic: erTi eTnikuri jgufis warmomadgenlebi
sxvadasxva religiis mimdevrebi arian.
3) lingvisturi mravalferovneba
eTnikuri da religiuri mravalferovnebidan gamomdinare saqarTveloSi lingvisturi
mravalferovnebac mdidaria. ufro metic: dominanti qarTveluri enac ki sxvadasxva
dialeqturi mravalferovnebiT xasiaTdeba.
4) repatriantebi
2007 wels saqarTvelos parlamentma miiRo kanoni 19944 wels samxreT
saqarTvelodan deportirebuli mosaxleobis repatriaciis Sesaxeb. mosaxleobis am nawilis
integrireba saqarTvelos cxovrebaSi saqarTvelos mTavrobis erT-erTi amocanaa da amis
ganxorcieleba mxolod swori interkulturuli ganaTlebis Sedegad gaxdeba SesaZlebeli.
5) ucxoeli migrantebi da ltolvilebi
saqarTveloSi bolo wlebSi arsebuli migraciuli procesebis analizisas naTeli xdeba
saqarTveloSi Semosul ucxoel moqalaqeTa ricxvis mkveTri zrda. es realoba unda aisaxos
saganmanaTleblo sistemaSic. aRsaniSnavia agreTve CeCneTis respublikidan ltolvili
mosaxleoba, romelic gansaxlebulia pankisis xeobaSi.
6) iZulebiT adgilnacvali pirebi
saqarTveloSi ori eTnikuri konfliqti moxda sabWoTa kavSiris ngrevis Semdeg. es
faqti kidev erTxel usvams xazs interkulturuli ganaTlebis aspeqtebis damkvidrebis
aucileblobas saqarTvelos saganmanaTleblo sistemaSi, rameTu interkulturuli ganaTleba
miiCneva erT-erT mniSvnelovan instrumentad konfliqtis mogvarebisa da
prevenciisaTvis. garda amisa aRsaniSnavia, rom konfliqtis Sedegad saqarTvelos 250
000-ze meti iZulebiT gadaadgilebuli moqalaqe yavs da maTi saWiroebebi, iseve rogor
maTi ganaTlebisaTvis saWiro politikuri, socialur-ekonomikuri da fsiqologiuri faqtorebis
gaTvaliswineba mniSvnelovania saswavlo procesSi.
Sida mravalferovnebis konteqstSi albaT SeiZleba ganxiluli iyos SezRuduli
SesaZleblobebis mqone pirebis, seqsualuri umciresobebis da sxvadasxva socialur-
ekonomikuri statusis mqone moswavleTa sakiTxebic.

b) gare mravalferovneba
ganaTlebis internacionalizacia 21-e saukunis umniSvnelovanes amocanad iqca
ara marto saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebisTvis, aramed samTavrobo
struqturebisTvisac. Gglobalizaciis procesi, sabazro ekonomikisa da konkurentuli bazris
pirobebi ki mTavari faqtorebia ganaTlebis internacionalizaciisaTvis. umaRlesi
saswavleblebis globalizaciisadmi momatebulma interesma ki `ganapiroba axali
saganmanaTleblo sistemebis, programebis da infrastruqturis ganviTareba rogorc
institucionalur, aseve samTavrobo doneze~ (naiTi, 2001, gv. 228). saqarTvelo gaxda
boloniis procesi monawile qveyana, amasTanave, saqarTvelos mosaxleoba plebiscitis
Sedegad mkveTrad daafiqsira misi ganuxreli swrafva evro-atlantikuri struqturebisken.
aseT viTarebaSi ki saganmanaTleblo sistemisa da dawesebulebebis socialuri
pasuxismgeblobaa Seqmnas iseTi saswavlo procesi, romelic moamzadebs moswavles
da konkurentunarians gaxdis saerTaSoriso SromiT bazarze. Sesabamisad, saswavlo
procesma unda uzrunvelyos iseTi moqalaqis formireba, romelic mzad iqneba, icxovros
multikulturul da mravalferovan msoflioSi da imuSaos multikulturul da mravalferovan
SromiT dawesebulebebSi;

g) yvela individi aris interkulturuli

aRsaniSnavia rom saganmanaTleblo procesi yovelTvis multikulturulia
miuxedavad imisa Tu ra konteqstSi mimdinareobs igi, rameTu rogorc tabaCniki da
zeixneri (1994) aRniSnaven TiToeuli adamianis gamocdileba aris interkulturuli, rameTu
adamiani aris multikulturuli arseboba, romelic TavisTavSi aerTianebs sxvadasxva mikro
kulturul identobas.
interkulturuli ganaTleba qmedebaSi
swavlisa da swavlebis strategiebi
dResdReobiT gacilebiT iolia, moiZio da gaecno swavlebis sxvadasxva meTodsa
da strategias. Tumca, mTavari problema aRniSnuli strategiebis sworad gamoyenebaa.
Mmaswavlebelma unda icodes, ratom da risTvis iyenebs ama Tu im strategiasa Tu
meTods. swori strategiis SesarCevad Semdegi faqtorebis gaTvaliswinebaa aucilebeli:
9ra aris Cveni saganamanaTleblo praqtikis amocanebi;
10rogor aRviqvamT swavla-swavlebis process;
11ra realuri saWiroebebi aqvT Cvens moswavleebs konkretul saklaso oTaxsa da
konkretul saswavlo situaciaSi;
12yvela moswavles aqvs ufleba, gaxdes sazogadoebis srulyofili wevri da
maswavlebelma xeli unda Seuwyos am uflebis realizebaSi;
13maswavlebeli aRiarebs moswavleTa sxvadasxva SesaZleblobas, qcevis
wesebs, codnasa da interesebs;
14moswavleebs unda ganuviTardeT unarebi da kompetenciebi da ar aevsoT
goneba sxvadasxva informaciiT;
15mxedvelobaSi unda miviRoT moswavleTa rwmena da grZnobebi, iseve, rogorc
moswavleTa kognituri da inteleqtualuri ganviTareba.
16moswavleTaTvis xelmisawvdomi unda iyos damatebiTi saswavlo resursebi.

Sexedulebebi swavlasa da swavlebaze

swavleba ar aris mxolod codnis gadacema, aramed aris iseTi SesaZleblobis da
garemos Seqmna, romelSic SesaZlebelia codnis warmoqmna da formireba; xolo
swavlisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia ori mniSvnelovani principi: (a) gamocdileba da (b)
TanamSromloba. es ori principi ganapirobebs iseTi garemos, situaciisa da aqtivobebis
Seqmnas, sadac maswavleblebi da moswavleebi TanamSromloben da uziareben
erTmaneTs sakuTar gamocdilebas. interkulturuli midgomis qvakuTxeds warmoadgens
gamocdileba da TanamSromloba swavlisa da swavlebis procesSi. maswavlebelma unda
SearCios strategiebi, romlebic efuZneba moswavleebisa da maswavleblis
gamocdilebas da TanamSromlobis principebs. Eaxla warmogidgenT ramdenime
strategias, romelic gamoiyeneba interkulturuli midgomis mixedviT. albaT, SeamCnevT,
rom am strategiebis nawils, SesaZlebelia, iyenebT kidec, Tumca, mTavari sakiTxia,
moxdes am strategiebis sworad da Sesabamis dros gamoyeneba:

a) moqnili jgufebis formireba

moqnili jgufebis formireba sxvadasxva gziT SeiZleba. moqnili jgufebis formireba
SeiZleba aRebuli iyos rogorc skolis, aseve - klasis strategia. moswavleTa dajgufeba
unda moxdes maTi interesebis, arsebuli codnis, sxvadasxva sferoSi codnis donis
Sesabamisad. anu moqnili jgufebis formireba ise unda moxdes, rom jgufis TiToeulma
wevrma SeZlos garkveuli kontribuciis gaweva jgufis saqmianobaSi.

b) saswavlo procesSi CarTuli Temi

saswavlo procesSi CarTul Tems SeuZlia iseTi saganmanaTleblo proeqtebis
ganxorcieleba, romlis Sedegad miiRweva socialuri cvlilebebi Temis SigniT. aRniSnuli
midgoma uzrunvelyofs Temis yvela wevris monawileobas. aRniSnul TanamSromlobas
Semdegi mTavari principebi unda hqondes:
17Tanasworoba ganaTlebaSi;
18xarisxi;
19dialogi da kritikuli azrovneba.
mSoblebis, Temis CarTuloba saswavlo procesSi mniSvnelovania interkulturuli
ganaTlebisaTvis.

g) proeqti
proeqtis gansaxorcieleblad mniSvnelovania moswavleTaTvis im funqciis micema, rasac
isini yvelaze efeqturad ganaxorcieleben. erTi proeqtis ganxorcieleba SeiZleba
moiTxovdes sxvadasxva sferoSi codnas, Sesabamisad, maswavlebelma
moswavleebisTvis funqciebi ise unda gadaanawilos, rom TiToeuli moswavle
maqsimalurad iyos CarTuli da maqsimaluri kontribucia gaakeTos proeqtis
ganxorcielebisas. Pproeqtis, rogorc saswavlo strategiis, efeqturobis dasadastureblad
gTavazobT erT-erTi zrdasruli adamianis monaTxrobidan amonarids, romelic Seexeba
mis mier meoTxe klasSi ganxorcielebul proeqts, rac saSualebas mogcemT, gaaanalizoT
proeqtis, rogorc strategiis, dagegmvisa da ganxorcielebis sakiTxebi da misi efeqturoba.
“maswavlebelma SemogvTavaza gangvexorcielebina proeqti “saberZneTi”. Cven
daviyaviT ramdenime jgufad da TiToeul jgufs evaleboda emuSava klasikuri saberZneTi
specifikur aspeqtebze, istoria, miTologia, yoveldRiuri cxovreba da xelovneba da
proeqtis bolos gamovlindeboda proeqtze momuSave saukeTeso jgufi.. jgufis TiToulma
wevrma moiZia informacia im mimarTulebiT, razec isini muSaobdnen. informaciis
moZieba xdeboda saskolo saxelmZRvaneloSi, skolis biblioTekaSi arsebul wignebsaSi da
internetSi. informaciis mogrovebis Semdeg unda mogvexdina prezentacia. Cven
avirCieT, ra tipis prezentacias gavakeTebdiT da rogor mivawvdidiT davalebis Cvens
nawils mTel klass. jgufma, romelic saberZneTis istoriaze muSaobda, airCia komikuri
Janri; miTologiaze momuSave jgufma Teatralizebuli warmodgena moawyo, yoveldRiur
cxovrebaze momuSave jgufma - skolis derefani namdvil qalaqad aqcia, sadac iyo
bazroba, Teatri da sxva, xolo xelovnebaze momuSave jgufma moawyo gamofena,
romelzec warmodgenili iyo arqiteqturuli nimuSebi, sxvadasxva skulptura da Zegli,
poeziisa da mwerlobis nawarmoebebi. maswavlebeli gvexmareboda mTeli am procesis
ganmavlobaSi, naxulobda masalebsa da resursebs, gvisworebda Tu Tvlida, rom rames
arasworad vakeTebdiT, gvexmareboda gangvesazRvra, vin ukeTesad gaarTmevda Tavs
ama Tu im saqmis Sesrulebas, Tu raime sakiTxi wamoiWreboda jgufis SigniT, romelic
kamaTs iwvevda jgufSi, gvexmareboda situaciaSi garkvevaSi da am sakiTxis garSemo
mxardamWer da sawinaaRmdego argumentebs gvawvdida. dRe, rodesac movaxdineT
Cveni proeqtis prezentacia, iyo Zalian warmatebuli. Cven moviwvieT mTeli skola Cveni
warmodgenis sanaxavad, Cven viyaviT namdvili berZnebi. mogvianebiT
maswavlebelma wagviyvana suraTebis gamofenaze. Ggamofenaze gamofenili naxatebi
asaxavda sxvadasxva erovnebis kulturas. maswavlebelma gvTxova, aRmogveCina is
naxatebi, romlebic saberZneTis kulturas gamoxatavda. amJamad namdvilad aRar
maxsovs, proeqtSi romeli jgufis muSaoba Sefasda yvelaze warmatebulad da romelma
jgufma gaimarjva, magram namdvilad maxsovs yvelaferi, rac saberZneTis Sesaxeb im
proeqtis farglebSi Sevityve”.

d) saxelosno/`vorkSofi~
`vorkSofi~ aris aqtivobaTa erToblioba, romelic dagegmilia saerTo interesebis mqone
moswavleTaTvis, romlebic swavlebis sxvadasxva safexurze imyofebian. `vorkSofi~
gamoiyeneba saswavlo procesSi specifikuri da samotivacio aspeqtebis
gasaaqtiureblad. amasTan, `vorkSofi~ xorcieldeba SedarebiT patara jgufebSi, rac misi
kidev erTi upiratesobaa. `vorkSofebis~ dros SeiZleba CaerTon sxva maswavleblebic,
mSoblebic da es kidev damatebiT upiratesobas aZlevs am strategias. `vorkSofebis~
farglebSi SesaZlebelia skolis radios, gazeTis, veb-gverdis Seqmna, romelic asaxavs
skolis kulturas, moswavleTa interesebs, dasaxlebis specifikas, saSualebas miscems
TiToeul moswavles, moaxdinos sakuTari niWisa da codnis warmoCena.

e) mowveuli stumari
stumris mowveva raime konkretuli Temis swavlebisas agreTve efeqturi gzaa swavlebis
procesSi. mowveuli stumari damatebiT interess zrdis moswavleebSi, garda amisa,
moswavleebi ismenen imisgan gansxvavebul pespeqtivebs, xedvebs da midgomebs,
rasac maT maswavlebeli awvdiT. mniSvnelovania, mowveuli stumris SerCevisas misi
kulturuli mravalferovnebac iyos gaTvaliswinebuli, SesaZlebelia moiwvioT stumari,
romelic warmatebuli iyo saqarTveloSi Tavis sferoSi da, amave dros, warmatebebs
miaRwia saqarTvelos farglebs gareT moRvaweobisasac, an mowveuli iyos stumari,
romelic kulturuli identobis TvalsazrisiT umciresobas warmoadgens saqarTveloSi, Tumca
es ar gamxdara dabrkoleba misTvis sazogadoebaSi integraciisTvis. SesaZlebelia
mowveuli iyos saerTod saqarTveloSi droebiT macxovrebeli da moswavleebs gauziaros
rogorc sakuTari mosazrebebi garkveul sakiTxebTan mimarTebiT, agreTve Tavisi kulturuli
msoflmxedvelobidan gamomdinare danaxuli da aRqmuli qarTuli realoba.

v) kuTxeebi
aRniSnuli strategia iZleva saSualebas saklaso oTaxSi gamoviyenoT dro da sivrce
sxvadasxvanairad. saklaso oTaxSi ewyoba ramdenime samuSao adgili. TiToeuli
samuSao adgilis daniSnuleba moswavleebSi sxvadasxva unarisa da SesaZleblobis
ganviTarebaa. moswavleebs SeuZliaT imuSaon, rogorc individualurad, agreTve jgufebSi
TiToeul am kuTxeSi. yvela moswavlem unda daikavos erTi kuTxe raRac momentSi, ise,
rom mTeli aqtivobis periodSi TiToeul moswavles mieces saSualeba, ramdenime kuTxeSi
imuSaos, an SeiZleba strategiis ise dagegmva, rom yvela moswavles mouwios yvela
kuTxeSi muSaoba. gTavazobT erT-erTi maswavleblis monaTxrobs, romelmac gamoiyena
aRniSnuli strategia pirvelklaselebTan: “roca vaswavlidi pirvelklaselebs, xSirad
viyenebdi kuTxeebis strategias da erT dResac movawyve saswavlo oTaxi kuTxeebad.
kuTxeebi Semdegi principiT gavakeTe: saklaso oTaxi davyavi saerTo aqtivobebis
nawilad da ramdenime kuTxed. TiToeuli kuTxis daniSnuleba iyo moswavleebSi
specifikuri unarebi ganeviTarebina, kerZod, simboloebis gaazrebis, saubris da
aRmoCenis unarebi... Sesabamisad, saklaso oTaxi dayofili iyo simboluri TamaSebis
kuTxed, sakiTxav kuTxed, eqxperimentul kuTxed, kompiuterul kuTxed da saerTo
aqtivobebisTvis dasajdom (skamebis) kuTxed. moswavleebi gadadiodnen erTi
kuTxidan meoreSi, isini Tavad wyvetdnen, romeli kuTxe da rodis moenaxulebinaT. Mme
SevzRude TiTo kuTxeSi moswavleebis raodenoba. moswavleebs hqondaT sakuTari
saindeqso baraTebi, romelzec maTi saxeli, suraTi da personaluri simbolo exata.
bavSvebi aTavsebdnen TavianT saindeqso baraTebs TiToeul kuTxeSi arsebul yuTSi da
roca yuTSi ukve Caiyreboda eqvsi saindeqso baraTi, es niSnavda, rom kuTxe mTlianad
iyo dakavebuli da moswavleebs unda aerCiaT sxva adgili. mTeli am procesis
ganmavlobaSi me vakvirdebodi maT moqmedebebs. bolo etapze yvela SevikribeT
saerTo aqtivobebisTvis dasajdom (skamebis) kuTxeSi da TiToeuli maTgani yveboda,
romel kuTxeSi iyo, ratom airCia es kuTxe, ra gaakeTa am kuTxeSi, rogor gaakeTa,
visTan erTad gaakeTa da a.S. swored am monaTxrobebis Sedegad gavicani me Cemo
moswavleebi ukeTesad. . . TandaTanobiT me aRmovaCine, ras aniWeben isini
upiratesobas, ra unari gaaCniaT, urTierTobebi daamyaron sxvebTan, rogor axdenen
sxvaze gavlenas an eqcevian gavlenis qveS, maTi iniciativebi, maTi drois marTvis
unari. . . am gziT moswavleebs klasSi swavlis paralelurad mouwiaT yoveldRiuri
cxovrebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli qmedebebis ganxorcieleba, maT unda aerCiaT raRac,
maT monawileoba unda mieRoT, isini unda CarTuliyvnen diskusiaSi. . . me yovelTvis
mainteresebda skola, romelic ar iyo gansxvavebuli da mowyvetili yoveldRiuri
cxovrebidan, radgan mimaCnia rom ganaTlebas mxolod am dros aqvs mniSvneloba Tu
misi realizeba xdeba yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi.…xSirad vfiqrob da verafriT gamigia
maswavleblebi ratom ar iyeneben kuTxeebis strategias moswavleebTan ufro maRal
klasebSic da iwyeben gakveTils Semdegi SekiTxviT “aba, raze gavCerdiT guSin? ” ”

z) TanatolTa swavleba
TanatolTa swavlebis strategia klasSi or SemTxvevaSi gamoiyeneba: (a) Semswavlelebs
Soris inteleqtualur monacemebSi sxvaobis SemTxvevaSi; (b) moswavleebSi
urTierTTanamSromlobis dabali xarisxis SemTxvevaSi. maswavlebeli qmnis ori
moswavlisagan Semdgar jgufs da ayalibebs asimetriul urTierTobebs maT Soris, erTi
aswavlis, meore ki swavlobs. gTavazobT erT-erTi moswavlis monaTxrobs, Tu ra Sedegi
mohyva TanatolTa swavlebis strategias: “me gamovicvale skola da rusuli skolidan
gadavedi erTenovan qarTul skolaSi, Tavdapirvelad sakmaod dabneul viyavi, faqtiurad
dakarguliviT viyavi klasSi. verafers vigebdi, roca maswavlebeli iwyebda axsnas,
gansakuTrebiT gamiWirda maTematika, maswavlebeli gvaswavlida gayofas, magram
dafaze werda cifrebs da gayofis niSnebs iseTi formiT, romelic absoluturad ucxo iyo
CemTvis da verafers vgebulobdi, me gayofis swavlisas viyenebdi sxva meTods,
magram raSi iyo gansxvaveba, ver vamCnevdi da verc maswavlebeli xvdeboda, ratom
ver vigebdi da ras mixsnida gansxvavebulad. erT-erTi Tanaklaseli mixvda Cemi da
maswavleblis gaWirvebas da Taviseburad, Zalian BbavSvurad da martivad amixsna,
rogor asrulebda gayofas. misi axsnis Semdeg CemTvis yvelaferi naTeli gaxda da
aRarasodes Semqmnia problema swavlis periodSi. zogjer Tanatoli namdvilad ukeTesad
gagebinebs; garda amisa, zogjer TanatolTan girCevnia aRiaro, rom swavlasTan
dakavSirebiT raRac problema gaqvs da is dagexmaros am saswavlo problemis
mogvarebaSi, Tumca, ra Tqma unda, mniSvnelovania am TanatolTan kargi da
megobruli urTierToba gqondes. . . “

T) roluri TamaSi
aRniSnuli strategia ukve farTod gavrcelebulia saswavlo procesSi da yvela maswavlebeli
iyenebs mas. Aam SemTxvevaSi mTavaria, sworad iyos SeRweuli am strategiis
gamoyenebis dro da adgili. mniSvnelovania agreTve rolebis sworad gadanawileba, xSir
SemTxvevaSi moswavleebi arakomfortulad da mouxerxeblad grZnoben Tavs,
Sesabamisad, mniSvnelovania moswavlis rolidan Sesasrulebel rolze gadasvlis periodi
raRac aqtivobebiT datvirTos pedagogma, rac ufro uSualos gaxdis moswavles da axali
rolis Sesrulebis diskomforts garkveulwilad mainc mouxsnis. gTavazobT aseTi
gardamavali tipis aqtivobebis ramdenime savarjiSos:

movaWreebi
moswavleebi muSaoben wyvilebSi. TiToeuli aris gamyidveli (movaWre) sakuTari
Tvisebis an maxasiaTeblis, romlis gacvlasac cdilobs, magaliTad, iumoris grZnobis,
sibrZnis, kargi garegnobis, sinatifis, musikaluri monacemebis, fexburTelis niWis da a.S.
TiToeuli movaWre cdilobs karg fasad gayidos an iyidos esa Tu is Tviseba Tu
maxasiaTebeli, cdilobs TavisTvis momgebiani garigeba dados. aRniSnuli savarjiSo xels
uwyobs moswavleTa Rirebulebebisa da damokidebulebis garkvevas maswavleblis mier,
rac xels Seuwyobs maswavlebels, sworad SeurCios moswavles konkretuli roli. savarjiSo
moswavleSi aviTarebs komunikaciis unars da amzadebs mas garkveuli rolis
Sesasruleblad.

gadawyvetilebis swrafad miReba

wyvilebSi an jgufSi momuSave moswavleebs miecemaT rolebi an garkveuli
situaciis monaxazi. maT eZlevaT garkveuli problema an konfliqturi situacia, romelic
drois mokle, gansazRvrul periodSi unda gadaWran (erT an or wuTSi). gansazRvruli drois
gasvlis Semdeg moswavlem problemis gadaWris Taviseburi xedva unda gaacnos mTel
jgufs. problemis gadaWris gzis gacnobis Semdeg iwyeba diskusiebi imis Taobaze, Tu
rogor mivida monawile am gadawyvetilebamde, ratom aris es gadawyvetileba kargi,
rogor moqmedebda SezRuduli drois faqtori moswavleze swrafi gadawyvetilebis
miRebisas. aRniSnuli aqtivobac xels uwyobs moswavles rolis SesrulebisTvis
moemzados, xolo maswavlebels - adekvaturad gadaanawilos rolebi moswavleTa Soris.
yvela zemoT aRwerili strategia xels uwyobs komunikaciis damyarebas saswavlo
procesSi CarTul yvela pirovnebas Soris. ganaTleba aris yovelTvis komunikacia,
interkulturuli midgoma gulisxmobs iseTi saganmanaTleblo aqtivobebis gamoyenebas,
romelic xels uwyobs, erTi mxriv, swavlebis procesSi CarTuli yvela adamians Soris
azrebis gacvlas, xolo, meore mxriv, axali codnisa da mosazrebebis formirebas yvela
moswavlisa da maswavleblis saerTo gamocdilebidan gamomdinare. aqve gTavazobT
niedas mier SemuSavebul rekomendaciebs, romelic xels Seuwyobs maswavlebels
klasSi jansaRi garemos SeqmnaSi da gaudvilebs efeqtur komunikacias moswavleebTan:
● daafase moswavlis miRweva, rac ar unda mciredi iyos;
● arasodes misce uaryofiTi Sefaseba moswavleebis namusevars, aucileblad
aRmoaCine pozitiuri momentebi naSromSi;
● Tuki miuTiTeb moswavles warumateblobaze, aucileblad SesTavaze am
warumateblobis gamosworebisa da daZlevis gzebi;
● daafase moswavlis nebismieri qmedeba, romelic problemis mogvarebiskenaa
mimarTuli, miuxedavad imisa, efeqturad geCvenebaT Tu ara moswavlis mier dasaxuli
problemis mogvarebis gza;
● daafase moswavlis yvela mcdeloba, romelic mimarTulia davalebis
Sesrulebaze;
● daafase moswavleTa damoukidebeli azrovneba da Sesabamisi damoukidebeli
qmedeba;
● moswavleebTan gaaformeT qcevis wesebze SeTanxmeba da SeecadeT,
yvelam pativi sces yvelasTan SeTanxmebul saerTo wesebsa da normebs;
● Tu konfliqti warmoiSveba klasSi, sTxove moswavleTa komisias, rom Seiswavlon
konfliqti da SemogTavazon gadaWris gzebi;
U● unda SeZloT aRiaroT Secdomebi aseTis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi da bodiSi
moixadoT moswavleebTan am SecdomisTvis;
● roca moswavleebi raime davalebas Seasruleben, mniSvnelovania, moxdes
aqtivobis, procesis da Sedegis Sefaseba, gaanalizdes pozitiuri da negatiuri momentebi,
daiweros mosazrebebi Semdegi davalebis Tu aqtivobis gasaumjobeseblad;
● xSirad moiwvieT mSoblebi, moxaliseebi da profesionalebi sakuTari
gamocdilebis moswavleTaTvis gasaziareblad;
● miuZRveniT specialuri dro im adamianebze saubars, romelTa moRvaweobam
humanurobis ganviTarebas da keTildReobas Seuwyo xeli;
● moawyveT samecniero gamofenebi, proeqtis prezentaciebi, Sekrebebi da sxva
aqtivobebi, rac moamzadebs yvela moswavles aqtiuri cxovrebisTvis;
● ganaxorcielebineT moswavleebs damoukidebeli kvlevebi, raTa xeli SeuwyoT
maTSi damoukidebeli azrovnebis ganviTarebas da sakuTar TavSi rwmenis amaRlebas.

interkulturuli midgomebis gamoyenebis praqtikuli magaliTebi

strategiebis gacnobis Semdeg, albaT, mniSvnelovania, SemogTavazoT praqtikuli
magaliTebi, romlebic gamoiyenes maswavleblebma mravalferovan saswavlo garemoSi
da movaxdinoT am magaliTebis analizi:
qalbatoni marina erT-erTi skolis qarTuli enis maswavlebelia. Uukve seqtembris
Sua ricxvebia da igi emzadeba axali saswavlo wlis dasawyebad. man, upirveles
yovlisa, izruna klasis mosawyobad. klasis mowyobisas misi mTavari mizani iyo saklaso
oTaxi moewyo moswavleTa aqtiuri muSaobisTvis da ara pasiuri smenisTvis. man skolis
direqcia sTxova iseTi wignebis Taroebis SeZena, romelTa gadaadgileba Zalian advilad
iqneboda SesaZlebeli, individualur skamebs arCia ramdenime mgvali magida moZravi
individualuri patara skamebiT da SeiZina araerTi TvalsaCinoeba da saswavlo nivTi,
Tumca SerCevis mTavari principi am nivTebis advilad gdadaadgilebadoba iyo. radgan
qalbaton marinas skola kulturuli mravalferovnebiT gamoirCeva da klasSi sxvadasxva
eTnikuri jgufis warmomadgenlebi iqnebian, qalbatonma marinam iyida qarTuli,
afxazuri, rusuli, inglisuri, somxuri, azerbaijanuli da osuri anbani da gamoakra kedelze.
garda amisa, qalbatonma marinam gamoakra wina wlis klasis moswavleTa suraTebi,
romelic gamoxatavda moswavleTa CarTulobas sxvadasxva aqtivobebSi, garda amisa,
gamoakra enaTa xe, romelic aCvenebda msoflios ZiriTadi enebis fesvebs.
Qqalbatoni marina wels axal klasSi Sedis. man specialurad aarCia mravlferovani
klasi, sadac 24 moswavle iqneba. moswavleebi gansxvavdebian rogorc eTnikuri
warmomavlobiT, agreTve gansxvavebuli mSobliuri ena aqvT, maTi socialuri
mdgomareobac gansxvavebulia da, amasTanave, maTi akademiuri moswrebac wina
wlebSi Zalian gansxvavebuli iyo. saswavlo wlis dawyebamde qalbatonma marinam
kargad Seiswavla TiToeuli moswavlis saskolo istoria. amasTanave, man aRmoaCina,
rom mis klasSi iqneboda SezRuduli SesaZleblobis mqone moswavlec. qalbaton marinas
kargad esmoda, rom moswavleTa gansxvavebuloba niSnavda maT gansxvavebul
swavlis stilsa da gansxvavebul interesebs. Sesabamisad, mas unda daekmayofilebina
yvela moswavlis stili da interesi, rac aSkarad gamowveva iyo misi profesiuli
saqmianobisTvis da amitomac arCia am klasSi Sesvla.

saswavlo wlis pirveli kvira

radgan saswavlo weli axali dawyebuli iyo, qalbatonma marinam pirveli ori kvira
dauTmo saintereso da megobruli saswavlo garemos Seqmnas. pirveli gakveTilis
dasrulebis Semdeg man sTxova moswavleebs, meore dRisTvis moemzadebinaT
mSoblebTan erTad sakuTari saxelebisa da gvarebis Sesaxeb istoriebi. man agreTve
sTxova moswavleebs, gaerkviaT, Tu hqondaT maTs saxelebs raime mniSvneloba
romelime enaze. “xvalindel dRes Cven daviwyebT erTmaneTis interviuebiT, raTa
gamovceT Cveni klasis Sesaxeb gazeTi”- ganucxada man moswavleebs.
Mmeore dRes qalbatonma marinam daiwyo gakveTili moswavleTa dawyvilebiT.
man dawyvilebis principad moswavleTa dabadebid dReebi aiRo, moswavle
wyvildeboda im moswavlesTan, romlis dabadebis dRec yvelaze axlos iyo mis
dabadebis dResTan. moswavleTa dawyvilebis Semdeg qalbatonma marinam maT
gaacno kiTxvebis CamonaTvali, romelic unda gamoeyenebinaT erTmaneTTan intervius
dros:
1.ra gqvia? ra mogwons an ar mogwons Sens saxelTan dakavSirebiT?
2.rogor dagarqves es saxeli? vinmes sapativcemulod dagarqves? vin dagarqva?
3.Seni ojaxis wevrebs aqvT igive saxeli?
4.gyavs megobari, romelsac aqvs igive saxeli?
5.aris vinme cnobili adamiani, visac igive saxeli qvia?
6.mogwons is adamianebi, visac Seni saxelebi qviaT? magaliTad...
7.Sens saxels aqvs raime sxva mniSvneloba?
8.Seni saxeli warmoSobilia sxva enebidan? sxva enaSi Tu aris Seni saxeli da
rogor warmoiTqmeba is? aqvs Sens saxels raime mniSvneloba sxva enebSi?
9.ojaxSi ras geZaxian? gaqvs raime moferebiTi saxeli?
10.ra girCevnia dagiZaxoT, Seni saxeli, Tu moferebiTi saxeli, romelsac ojaxSi
geZaxian?
moswavleebma dauTmes TxuTmeti wuTi erTmaneTTan interviuebs, ris
Semdegac qalbatonma marinam sTxova moeTxroT moswavleebs mTeli klasisTvis is rac
maT Seityves Tavisi mewyvilis Sesaxeb. moswavleTa monaTxrobs maswavlebeli
aqtiurad iniSnavda, raTa ar gamorCenoda raime mniSvnelovani detali. bolos
qalbatonma marinam aiRo foto aparati, gadaugi TiToeul moswavles suraTui dafasTan
dawerili misi saxeli fonze, raTa klasis gazeTSi ganeTavsebina es informacia.
Semdeg gakveTilze qalbatonma marinam sTxova gaerkviaT, Tu ramden enaze
SeeZloT klasSi myof moswavleebs saubari. aRmoCnda, rom yvela bavSvs SeeZlo
qarTulad da inglisurad saubari, Tumca cal-calke SeeZloT kidev esaubraT afxazurad,
osurad, rusulad, somxurad, azerbaijanulad, frangulad da ukrainulad. radganac enaTa
aseTi mravalferovneba iyo warmodgenili saklaso oTaxSi, qalbatonma marinam
SesTavaza moswavleebs, CamoeTvalaT is sityvebi, romlebic saerTo iyo qarTulisTvis da
romelime sxva enisTvis, romelzec klasSi romelime moswavle saubrobda. am
savarjoSomac Zalian gaaxalisa moswavleebi, aRmoaCines Zalian bevri saerTo ena da
erT-erT moswavles gauCnda idea, “nasesxebi sityvebis leqsikoni” SeeqmnaT, romelzec
mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi muSaobda mTeli klasi.
momdevno gakveTili mTlianad klasis gazeTis Seqmnas daeTmo. moswavleebi
akeTebdnen klasis gazeTis dizains da akravdnen gadaRebul suraTebs da werdnen
moswavleze informaciebs masSi. mTeli es gakveTili am aqtivobas daeTmo. Ggarda
amisa, maswavlebelma sTxova moswavleebs raime iseTi igav-araki gaexsenebinaT,
romelic ganTavsdeboda gazeTis SuagulSi da yvelaze metad asaxavda sagans da klasSi
arsebul situacias. moswavlebma Semdegi igav-araki gaixsenes da Caweres gazeTis
SuagulSi:

igav-araki
erT saxlsi cxovrobda kata, romelic mudam mzad iyo Tagvi daeWira, magram
verasodes axerxebda amis gakeTebas. erT dResac gamoekida kata Tagvs dasaWerad,
is-is iyo unda daeWira, rom Tagvma patara xvrelSi SeZroma moaswro da katas
aRaraferi darCenoda, garda imisa, rom damjdariyo im patara naxvretTan da
dalodeboda, Tu rodis gamoZvreboda Tagvi. ucabedad Tagvs moesma ZaRlis xma da
ifiqra, rom Tu ZaRli iyo saxlSi, kata gaiqceoda da aRar daiwyebda xvrelTan lodins.
Sesabamisad, Tagvi gamoZvra xvrelidan da moulodnelad Tavi amoyo katis klanWebSi.
“ki magram, ZaRli sad aris? – ikiTxa akankalebulma Tagvma. “araviTari ZaRli ar aris, es
me viyavi, ZaRlis yefis imitacia gavakeTe, rom Sen daimedebuli xvrelidan
gamomZvraliyavi”- gadaixarxara gamarjvebulma katam da cota xnis Semdeg daamata
“Cemo kargo, Tu sul mcire or enas ar laparakob, veranair warmatebas ver miaRwevs
dRevandel dRes. (Tidti, 1995, gv. 168)
SabaT-kviras qalbatonma marinam Caxeda moswavleTa istoriebs Tavidan, naxa
im gakveTilis Canawerebi, sadac moswavleebs hqondaT sakuTari saxelebis Sesaxeb
interviuebi, agreTve naxa im gakveTilis Canawerebi, sadac moswavleebi sakuTaris enis
codnis Sesaxeb saubrobdnen. am sam wyaroze dayrdnobiT qalbatonma marinam
Seadgina klasis lingvisturi repertuaris sqema.

saswavlo wlis meore kvira

meore kvira qalbatonma marinam moswavleTa ojaxebis da gvarebis istoriis
gacnobas dauTmo. man daavala moswavleebs TavianT mSoblebTan gaerkviaT TavianTi
ojaxisaTvis yvelaze mniSvnelovani, saamayo an RirsSeniSnavi ambavi. Mmeore dRes
moswavleebma araerTi saintereso ambavi uambes erTmaneTs sakuTari ojaxebisa Tu
gvarebis Sesaxeb. Semdegi dRisTvis qalbatonma marinam moswavleTa mSoblebs
sTxova, rom wlis ganmavlobaSi Tu survili eqnebodaT, mobrZanebuliyvnen da TavianTi
ojaxebis an TavianTi saqmianobis Sesaxeb moeTxroT bavSvebisTvis da yofiliyvnen
mowveuli stumari. pirvelad survili erT-erTi moswavlis babuam gamoTqva, romelic
momdevno dRes estumra qalbaton marinas qarTuli enis gakveTilze da man uambo
moswavleebis istoria sakuTari ojaxis Sesaxeb, romelic iZulebuli iyo, 1921 wels
saqarTvelos damoukideblobis dakargvis Semdeg gadasaxlebuliyo safrangeTSi da iq
gaegrZelebina cxovreba. mowveulma stumarma gaacno bavSvebs maTi ojaxis franguli
cxovrebis detalebi, mouyva, rogor gaxda saqarTvelodan devnili misi babua sorbonis
universitetis profesori, Tu ras moRvaweobdnen mamamisi da TviTon safrangeTSi da ra
siZneleebTan iyo dakavSirebuli maTi frangul sazogadoebaSi integrireba. Ddetalurad
isaubra, ratom gadawyvites 1991 wels damoukideblobis mopovebis Semdeg
saqarTveloSi mTeli ojaxiT dabruneba. Mmowveuli stumris monaTxrobma
gansakuTrebuli STabeWdileba moaxdina bavSvebze.

magaliTis analizi
am magaliTSi Cans ramdenime strategia, rac qalbatonma marinam gamoiyena,
rom Seeqmna jansaRi saswavlo garemo, gacnoboda moswavleebs da moswavleebi
gacnobodnen erTmaneTs da Sesabamisad aego TiToeul moswavlesTan Semdgomi
muSaoba. kerZod:
1)maswavlebelma moawyo saklaso oTaxi ise, rom SesaZlebloba yofiliyo saklaso
oTaxis mravali moZravi da dinamiuri aqtivobis gansaxorcieleblad:
2)maswavlebelma ori kviris ganmavlobaSi misca moswavleebs da sakuTar Tavs
saSualeba, gaecnoT erTmaneTi saxelebis interviuebis CatarebiT, klasis gazeTis
Seqmnis da ojaxebisa da gvarebis Sesaxeb ambebis gadmocemis gziT. TiToeuli
 es aqtivoba zrdis moswavleTa Soris erTmaneTis msgavsebis da sxvaobebis
gaazrebis unars;
3)maswavlebelma Seityo sakuTari moswavleebis Sesaxeb jer saskolo istoriis
gacnobis da Semdgom klasis lingvisturi fonis sqemis Sedgenis safuZvelze;
4)maswavlebelma CarTo saswavlo procesSi mSoblebi da ojaxis wevrebi, erTi
mxriv, rogorc moswavleTa damxmareebi sakuTari saxelis, gvaris da istoriis
dasamuSveblad da, meore mxriv, rogorc mowveuli stumrebi;
5)maswavlebelma daamkvidra demokratiuli da TanamSromlobiTi gamocdileba,
radgan xeli Seuwyo moswavleTa ideas, mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi yvela moswavlis
monawileobiT Seqmniliyo “nasesxebi sityvebis leqsikoni”;
6)maswavlebelma Seqmna enaTa xe, daiwyes muSaoba nasesxebi sityvebis
leqsikonze, ritac daamkvidra tendencia, rom klasSi arsebuli lingvisturi
mravalferovneba aris resursi da ara Semaferxebeli faqtori qarTuli enis swavlebis
procesSi;
7)maswavlebelma yvela zemoCamoTvlili aqtivoba amave dros gamoiyena qarTul
enaSi moswavleTa kompetenciis gasazrdelad.

rogorc xedavT, maswavlebels mouwia araerTi mniSvnelovani strategiis

gamoyeneba saswavlo wlis dasawyisSi, Tumca mas mouwevs iyos ufro SemoqmedebiTi
da gamoiyenos uamravi strategia, raTa sakuTari klasis lingvisturi da eTnikuri
mravalferovneba aqcios resursad swavlebis procesSi. Aam rTuli miznis misaRwevad
mniSvnelovania interkulturuli midgoma swavlebis procesSi
aqve SemogTavazebT dawyebiTi maswavleblis qalbatoni elenes monaTxrobs,
romelic exeba interkulturuli ganaTlebis miseul interpretacias da Sesabamis saswavlo
strategias. “ ar vici, es is aris Tu ara, rasac Tqven eZaxiT interkulturul ganaTlebas,
magram me 32 wlis muSaobis gamocdileba maqvs da namdvilad viyeneb swor
meTodebsa da midgomebs. erT konkretul bolo situacias gavixseneb. pirvel klasSi
Zalian mniSvnelovania moswavleTaTvis asoebis da ricxvebis weris swavleba. Mme
myavda moswavle armeni, romelic eTnikurad somexi iyo da gamarTulad laparakobda
somxurad, magram qarTulad erT winadadebasac ver abamda, rac Zalian maSfoTebda.
erT dResac SevamCnie, rom armeni qarTuli anbanis yvela asos sworad da gamarTulad
warmoTqvamda ara marto TanmimdevrobiT, aramed areulad SekiTxvebis dasmis
drosac. analogiurad, 1-dan 10-mde yvela cifrs sworad da gamarTulad warmoTqvamda.
Mme vicodi, rom armenma icoda asoebi da ricxvebi, imitom, rom roca vvarjiSobdiT
klasSi, is yovelTvis sworad warmoTqvamda maT, oRond somxur enaze, magram
somxuri mas ar sWirdeba, mas qarTulad unda SeZleboda amis gakeTeba. amJamad
man ukve icis asoebi da cifrebi qarTulad, magram roca Tavisi saxelis daweras vTxov,
yovelTvis uWirs asoebis dawera, xan araswori mimarTulebiT wers, xan imdenad
maxinjad wers, rom 3 wlis bavSvis naweri gegonebaT. mas sakmaod mouxeSavad
uWiravs fanqari da kalami, ramdenadac gamigia, misi ojaxi dabal socialur fenas
miekuTvneba da albaT ar aqvT SesaZlebloba, rom savarjiSo patara dafa SeuZinon da
saxlSi avarjiSon fanqriTa da pastiT weraSi. Sesabamisad, misi ojaxuri mdgomareobis
gamo es saswavlo nivTebi xelmiuwvdomelia misTvis, rac gaxda misi dagvianebuli
ganviTarebis mizezi. piJes Teoridan me vici, ramdenad mniSvnelovania samanipulacio
saSualebebis gamoyeneba moswavlis ganviTarebisTvis. Sesabamisad, gavaanalize,
rom saWiro iyo misi Tvalisa da xelis koordinaciis gaumjobeseba, amitom davavale
Cven skolaSi praqtikaze myof students, damoukideblad emuSava armenTan da is
klasisgan damoukideblad swavlobda weras. dRes armens aqvs Zalian kargi naweri
qarTulad, rac ueWvelad Cemi swori midgomis Sedegad moxda. . .
armenis ganviTarebis Sesaxeb qalbatoni elenes dakvirveba da interpretacia
efuZneba bavSvis ganviTarebis Sesaxeb SezRudul codnas da mis monolingvur kulturas.
piJes Teoriis SezRudulma codnam da arsworad interrpretaciam gadaawyvetina qalbaton
elenes, rom armens dagvianebuli ganviTarebis niSnebi axasiaTebda. misi azriT, imis
gamo, rom armeni dabali socialuri fenis ojaxidanaa (sinamdvileSi qalbatonma elenem
ar icis realurad armenis ojaxis mdgomareoba, mas mxolod gaugia amis Sesaxeb) is
miiCnevs, rom saswavlo masalebis ararsebobis gamo armeni Tvalisa da xeli
koordinaciis unari ar gaaCnia. ufro metic, man sakuTari monolingvuri dominanti
kulturidan gamomdinare, armenis bilingvuri unarebi (is laparakobda somxurad da
eufleboda qarTuls) Seafasa, rogorc nakli da ara rogorc resursi armenis ganviTarebisTvis.
Sesabamisad, qalbatonma elenem moaxdina moswavlis izolacia, rac, ra Tqma unda,
armenis fsiqologiur da inteleqtualur ganviTarebaze uaryofiTad imoqmedebda, imisda
miuxedavad, rom armenma iswavla qarTuli asoebis lamazad wera.
hiuni aRniSnavs, rom “moswavleTa arsobrivi ganviTarebisa da kulturulad
adeqvaturi pedagogikis dasamkvidreblad maswavleblis efeqtur qmedebas moswavlis
transformireba unda SeeZlos” (hiuni, 2006, gv. 86). anu maswavlebelma unda
moaxdinos swavlebis procesSi moswavlis TvalTaxedviT da saWiroebebidan
gamomdinare warmarTos saswavlo procesi da ara mxolod sakuTari TvalTaxedviT
gansazRvros, ra saWiroeba aqvs am moswavles.. anu swavlebisa da swavlis
momentebi unda daemTxves erTmaneTs, raTa efeqturi swavla ganxorcieldes. amisaTvis
ki mniSvnelovania, maswavlebelma kargad icodes moswavleTa kultura da am
kulturidan gamomdinare maTi xedvebi, rwmenebi da Rirebulebebi. Ees dinamika
sqematurad Semdegnairad SeiZleba gamoixatos:
e. hiuni, 2006, gv. 86

interkulturuli kompetenciis ganviTarebis etapebi

arsebobs interkulturuli kompetenciebis ganviTarebis stadiebis sxvadasxva modeli.

AganvixilavT mxolod erT models, romelic yvelaze ufro efeqturia saswavlo gegmaSi
asaxvisa da Sefasebis TvalsazrisiT: “benetis interkulturuli sensitiurobis ganviTarebis
modeli”.

aRsaniSnavia, rom benetis modeli yvelaze ufro miRebuli da farTod gavrcelebuli

modelia ganaTlebis mecnierebebSi. aRniSnuli ganpirobebulia Semdegi garemoebebiT:
a) is ganmartavs interkulturul sensitiurobas “ganviTarebis” modelidan gamomdinare,
romelic moicavs progresirebad unars adamianisas, raTa moaxdinos cnobierebaSi
kulturuli sxvaobebis akumulireba; b) interkulturuli sensitiuroba ganxilulia socialuri
konstruqtivizmis konteqstSi, rac niSnavs rom kulturuli sxvaobebi ar aris statikuri
procesi; g) interkulturuli sensitiurobis ganviTareba ganxilulia “subieqturi” da ara
“obieqturi” kulturis konteqstSi. “subieqturi” kultura aRniSnavs sxva adamianebTan
interaqciis Sedegad pirovnebis mier SeZenil da naswavl Rirebulebebis, rwmenisa da
qcevebis erTobliobas. “obieqturi” kultura ki gamoxatavs “Rirebulebebisa da qcevebis
erTobliobas, romelic ukve formirebulia garkveuli saxiT. d) sxva ganviTarebis modelisgan
gansxvavebiT asaxuli interkulturuli kompetencia; e) sxva modelebi fokusirebulia
eTnikuri identobis formirebaze da ignorirebuli ganviTarebis etapobrioba.
beneti Tavis modelSi gamoyofs interkulturuli sensitiurobis ganviTarebis eqvs
safexurs, romlebic dayofilia or fazad: eTnocentruli faza: 1) sxvaobebis uaryofa; 2)
sxvaobebisgan Tavdacva; 3) sxvaobebis minimizacia;
da eTnorelatiuri faza: 4) sxvaobebis mimRebloba; 5) sxvaobebis adaptacia; 6)
sxvaobebis integracia.
1) sxvaobebis uaryofa aris safexuri, rodesac individs ar gaaCnia unari SeamCnios
kulturuli sxvaobebi. am dros individi ignorirebas ukeTebs arsebul mravalferovan
realobas da rogorc beneti aRniSnavs mas axasiaTebs “suleluri SekiTxvebis
sindromi”, romelic efuZneba stereotipebs. Aam safexurze myofi individisTvis
damaxasiaTebelia Semdegi gamoTqmebi da mosazrebebi: “isini aq daibadnen da
cxovroben amitom unda moiqcnen rogorc qarTvelebi”, “ Cemi gamocdilebidan
gamomdinare me SemiZlia viyo warmatebuli nebismier qveyanaSi da nebismieri
kulturis pirobebSi, yovelgvari damatebiTi Zalisxmevis gareSe”, “me arasodes
ganvicdi kulturul Soks”, “biznesi biznesia msoflios nebismier kuTxeSi”,
2) sxvaobebisgan Tavdacva warmoadgens Semdgom safexurs interkulturuli
sensitiurobis ganviTarebis modelSi. Aam etapze xdeba kulturuli sxvaobebis
aRiareba, Tumca amasTanave gansxvavebuli kulturis Sefaseba xdeba mxolod
negatiur konteqstSi. aRniSnuli safexurisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli Semdegi da msgavsi
Sinaarsis frazebi: “ genetikurad maT ar aqvT unari Cawvdnen amis arss”, “Cven
gamovigoneT es sagani da mxolod Cven SegviZlia uzrunvelvyoT misi Semdgomi
funqcionireba:” , “es dawesebuleba Seiqmna Cveni Rirebulebebis garSemo da
Sesabamisad mxolod Cveni mosazrebaa mniSvnelovani”, “Cven gvaqvs qarTuli
skolebi da maT unda imuSaon efeqturad qarTvelebisTvis, sxvebma rac undaT is
qnan”, “azielebi ar arian Tavdajerebulebi, Sesabamisad isini ver iqnebian liderebi”.
3) sxvaobebis minimizacia aris eTnocentruli fazis bolo safexuri. Ainterkulturuli
sensitiurobis am etapze myofi pirovneba axdens kulturuli sxvaobebis zedapirul
aRiarebas, Tumca amave dros aRiqvams yvela individs rogorc arsebiTad msgavss..
aRsaniSnavia, rom es etapi aris yvelaze xSiri maswavleblebis interkulturuli
sensitiurobis gazomvisas da amave dros aris yvela rTuli safexuri Semdgom
safexurze gadasasvlelad. Aam safexurze yvelaze naTeli maxasiaTebeli fraza
gaxlavT “kargi adamiania, magram araqarTvelia”, “me momwons is yvela Tavisi
TvisebebiT, magram samwuxarod ar aris qarTveli”. am safexurisTvis
damaxasiaTebeli agreTve Semdegi da msgavsi Sinaarsis frazebi: “ maTi Cveulebebi
gansxvavebulia TiTqos, Tumca Tu kargad daakvirdebi maTac Cvennairi Cveulebebi
aqvT”, “Cemi intuiciis wyalobiT amovicnob xalxs mniSvneloba ar aqvs romel
kulturas ekuTvnis”, “me ver vxedav gansxvavebas rasis, eTnikurobis Tu kulturis
 mixedviT, Cven yvela adamianebi varT”.
4) sxvaobebis mimRebloba gaxlavT eTnorelatiuri fazis pirveli safexuri. eTnorelatiuri
fazis dros zogadad icleba midgoma da aRqma xdeba imisa, rom “kulturuli
sxvaobebi ar aris saxifaTo”. sxvaobebis mimReblobis safexuri gulisxmobs sxvaobis,
rogorc Rirebulebis pativiscemas da interess kulturuli sxvaobebis mimarT.
magaliTisaTvis am etapze pedagogi aTviTcnobierebs sxvadasxva eTnikuri jgufis
warmomadgeneli moswavlis mSoblis CarTulobis xarisxis swavlebis procesSi da am
kulturuli aspeqtebis gaTvaliswinebiT muSaobs rogorc MmSobelTan aseve
moswavlesTan. am safexurze myofi individisTvis damaxiaseTebeli frazebia: “arc
kargi da arc cudi, ubralod - gansxvavebuli”, “me mudmivad vcdilob Seviswavlo
sxva xalxis kultura rac gamiadvilebs am kulturis mqone xalxTan urTierTobas”, “rac
ufro meti kultura vici, miT ufro meti SedarebiTi analizis unari maqvs”, “zogjer
vibnevi xolme, radganac vici rom sxvadasxva kulturaSi RirebulebaTa sistema aris
gansxvavebuli da minda vaRiaro es Rirebulebeba, Tumca mainc yovelTvis Cemi
kulturis ZiriTadi Rirebulebebidan gamomdinare vmoqmedeb”.
5) sxvaobebis adaptacia gaxlavT eTnorelatiuri fazis meore safexuri, romelic
gulisxmobs unaris ganviTarebas, romelsac SeuZlia gaarRvios kulturuli CarCoebi da
individs SeuZlia kulturaTaSorisi efeqturi komunikacia. Aam safexurisTvis
damaxasiaTebelia Semdegi frazebi: “raTa realurad davexmare moswavles rom
SeZlos kargad swavla me unda Sevcvalo mTlianad Cemi midgoma”, “me vici, rom
moswavleebma iSromes gulmodgined, raTa ahyolodnen Cem stils, magram radgan
maT es ver SeZles me unda gadavdga maTken nabiji da movaxdino Cemi stilis
maTTvis ufro misaRebi stiliT adaptireba”, “me gansxvavebuli urTierToba maqvs
Cemi moswavleebis mSoblebTan imisda mixedviT, Tu romel eTnikur an religiur
jgufs ekuTvnian da ra kulturuli Rirebulebebi da faseulobebi gaaCniaT”.
6) sxvaobebis integracia interkulturuli sensitiurobis ganviTarebis bolo stadiaa, romlis
miRweva Zalian rTulia da rac Zalian iSviaTad gvxdeba realobaSi. Aam safexurze
individs SeuZlia Tanabrad da efeqturad imoqmedos or SesaZloa sruliad
gansxvavebuli kulturis farglebSi. Aam safexurisaTvis yvelaze metad
damaxasiaTebeli frazebi da gamoTqmebia: “yvelgan saxlia, Tuki Sen ici rogor
icxovro im garemoSi”, “me vgrZnob Tavs yvelaze kargad roca vaSeneb xidebs or
sxvadasxva kulturas Soris, romlebsac me piradad Zalian kargad vicnob”, “rogori
situaciac ar unda iyos, me SemiZlia davinaxo da gavaanalizo is sxvadasxva
kulturuli perspeqtividan gamomdinare”.
 aRsaniSnavia, rom benetis modelis asaxva saswavlo procesSi aris yvelaze metad
mosaxerxebeli, rameTu igi efuZneba blumis kognituri ganviTarebis taqsonomias
martividan rTulisaken da Sesabamisad SesaZlebels xdis interkulturuli kompetenciis
ganviTarebis Sefasebas.

Kkritikuli SemTxvevebi
SemTxveva 1, “misioneri” qarTuli enis pedagogi

me meSvide caze var. SemiZlia xmamaRla ganvacxado, rom var bednieri,

rameTu gavatare weliwadnaxevari qvemo qarTlis araqarTulenovan skolaSi qarTuli enis
maswavleblad. qarTul enas vaswavlidi rogorc skolis moswavleebs, aseve maT
mSoblebs da amave skolis maswavleblebs. aRniSnuli weliwadnaxevari dauviwyari
gamocdileba iyo CemTvis. Tumca me marto maswavlebeli ar viyavi, am soflis TemTan
erTad vawyobdi sxvadasxva kulturul RonisZiebebs, vagrovebdi moxaliseebs radgan
Tems TviTonve moegvarebina adgilobrivi problemebi, vcdilobdi enis swavlebis garda
maqsimalurad Semewyo xeli maTTvis raTa ziarebuliyvnen qarTul kulturas.
weliwadnaxevris ganmavlobaSi vcxovrobdi azerbaijanul ojaxSi, ris Sedegadac
mTlianad Seviswavle da gaviTavise maTi yofa, aRsaniSnavia, rom maTTac moaxdinos
TavianTi yofis adaptireba qarTul kulturasTan da cdilobdnen TavianT yoveldRiur
cxovrebaSi qarTuli kulturisTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi daemkvidrebinaT.
weliwadnaxevris Semdgom damTavrda Cveni programa da samuSaod
gadmovedi Tbilisis qarTul sajaro skolaSi maswavleblad. me imdenad aRfrTovanebuli var
Cemi miRebuli gamocdilebiT, rom maqsimalurad vcdilob es gamocdileba garkveulwilad
miiRon Cemma moswavleebmac. am bolo dros organizeba gavukeTe Cemi amJamindeli
skolisa da yofili skolis moswavleebs Soris gacvliT programas. erTi Tvis win Cavatare
aRniSnul or skolas Soris inteleqtualuri TamaSi qarTuli da azerbaijanul kulturaTa Sesaxeb
codnis Taobaze. AamJamad vgegmav axlandeli da yofili skolis moswavleebisaTvis
kulturul-saganmanaTleblo banakis organizebas, sadac mTavari aqcenti gakeTdeba
qarTulisa da azebaijanuli enisa da kulturis Seswavlaze moswavleebis mier. Kkidev
araerTi saintereso RonisZieba maqvs dagegmili, Tumca mTavari problema isev da isev
finansebia, skolis finansebiT yvela Canafiqris ganxorcieleba ver xerxdeba, Tumca albaT
mTavari survilia da TandaTanobiT Sevasxam frTebs Cems Canafiqrebs.
rac mTavaria me TvalnaTliv davinaxe Tu ramdenad mniSvnelovania Sexedo
sakiTxebs sxvadasxva perspeqtivis gaTvaliswinebiT. Cemi Camosvlis Semdeg TbilisSi
megobrebi xSirad ver migeben, meubnebian rom sxvanairi var gamxdari, ar
ainteresebT Cemi naambobi azerbaijanuli kulturis, tradiciebisa Tu Cveulebebis Sesaxeb.
albaT ar aris imaze metad mniSvnelovani araferi maswavleblisTvis, rom SeZlos
moswavles ganuviTaros mravalmxrivi xedvisa da sakiTxebis sxvadasxva perspeqtiviT
aRqmis unari. Tbilisis skolaSi Cemo moRvaweobis mTavari mizanic swored es aris.
vcdilob rom moswavleebma analizi gaukeTon konkretrul nawarmoebebs Tu gmirebs ara
mxolod qarTuli kulturisa Tu religiis aramed gansxvavebuli kulturis perspeqtividan,
imsjelon mravalferovnebis sakiTxebze da a.S. xSirad amis miRweva Znelia, Tumca me
viqnebi bednieri Tu SevZleb moswavleebSi am unaris ganviTarebas, Tu SevZleb
garkveuli xidebis gadebas saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi sxvadasxva eTnikuri Tu religiur
jgufebs Soris.

SekiTxvebi am SemTxvevis analizisTvis:

1) Tqveni azriT benetis interkulturuli sensitiurobis ganviTarebis romel safexurzea es
“misioneri” maswavlebeli?
2) ra rCevebs miscemdiT misioner maswavlebels, raTa SeZlos sakuTar moswavleebSi
interkulturuli sensitiurobis ganviTareba da sakuTar gamocdilebaze dayrdnobiT maTTvis
mravalmxrivi xedvebis Camoyalibeba?

kritikuli SemTxveva 2, marneulis qarTulenovani skolis qarTuli enis maswavlebeli

simarTle giTxraT ukve daviRale, aRar SemiZlia amdeni, ukve yoveldRe tardeba
Sexvedrebi, Tu rogor SevuwyoT xeli eTnikuri umciresobebis moswavleebs swavlebis
procesSi. marTalia maTi ricxvi Cven skolaSi am bolo wlebSi mkveTrad gaizarda,
magram maTze amdenma yuradRebam ukve damRala, umjobesia damanebon Tavi,
rom vakeTo Cemi saqme da vaswavlo moswavleebs. nervebi meSleba, roca mTxoven
davrCe skolis Semdeg da daveswro seminars interkulturuli ganaTlebis Sesaxeb. es
kursebi arafers maZleven imaze mets rac ukve vici, 25 welia am raionSi vaswavli da
gamocdileba maqvs ukve sakmaod da aRar mWirdeba am axalgazrdebis mier
swavleba mravalferovnebis, rogorc resursis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb saswavlo procesSi.
me vfiqrob rom kultura arafer SuaSia, aq saqme mxolod TviTon moswavlesa da
mSobelSia, mniSvneloba ar aqvs moswavlis kulturul warmomavlobas.. me vfiqrob rom
moswavleebi daaxloebiT erTnairebi arian, aris maT Soris raRac sxvaoba, zogierTi
iTvisebs sagans ufro advilad, zogierTi ufro Znelad, zogierTi Zlieria esTetikur sagnebSi,
zogic sabunebismetyvelo da zogic humanitarulSi, magram ZiriTadad yvela moswavle
mainc erTnairia. me minda rom TiToeuli maTgani iyos warmatebuli da Sesabamisad
maT vaswavli Tanabrad yvelas. moswavlisaTvis mTavaria hqondes stabiluri ojaxi da
mas warmateba garantirebuli eqneba skolaSi. Aam bolo dros imata ganqorwinebis
ricxvma, anu ojaxebi gaxdeba arastabiluri da aq aris mTavari problema da ara
moswavlis kulturaSi da maswavleblis mier am kulturuli maxasiaTeblis
gauTvaliswineblobaSi. swored ojaxebSi unda veZioT moswavlis warumateblobis
mizezebi.

SekiTxvebi am SemTxvevis analizisTvis:

1) Tqveni azriT benetis interkulturuli sensitiurobis ganviTarebis romel safexurzea es
maswavlebeli?
2) ra rCevebs miscemdiT am maswavlebels, raTa SeZlos sakuTari interkulturuli
sensitiurobis ganviTareba?

interkulturuli ganaTlebis Teoriasa da praqtikas Soris aucilebeli kavSiri

interkulturuli ganaTlebis Sesaxeb mxolod Teoriuli safuZvlebis codna ara
efeqturia, sanam maswavlebeli praqtikaSi ar gamoiyenebs interkulturuli
ganaTlebisaTvis saWiro xerxebs. aRsaniSnavia, rom kvlevebma aCvenes, rom
pedagogebs, romlebsac gavlili hqondaT multikulturuli ganaTlebis kursi da Tavdajerebuli
iyvnen rom advilad gaarTmevdnen Tavs sxvadasxva kulturuli warmomavlobis
moswavleebTan urTierTobas swavlebis procesSi SeeqmnaT seriozuli problemebi ukve
praqtikuli saqmianobisas. Sesabamisad mniSvnelovania moqmedi Tu momavali
pedagogebis momzadebis programebma gaiTvaliswinon kvlevis es Sedegebi da Teoriul
codnasTan erTad praqtikuli kursic SesTavazon moqmed Tu momaval pedagogebs.
amJamad warmogidgenT yvelaze martiv situiacias da rekomendacias, Tu rogor unda
moiqces maswavlebeli aRniSnul SemTxvaSi:
situacia 1,
araqarTulenovani moswavles aqvs dabali enobrivi kompetencia sxva
moswavleebTan SedarebiT, rameTu igi swavlobs qarTul skolaSi sadac moswavleebisTvis
qarTuli ena mSobliuria. maswavlebeli dabali enobrivi kompetenciis gamo izolirebas
axdens moswavlisas da ar rTavs mas saswavlo procesSi, rasac Sesabamis axsnasac
uZebnis “Sen xom qarTulad ramdenime sityvas Zlivs abav”.
mniSvnelovania rom yvela maswavlebelma gaisigrZeganos, rom dabali enobrivi
kompetencia ar niSnavs dabal kognituri ganviTarebis unars. dabali enobrivi
kompetenciis mqone moswavle ar niSnavs rom ver azrovnebs da ar gaaCnia gansjis
unari. Sesabamisad misi saswavlo procesidan izolirebis nacvlad pedagogma unda
gamoiyenos yvela strategia da resursi misi maqsimalurad integrirebisaTvis da misi
codnis warmosaCenad. miuxedavad dabali enobrivi kompetenciisa moswavle SeiZleba
erT-erTi yvelaze warmatebuli moswavle, amitom ar SeiZleba moxdes moswavlis
daTrgunva da misi motivaciis Cakvla.

sityvebis ganmarteba

anTropologiuri lingvistika- termini (gvxvdeba aseve ‘anTrolingvistika’

(anthrolinguistics)) gaCnda aSS-Si da aRniSnavs enaTmecnierebis dargs, romelic
Seiswavlis eTnolingvistikur problematikas (ix. eTnolingvistika) gafarToebuli
TvalsazrisiT.

bilingvizmi- ix. orenovneba

bilingvuri ganaTleba- ix. orenovani ganaTleba

bilingvuri ganaTlebis formebi- adreuli, saSualo da gviani. pirveli iwyeba

skolamdel asakSi, bolo - araugvianes saSualo skolis ufros klasebSi an umaRles
saswavlebelSi, saSualo ki sadRac maT Sorisaa.
bilingvuri ganaTlebis modelebi- modelebis pirveladi klasifikacia eyrdnoba
bilingvuri ganaTlebis miznebs. a. bilingvuri ganaTlebis susti modelebi ganixilavs
bilingvizms ara rogorc mizans, aramed rogorc gardamaval stadias monolingvizm e1-sa
da monolingvizm e2-s Soris. zogadad, aseT modelebs uwodeben gardamavals. am
jgufSi moxvedrili zogierTi modeli (ix. qvemoT) uzrunvel-yofs dawyebiT ganaTlebas
mSobliur enaze imdenad SezRuduli odenobiT da ganapirobebs e2-ze sruli gadasvlis
pirobebs iseT adreul asakSi, rom maTi, rogorc bilingvizmis kvalifikacia im TvalsazrisiT,
rogorc zemoT iyo gansazRvruli, SeuZlebelia. es modelebi ar pasuxoben arc mSobelTa
molodins da arc evropis sabWos standartebs. b. sapirispirod, Zlieri modelebis mizania
ori da met enovani ganaTleba. sxva sityvebiT rom TqvaT, es modelebi ganixilavs
mravalenovnebas, rogorc faseul resurss da warmoadgens instruments mis
misaRwevad. isini Seesabameba im mSobelTa molodins, romlebic iRvwian imisTvis,
rom mravalenovan garemoSi mcxovrebi maTi Svilebi flobdnen ramdenime enas;

bilingvuri programebi- SeiZleba ganvixiloT, rogorc iseTi saganmanaTleblo

programebis SemuSaveba da realizacia, romelTa mizans warmoadgens: a) saganTa
swavleba rogorc mSobliur, ise meore an mesame enaze, b) evropis sabWos
gancxadebaSi Camoyalibebuli principebis Sesabamisad, moswavleebSi `damatebiTi~
bilingvizmis garkveuli donis ganviTareba.

diglosia- amerikeli enaTmecnieris Carlz fergiusonis (Charles Ferguson). mier

Tavdapirvelad SemoTavazebuli ganmarteba ase JRers: “diglosia warmoadgens
SedarebiT stabilur enobriv situacias, romelSic enis pirvelads dialeqtebTan (maT Soris
SeiZleba iyos enobrivi standarti an regionaluri standartebi) erTad arsebobs Zalian
gansxvavebuli, uaRresad kodificirebuli (xSirad gramatikulad Zalian rTuli) varianti,
romelic umeteswilad samwerlo enad gamoiyeneba an gamoiyeneboda an wina
periodSi an sxva sametyvelo erTobaSi, da romelsac ZiriTadad iTviseben saswavlo
dawesebulebebSi da gamoiyeneba weriTi da oficialuri miznebiT, oRond ar moixmareba
sazogadoebis romelime fenis mier yoveldRiuri urTierTobebisas” (fergiusoni, 1959, gv.
336). igive avtori mogvianebiT sxva publikaciaSi kidev gvTavazobs diglosiis
ganmartebas: “erTi da imave enis ori an meti saxesxvaoba, romlebic gamoiyeneba
zogierTi molaparakis mier zogierT garemoSi. . . enis ori saxesxvaoba, romlebic
Tanaarseboben mocemul sazogadoebaSi da TamaSoben garkveul rolebs” (fergiusoni,
1971, gv. 11). diglosiis, rogorc sociolingvisturi situaciis, farglebSi enobrivi qceva
erTgvar sferoebadaa gadanawilebuli; es sferoebi erTmaneTTan ierarqiul mimarTebaSi
imyofebian: gamoiyofa maRali (H) da dabali (L) sferoebi. termini d. Tavdapirvelad
gvxvdeba safrangeTSi mcxovreb berZen emigrantTan i. psixarisTan (J. Psichari) jer
kidev XIX saukuneSi. d.-sTan dakavSirebiT.

diskriminacia- diskriminacia aris pirovnebis an pirovnebaTa jgufis uflebebis

SezRudva raime niSnis mixedviT (mag. religiuri, rasobrivi, sqesobrivi, socialuri statusis
da a.S.)
enobrivi (lingvisturi) mravalferovneba- sxvadasxva enobrivi saxesxvaobebi
erTsa da imave geografiul teritoriaze (ix. multilingvuri, multilingvalizmi) an molaparakis
enobriv repertuarSi (mravalenovani, mravalenovneba, repertuari). enobrivi
saxesxvaobebis dacva da mniSvneloba gaxda evropuli sazogadoebebis saerTo
Rirebulebebi; SesaZlebelia ganxorcieldes mravalenovani ganaTlebiT.

erTenovneba- erTkomponentiani enobrivi situacia, romelSic funqcionirebs mxolod

erTi ena Tavisi erTi an ramdenime arsebobis formiT.

eTnolingvistika- saenaTmecniero mimdinareoba, romelic Seiswavlis enas kulturis

artefaqtebTan uSualo kavSirSi, neohumboldtianobis amerikuli nairsaxeoba.
umWidroesadaa dakavSirebuli anTropologiur lingvistikasTan. igi Camoyalibda aSS-Si
XIX-XX saukuneebis mijnaze; mis saTaveebTan idgnen franc boasi (Franz Boas), eduard
sepiri (Eduard Sapir) da sxvebi.

eTnolingvisturi sicocxlisunarianoba- im sociolkulturul faqtorTa erToblioba,

romlebic gansazRvraven jgufis unars, raTa man iarsebos rogorc gansxvavebulma
koleqtiurma odenobam. am faqtorebs miekuTvneba demografia, instituciuri
mxardaWera da statusi.

eTnolingvisturi situacia- enaTa da idiomTa ara yovelgvari erToblioba qmnis

enobriv situacias; magaliTad, aziaSi sakomunikacio miznebisaTvis gamoiyeneba
iaponuri da arabuli, koreuli da sparsuli, vietnamuri da paSto da a. S., magram isini ar
warmodgenen erTi enobrivi situaciis komponentebs, radganac funqciurad ar
ukavSirdebian erTmaneTs da gamoiyenebian sxvadasxva politikur-teritoriul
gaerTianebaSi _ saxelmwifoSi. amgvar movlenas adekvaturad aRniSnavs sxva termini:
„eTnolingvisturi situacia“.

eTnorelativizmi- SeZenili unari, romlis meSveobiTac Rirebulebebsa da qmedebebs

aRiqvam, rogorc kulturuls da ara rogorc universalurs. individis piradi kultura ar aris
aRqmuli, rogorc centraluri da amosavali sxva kulturebTan mimarTebiT realobis
Sefasebis da aRweris dros.

eTnocentrizmi- aris tendencia, romlis mixedviTac individi samyaros aRiqvams

sakuTari kulturis TvalTaxedviT. eTnocentrizmi moicavs rwmenas, rom sakuTari eTnikuri
jgufi aris yvelaze mniSvnelovani da misi kultura mTlianad an kulturis zogierTi aspeqti
aris upiratesi sxva kulturebTan mimarTebiT. Aam ideologiis Sesabamisad, individi
gansjis sxva kulturul jgufebs sakuTari eTnikuri jgufis kulturis perspeqtividan
gamomdinare.

identobis ena- enis saxesxvaoba, romelzec SesaZloa laparakobdnen Tavisuflad,

iSviaTad an Tundac arasdros, magram romelic funqcionirebs rogorc mikuTvnebis
dasadgeni saSualeba (simboluri, emociuri) xalxis mocemul sazogadoebaSi an jgufSi.
am saxesxvaobis Rirebuleba xSirad xalxs xSirad umcirebs sxva enebis Rirebulebas
maT repertuarSi.

inkluziuri ganaTleba- inkluziuri ganaTleba gulisxmobs specialuri saganmanaTleblo

saWiroebis moswavleebis CarTvas saswavlo procesSi sxva moswavleebTan erTad.

instruqciis ena- oficialuri ena (erTi an zogierT saxelmwifoSi erTze meti) an ucxo
ena, romelic gamoiyeneba, rogorc instruqtirebis ena skolaSi. es ena yovelTvis
moswavleebis `mSobliuri ena~ SesaZloa, ar iyos; instruqtirebis ena moicavs ganxilvis
formebs (kerZod, weriT msjelobas), romelic axalia SemswavlelTaTvis. imisTvis, raTa
sakuTriv enisagan gansxvavebuli sagnebi aswavlon, skolebi iyeneben enobriv
saxesxvaobas, romelic ZiriTadad aris oficialuri ena (enebi). SemuSavda ganaTlebis
normebi emigrantebis bavSvebisaTvis (romelTa pirveli ena ar aris is ena, romelic
gamoiyeneba skolebSi), romelSic bavSvis mSobliuri ena saganTa swavlebis procesSi
gaiolebas uwyobs xels, Tumca zogierT ojaxs es maspinZel qveyanaSi maTi integraciis
dabrkolebad miaCnia. miuxedavad amisa, arsebobs mravali programa, romlebSic
oficialuri ena gamoiyeneba instruqciis veqtoriT: situaciebSi, sadac Semswavlelebi
umciresobaTa enaze metyvelni arian, Tu skolis oficialur enad maTi pirveli enaa
dadgenili, maSin is gadaSenebis gzas daadgeba, Tu sazogadoebaSi ar gamoiyeneba
(es cnobilia, rogorc subtraqtuli orenovneba), an, piriqiT, enobrivi saxesxvaobis
daufleba, romelic gamoiyeneba maspinZel qveyanaSi (damatebiTi bilingvizmi), ar
gamoiwvevs pirveli enis dakargvas. instruqciis ena, SesaZloa, sxva oficialuri
saxesxvaoba iyos federalur saxelmwifoebSi an realurad ucxo saxesxvaoba. am
SemTxvevebSi orive ena xelmisawvdomia skolebisaTvis, profesiuli da sauniversiteto
ganaTlebisaTvis.

interaqtiuri sociolingvistika- Seiswavlis enis gamoyenebas heterogenul,

multikulturul aspeqtebs yvelaze xSirad industrializebul sazogadoebebSi da
gansakuTrebul yuradRebas aqcevs imas, Tu rogor gamoiyeneben enebs erTi
sazogadoebis farglebSi moqceuli enobrivi da kulturuli jgufebi. es midgoma ganaviTara
amerikelma enaTmecnierma jon gampercma.

interkulturuli ganaTleba- ganaTleba, romelic aRiarebs da pativs scems

mravalferovnebis arsebobas adamianis cxovrebis nebismier sferoSi, xels uwyobs
Tanasworobas da Tanabari saganmanaTleblo SesaZleblobebis Seqmnas,
ewinaaRmdegeba usamarTlo diskriminacias da ayalibebs RirebulebaTa sistemas, romlis
garSemoc Tanasworoba miiRweva.

interferencia- enaTa urTierTqmedeba orenovnebis pirobebSi, romelic gamoixateba

meore enaze saubrisas misi normidan da sistemidan gadaxvevaSi dedaenis gavleniT.
enaTmecnierebaSi es termini Tavdapirvelad gamoiyenes praRis lingvisturi wris
warmomadgenlebma da agreTve frangma antuan meiem (Antoin Meillet).

kompetencia- kompetencia niSnavs konkretuli amocanis SesrulebisaTvis saWiro

unars. igi moicavs unarebis, codnisa da qcevis erTobliobas. Tavdapirvelad amerikelma
enaTmecnierma n. Comskim (N. Chomsky) erTmaneTisagan gamijna kompetencia
(competence), rogorc molaparakis mier enis srulfasovani codna, da Sesruleba
(performance), enis gamoyeneba. 1967 wlidan d. haimzma (D. Hymes) enis floba
gulisxmobs ara marto misi gramatikisa da leqsikis codnas, aramed sakmaod naTel
warmodgenasac imis Sesaxeb, Tu romel sametyvelo situaciaSi unda gamoviyenoT esa
Tu is sityva da gramatikuli konstruqcia; aRniSnulis safuZvelze man gamoyo
sakomunikacio anu sociolingvisturi (S. Ervin-Tripp) kompetenciis cneba, romelic
sakuTriv lingvisturi kompetenciis garda enis socialurad da situaciurad markirebul
garemoSi saTanado gamoyenebis wesebis codnasac gulisxmobs. sakomunikacio
kompetenciis cneba faqtobrivad kompetencia-performansis diqotomiis neitralizaciis
mizniT Seiqmna.

komunikacia- komunikacia warmoadgens adamianebs Soris verbaluri (sityvieri) da

araverbaluri simboloebis saSualebiT azrebis, grZnobebis, damokidebulebebis da
ideebis urTierTgacvlas. komunikacia momdinareobs laTinuri sityvidan `komunikare~,
rac niSnavs: `gavxadoT yvelasTvis gasagebi~. verbaluri komunikacia gulisxmobs
sityvebis saSualebiT informaciis gadacemas. araverbaluri komunikacia (poza, mimika,
Jestikulacia, pauzebi, xmis intonacia da simaRlis cvlileba, sqema, diagrama,
sxvadasxva Srifti) ki moicavs mosaubris damokidebulebas, romelic Tan axlavs da
avsebs sityvier informacias. araverbaluri signalebi migviTiTeben imaze, Tu rogor unda
moxdes sityvebis mniSvnelobis gageba. efeqturi komunikaciis dros Cven unda
gavigoT ara mxolod teqstis pirdapiri Sinaarsi, aramed qveteqstic, anu isic, Tu ras
gulisxmobs mosaubre. komunikaciuri unar-Cvevebia: mosmena, laparaki, kiTxva,
wera, araverbaluri komunikacia, informaciis gardaqmna-transformacia
(smeniTi, werilobiTi da grafikuli informaciis erTi formidan meoreSi gadatana),
specialuri enis floba (sxvadasxva mecnierebebis enobrivi aparatis floba da
simboloebiT operireba).

kultura- kultura aris socialuri qmedebebis, rwmenis, xelovnebis, institutebis

mTlianoba, romelsac aqvs transmisiuri xasiaTi, romelic Seqmnilia adamianTa garkveuli
jgufis Sromisa da fiqris Sedegad. kulturis mTavari Semadgeneli elementebi aris
geografiuli situacia, eTnikuri kuTvnileba, ena, religia da istoria.

kulturuli mravalferovneba- adamianebi aviTareben sxvadasxva strategiebs,

normebs da Rirebulebebs, raTa SeZlon garkveul jgufSi cxovreba da rogorc jgufma
moaxdinon sxvadasxva garemosTan adaptireba drosa da sivrceSi. Ees strategiebi,
normebi da Rirebulebebi gadaiqceva Cvevad da tradiciad am jgufisTvis da moiTxovs
mis Sesabamis qmedebebs am jgufis wevrebisgan da gadaecema Semdgom Taobebs.
adamianebi pativs scemen sxva adamianebis normebs, Rirebulebes, Cvevebsa da
tradiciebs da Tanacxovroben gansxvavebuli kulturis mqone jgufTan, romelTa Cvevebi
mkveTrad gansxvavdeba maTi Cvevebisgan

kulturaTaSorisi kompetencia- codnis, unarebis, Sexedulebebisa da qcevebis

kombinacia, romelic adamians saSualebas aZlevs, sxvadasxva doneze aRiaros, gaigos,
gardaqmnas da miiRos cxovrebis sxva mimarTulebebi da iazrovnos misi kulturis
miRma. es kompetencia aris xalxTa Soris gagebis safuZveli.

lingva franka- (1) istoriulad Seqmnili ena, romelic TariRdeba Sua saukuneebidan
(frangulidan da sxva enebidan Seqmnili) xmelTaSua zRvispireTis regionidan,
gamoyenebuli rogorc sazogadoebebis saziaro ena; (2) adre arsebuli enis saxesxvaoba,
romelic gamoiyeneba rogorc urTierTobis ena sxvadasxva molaparakeebsa da sxva
saxesxvaobebs Soris, romlebic swavloben da iyeneben mas, rogorc saerTo enas;
saSuamavlo ena, romelic damxmare saurTierTo saSualebad gamoiyeneba
gansxvavebul enebze molaparake adamianebis mier. igi SeiZlena iyos an hibriduli
xasiaTisa da nawilobriv ganviTarebuli (magaliTad, romelime pijini) an esa Tu is erovnuli
ena, romelic ar aris mSobliuri komunikantebisaTvis. Tavdapirvelad l. f. (Lingua Franca
[frankebis ena]) (anu sabiri [<laT. sapere ‘gageba’]) ewodeboda erT, konkretul enas,
romelic SuasaukuneebSi xmelTaSua zRvis arealSi gamoiyeneboda savaWro
urTierTobebSi.

maRali kultura – am terminis qveS xSirad igulisxmeba kulturuli nawarmoebebis

erToblioba, ZiriTadad xelovnebis nawarmoebebi, romelsac ahyavs kultura umaRles
safexurze da xazs usvams ama Tu im kulturis maRal dones.

mikrokultura- mikrokultura aris garkveuli socialuri jgufisTvis damaxasiaTebeli

Tvisebebis, qmedebebisa da Rirebulebebis erToblioba, romelic warmoiSoba garkveuli
kulturis SigniT.

mravalenovani kompetencia- unari warmatebiT daeuflo da gamoiyeno

kompetenciebi sxvadasxva enebSi, codnis sxvadasxva doneze da sxvadasxva
funqciebisaTvis. mravalenovani ganaTlebis centraluri mizani aris am kompetenciis
ganviTareba.

mravalenovani ganaTleba/multilingvuri ganaTleba- swavlebis manera,

romelic aucileblad ar Semoifargleba enis swavlebiT, romelic cdilobs gazardos yoveli
individualis enobrivi repertuaris Sesaxeb informirebuloba, xazi gausvas mis faseulobas
da ganavrcos es repertuari ufro naklebad an ucnobi enebis swavlebiT. mravalenovani
ganaTleba agreTve cdilobs aamaRlos lingvisturi mravalferovnebis socialuri da kulturuli
gageba, raTa uzrunvelyos lingvisturi keTili neba da gamoimuSaos kulturaTaSorisi
kompetencia (ix. agreTve lingvisturi kompetencia). mravalenovnebisa da
mravalenovani ganaTlebis mizani ar aris enaTa didi speqtris erTdroulad (sxvadasxva
enis Sedarebis meTodiT an, SeZlebisdagvarad, mravali enis) swavleba. mizani
gansxvavebulia - mravalenovani kompetencia da kulturaTSorisi ganaTleba
gaiazrebodes, rogorc Tanacxovrebis gza.

mravalenovneba/multilingvizmi- aris unari, gamoiyeno enebi komunikaciis

mizniT da monawileoba miiRo kulturaTSoris urTierTobebSi, sadac pirovneba, romelic
miCneulia socialur agentad, flobs sxvadasxva enas garkveul doneze da sxvadasxva
kulturaSi aqvs gamocdileba. Ees ar miaCniaT calke kompetenciebis SeTavsebad an
Sepirispirebad, aramed kompleqsuri an Tundac erTiani kompetenciebis arsebobad,
romlis safuZvelze SesaZlebelia imoqmedos momxmarebelma.

multikulturuli ganaTleba- swavlisa da swavlebis procesisadmi arsebuli midgoma,

romelic efuZneba demokratiul Rirebulebebsa da faseulobebs da mxars uWers kulturul
pluralizms kulturulad mravalferovan sazogadoebebSi. es midgoma efuZneba
mosazrebas, rom ganaTlebis mTavari daniSnulebaa, xeli Seuwyos potencialidan
gamomdinare yvela moswavlis inteleqtualur, socialur da pirovnul ganviTarebas.
multikulturuli ganaTleba moicavs oTx urTierTdamokidebul postulats: (a) es aris
moZraoba Tanasworobis misaRwevad; (b) es aris moZraoba kurikulumis
transformaciisTvis; (g) es aris procesi individis interkulturuli kompetenciis gasazrdelad;
(d) es aris brZola winare gansjisa da diskriminaciis winaaRmdeg.

multikulturuli sazogadoeba- sazogadoeba, sadac arsebobs sxvadasxva kulturis

matarebeli jgufi, romelTa Tanacxovreba efuZneba saerTo Rirebulebebs, magaliTad,
saerTo saxelmwifos, enas, samoqalaqo movaleobebs da a.S.

oficialuri ena- mocemul saxelmwifosa Tu administraciul-teritoriul erTeulSi

gansakuTrebuli iuridiuli statusis mqone ena, romelzec qveyndeba samarTlebrivi
dokumentebi. amave mniSvnelobiT ixmareba termini polit(ik)oleqti.

orenovani ganaTleba- ganaTlebis stili, romelic moicavs sul mcire instruqtirebis or

enas (magaliTad, erTi ena garemomcveli geografiuli teritoriidan da ucxo ena), romelic
gamoiyeneba saswavlo masalis saswavleblad da codnis gadasacemad.

orenovneba- ori (an ramdenime) enis gamoyeneba erTi da imave enobrivi erTobis
wevrTa mier sxvadasxva sakomunikacio situaciaSi (Tumca jer kidev leonard blumfildi
(Leonard Bloomfield) masSi ori an meti enis mSobliurisdarad flobas gulisxmobda). o.
zogjer mTels saxelmwifosTan mimarTebaSi ixmareba, zogjer romelime
sazogadoebasTan mimarTebaSi, zogjer ki sulac im individis mimarT, romelic erT, or an
met enas flobs. hainc klosi (Heinz Kloss) gaxldaT pirveli, vinac mkveTrad gamijna
erTmaneTisagan o. da mravalenovneba erovnul da individualur doneebze. o. aseve
ixmareba ganzogadebuli, mravalenovnebis mniSvneobiT.

pirveli ena- aris akademiuri termini, romelic gamoiyeneba zogadad mSobliuri enis
aRsaniSnad. es aris enobrivi saxesxvaoba (saxesxvaobebi), romelic SeZenilia adreul
bavSvobaSi, ori-sami wlis asakamde. am saxesxvaobas gansakuTrebuli statusi aqvs
bavSvisaTvis, ramdenadac bavSvi misiT aRmoaCens samyaros adreuli socializaciis
farglebSi: lingvisturi urTierTqmedebani sxva molaparakeebTan aucilebelia normaluri
ganviTarebisaTvis. es aris saxesxvaoba, romelSic adamianis enobrivi niWi pirvelad
gamovlindeba bunebriv enaze. es SesaZloa saxesxvaobac iyos, romliTac bavSvi
lingvisturi `wesebis~ gacnobierebasa da SeTvisebas iwyebs mis uSualo garemoSi da,
amave dros, iZens komunikaciuri qcevis wesebs (magaliTad, vis, rogor da rodis unda
miesalmos?). mSobliuri ena aris yoveldRiurad gamosayenebeli termini, romelsac, amis
miuxedavad, aqvs emociuri qveteqsti, magaliTad, ojaxi da warmoSoba, romlebic
xSirad ar aris pirveladi enobrivi termini. ufro metic, is yovelTvis koreqtuli ar aris,
radgan bavSvebi pirvel enas SeiZenen ara mxolod maTi dedebisagan, aramed maT
SeuZliaT SeiZinon ramdenime ena (ori an meti) erTdroulad mravalenovan ojaxur
garemoSi. mkvidri ena da STamomavlobis ena xSirad gamoiyeneba am mniSvnelobiT,
magram maT msgavsi asociaciebi aqvT jgufTan, romelsac miiCneven, rom
miekuTvnebian. aRniSnuli iqneba, rom enobrivi saxesxvaoba, romelSic SesaZloa
ganisazRvros ama Tu im wevris mikuTvneba jgufisadmi, aucilebeli araa pirveli enis
povniereba, aramed, SesaZloa, es iyos mogvianebiT SeZenili saxesxvaoba.

saxelmwifo ena-enobrivi saxesxvaobaa, romelsac aqvs konstituciiT an sxva legaluri

instrumentebiT sanqcirebuli roli saxelmwifosa da moqalaqeebs Soris sakomunikacio
enis saxiT (samTavrobo departamentebi, iuridiuli sistema, skolebi da a. S.). es
gulisxmobs, rom kerZo komunikaciebSi moqalaqeebs SeuZliaT gamoiyenon nebismieri
enobrivi saxesxvaoba. magram, xSir SemTxvevaSi, oficialuri ena (enebi) aris (arian)
mosaxleobis ricxobrivad an socialurad mniSvnelovani nawilis mSobliuri ena, Tumca,
magaliTad, dasavleT evropuli qveynebis yofil koloniebSi es roli SesaZloa iTamaSos
enobrivma saxesxvaobam (rogorc wesi, kolonizatoris ena), romelic ar aris arc erTi jgufis
mSobliuri ena. erovnul saxelmwifoebSi (miuxedavad imisa, arian Tu ara federaluri
mowyobisa), oficialuri ena SesaZloa identurobis anu erovnul sazogadoebasTan
gawevrianebis faqtori gaxdes,. saxelmwifo ena yovelTvis ar emTxveva moqalaqeobas
(Tu inglisurad laparakobT, ar niSnavs, rom xarT avstraliis moqalaqe; frangulad da
flamandiurad molaparake belgielebi erTi da imave saxelmwifos moqalaqeebi arian),
Tundac rom oficialuri saxesxvaobis codna zogadad iyos mosalodneli an savaldebulo
maTTvis, vinc iTxovs moqalaqeobas. amis gamo, termini saxelmwifo ena, aris ufro
emociurad datvirTuli, vidre oficialuri ena.

semilingvizmi- orenovani individis an sametyvelo erTobis arasrulfa-sovani (deficituri)

kompetencia orive enaSi. pirvelad es termini (halvsprеkighet) axsena Svedma
filologma nils erik hansegordma (Nils Erik Hansegеrd) Tavis radiogamosvlaSi 1962
wels. amave cnebis aRsaniSnavad gvxvdeba aseve termini SezRuduli orenovneba. s.-is
qarTul badlad SeiZleba vixmaroT ergenovneba.

socializacia- socializacia aris procesi, romlis meSveobiTac individi eufleba ama Tu im

konkretuli jgufisaTvis misaReb normebs. es normebi SeiZleba moicavdes enis
dauflebas, socialuri rolebis codnas da am rolebis Sesabamis qmedebas, fizikuri da
socialuri garemos aspeqtebis specifikuri aRqmas da gaazrebas. socializaciis procesi ki
sam etapad iyofa: 1) pirveladi socializacia gulisxmobs patara bavSvebis aRzrdas ojaxis
an nebismieri momvlelis mier; 2) meoradi socializacia, romelic moicavs procesSi iseTi
agentebis CarTvas rogoricaa skola, samezoblo, TanatolTa wre, televizia, eklesia da a.S.
3) zrdasrulTa socializacia.

socialuri samarTlianoba- samarTlianoba socialur mecnierebebSi ganimarteba,

rogorc socialuri da ekonomikuri uTanasworobis maregulirebeli principebi. Tumca,
sxvadasxva politikuri ideologiebi (liberaluri, konservvatoruli da a.S) iSviaTad naxuloben
saerTo niadags, raTa Camoyalibdes, risgan unda Sedgebodes es maregulirebeli
principebi. samarTlianoba xSirad ganixileba sxvadasxva konteqstSi, magaliTad,
Tanasworobis konteqstSi (Tanasworoba SesaZleblobebSi da Tanasworoba SedegSi),
damsaxurebis konteqstSi, procedurebis konteqstSi, saqonlisa da momsaxurebis
individualuri danawilebis konteqstSi da a.S. samarTlianobis yvelaze ufro farTod
gavrcelebuli ganmarteba ekuTvnis jon ravls, romelic amtkicebs, rom mwiri resursebis
(Zalaufleba, fuli, jandacvis da ganaTlebis xelmisawvdomoba) gadanawilebis
gansxvavebuli principebi gamarTlebulia mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki is xels uwyobs
sazogadoebis yvelaze mowyvladi fenebis upiratesobas. samarTlianoba ganaTlebaSi
niSnavs iseTi pirobebis Seqmnas, sadac yvela moswavles, miuxedavad maTi
sociokulturuli kuTvnilebisa, eqneba SesaZlebloba sakuTari potencialis gansaviTareblad.
swored interkulturuli/multikulturuli ganaTleba asaxavs socialuri samarTlianobis
principebs ganaTlebaSi.

stereotipi- adamianTa kategorizacia garkveuli iarliyiT. socialurad konstruirebuli

adamianTa kategorizacia xSirad xdeba amaTu im jgufis martivad identificirebis
safuZveli. xSir SemTxvevaSi stereotips aqvs uaryofiTi datvirTva jgufis daxasiaTebis
da/an kategorizaciisas. Aam kategorizirebuli jgufis TiToeul wevrze avtomaturad
vrceldeba am jgufisaTvis mikuTvnebuli uaryofiTi stereotipi.

subkultura- aris garkveul socio-kulturuli jgufis SigniT warmoSobili specifikuri

maxasiaTeblebis mqone mcire jgufi, romlebic gansxvavdeba ufro didi jgufisagan, romlis
farglebSic is Caisaxa. subkultura gamoirCeva ideebiT an qmedebebiT kulturis SigniT.
magaliTad, korporaciuli kultura, romelic axasiaTebT ama Tu im korporaciis
TanamSromlebs, narkomanTa kultura anu qcevaTa erToblioba, romelic axasiaTebT
narkotikis momxmareblebs. subkultura SeiZleba Camoyalibdes demografiuli niSniTac,
magaliTad, moxucTa kultura, zrdasrulTa kultura, mozardTa kultura da a.S.

tolerantoba- tolerantoba aris adamianis SesaZlebloba, aRiaros, pativi sces an

gaiTvaliswinos sxva adamianis rwmena, qceva, Rirebulebebi. tolerantuli Rirebulebebis
ganviTarebis mizania, rom moswavleebs SeeZloT araZaladobrivi gziT gansxvavebuli
kulturis, rasis, sqesisa da religiis mqone adamianebTan efeqturi urTierTobis damyareba.

umciresoba- umciresoba arsebobs mxolod umravlesobasTan mimarTebaSi da,

Sesabamisad, SeiZleba martivad ganimartos, rogorc adamianTa jgufi, romlebic ar
miekuTvnebian ama Tu im sazogadoebaSi umravlesobas. umciresoba SeiZleba iyos
politikuri, kulturuli, eTnikuri, religiuri, lingvisturi, sqesobrivi.

faruli kurikulumi- faruli kurikulumi ar aris formaluri kurikulumis nawili, Tumca

moicavs yvela faqtors, rac gavlenas axdens swavlaze, maT Soris gauazrebeli da
SemTxveviTi faqtorebic ki.
Cveva- Cvevas uwodeben mravaljeradi gameorebiT SeZenil metad Tu naklebad
avtomatizebul moqmedebas an qcevas. moqmedebis avtomatizeba imiT gamoi-
xateba, rom Cvevis Semadgeneli moZraobebi, motoruli impulsebi mimdinareobs
cnobierebis monawileobis gareSe an Tanamonawileobis dabali xarisxiT. Cvevas
adamiani iZens rogorc garkveuli moqmedebis dasaswavlad misi mizandasaxuli
gameorebis Sedegad, aseve maSin, roca cxovrebis garkveul monakveTebze adamians
uwevs garkveuli moqmedebebis xSiri gameoreba. ganasxvaveben motorul da
gonebriv Cvevebs: motoruls uwodeben moZraobis Cvevas; magaliTad, velosipediT
siaruls, Rilis, Tasmebis Sekvras, curvas da a. S. gonebrivs uwodeben iseT Cvevebs,
romlebic avtomatizebul gonebriv operacias warmoadgenen (gamravlebis tabulis zepiri
codna, abzacis dacva, sasveni niSnebis gamoyeneba, kiTxvis dros pauzebis gakeTeba
da a.S.). meore mxriv, Cvevebs ajgufeben Sinaarsis mixedviTac. gamoyofen
sayofacxovrebo (Cacma-daxurvis, dana-Canglis xmarebis a. S.), higienur (kbilebis
gaxexvis, xelebis dabanis); sportul Cvevebs (velosipedis tareba, curva) da a. S.

winare gansja- rogorc Tavad sityvac miuTiTebs, es aris idea, romelic warmoiSoba jer
kidev gansjamde. winare gansjis klasikuri ganmarteba ekuTvnis harvardis universitetis
fsiqologs gordon alports, romelmac 1954 wels gamosca wigni “winare gansjis buneba”.
Aalportis ganmartebiT, “winare gansja aris antipatiuri ganwyoba, romelic efuZneba
mcdar ganzogadebas. Ees ganwyoba SeiZleba igrZnobodes an iyos gamoxatuli.
aRniSnuli antipatiuri ganwyoba mimarTulia garkveuli jgufis an am jgufis romelime
wevris mimarT.”
 gamoyenebuli literatura:

zaal kikviZe, sociolingvistikur terminTa glosariumi, quTaisi, 2008;

g. ramiSvili, dedaenis Teoria. dedaena, misi funqciebi da misi swavleba. Tbilisi, 2000.
ganmartebiTi leqsikoni ganaTlebis specialistebisaTvis; pirveli nawili; erovnuli saswavlo
gegmebis da Sefasebis centri; Tbilisi, 2007;
ganmartebiTi leqsikoni ganaTlebis specialistebisaTvis; meore nawili; erovnuli saswavlo
gegmebis da Sefasebis centri; Tbilisi, 2008;
enobrivi ganaTlebis politikis ganviTareba evropaSi; enobrivi mravalferovnebidan _
mravalenovan ganaTlebamde; Tbilisi, 2008.
padraig o' riageni, jorj liudi, bilingvuri ganaTleba: ZiriTadi strategiuli amocanebi; Tbilisi,
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