Basic Telecom Course

CONTEN Transmission Lines Basic Analogue and Digital Signal ISDN Basic Circuit switch system Vs Packet switched system GSM Network Overview ADSL Network
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Transmission Lines Basic

Telecommunications means:

The electronic transmission of all types of information audio, video, voice, graphics, pictures, animation from a location to another over a communications link.

Basic Elements of a Telecommunication System

Source

Transmitter

Channel

Receiver

Destination 3

Telecommunications Channels
Transmission lines - carrier is electrical energy - channel is normally copper cable

Optical fibers - carrier is electromagnetic energy at light frequencies - channel is the optical fiber cable

Radio waves - carrier is electromagnetic energy at radio frequencies - channel is free space between transmitting Antenna and receiving Antenna.

Transmission Media

Transmission Medium

Physical path between transmitter and receiver

Guided Media

Waves are guided along a solid medium E.g., copper twisted pair, copper coaxial cable, optical fiber

Unguided Media

Provides means of transmission but does not guide electromagnetic signals Usually referred to as wireless transmission

E.g., atmosphere, outer space

Guided Media
Copper transmission line

Coaxial cable - this is called an unbalanced line ( has one conductor grounded or exposed to the outside elements in greater magnitude than the other conductor.)

Twisted Pair Cable- this is called a balanced line (each line has equal impedance relative to ground or its surroundings)

Fiber optic Transmission Line

Unguided Media
Electromagnetic waves, called wireless transmission

PSTN Architecture, Lines and Trunks

CPE
Individual user stations, Linens or Ext

Local Loop

Backbone, or Core Network Interexchange Trunks

PBX

Local Exchange Trunks

International Gateway For routing calls between countries

Subs Line
Telephone

Toll/Transit Switch for routing calls to or from other cities

Residential Services

PBX
Tandem/Junction Exc for routing calls between local Exc within the city Tandem Trunks Local Exchanges 7

Subs Line
Telephone

Fiber Optic Cables

Main Exchange

Cell Tower
International Exchange Main Exchange

From the Local & Mobile Exs. Calls are routed to the main Ex.

River

Main Exchange
Mobile Exchange Telephone Poles Local Ex. Is connected to all the phones in a small geographical area Phone Box Local Exchange

Cell

Payphone Box

Signal leaves your house to a telephone box outside Subs Subs

Subs Payphone Subs

Cell phone calls travel to the cell tower & from there, on to a mobile ex.

Satellite

To Other Countries

The Calls are sent to the other countries via undersea cables or satellite systems

International Exchange Undersea Cable International Exchange

Main Exchange
Telephone Poles

River

Phone Box

Local Exchane

Subs Subs Subs

Subs

Analog Signals and Digital Signal

A continuously varying electromagnetic wave that may be propagated over a variety of media, depending on frequency Examples of media:

Copper wire media (twisted pair and coaxial cable)

Fiber optic cable

Atmosphere or space propagation

Analog signals can propagate analog and digital data

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Analog and Digital Transmission

Analog Transmission

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Digital Signals

A sequence of voltage pulses that may be transmitted over a copper wire medium Generally cheaper than analog signaling Less susceptible to noise interference Suffer more from attenuation Digital signals can propagate analog and digital data

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ISDN Basic
What is ISDN?
Integrated Service Digital Network,

A system of digital phone connections, which allow voice and data to be transmitted simultaneously using end-to-end digital connectivity.

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Integrated Service Digital Networks

ISDN

is a digital telephone service which

provides fast, accurate voice & data transmission over existing copper telephone wiring.

ISDN

based on a number of fundamental building blocks.

First, there are two types of ISDN

"channels" or communication paths:

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Integrated Service Digital Networks

B-channel

The Bearer ("B") channel is a 64 kbps channel

This channel can be used for video, data, voice, or multimedia calls.

D-channel

The Delta ("D") channel can be either a 16 kbps or 64 kbps channel

Mainly this channel is used for communications (or "signaling") between switching equipment in the ISDN network & the ISDN equipment at your location.

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Integrated Service Digital Networks

These channels are delivered to the user in one of two pre-defined configurations:
Basic Rate Interface (BRI)

BRI is the ISDN service used to connect to the Internet. BRI connection supports two channels B and D over a standard phone line. often called "2B+D". Primary Rate Interface (PRI)

ISDN PRI service is used primarily by large organizations with intensive communications needs. This PRI connection supports 30 64kbps European- (23 64 kbps) American B-channels and one 64 kbps D-channel (30B+D , 23B+D) over a high speed (T1 or E1) circuit.

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Circuit Switching

Circuit switching

Dedicated communications path between two stations E.g., public telephone network ( Plain Old Telephone System- POTS)

Phases of Circuit Switching

Circuit establishment

An end to end circuit is established through switching nodes Information transmitted through the network Data may be analog voice, digitized voice, or binary data Circuit is terminated Each node de-allocates dedicated resources
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Information Transfer ( call progress and transfer)

Circuit disconnect

Circuit Switched
Three phases of circuit switched: - Establish, - Transfer, - Disconnect
Switch 1 Switch 2
Trunk

Subs Loop

Telephone

To establish a connection: Must have switching Capacity & Channel Capacity

Must have intelligence to workout routing

Telephone

Switch 3

Switch 4

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Packet Switching

Packet switching

Message is broken into a series of packets Each node determines next leg of transmission for each packet

computer2 computer2

D C B A

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Packet Switching Advantages

Line efficiency is greater Many packets over time can dynamically share the same node to node link Packet-switching networks can carry out data-rate conversion Two stations with different data rates can exchange information Unlike circuit-switching networks that block calls when traffic is heavy, packet-switching still accepts packets, but with increased delivery delay Priorities can be used
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Disadvantages of Packet Switching

Each packet switching node introduces a delay Overall packet delay can vary substantially This is referred to as jitter Caused by differing packet sizes, routes taken and varying delay in the switches Each packet requires overhead information Includes destination and sequencing information Reduces communication capacity More processing required at each node
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Comparison between packet switching networks and circuit switching networks

Circuit Switching

Packet Switching

Dedicated transmission path Continuous transmission No storage of data/messages Same path for duration of

connection Call setup required Overload may block call Busy signal if called busy Fixed bandwidth transmission Charging by minute

No dedicated path Transmission of packets Packets may be stored Each packet may take

different route No call setup needed Overload increases packet delay No busy signal dynamic use of bandwidth Charging by packet

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Leased Line

Leased Line (Private Line or Dedicated Line)

Point-to-point connection

Always on
Lower cost per minute than dial-up service

Must be provisioned (set up)

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GSM

GSM stands for Global System for Mobile telecommunications. Cell Structure the coverage area of an operator is divided into cells

A cell is the area that one or more transmitters can cover

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Introduction

Types of Cells Different types of cells are used depending of the population density in a country

Macrocells Microcells Selective or sectorized cells Umbrella cells Nano-cells Pico-cells

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Cell Types

Macrocells

Large cells for remote and separate populated areas Can be larger than 3 to 35 km Used for densely populated areas by splitting the existing cell into smaller cells May be as small as .1 to 1 km smaller version of microcells Covers approximately .01 to 1 km

Microcells

Pico-cells

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Cell Types

cont.

Nano-cells Smaller and smaller segments Covers .01 to .001 km Umbrella Cells

Covers several micro-cells to solve the problem of overabundance of handovers among the different small neighboring cells

When the speed of umbrella cell

is too high, the is handed off to

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GSM Architecture

A GSM networks consists of several functional entities

Um Abis

Mobile TE

BSS

NSS

ME BTS
SIM

MSC

BSC

PSTN

HLR

VLR

AuC

EIR

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Cellular System Architecture

MSC
HLR VLR

MSC
HLR

To other MSCs

VLR

PSTN

PSTN

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Cellular System Architecture

Each cell is served by a base station (BS)

Each BS is connected to a mobile switching center (MSC) through fixed links

Each MSC is connected to other MSCs and PSTN

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Cellular System Architecture

Each MSC is a local switching exchange that handles switching of mobile user from one base station to another Locating the current cell of a mobile user

Home Location Register (HLR): database recording the current location of each mobile that belongs to the MSC Visitor Location Register (VLR): database recording the cell of visiting mobiles

Interfacing with other MSCs and PSTN

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Cellular System Architecture

One channel in each cell is set aside for signaling information between BS and mobiles Mobile-to-BS: location, call setup for outgoing, response to incoming BS-to-Mobile: cell identity, call setup for incoming, location updating

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The Network & Switching Subsystem

The switching system (SS) is responsible for performing call processing
and subscriber-related functions. The switching system includes the following functional units: home location register (HLR) The HLR is a database used for storage and

management of subscriptions. it stores permanent data about subscribers, including a subscriber's service profile, location information, and activity status. buys a subscription from one of the PCS operators, he or she is registered in the HLR of that operator

Mobile Services Switching Center (MSC) - MSC performs the telephony

switching functions of the system controls calls to and from other telephone and data systems also performs such functions as toll ticketing, network interfacing, common channel signaling, and others.

Visitor location register (VLR) - VLR is a database that contains temporary

information about subscribers that is needed by the MSC in order to service visiting subscribers.
The VLR is always integrated with the MSC. When a mobile station roams into a new MSC area, the VLR connected to that MSC will request data about the mobile station from the HLR. Later, if the mobile station makes a call, the VLR will have the information needed for call setup without having to interrogate the HLR each time. 33

The Network & Switching Subsystem

Cont.

Authentication center (AUC) - A unit called the AUC provides authentication and encryption parameters that verify the user's identity and ensure the confidentiality of each call. The AUC protects network operators from different types of fraud found in today's cellular world. Equipment identity register (EIR) - The EIR is a database that contains information about the identity of mobile equipment that prevents calls from stolen, unauthorized, or defective mobile stations The AUC and EIR are implemented as stand-alone nodes or as a combined AUC/EIR node.

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Base Station System (BSS)

All radio-related functions are performed in the BSS, which consists of base station controllers (BSCs) and the base transceiver stations (BTSs)

BSC - The BSC provides all the control functions and physical links between the MSC
and BTS.

It is a high-capacity switch that provides functions such as handover, cell configuration data, and control of radio frequency (RF) power levels in base transceiver stations. A number of BSCs are served by an MSC.

BTS - The BTS handles the radio interface to the mobile station. The BTS is the radio equipment (transceivers and antennas) needed to service each cell in the network. A group of BTSs are controlled by a BSC.

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ADSL
Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL)

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Heres What You Will Learn About ADSL!

What is it?
What are the benefits? How fast is it? How does it work? What can I use it for?

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What is ADSL?

ADSL is a latest broadband communication technology that creates high-speed access to the Internet and remote networks using the phone lines that are already present in your home.

Note
ADSL is an asymmetric communication technology designed for residential users; it is not suitable for businesses. 38

What are the benefits of ADSL?

You can talk on the phone and use the Internet at the same time on a single phone line

You can connect to the Internet at up to 140 times faster than analog modems
Your connection to the Internet is always on

Your home has its own dedicated connection

Your connection is highly reliability Your connection is highly secure

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Simultaneous Connections

Talk on the phone and surf the Internet at the same time on the same phone line! You do not have to disable call waiting to connect to the Internet.

ADSL Reliability

Even if the power goes out, you will still be able to make phone calls. Unlike cable modems, your connection speed will not be affected by how much bandwidth your neighbors use.

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Always On

Because the information is transmitted separately from the voice/fax calls, your Internet connection can stay on all the time. No more logging on and off No more busy signals

No more waiting

just open your browser and go!

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ADSL Security

The dedicated connection that ADSL uses provides more security than cable.

Cable modem users share bandwidth with their

neighbors. Information traveling across the

network is easier to snoop.

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ADSL modem

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DSLAM

To interconnect multiple ADSL users a Digital Subscriber Line Access Multiplexer (DSLAM) is used DSLAM is used at the telephone central office that separates the data signals from the telephone line
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What can I use ADSL for?

Faster downloads of anything digital

CD-quality audio
Graphics-rich websites Faster and better multimedia

High-speed multiplayer games

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Types of DSL

ADSL Asymmetric DSL R-ADSL Rate Adaptive DSL HDSL High Bit Rate DSL SDSL Single Line DSL VDSL Very High Bit Rate DSL

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ADSL Summary

ADSL provides a new way to use existing phone lines. Its faster! Its always on! Voice and data on one line at the same time!

ADSL is the best way to get online!

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