Scandinavian Institute of Maritime Law

InternationalSafety ManagementCode

Humanfactoristhemostcommonreasonanda contributingfactorforaccidentswithships Safetycultureonboardandintheshippingcompany

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Thebackground
HeraldofFreeEnterprise(1987) ScandinavianStar(1990) Estonia(1994)

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InternationalManagementCodeforthe S f Operation Safe O i of fShi Shipsand df forPollution ll i Prevention(ISMCode)of1993

FirstasGuidelines(nonbinding) ChapterIXofSOLASasof1994 Asof1995binding

A.848(20)Guidelinesonthe ImplementationoftheISMCode
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Safetymanagementsystem
mustbeestablishedbytheshippingcompany
1.stepSaywhatyoudo! SafetyManagementand proceduresmanuals,instructions,checklistsetc 2.stepDowhatyousayyoudo! implementthese instructionsinpractice 3.stepShowthatyoudowhatyousayyoudo! ensureyou haveobjectiveevidenceofsteps1and2

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The structure of the ISM Code

Preamble ThepurposeofthisCodeistoprovideaninternationalstandardforthesafemanagementand operationofshipsandforpollutionprevention PartAImplementation
Objectives Responsibilitiesandpoliciesofshippingcompany,master Designatedpersons Preparedness Internalaudit Documentation

PartBCertificationandVerification
Certification C tifi ti and dperiodical i di lverification ifi ti Interimcertification Verification Formsofcertificates

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 SafetyManagementSystemmust(Art.1.2.2):
provide id for f safe f practices ti in i ship hi operation ti and dasafe f workingenvironment establishsafeguardsagainstallidentifiedrisks continuouslyimprovesafetymanagementskillsof personnelashoreandaboard,includingpreparingfor emergenciesrelatedtosafetyandenvironmental protection

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ISMCodeestablishesminimum common requirements i t f forSMS Uptotheshippingcompanytoimplement

shippingcompanyisbroadlydefined

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Main duties under the ISM Code

1.Theobligationtoinstructproperlythemasterandthecrew 2. 2 Th Theobligation bli i tokeep k and dmaintain i i records d and dreports 3.Designationoftheresponsiblepersononshore 4.Certification(DocumentofComplianceandSafetyManagement Certificate) 5.Verification,reviewandevaluation

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Designatedperson(DP),Art.4 Directaccesstothehighestlevelof management t Howmuchinformationshouldbe communicatedtotheseniormanagement?

Onlymajor/seriousaccidents?Alsominorand nearaccidents?

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Master,Art.5
Mastersresponsibilitymustbeclearlydefined Overridingauthorityandresponsibilitytomakedecisionswith respecttosafetyandpollutionprevention Themasterisresponsibleforperiodicalreviewsofthe companyssafetymanagementsystemtogetherwithhiscrew insearchofimprovement

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Crewandpersonnel,Art.6
Mustbefamiliarwiththeshipandsafety procedures d Conversant Contactbetweenmasterandthecrew

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 Plansforshipboardoperations(Art.7)
Proceduresforpreparationofplansand instructions,checklistsetc. Taskstobedefinedandassignedtoqualified personnel

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Exampleofdutyassignmentsonboard
SafetyOfficer2nd(or3rd)mate SafetyOmbudsman onefromeachdepartment(crew representative) Hospital ChiefOfficer GarbageManagement ChiefOfficer BallastWaterManagement ChiefOfficer

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Exampleofdutyassignmentsonboard (contd)
Pollutionresponsibleofficer ChiefOfficer ShipSecurityOfficer ChiefOfficer FirefightingSquads Onejuniorofficeroneachteam (teamleader) (smokedivingteams)(beingno.2handling communications) ChemicalLocker:Dailycontrol 3rdor4th Engineer(includingHazardousSubstanceLog) Responsible ChiefEngineer

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Emergencypreparedness(Art.8) TheSMSshouldprovideformeasures ensuring i that th tth theCompanys C organization i ti can respondatanytimetohazards,accidentsand emergencysituationsinvolvingitsships

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Whosupervisesimplementation?
ReviewbytheCompanysmanagement(internal ,Art12) ) audit, 12.2TheCompanyshouldperiodicallyevaluatethe efficiencyand,whenneeded,reviewtheSMSin accordancewiththeproceduresestablishedbythe Company Onthebasisofshipboardreportsfromthe Master/DP?

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Whosupervisesimplementation?
FlagState
Reg. g 4ofChapter p IXofSOLAS;ISMCodepara. p 13;IMOResolution A.788

Classificationsocieties(recognizedorganization)
Reg.IX.1ofSOLAS Statesmaydelegatepowersofsupervision Renewalaudit(5years),periodicalsurveys(2.5year)

Port P tState St t control t l

Reg.IX/6.2ofSOLAS

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Recordkeeping(paperwork)
HowlonganddetailedmanualsshouldbetorespondtoISM Code? 1.2.2Safetymanagementobjectives:
Establishsafeguardsagainstallidentified risks

7Developmentofplansforshipboardoperations
TheCompanymustestablishproceduresforthepreparationsofplans and di instructions i for f key k shipboard hi b doperations i concerning i the h safety f ofshipandthepreventionofpolution.Thevarioustasksinvolved shouldbedefinedandassignedtoqualifiedpersonnel

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ConsequencesofISMCodeviolations
DetentionunderPortStateControl Civilliability Criminal/administrativeliability

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Carriageofgoods
InconformitywithISMCodemayhaveimplicationsoncarrier liability
IsthevesselrenderedunseaworthywheneverISMCodeisviolated?

Dutyofthecarriertomaketheshipseaworthy
HagueVisbyRules,III.1:exerciseduediligence tomaketheship seaworthy,properlyman,equip,andsupplytheship HVR,IV.2:exceptionfromliabilityfordamageresultingfromactof g g innavigation g ormanagement g oftheship p negligence RotterdamRules

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PriortoISMCode:groundingin1997[just months th before b f itbecame b binding]: bi di ]

TheTorepo [2002]2LloydsRep.535
Unseaworthiness/absenceofduediligence(claim)v. Navigationerror(defence)

EurasianDream [2002]

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Limitation of liability
Brusselsconventiononlimitation,1957:
Limitationofliability ynotavailableincaseofactualfault andprivity

1976Limitationconvention:
Limitationofliabilitynotavailableincaseoflossresulting fromapersonalactoromission(Art.4)

ISMCode d thus h h helps l todefine d f the h standard d dof f managerialconduct

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Criminalliability
E.g.,Sec.58oftheNorwegianShipSafetyAct (Skipssikkerhetsloven)onbreachofdutieswith respecttoSMS:
Anypersonwho,onbehalfoftheshippingcompany, willfullyornegligentlysubstantiallyfailstoestablish, implementanddevelopasafetymanagementsystemin accordancewithsection7andregulationsissuedpursuant t the to th provision i i shall h llb beliable li bl to t fines fi orimprisonment i i t for f atermnotexceedingtwoyears.

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 CandocumentsrequiredbyISMCodebeused against i tth theshipping hi i company? ?

Evidenceinliabilitycases!Selfincrimination? Somekindofprivilegedstatusforthese documents?

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Standardofcare&negligenceunder A ti ll ti Act/ Antipollution A t/Ship Shi Safety S f t Act A t

FullCity2011AgderLagmannsrett(Courtof Appeal)

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