Gdel

:
28

1906

:
:

Taureans

Brno:

: 14

1978

Gdel
:

Gdel

Nimbursky
:
:

Gdel,

axioms

,
'

'

'Gdel

proving

'
.

(1951);

(1974)
Gdel *

++

1931

Gdel

Gdel
,

Gdel

(
)

Gdel

1906 28

Brno

Brnn

1929

1934

,
Gdel, 1940
.

14

1978

,
.

Gdel

.
,

Gdel
.

20
2
20

, Gdel

19

"

"

axioms
. Axioms

Gdel

, Gdel

(axioms
.

Gdel (1906-1978)

, NJ

Gdel

axioms

,
.

. Godel

Gdel

,
. 19

sidelines

,
axioms (

axioma

,
)

axioms
.

axioms .

. Axioms

axioms

"

axioms

,l

."
.

.
,

.
.

axioms
.
,

axioms

axioms

, 19
Hilbert

Hilbert

,
.

.
.

Hilbert
? ,

.
.

: JOE SUTLIFF

Hilbert

, Hilbert
.

axioms

,
.

axioms

axioms

. Hilbert

mugs

axioms

mugs

,
,

.(

.)

axioms

mechanistically
,

Hilbert

,
Hilbert,,

axioms

Hilbert
.
, 1910

1913

axioms
.

Gdel

Hilbert

unattainable

,
.

"

." Gdel

. Gdel

, Gdel

;
,

".

"

. Gdel

,"

,"

,
.

Gdel

. Gdel

provability
,

,
,

,
)

unprovability
unprovable

(formalists)

provability

-Gdel
axioms

Gdel
. Gdel

. 20

:-


.
.

,
.

"

"

'

corollaries

.
.

. Miletus.The

624

.
.

28, 585

. Diogenes Laertius

Examyes

Cleobuline

.
. Diogenes

Cybisthon
.

'

. Diogenes
Cybisthus

,.

"

"

"

.
"

. Diogenes

, Pherecydes
'

,
.

Milesians
.

Ionians

.
.

Ionians

, Croesus
,

Lydians

Medes

.
.

Croesus
,

, Lydians
.

Medes

Croesus

Medes

Halys
.

.
.

Pteria

, Croesus

Laertius

Lydians

,"

. Diogenes
,"

symmachia

Milesians
.
Ionians

lonia

,
Teos

,
.

Diogenes
archonship

582

Damasius
.

,
Panhellenic,

hypothesizing
,

characteristics.To
,

"

"

" hyle (

"

"

"
,

,
"

" eidos

inaroundc

. 546

(..;

IPA ( ),

li ]: / eli z /

. .

624 - 546

/ t li S /
),

"

. [1]
." [2]

'

"

. [3] [4]

'

,"

corollaries

.
(624 - 546

,
.

. Axioms

).

DE
.

ABC
|/|

|=|

|/|

|.

) = 1/2 |

| | EF | = 1/2 |

(BDE) = 1/2 |

(CDE) = 1/2 |

. . | | EF |

||

|(

)/

(BDE) = |

)/

(CDE) = |

|/|

|/|

. . | (1)

| (2)

(BDE) =

(CDE) (3)

DE

, DE

(1), (2), (3)

|/|

. .|=|

|/|

|/|

. .|/|

|=|

||

. .|/|

|+|

/|

|=|

|/|

|+|

|/|

(|

. .|+|

|) / |

| = (|

|+|

|) / |

|/|

|=|

|/|

QED.

.
:

(A

)
.

OB = OC (

radii

. OB = OA

OAB
ABC

, 180

+ + (A + B) + + b = 180.

OBC
, OBC

,
,

,
2 + 2 = 180 B,

+ + b = 90.

90

QED.

'

'
,

'
circumcircle

:
.
.

circumcircle

,
. QED.

straightedge

)
.

straightedge

straightedge

straightedge
'O'

,
(

), OTP

,
. .

,
QED

straightedge

ED

straightedge
.

, straightedge

ED

PDM

.
P

,
-

= MA .

(
(

) .

'

,
.

Diogenes
Laertius

.
. Eudemus,

,,

Proclus,
'

450

Eudemus

.
,

,
.

pullers

585

pullers

.
straightedge

.(

straightedge

).

"

,"

""

.
,
.(

)
.

'

.
-

,
-

. Diogenes Laertius

#5

('physis',

'

')

"
"(

,
,

).

585

.
,
,

?"

"

."

"

."

"
"

"

."

,
,

."

qwyssxsasu

qwyssxsasu

qwyssxsasu:
:
:
: 18

1752
:

: 10

Virgos

, 1833

-Claudine Couhin
: Legendre polynomials

Legendre

.
-

Legendre
-

Legendre Legendre
.

primes

. Legendre

Galois

'

Hamiltonian

Legendre

. Legendre

1770

Mazarin (

1780

Legendre
-

,
, Legendre 1775

Militaire

. 1782

, "cannonballs

."

. 1787

Mechain

.
. 1791

,
Mechain

1793

Legendre

,
),

gomtrie (

. Legendre

,
,

conjectured .

1819
pedagogically

,
;

33

.
1795

Legendre

1803

.
, Legendre

. 1824

1799

Militaire,

Nouvelles mthodes

Legendre

comtes (1806; "

1815

orbites

")
,

1786

integrals

Legendre
,

"

fonctions elliptiques (1825-37;

"),
.

integrals

integrals

integrals

Legendre

Poisson

[12]

:-

Legendre

. [1]

[2],

Mazarin

1770
18

, Legendre

Mazarin

, Legendre

1775

'
1780

Militaire

Laplace

1782

:-

, cannonballs

;
.

Recherches

milieux rsistants
Legendre

trajectoire

. 1782

Legendre

.
Laplace

Legendre

ellipsoids

confocal ellipsoids

Legendre

. Legendre

1783

Laplace
, 30

, Legendre Laplace

associ

adjoint
adjoint

Legendre.

Legendre polynomials

1784

plantes
;

Recherches

, Recherches

'1785

indtermine

1786

1785
coprime

primes

Dirichlet

primes

primes
.

Legendre

1751

1783

([15 ,

Legendre

]).

Legendre
.

1785

associ

1787

1787

Mmoire

trigonomtriques dont

rsultats

Legendre

TERRE

13 , 1791 Legendre

triangulations

Legendre

,
gomtrie

1793

Legendre

([1] )

:-

Legendre

Prony 1792

. Legendre

Prony

Carnot
. 80

70

1801

1794 Legendre

gomtrie

"

100

[2]

:-

" Legendre
"

"

. Legendre

"

,
"

"

"

Legendre

conjectured

.
2

1795

1806

Legendre

. 1803

Legendre
.

Legendre 1806

:-

.
.

Legendre
.

1809

Legendre

Legendre

1808
Thorie
1785

Legendre 1798

nombres

Legendre

Thorie

nombres

1798

Legendre

Legendre

Legendre

. Legendre

([20] )

appropriating

:-

1801

Thorie

nombres

Legendre . . Thorie
n

( )=

1808

1808

/ (- 1,08366

(N))

Legendre

Legendre

nombres

primes (n)

Exercices

primes

Legendre

Legendre

Calcul

, 1811

1817,

Legendre

1819

integrals

, ellipsoids

1824

1825

, 1826,

Fonctions Elliptiques

integrals

1825

1830

40

, Legendre

Legendre
.

Legendre
.

30

[1]

:-

...

" "

1832

) Legendre
:-

1824

Legendre

Legendre

1826

:-

1824

Legendre

Minkowski :-

Minkowski
:
:
: 22

1864

22
Cancerians

: Aleksota,

: 12

1909

Minkowski
:

Minkowski

:
: Knigsberg
: 1883 -

Minkowski
Taubmann
-

Minkowski,

.
,

'

Minkowski

,
Minkowski

.
Minkowski

Knigsberg

Knigsberg

Minkowski
.

Dirichlet

, Dedekind

,, ([13] ) 1881
.

.
Knigsberg

Dedekind

1880

Knigsberg

1882-83

,
. Knigsberg

Hilbert
,

Knigsberg

Minkowski
Hilbert
1884

Minkowski

.
, Hurwitz

Hurwitz

quadratische Formen, Bestimmung

welche

gegebenes

Knigsberg

Untersuchungen
Anzahl verschiedener Formen,

enthlt ber

1885

. Minkowski

1881

) 1883

. Eisenstein 1847
,

1867

,
.
.

Eisenstein

1847

unproved

. Minkowski,
,

Eisenstein

,
.

Minkowski

Minkowski
.2

stunning

, 1883
Minkowski

. 1885

Minkowski

,,

Knigsberg

,
.

1887

Habilitationsschrift

Minkowski

.
,

Minkowski
[11]

1991

Rumliche Anschauung
positiv definiter quadratischer Formen (

Minkowski

"

. Dieudonn

:-

"
,

Minkowski 1892
.

Eidgenssische

Polytechnikum
Knigsberg

, 1887

1892

Frobenius '
Hurwitz

Strasburg

; 1902

. Minkowski 1897
1898

Minkowski 1902
.

Minkowski
Hilbert

Hilbert
.

1905

Minkowski

. 1907

Minkowski

.
,

'

'

Minkowski

.
Zwei Abhand lungen
ber .

Grundgleichungen

, [9]

Elektrodynamik (1909)

:-

(1907)

. 1908

Minkowski

,
1905

. Minkowski

-
,
Minkowski, Hilbert

,
,

.
,

subdiscipline
,

Minkowski
,,

Poincar

Maupertuis

,
(

LAGRANGE

Minkowski

. CORRY [7]

:-

,
.

Hilbert

Minkowski

Minkowski:
.

Hilbert
.

Minkowski

1900

Hilbert

. Minkowski,
Hilbert,

1900

:-

Minkowski

Minkowski

1890

.
'

'

. Geometrie

Zahlen

1910

240

. Geometrie
1953

(256) 1896

Zahlen

1968

Minkowski Diophantische Approximationen

Zahlentheorie

1907

Einfhrung

LED

44

Minkowski
.

5, 2010;

21, 1996

(1861-1947)
,
.

(1910, 1912, 1913)

.
1884

1910

.
, 1910

1924
.

1924

,
,

,
.

1.
2.

1.

1861 - Ramsgate, Thanet

15

1880 1884 -

,
.

.
.

1891 -

1903 -

1910 -

1914 .
1924 -

1931 -

1937 -

1945 1947 -

30.

2.

,
(

)
.

1885

,
1890

. 1890

"

"
(1952, 52)

1900

1898

1897

1903

Kantian

(1910, 1912, 1913)

Logicism,

,
.

,
.

Gottlob Frege

,
.

transfinite

derivations

,
.

.
.

US

mistaking

"Misplaced Concreteness
64, 72)

,"
.

(1925,

,"
,
1919;. ... [

,]

"(1925, 72

3).

,
,

,
.

US

spatio-

,"

"

US

(1925, 114).

(1929c)
,

'

'

unsystematized,

sophistications

....
unwarped

,
,,

. (1929c,

2,

. 1, . 317)

. 10,

.(

,,

1929c . 9, . 2.)

2,

.
(1929a)

(1919),

 (1920),

(1922)

1924

.
,

(1925)

FULLER

1927/28 Gifford

,
metaphysically

.
,

,
.

SHERBURNE

, " monad windowless ,

, Leibnizian monad
'

.'

preeminence

... "(SHERBURNE 1995, 852).

,

...

"
,

" (SHERBURNE 1995, 852

:"

,"

, "[A]

,
,

).

valueless,

,
.

unsuited

'

.'

"(1925, 22)
.

,"

"(1925, 190)

individualises

" .

"(1925, 90) .

.
,

.
,

,
(1929c,

5,

. 2,

1-7),

"

"

(1898)

.
Dulau: (1906a)

(1906b)
,

(1907)

Axioms:
Axioms:

.
.

(1910, 1912, 1913) (

2, 3).

,3

, 1925 (

1), 1927 (

, 1962: * 56

(1911)

.
(1919)

Enquiry:

.
,

(1920)

(1922)

.
(1925)

,
(1926)

(1927)

(1929a)

(1929b)

(1929c)
(1933)

, 1926.

.
.

(1934)

,
,

(1938)

:
:

(1947a)
,

(1947b)

.
: BEACON

(1958)

: Sheed

.
COBB,

(1965)

,
,

(1981)

Dunkel,

.
vs Hartshorne,

.:

(1965)

.
,
:

(1932)
, 1966.

,2

Gabbay, Dov

) (2009)

.
Hartshorne,

(1972)

:
,

, 1935-1970,

.
(

.) (2009)

.
,

(1952)

: BEACON

--- (1973)

(1963)

.
,

Lango,

(1972)

.
,

(1956)

(1962)
.

--- (1985)

.
,

(1989)

.
Nobo,

(1986)

Pittenger,

(1969)

.
Pols,

(1967)

.
,

Orman (1941) Schilpp

,"

"

.)

, 125-164.
,

(1983)

.
,

--- (1948) "

(1903)

:
,"

.
, 57, 137-138.

--- (1952) "

,"

, 48 (10

, 1956, 99-104;

. 1,

), 51-52.
:

, 1967,

127-130.
Schilpp,

(1941)

.
(

.) (2005)

SHERBURNE,

(1966)

,
SHERBURNE,

(1995) "

.
.),
,

,
,"

:
:
:
17

1826

Virgos

Breselenz:

: 20

1866

: Selasca,

:
:

Ebell

:
:

Humboldt

:
,

(1826-1866)

,
,

unproved

() ,

.S

()

GE 1 NS
()

.
0

:
1

() = 0

S
1/2 .
.

1826

14

(PReP
,

Lneburg

Legendre
,

. Schmalfuss,
.

859-

"

."

. 1846

unsociable
.

, Moritz
,

, Dirichlet,

Dirichlet

.
Eisenstein

1850

1851

conformal

conformally

(probabtionary

Habilitationsshcrift

Habilitationsvortrag (

Habilitationsschrift

1853

.
uxx = c2utt

,
,

'

uxx =

UT

representable

integrable

integrable
,

) integrable

Habiltationsvortrag

"

."

10, 1854

n-

prophetically,

.
,

, 1868
.

.
.

,
Dirichlet

Abelian

1857

. Abelian
,

Dirichlet

. Weierstrass

1899

Hilbert

1855

Dirichlet

Dirichlet 1859

.
.

,
.

, "

",

primes

zeroes

.
1896

Hadamard
unproved

-Poussin
.

1862

tubercolosis

,
(particuarly

Beltrami)
Selasca
.

Hilbert

Hilbert
20

metamathematics

.
,

Hilbert

,
brimming

Hilbert

axiomatization, Hilbert

.
.

23

, 1862

Hilbert

, Konigsberg
, Hilbert, Hilbert

Hilbert
.

Hilbert

. Hilbert

Hilbert 1844

Konigsberg

,
,

.
,

Lindemann

, Hilbert

1845
.

Konigsberg

. Hurwitz, Hilbert

, Hilbert

uninspiring
Kronecker

Poincare

Hilbert

accorded

Hilbert

1:1

Konigsberg

11

.
,

21

Kronecker, Weierstrass
. Hilbert

satiated,

Knigsberg

, Hilbert
.

, Hilbert
.

Gordan

,
.

Hilbert

, Gordan

Hilbert

1892

Hilbert

. Hurwitz

Konigsberg

, Hilbert

, Hilbert

.
' '

' '

Minkowski

,
. Minkowski

. Hilbert
'

,
,
, Hilbert

.'

,
.

Hilbert

. Hilbert
'Gordan

'

invariants

Hilbert

Jerosch

, Kthe 12

, 1892

. Hilbert

Hilbert
.
Hilbert

, invariants

Hilbert

'Satz 90'

Hilbert

1902-1939

. 1930

, 68

.
,
.

Hilbert

, 1943

. 14

, Hilbert

,
.
.

academicians

Noether:-

23

, 1882

Amalie

Noether

.
,

Erlangen

1935
Bryn

. 40

. Noether

Amalie

Noether

23

, 1882

Noether,

.
clavier

Noether Erlangen

'

'

Noether

Hhere Tchter

. 1900

, Noether

Erlangen

. 1903

Noether
Hilbert,

1907
.

Minkowski,

Klien

Erlangen

1908

1915

Erlangen

,
Klien

Hilbert 1915
Noether

.
,

Hilbert

'

1919

'

. 1922

, Noether

,
.

1928 1929

Noether

. 1932

,
.

1930

1933

1933

Bryn

Erlangen
Noether

.
Algebraist,

Hilbert

Noether
Noether

3 epochs

, Galois
, 1907-1919

. Noether

. 'Noether
'

1920-1926

.
',

'Ringbereichen

'
Idealtheorie', 1921

'Noetherian

'Noetherian

'

'
.

algebras,

. Noether 1932

Ackermann-

1927-1935

Noether

, Bryn

Bryn

, Noether

Noether
1935

Erlangen

Noether

Bryn
.

II
.

, Erlangen