Quadrilateral elements

s 4 (-1, 1) 3 (1, 1)

Bilinear four node element

r 1 (-1, -1) 2 (1, -1)

Interpolation I t l ti f functions ti
i u = hi u
i =1 n

i v = hi v
i =1

1 hi = (1 + rri )(1 + ssi ) ; i = 1, , 2,3, , ,4 4

25-Apr-08 Method of Finite Elements I 1

Quadrilateral elements
s 4 (-1, 1) 3 (1, 1)

Numerical integration: Gauss rule (2x2)

1 (-1, -1) 2 (1, -1)

Stiffness matrix

K = BT CBdV = BT CB det J dr ds dt
V V

Shear locking
25-Apr-08 Method of Finite Elements I 2

Quadrilateral elements
Following the same principle one may define isoparametric shape functions for three-dimensional quadrilateral elements (see Bathe pp. 344-345.)
z

r s

25-Apr-08

Method of Finite Elements I

Quadrilateral elements
Finally we can also construct the triangular element directly from the quadrilateral element by so-called collapsing:

1
3

25-Apr-08

Method of Finite Elements I

Quadrilateral elements
Thus, we obtain:

1 + h2 x 2 + h3 x 3 + h4 x 4 x = h1 x 1 + h2 y 2 + h3 y 3 + h4 y 4 y = h1 y

3 = x 2 x 3 = y 2 y
2 2

1 + (h2 + h3 ) x 2 + h4 x 4 x = h1 x 1 + (h2 + h3 ) y 2 + h4 y 4 y = h1 y

1
3

25-Apr-08

Method of Finite Elements I

Coordinate transformations
Local to global coordinate transformations: it is often more convenient to define the element stiffness relations and d to calculate l l their h i contributions ib i to the h l load d vector i in a l local l coordinate system (e.g. displacements ) this is often specific for each individual element. In this case we need to transform the element matrixes into global coordinates (e.g. displacements ) before we can assemble the global stiffness relation. relation Transformation relationship can be written as:

 = Tu u
T being a transformation matrix.

25-Apr-08

Method of Finite Elements I

Coordinate transformations
Y
v2

2
v1

u2

1
u1

X
1 cos u v 1 sin = u 2 0 2 0 v

 = Tu u

sin cos 0 0

0 0 cos sin

0 u1 v 0 1 sin u2 cos v2

25-Apr-08

Method of Finite Elements I

Coordinate transformations
Example: Stiffness matrix of a truss element (E5.22, p. 387-388)

25-Apr-08

Method of Finite Elements I