CONTENTS

Page Membership of the Working Party on the Revision of the English-Chinese Glossary of Chemical Terms Preamble Explanatory Notes The Glossary Appendices References (vii) (viii) 1-191 192-204 205-206 (v)

(vi) (vii) (x) 1-191 192-204 205-206

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MEMBERSHIP OF THE WORKING PARTY ON THE REVISION OF THE ENGLISH-CHINESE GLOSSARY OF CHEMICAL TERMS
The membership of the working group since November 1996 has been as follows: Convenor: Senior Curriculum Officer (Chemistry) Curriculum Development Institute, Education Department Mr WONG Kin-on James Mr CHEUK Kwok-hung Mr LEI Keng-lon Mr LEUNG Ho-ming Mr LEUNG Man-wai Mr PANG Hei-tung Mr PAU Chiu-wah Inspector (Chemistry), Advisory Inspectorate Division, Education Department Mr TANG Kin-hung (until 31 August 97) Senior Inspector (Chemistry), Advisory Inspectorate Division, Education Department Mr WAI Pui-wah (from 1 September 97) Secretary: Curriculum Officer (Chemistry) Curriculum Development Institute, Education Department Mr FONG Wai-hung Raymond

Members:

(v)

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PREAMBLE
This glossary is a revision of, and replaces, the one issued to schools in 1991. It provides Chinese translations of those English terms commonly used in the teaching of Chemistry at secondary and sixth form levels in secondary schools. It is intended to facilitate the use of Chinese as the medium of instruction. Comments on the glossary are welcome and should be addressed to the Principal Curriculum Planning Officer (Secondary and Prevocational) or the Principal Curriculum Planning Officer (Sixth Form), Curriculum Development Institute, Education Department, 13/F, Wu Chung House, 213 Queen's Road East, Wan Chai, Hong Kong.

213 13

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Explanatory Notes
1. This glossary has been compiled to facilitate the teaching of Chemistry in secondary schools using Chinese as the medium of instruction. It contains Chinese translations of more than five thousand common chemical terms. Individual terms, however, may be beyond the requirements of the Chemistry syllabuses being implemented in secondary schools and teachers are advised against consulting this glossary for scope and depth of teaching. The singular form of English term is given except where the plural form is adopted in general usage. Terms in English are normally listed in alphabetical order. Certain organic terms begin with Arabic numerals, arithmetical signs, Greek or English letters and words to indicate structure, which may include the following: o-, m-, p-, n-, sec-, tert-, cis-, trans-, d-, l-, meso-, N-, etc. These prefixes are not considered in alphabetical listing. e.g. 2-phenylethanamine is listed under p (+)-tartaric acid is listed under t -lactose is listed under l N-bromoethanamide is listed under b cis-butenedioic acid is listed under b 4. Some prefixes have traditionally been incorporated into chemical nomenclature and may include the following: iso-, di-, tri-, tetra-, cyclo-, bis-, neo-, pseudo-, etc. These prefixes are taken into alphabetical listing. e.g. dimanganese heptoxide is listed under d cyclopentane is listed under c neopentane is listed under n 5. Equivalents of some English terms, and their common abbreviations, are enclosed in round brackets beside the original terms. e.g. decolourize (decolorize) liquefied petroleum gas (LPG)

2.

3.

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6.

Where an English term has more than one meaning, the Chinese translations are separated by a semicolon. All other Chinese translations which carry the same, or nearly the same meaning are entered and separated by a comma. e.g. periodic energy level 1.

o-m-p-n-sec-tert-cis-trans-d- l-meso-N- 2-phenylethanamine (+)-tartaric acid -lactose N-bromoethanamide cis-butenedioic acid 4. p t l b b

7.

In translating chemical names into Chinese, may be taken to mean in carbohydrates, while is synonymous with and is synonymous with . For simplicity, only and are used. To tally with the usage in Biology, is adopted in this glossary. e.g. aldopentose

2. 3.

8.

Character(s) enclosed in pointed brackets in some Chinese terms may be omitted if clarity of meaning is not sacrificed. e.g. biochemistry <>

9.

Both systematic names (e.g. IUPAC names) and non-systematic names (including trivial names) of chemical compounds have been included in this glossary. Alternative names for the same compound where applicable, have been separately listed. As far as it is practicable, non-systematic names are given non-systematic Chinese names and the same applies to systematic names.

10. Alternative Chinese names exist to match the systematic names of some organic and coordination compounds. In accordance with (1984 edition) as recommended by , some of these alternative names may entail a resequencing or renumbering of certain chemical groups, or the use of a central dot between different ligands. e.g. 1-chloro-2-nitrobenzene diaquatetrahydroxoaluminate 1--2- 1--2- 5.

iso-di-tri-tetra-cyclo-bis-neo-pseudo- dimanganese heptoxide cyclopentane neopentane d c n

decolourize (decolorize) liquefied petroleum gas (LPG)

11. Two separate lists of names for some common inorganic and organic compounds have been included in the appendix to provide for cross-referencing between systematic/recommended and trivial/traditional names.

(ix)

(x)

6.

periodic energy level

7.

aldopentose

8.

biochemistry <>

9.

IUPAC

10. 1984 1-chloro-2-nitrobenzene diaquatetrahydroxoaluminate l--2- 1--2-

11.

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A
abrasion resistance abrasive absolute alcohol absolute configuration absolute ethanol absolute temperature absolute zero absorbance absorbent absorbing tower absorption absorption band absorption coefficient absorption frequency absorption spectrum absorption tube abundance accelerator acceptable daily intake (ADI) acceptor (accepter) accessory accumulator accuracy acetal acetaldehyde acetaldehyde cyanohydrin acetaldehyde hydrogensulphite acetaldehyde phenylhydrazone acetaldehyde sodium hydrogensulphite acetaldoxime acetamide acetamido -acetamidoacetic acid acetaminophen <> <> - 1

p-acetaminophenol acetanilide acetate acetate rayon acetic acid acetic anhydride acetoacetic acid acetol acetone acetone cyanohydrin acetone hydrogensulphite acetone oxime acetone phenylhydrazone acetone sodium hydrogensulphite acetonitrile acetophenone acetoxime acetoxy acetyl acetyl bromide acetyl cellulose acetyl chloride acetyl iodide acetylate acetylation acetylene acetylide acetylsalicylate acetylsalicylic acid achiral achromatic acid acid amide acid anhydride acid bromide

<> <> <> <> <> <> <>

acid chloride acid dissociation constant acid halide acid hydrolysis acid mist acid rain acid resistant acid salt acid strength acid-base catalysis acid-base equilibrium acid-base reaction acid-base titration acidic acidic medium acidic oxide acidified acidity acrilan acrolein acrylic acid acrylic resin acrylonitrile acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer (ABS) actinide series actinium actinoid activated carbon activated charcoal activated complex activated sludge activating effect activating group activation activation energy

<> <> <><> <><> 3

active active ingredient active site activity activity coefficient activity series acyclic acyclic compound acyl acyl amide acyl chloride acyl halide acylate acylating agent acylation Adams catalyst adaptor (adapter) addition polymer addition polymerization addition reaction addition-elimination reaction additive additivity adduct adenine adenosine adhesive adhesive force adiabatic adiabatic process adipamide adipate adipic acid adipic diamide adipic dinitrile

<> <> <> <> <><> <>

adipyl adipyl chloride adsorption adsorption chromatography adsorption indicator aeration aeration tank aerosol affinity agar aging (ageing) air condenser air pollutant air pollution Air Pollution Control Regulations Air Pollution Index (API) air quality objective airborne air-tight alanine albumin alchemy alcohol alcohol lamp alcoholysis aldehyde aldohexose aldol aldol addition aldol condensation aldopentose aldose aldoxime aldrin algal bloom

<> <> <> <> <>

alicyclic aliphatic aliquot alizarin alizarin red alkali alkali metal alkaline alkaline cell alkaline earth metal alkaline hydrolysis alkaline manganese cell alkaline medium alkalinity alkaloid alkanal alkane alkanoic acid alkanol alkanone alkene alkoxide alkoxy 1-alkoxyalcohol alkoxyalkane alkoxy-hydrogen fission alkyl alkyl bromide alkyl chloride alkyl cyanide alkyl fluoride alkyl halide alkyl hydrogensulphate alkyl iodide alkyl isocyanide

<><> 1-

alkyl magnesium halide alkyl nitrite alkyl shift alkyl sulphate alkylamine alkylate alkylation alkylbenzene alkylbenzenesulphonate alkyl-hydroxy fission alkyllithium alkyne alkynol allene allotrope allotropy alloy alloy steel allyl allyl alcohol allyl benzene allyl benzoate allyl bromide allyl chloride allyl halide allylamine almond oil alpha helix ( helix) alpha particle ( particle) alum alumina aluminate aluminium aluminium ammonium sulphate(VI) aluminium bromide

<><> <> <> <> (VI)

aluminium carbide aluminium chloride aluminium fluoride aluminium foil aluminium granule aluminium hydride aluminium hydroxide aluminium iodide aluminium nitrate(V) aluminium nitride aluminium oxide aluminium potassium sulphate(VI) aluminium sulphate(VI) aluminium sulphide aluminium triethyl alumino-silicate amalgam amalgamation amber-coloured ambient temperature americium amethyst amide amide linkage amido amine amino amino acid aminoacetic acid aminobenzene 4-aminobenzenecarboxylic acid 4-aminobenzenesulphonamide 2-aminobenzenesulphonic acid 4-aminobenzoic acid m-aminobenzoic acid

(V) (VI) (VI) <> <> <> 4-4- 4- 2- 4-<> <> 8

2-aminobutane aminobutanedioic acid aminoethane aminoethanoic acid 2-aminoethanol aminolysis aminomethane 2-aminopentanedioic acid 2-aminophenol 2-aminopropanoic acid 3-aminopropanoic acid ammeter ammine ammonia ammoniacal cuprous chloride solution ammoniacal liquor ammoniacal silver nitrate solution ammonium benzoate ammonium bromide ammonium carbamate ammonium carbonate ammonium chloride ammonium chromium(III) sulphate(VI) ammonium copper(II) sulphate(VI) ammonium cyanate ammonium dichromate(VI) ammonium dihydrogenphosphate(V) ammonium ferric citrate ammonium fertilizer ammonium hydrogencarbonate ammonium hydrogensulphate(IV) ammonium hydrogensulphate(VI) ammonium hydrogensulphide ammonium ion ammonium iron(II) sulphate(VI)

2- 2- <> 2- 2-<> 2- 3- <> <> (VI)(III) (VI)(II) (VI) (V) (IV) (VI) (VI)(II)

ammonium iron(III) sulphate(VI) ammonium metavanadate ammonium molybdate(VI) ammonium nickel(II) sulphate(VI) ammonium nitrate(III) ammonium nitrate(V) ammonium nitrite ammonium perdisulphate ammonium polytrioxovanadate(V) ammonium salt ammonium sodium hydrogenphosphate(V) ammonium sulphate(VI) ammonium vanadate(V) ammonolysis amorphism amorphous ampere amperometric titration amphetamine amphibole ampholyte amphoteric amphoteric hydroxide amplifier ampoule (ampule) amyl sec-amyl amyl acetate amyl alcohol amyl benzoate amyl butyrate amylase amylene amylopectin amylose

(VI)(III) (VI) (VI)(II) (III) (V) (V) (V) (VI) (V) <> <><> <> <> 10

anaerobic anaesthetic analgesic analysis analytical chemistry analytical reagent (AR) analyzer angle of rotation angstrom angular distribution angular momentum angular quantum number (angular momentum quantum number) angular wave function anhydrate anhydride anhydrite anhydrous aniline aniline hydrochloride anilinium chloride animal starch anion anion exchange anionic complex anionic radius anisole anisomeric anisotropic annealing annulene anode anodic oxidation anodization anomalous behaviour

<> <> <> <> < >

anomer anthracene anthracite antiacid (antacid) antibonding electron antibonding orbital anti-bumping granules anticaking agent antichlor anticorrosive antidote antifoaming agent anti-freeze antihistamine anti-knock agent antimer antimonate antimonate(III) antimonate(V) antimonic antimonide antimonite antimony antimony pentachloride antimony trichloride antimony(III) chloride antimony(III) oxide antimony(III) sulphide antimony(V) chloride antimony(V) oxide antimony(V) sulphide antioxidant antipyretic antiseptic antisymmetric

<> <> (III) (V) (III) (III) (III) (V) (V) (V) 12

11

apparatus apparent molecular mass aprotic solvent aqua aqua fortis aqua regia aquasol aquatic life aqueous aqueous ammonia aqueous solution arc furnace arene areometer argentate argentine argentite argon aromatic aromatic halide aromatic hydrocarbon aromatic nucleus aromatic substitution aromaticity aromatization aroyl Arrhenius acid-base theory Arrhenius equation arsenate arsenate(III) arsenate(V) arsenic arsenic trichloride arsenic(III) oxide arsenic(III) sulphide

<> <> <> <><> <> (III) (V) (III) (III) 13

arsenic(V) oxide arsenic(V) sulphide arsenide arsenite arsenous (arsenious) arsine aryl aryl diazonium halide aryl halide arylamine arylation asbestos ascorbate ascorbic acid aspartame aspartic acid asphalt asphyxia aspirator aspirin assay association astatine asymmetric asymmetric carbon atom atactic polymer atmosphere atmospheric atmospheric particulate atmospheric pressure atom atomic absorption spectrum atomic emission spectrum atomic heat atomic mass

(V) (V) <> <> <> <> <> <>

14

atomic mass unit (amu) atomic model atomic nucleus atomic number atomic orbital atomic radius atomic spectroscopy atomic structure atomic theory atomic volume atomicity atomization atomization energy atomizer aufbau principle autocatalysis automatic pipette auto-oxidation (autoxidation) auxochrome available chlorine Avogadro constant Avogradros law Avogadro number axial bond axis of symmetry azeotrope azeotropic distillation azide azimuthal quantum number azine azo azo dye azobenzene

<> <> <> <> <> <>

15

B
back scattering back titration background backward reaction bacterium bakelite baking powder balance balanced equation ball-and-stick model Balmer series banana bond band model band spectrum band width barbiturate barium barium bromate(V) barium chlorate(V) barium chloride barium chromate(VI) barium diphenylaminesulphonate barium ferrate barium ferrate(VI) barium iodate(V) barium nitrate(V) barium peroxide barium sulphate(VI) barometer baryte (barite) basalt base base dissociation constant baseline <><> <><> <> <> (V) (V) (VI) (VI) (V) (V) (VI)

basic basic copper(II) carbonate basic cupric carbonate basic lead(II) carbonate basic magnesium carbonate basic oxide basic salt basic slag basic zinc carbonate basicity batch process battery bauxite beaker Beckmann thermometer Becquerel ray beehive shelf Beer-Lambert law Beers law bell jar bench mat bending strength bending vibration Benedicts reagent bent bond benzal benzal chloride benzal halide benzaldehyde benzaldehyde hydrazone benzaldehyde oxime benzaldehyde phenylhydrazone benzaldoxime benzamide benzanilide

(II)(II) (II)(II) <> - <> <> <> <> <> <> <> <>

16

benzene benzene hexabromide benzene hexachloride benzene ring benzeneazobenzene benzenecarbaldehyde benzenecarbaldehyde oxime benzenecarbonitrile benzenecarbonyl chloride benzenecarbonylation benzenecarboxamide benzenecarboxylic acid benzene-1,3-diamine benzenediazonium chloride benzenediazonium ion benzene-1,2-dicarboxamide benzene-1,2-dicarboximide benzene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid benzene-1,2-dicarboxylic anhydride benzene-1,2-diol benzenesulphonic acid benzenesulphonyl benzenesulphonyl chloride benzene-1,2,3-triol benzoate benzoic acid benzoic anhydride benzol (benzole) benzonitrile benzophenone benzotrichloride benzoyl benzoyl bromide benzoyl chloride benzoyl peroxide

<> <> <> <> -1,3- -1,2- -1,2- -1,2--1,2- -1,2--1,2- -1,2- -1,2,3- <><><> <> <><> <> <> <> <> <>

17

benzoylation benzyl benzyl alcohol benzyl bromide benzyl chloride benzylamine benzylation benzylidene benzyne berkelium beryllium beryllium chloride beryllium oxide Bessemer converter Bessemer process Bessemer refining beta particle ( particle) bicarbonate bicyclic compound bidentate bifunctional molecule bimolecular elimination bimolecular nucleophilic substitution bimolecular reaction binary compound binary system binding energy binding force binding site biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) biochemistry biodegradable biodegradation biogas biological magnification

<> <> <> <> <> <> <> <> <> <>

biological oxygen demand biomass bio-physics biosphere biphenyl bipolar bipyramidal biradical 1,2-bis[bis(carboxymethyl)amino] ethane bis[butane-2,3-dione dioximato(1-)]nickel(II) 2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)-1,1,1-trichloroe thane bis(2-hydroxyethyl) ether bismuth bismuth oxychloride bismuth trichloride bismuth trifluoride bismuthate bismuthate(V) bismuth(III) chloride bismuth(III) chloride oxide bismuth(III) nitrate(V) bismuth(III) oxide bismuth(III) sulphide bismuth(V) oxide bismuthine bisulphate bisulphite bitumen bituminous coal biuret biuret test bivalent bivariant system

1,2-[()] [-2,3- (1-)](II) 2,2-(4-)-1,1,1- (2-) (V) (III) (III) (V)(III) (III) (III) (V)

18

19

black body radiation blank correction blast furnace blasting gelatin (blasting gelatine) bleach bleaching action bleaching agent bleaching powder blender block copolymer block diagram blood plasma blow moulding blower blowing agent boat conformation boat form body-centered cubic (bcc) packing Bohr atom Bohr radius Bohr-Sommerfeld theory bohrium boiler boiling point boiling point-composition diagram boiling point curve boiling point elevation constant Boltzmann constant Boltzmann distribution bomb calorimeter bombardment -bond -bond bond angle bond dissociation

<> <> < > <> - <>

bond dissociation energy bond dissociation enthalpy bond energy bond enthalpy bond length bond order bond pair bond polarization bond strength bonding bonding electron bonding orbital borane borate borax borax-bead test borax glass borer boric acid Born-Haber cycle borofluoric acid borohydride boron boron carbide boron halide boron hydride boron nitride boron oxide boron trichloride boron trifluoride boron trioxide borosilicate borosilicate glass boss botulin

<> <> - <> <><> <>

20

21

botulinum botulism boundary surface Bouveault-Blanc reduction Boyles law Boyles temperature Brackett series Bradys reagent Braggs equation branched chain brass Bravais lattice breathalyser brewing brightener brine bromate bromate(I) bromate(V) bromic acid bromic(I) acid bromic(V) acid bromide bromination bromine bromine trifluoride bromine water bromite bromo bromoalkane bromobenzene 2-bromobenzenesulphonic acid 1-bromobutane 2-bromobutane bromochlorodifluoromethane (BCF)

-<> <> <> (I) (V) (I) (V) <> <><> <> 2- 1- 2-

4-bromo-2-chloropentan-1-ol 4--2--1-2--4--1- 2-bromo-1-chloropropane 2--1-1--2- 2-bromo-2-chloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane 2--2--1,1,1- 1,1,1--2--2- bromocresol green bromocyclohexane N-bromoethanamide N- bromoethane bromoethanoic acid 2-bromoethanol 2- bromoform bromohydrin <> bromomethane (bromomethyl)benzene () 2-bromo-2-methylpropane 2--2-2--2- 2-bromophenol 2-<> bromophenol blue bromophenol red o-bromophenylamine N-(bromophenyl)ethanamide N-() 1-bromopropane 1- 2-bromopropane 2- 3-bromopropene 3- bromothymol blue <> 2-bromotoluene 2- bromotrichloromethane bromotrifluoromethane (BTM) bromous acid Brnsted-Lowry acid-base theory - - bronze brown coal brown ring test brown sugar Brownian movement brush 23

22

bubble cap Buchner funnel buckminsterfullerene buckyball buffer buffer solution builder building block building-up principle bulb bulk polymerization bumping buna rubber Bunsen burner Bunsen flame burette burette clamp buta-1,3-diene butanal butanal oxime butan-1-amine butane butanedial butanedioic acid butanedioic anhydride butane-2,3-diol butanedione butanedione dioxime butanedione oxime butanenitrile butane-1,2,3-triol butanoic acid butan-1-ol butan-2-ol butanone

<> <> -1,3- -1- <> -2,3- -1,2,3- -1- -2-

cis-but-2-enal trans-but-2-enal but-1-ene but-2-ene cis-but-2-ene trans-but-2-ene cis-butenedioate butenedioic acid cis-butenedioic acid trans-butenedioic acid cis-butenedioic anhydride cis-but-2-enoic acid trans-but-2-enoic acid but-3-en-1-ol butoxy sec-butoxy tert-butoxy butyl sec-butyl tert-butyl n-butyl alcohol tert-butyl alcohol butyl benzoate butyl bromide tert-butyl bromide butyl chloride tert-butyl chloride butyl iodide tert-butyl iodide butylamine butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) but-1-yne but-2-yne butyric acid

--2- --2- -1- -2- --2- --2- --<> - - -<> --2- --2- -3--1- <> <> -1- -2-

24

25

by-product

26

C
cadaverine cadmium cadmium carbonate cadmium cell cadmium chloride cadmium hydroxide cadmium nitrate(V) cadmium oxide cadmium sulphate(VI) cadmium sulphide caesium caesium chloride caffeine calcify calcination calcined calcite calcium calcium acetate calcium bromide calcium carbide calcium carbonate calcium chloride calcium dicarbide calcium dihydrogenphosphate calcium ethanoate calcium fluoride calcium glycerophosphate calcium hydride calcium hydrogencarbonate calcium hydrogensulphate(IV) calcium hydrogensulphite calcium hydroxide calcium iodide (V) (VI) (IV) 28

calcium nitrate(V) calcium nitride calcium oxide calcium phosphate(V) calcium stearate calcium sulphate(VI) calcium turning calendering calibration californium calomel electrode calorie calorific value calorimeter calorimetry camphor cane sugar Cannizzaro reaction canonical form canonical structure capillary capillary tube caprolactam car exhaust caramel carat carbamate carbamic acid carbamide carbamide-methanal resin carbanion carbaryl carbene carbide carbinol

(V) (V) (VI) <> <> <>

carboanion carbocation carbofuran carbohydrate carbolic acid carbon -carbon atom carbon black carbon cycle carbon dioxide carbon disulphide carbon fibre carbon monoxide carbon oxychloride carbon oxysulphide carbon silicide carbon steel carbon suboxide carbon tetrabromide carbon tetrachloride carbon-12 scale carbon-14 dating carbonate carbonation carbonato carbonic acid carbonium ion carbonyl carbonylation carbonyl chloride carbonyl dichloride carbonyl sulphide carborundum carboxyhaemoglobin carboxyl

-12 -14 <><> <> <> <> <><>

29

30

carboxylate carboxylate ion carboxylation carboxylic acid carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) carburettor carbylamine carcinogen carcinogenic Carius method carnallite Carnauba wax Carnot cycle carotene carrier carrier gas carvone casein cassiterite cast iron Castner-Kellner proccess castor oil catalase catalysis catalyst catalyst bed catalytic activity catalytic converter catalytic cracking catalytic decomposition catalytic dehydration catalytic dehydrogenation catalytic hydration catalytic hydrogenation catalytic oxidation

<><> <> - <> <> <> <> <> <> <> <> <><> <>

catalytic poisoning catalytic reduction catalytic reforming catechol catenation cathode cathode ray cathode ray oscilloscope (CRO) cathode ray tube cathodic protection cathodic reduction cation cation exchange cation transfer reaction cationic complex cationic radius caustic alkali caustic potash caustic soda celite cell cell constant cell diagram cellophane cellosolve celluloid cellulose cellulose acetate cellulose fibre Celsius scale cement centre of symmetry centrifugation centrifuge centrifuge tube

<> <> <> <> <> <> <>

31

32

ceramic ceramic-centred wire gauze cerium cerium(II) nitrate(V) cerium(III) sulphate(VI) cerium(IV) sulphate(VI) cesium Chadwicks experiment chain initiation chain isomerism chain propagation chain reaction chain termination chair conformation chair form chalk characterization charcoal charcoal block charcoal block test charge charge capacity charge cloud charge density charge transfer charged particle charge-to-mass ratio charge-to-radius ratio Charles law chelate chelate effect chelating agent chelating ligand chelation chelatometric titration

(V)(II) (VI)(III) (VI)(IV) <> <><> <> <> <> <> <> 33

chemical chemical additive chemical bond chemical cell chemical change chemical engineering chemical equation chemical equilibrium chemical formula chemical literature chemical oxygen demand (COD) chemical plating chemical potential chemical principle chemical property chemical pure (CP) reagent chemical shift chemical terminology chemical test chemical thermodynamics Chemical Waste Treatment Centre chemiluminescence chemisorption chemistry chemosterilant chemotherapy Chile saltpetre chilling chiral chirality chloral chloral hydrate chloramine chloramine T chlorate

<> <> <><> <> <>

34

chlorate(I) chlorate(III) chlorate(V) chlorate(VII) chlordane chloric acid chloric(I) acid chloric(III) acid chloric(V) acid chloric(VII) acid chloride chlorinated chlorinating agent chlorination chlorine chlorine dioxide chlorine heptaoxide (chlorine heptoxide) chlorine monoxide chlorine trifluoride chlorine water chlorine(I) oxide chlorine(III) fluoride chlorine(IV) oxide chlorine(VII) oxide chlorite chloro chloroacetic acid chloroalkane chlorobenzene 2-chlorobenzoic acid 2-chlorobuta-1,3-diene 2-chlorobutane 2-chlorobutanoic acid chlorochromate chlorocyclohexane

(I) (III) (V) (VII) (I) (III) (V) (VII) <> (I) (III) (IV) (VII) <><> <> 2-<> 2--1,3- 2- 2- <>

chloroethane chloroethanoic acid 2-chloroethanol chloroethene chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) chlorofluoromethane chloroform chlorohydrin chloromethane (chloromethyl)benzene 1-chloro-2-methylbenzene 1-chloro-4-methylbenzene 2-chloro-2-methylpropane 1-chloro-2-nitrobenzene 1-chloro-4-nitrobenzene 4-chlorophenylamine chlorophyll chloroprene 1-chloropropane 2-chloropropane 3-chloropropane-1,2-diol 2-chloropropanoic acid 3-chloropropanoic acid 1-chloropropan-2-ol 3-chloropropene chlorosilane chlorosulphonic acid chlorotitanic(IV) acid chlorous acid chlorpheniramine chlorpromazin (chlorpromazine) cholesterol chromate chromate(VI) chromatogram

2- <><> <> () 1--2-<>1--2- 1--4-<>1--4- 2--2-2--2- 1--2-1--2- 1--4-1--4- 4- 1- 2- 3--1,2- 2- 3- 1--2- 3- <><> <> <>(IV) (VI) <>

35

36

chromatograph chromatography chromatography column chrome alum chrome steel chromic chromic acid chromic(VI) acid chromite chromium chromium iron ore chromium oxychloride chromium plating chromium steel chromium(III) chloride chromium(III) copper(II) oxide chromium(III) hydroxide chromium(III) nitrate(V) chromium(III) oxide chromium(III) potassium sulphate(VI) chromium(III) sulphate(VI) chromium(IV) oxide chromium(VI) dichloride dioxide chromium(VI) oxide chromophore chromous chromyl chromyl chloride cinnabar cinnamaldehyde cinnamic acid cinnamon circulation pump ciscis-form

<> <> (VI) (III) (II)(III) (III) (V)(III) (III) (VI)(III) (VI)(III) (IV) (VI) (VI)

cis-isomer cis-orientation cis-trans isomerism citral citrate citric acid Claisen condensation clamp Clausius-Clapeyron equation Clemmenson reduction clip closed system close-packed structure closest packing Clostridium botulinum cloud chamber cloudiness coagulation coal coal gas coal tar coating cobalt cobalt chloride paper cobalt glass cobaltic cobalt(II) carbonate cobalt(II) chloride cobalt(II) cobalt(III) oxide cobalt(II) hydroxide cobalt(II) nitrate(V) cobalt(II) oxide cobalt(II) sulphate(VI) cobalt(II) sulphide cobalt(III) fluoride

<> <> -<> <> (II) (II) (III)(II) (II) (V)(II) (II) (VI)(II) (II) (III)

37

38

cobalt(III) potassium nitrate(III) cobalt(III) sulphate(VI) cobaltinitrite cobaltous cocaine coconut oil codeine coenzyme cohesive force coiler coinage metal coke cold cream cold finger condenser cold trap colligative property collimator collision frequency collision geometry collision theory colloid colloidal sulphur colorant (colourant) colorimeter colorimetric titration colorimetry colour filter colouring column chromatography combustible combustion combustion boat combustion chamber combustion spoon combustion tube

(III)(III) (VI)(III) <> <> <>

common ion effect common salt comparison tube competing reaction complementary colour complete combustion complex -complex complex ion complex salt complexing agent complexometric titration component composition compost compound compressibility compression chamber compression moulding compression ratio compression stroke concentrated acid concentration concentration cell concentration gradient concerted mechanism concrete concurrent reaction condensate condensation condensation polymer condensation polymerization condensation reaction condenser conductance

<> <> <> <><> <>

39

40

conductance cell conductivity conductivity cell conductometer conductometric titration conductor configuration conformation conformational analysis conical flask conjugate acid conjugate acid-base pair conjugate base conjugated compound conjugated diene conjugated double bond conjugated system conjugation conjugative effect consecutive reaction constant boiling mixture constituent constitutional isomerism contact catalysis contact process contaminant content continuous phase continuous process continuous spectrum continuous variation method continuum control experiment control rod convention

<> <> <>

convergence frequency convergence limit conversion coolant cooling curve cooling tower coordinate bond coordination compound coordination isomerism coordination number coordination sphere coplanar copolymer copolymerization copper copper foil copper glance copper plating copper pyrite copper turning copper(I) acetylide copper(I) bromide copper(I) carbide copper(I) chloride copper(I) dicarbide copper(I) ethynide copper(I) iodide copper(I) oxide copper(I) sulphate(VI) copper(I) sulphide copper(II) aminoethanoate copper(II) bromide copper(II) carbonate copper(II) carbonate hydroxide copper(II) chloride

<> <><> (I) (I) (I) (I) (I) (I) (I) (I) (VI)(I) (I) (II) (II) (II) <>(II) (II)

41

42

copper(II) chromate(VI) copper(II) dichromate(VI) copper(II) fluoride copper(II) glycinate copper(II) hydroxide copper(II) nitrate(V) copper(II) oxide copper(II) sulphate(VI) copper(II) sulphide coprecipitation coproduct cork cork borer corpuscle correction factor correlation coefficient correlation factor corrosion corrosion resistance corundum cosmic ray coulomb coulometer coulometric titration coumarin counter current counter flow counter ion counter reaction coupled electron coupling reaction covalence covalent compound covalent bond covalent character

(VI)(II) (VI)(II) (II) (II) (II) (V)(II) (II) (VI)(II) (II) <> <> <> <> <>

covalent radius cracking crankshaft m-cresol o-cresol p-cresol cristobalite critical coefficient critical composition critical constant critical mass critical point critical pressure critical solution temperature critical state critical temperature critical volume crocodile clip cross-linking agent cross-linkage cross-linked polymer crotonaldehyde crotonic acid crown ether crucible crucible lid crucible tongs crude oil crude product crude sample cryochemistry cryogenics cryohydrate cryohydric point cryolite

<> <>

43

44

cryoscopic constant crystal crystal field splitting crystal field stabilization energy crystal field theory crystal lattice crystal packing crystal structure crystal system crystalline crystallization crystallography cubane cubic close-packing (ccp) cubic lattice cubic system cumene cumene hydroperoxide cupric cuprite cuprous cuprous acetylide curie Curie law curium curly arrow current current density curve cuvette cyanamide cyanate cyanic acid cyanide cyano

<>

cyanobenzene cyanogen cyanohydrin cyclic compound cyclization cycloalkane cyclobutadiene cyclobutane cyclobutanone cyclobutene cyclobutyl cycloheptane cycloheptyl cyclohexadiene cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione cyclohexane cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol cyclohexanol cyclohexanone cyclohexanone oxime cyclohexene cyclohexyl cyclohexyl bromide cyclohexyl chloride cyclohexylethanal 2-cyclohexylethanol cyclooctatetraene cyclopentadiene cyclopentane cyclopentene cyclopentyl cyclopropane cyclopropyl cyclotron cyclopentadienyl

<> <><> -1,4- -1,2,3,4,5,6- 2-

45

46

cylinder cysteine cystine cytosine

47

D
dacron Daltons atomic theory Daltons law Daniell cell data data logger (datalogger) dative bond dative covalent bond daughter element daughter isotope d-block contraction d-block element de Broglie equation deacetylation Deacon process deactivating effect deactivating group deactivation deamination debromination debye Debye-Hckel equation decalin decane decanedioic acid decanedioyl chloride decanedioyl dichloride decantation decarboxylation decay constant decay curve decay series decolourize (decolorize) decomposition <> <> d d d d <> <> <><> <> <> -<> <> <> <>

decrepitation decyclization decyl deflagrating spoon deflection angle deformation degeneracy degenerate orbital degradation degreaser degree of association degree of dissociation degree of freedom degree of ionization degree of polymerization degree of saturation degree of unsaturation dehalogenation dehydrating agent dehydration dehydrogenation dehydrohalogenation deionization deionized water deionizer deliquescence deliquescent delivery tube delocalization delocalization energy delocalized orbital demagnetization denaturation denitration denitrification

<> <> <> <> <> <> <> <> <> <> <>

48

density dental caries deodorant deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) -2-deoxyribose depolarization depolarizer depolymerization deposit deposition depressant depression of freezing point derivative derusting desalination desensitizer deshield desiccant desiccator desorption destructive distillation desulphuration desulphurization detection detection limit detector detergent determination detonation deuterium deuterium oxide deuteron Devarda alloy developer development of chromatogram

-2- <> < > <><> <> <>

deviation Dewar flask Dewar structure dextranase dextrin dextro- (d-) dextrorotatory dextrose diabetes diagonal relationship dial dialkoxyalkane dialysis diamagnetic diamagnetism diamide diamino 1,2-diaminoethane 1,6-diaminohexane diamminecopper(I) ion diamminedichloronickel(II) cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II) trans-diamminedichloroplatinum(II) diamminesilver(I) chloride diamminesilver(I) ion diammonium hydrogenphosphate(V) diamond diaphragm cell diaquatetrahydroxoaluminate diastase diastereoisomer (diastereomer) diastereoisomerism diatomic

<> <> 1,2- 1,6- (I) (II)(II) -(II) -(II) -(II) -(II) (I) (I) (V) <> 50

49

diatomite diazepam diazo diazo compound diazocoupling diazonium ion diazonium salt diazotization dibasic acid dibenzoyl peroxide diborane 2,3-dibromobutanedioic acid 1,1-dibromoethane 1,2-dibromoethane dibromoethanoic acid dibromomethane 1,2-dibromopropane 1,3-dibromopropane dibutyl phthalate dicalcium phosphate dicarboxylic acid dichlorine oxide dichloroacetic acid 1,2-dichlorobenzene dichlorobis(ethane-1,2-diamine)cobalt(I II) ion dichlorocarbene dichlorocuprate(I) dichlorodifluoromethane 2,4-dichloro-3,5-dimethylphenol

<> <> 2,3- 1,1- 1,2- 1,2- 1,3- 1,2- (-1,2-)(III) (-1,2-)(III) (I) 2,4--3,5-<> 3,5--2,4-<> dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) () 1,1-dichloroethane 1,1- 1,2-dichloroethane 1,2- dichloroethanoic acid 1,2-dichloroethene 1,2- 51

dichloromethane (dichloromethyl)benzene 2,4-dichlorophenol 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)ethanoic acid 2,2-dichloropropane dichroism dichromate(VI) dicyclic compound die casting dielectric dielectric constant Diels-Alder reaction diene diesel diesel engine 1,1-diethoxyethane diethyl ether diethyl ketone diethyl malonate diethyl propanedioate diethylamine N,N-diethylethanamine di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) diffraction diffraction angle diffraction grating diffusion 1,2-dihaloethene dihedral angle dihydric alcohol dihydrogenphosphate(V) 1,2-dihydroxybenzene 1,4-dihydroxybenzene ()-2,3-dihydroxybutanedioic acid

() 2,4-<> 2,4- (2,4-) (2,4-) 2,2- <> (VI) - 1,1- <> N,N- (2-) 1,2- <> (V) 1,2- 1,4- ()-2,3-

52

(+)-2,3-dihydroxybutanedioic acid meso-2,3-dihydroxybutanedioic acid 2,3-dihydroxybutanoic acid diiodine hexachloride 1,2-diiodobenzene diiodoethanoic acid dilatometer dilatometry dilead(II) lead(IV) oxide dilute dilution dilution law dimanganese heptaoxide (dimanganese heptoxide) dimer dimercury(I) dichloride dimerization dimethyl benzene-1,2-dicarboxylate dimethyl benzene-1,4-dicarboxylate dimethyl ethanedioate dimethyl ether dimethyl phthalate dimethyl sulphate dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) dimethylamine dimethylamino 4-(dimethylamino)azobenzene N,N-dimethylaniline 3,4-dimethylbenzamide N,N-dimethylbenzenamine 1,2-dimethylbenzene 2,3-dimethylbuta-1,3-diene 2,2-dimethylbutane 2,3-dimethylbutane

(+)-2,3- -2,3- 2,3- 1,2- (IV)(II) <> (I) <> -1,2- -1,2- -1,4- -1,4- <> 4-() N,N- 3,4-<> N,N- 1,2- 2,3--1,3- 2,2- 2,3- 53

2,3-dimethylbutane-2,3-diol 3,3-dimethylbutanone N,N-dimethylethanamide dimethylglyoxime dimethylnitrosamine N,N-dimethylphenylamine 2,2-dimethylpropane 2,2-dimethylpropan-1-ol dimethylzinc dimorphism 1,3-dinitrobenzene dinitrobenzene dinitrogen oxide dinitrogen pentaoxide (dinitrogen pentoxide) dinitrogen tetraoxide (dinitrogen tetroxide) dinitrogen trioxide 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine 2,4-dintrophenylhydrazone dioctyl adipate (DOA) dioctyl hexanedioate dioctyl phthalate (DOP) diol dioxane (dioxan) dioxovanadium(V) ion dipeptide diphenyl diphenyl ether diphenyl ketone diphenylamine 1,2-diphenylethanedione 1,2-diphenylethene diphenylmethanone diphosphate(V) diphosphine

2,3--2,3- 3,3- N,N- N,N- 2,2- 2,2--1- <> 1,3- 2,4- 2,4- (V) <> <> 1,2- 1,2- (V)(V) 54

diphosphoric(V) acid dipolar dipolar ion dipole dipole moment dipole-dipole attraction dipole-dipole interaction diprotic acid diquinone diradical Direct Brown 138 direct vision spectroscope directive effect disaccharide discharge discharge potential discharge tube discrete energy level discrete molecule disinfectant disintegration dislocation disodium 2,3-dihydroxybutanedioate disodium ethanedioate disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate disodium hydrogenphosphate(V) disodium phosphonate disodium tetraborate disorder disperse phase dispersion displacement reaction disposal disposable packaging disproportionation

(V) 138 2,3- (V) <>

dissociation dissociation constant dissociation energy dissolution dissolve dissolved oxygen (DO) distillate distillation distilled water distortion distribution coefficient distribution law disturbance disulphide disulphide linkage disulphur decafluoride disulphur dichloride dithiosulphatoargentate(I) divalent dodecahedral dodecane dodecyl dodecyl sulphate dolomite donor d-orbital splitting dosage dot and cross diagram double bond double decomposition double helix double indicator titration double salt double slit doublet

<> <> ()(I) <> <> d <> <> <>

55

56

Downs cell downward delivery downward displacement of air drainage drier driving force droplet dropper dropping bottle dropping funnel dropping mercury cathode dropping pipette drug abuse dry cell dry ice drying agent drying tower drying tube dual property duality dubnium ductile ductility Dumas method dumb bell shape duplet duralumin Dutch metal dye dyestuff dynamic equilibrium dysprosium dystectic mixture

57

E
E number ebonite ebullioscopic constant eclipsed conformation ecosystem effective nuclear charge effervescence efflorescence effluent effusion eicosane einsteinium Einsteins equation elastic sulphur elasticity elastomer electric field electrical conductivity electrically neutral electrochemical cell electrochemical series (e.c.s.) electrochemistry electrochromism electrode electrode potential electro-kinetic phenomenon electroless plating electroluminescence electrolysis electrolyte electrolytic bath electrolytic cell electrolytic cleaning electrolytic conductivity E <> <> <> 59

electrolytic conductor electromagnetic electromagnetic field electromagnetic radiation electromagnetic spectrum electromeric effect electromotive force (e.m.f.) electron -electron electron acceptor electron affinity electron beam electron capture electron cloud electron deficient electron density map electron diagram electron diffraction electron displacement electron donating group electron donor electron excitation electron impact method electron pair acceptor electron pair donor electron releasing group electron rich electron shell electron spin electron spin resonance (ESR) electron transfer electron volt (eV) electron withdrawing group electronegative electronegativity

<> <> <> <> <> <> <>

60

electronegativity difference electronic arrangement electronic configuration electronic effect electronic structure electronic transition electron-in-box representation electron-pair repulsion theory electrophile electrophilic electrophilic addition electrophilic substitution electrophoresis electroplating electropositive electrostatic electrostatic force electrostatic precipitator electrovalency electrovalent bond electrovalent character electrovalent compound element element of symmetry elemental analysis elementary particle elementary reaction elevation of boiling point elimination reaction Ellingham diagram eluate eluent elution emerald emery

<> <> <> <>

emetic -emission -emission emission spectroscopy emission spectrum emit emollient empirical formula emulsification emulsifier emulsifying agent emulsion emulsion cleaning emulsion polymerization emulsoid enamel enantiomer enantiomorphism enantiotropy end point end product endothermic reaction energetics energy energy barrier energy content energy conversion efficiency energy crisis energy level energy level diagram energy profile energy value enol enol form enolization

<> <> <> <>

61

62

enthalpy enthalpy change enthalpy change of atomization enthalpy change of combustion enthalpy change of formation enthalpy change of fusion enthalpy change of hydration enthalpy change of hydrogenation enthalpy change of reaction enthalpy change of sublimation enthalpy change of vaporization enthalpy diagram enthalpy level diagram enthalpy of atomization enthalpy of combustion enthalpy of formation enthalpy of fusion enthalpy of hydration enthalpy of hydrogenation enthalpy of reaction enthalpy of sublimation enthalpy of vaporization entropy entropy change environmental protection enzymatic hydrolysis enzymatic oxidation enzymatic reaction enzyme eosin ephedrine epimer epimerism epoxide epoxy

<> <> <>

epoxy resin epoxyethane epoxypropane Epsom salt equation equatorial bond equilibrium equilibrium constant equilibrium law equilibrium mixture equilibrium position equivalence point equivalent erbium eriochrome black T Erlenmeyer flask essential amino acid ester ester exchange ester hydrolysis ester linkage esterification etchant etching agent ethanal ethanal cyanohydrin ethanal 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone ethanal hydrogensulphite ethanal oxime ethanal resin ethanal tetramer ethanal trimer ethanamide ethanamido 2-ethanamidoethanoic acid

<> <> <> <> 2,4- 2-

63

64

ethanamine ethanammonium chloride ethane ethanedial ethanediamide ethane-1,2-diamine ethanedioate ethanedioato ethanedioic acid ethane-1,2-diol ethanedioyl chloride ethanenitrile ethanoate ethanoic acid ethanoic anhydride ethanoic propanoic anhydride ethanol ethanoyl ethanoyl bromide ethanoyl chloride ethanoyl iodide ethanoylation 2-ethanoyloxybenzenecarboxylic acid 2-ethanoyloxybenzoic acid ethene ethene ozonide ethenone ethenyl ethenyl ethanoate ether ether extraction ethereal extraction ethoxide ethoxy ethoxybenzene

-1,2- <> -1,2- <> <> <> <> 2- 2- 2- <> <><> <><> 65

ethoxyethane 1-ethoxyethanol ethyl ethyl acetate ethyl acetoacetate ethyl alcohol ethyl aminoethanoate ethyl benzenecarboxylate ethyl benzoate ethyl bromide ethyl butanoate ethyl chloride ethyl cinnamate ethyl cyanide ethyl ethanoate ethyl ether ethyl formate ethyl hydrogensulphate ethyl 3-hydroxybut-2-enoate ethyl iodide ethyl isocyanide ethyl nitrite ethyl 3-oxobutanoate ethyl propanoate ethyl sulphate ethyl vanillin ethylamine ethylamine hydrochloride ethylamino ethylammonium chloride ethylbenzene 2-ethylcyclohexanol ethylene ethylene bromohydrin ethylene chlorohydrin

1- <> 3--2- 3- <> 2-

66

ethylene dibromide ethylene dichloride ethylene glycol ethylene oxide ethylenediamine ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) N-ethylethanamide N-ethylethanamine ethylidene dibromide ethylidene dichloride ethyllithium ethylmagnesium bromide ethyne ethynyl eudiometer europium eutectic eutectic mixture eutectic point eutrophication evacuation evaporating basin evaporating dish evaporation evaporation-condensation cycle evolution excess excitation excited state exclusion principle exhaust gas exhaust stroke exhaust valve exhaustive methylation exothermic reaction

< > < > < > N- N- <> <> <> <> <> 67

expanded polystyrene experiment experimental condition explosion explosive external circuit external compensation external indicator extraction extrusion moulding eye wash unit

68

F
fabric fabrication face shield face-centred face-centred cubic lattice face-centred cubic (fcc) packing factor Fajans rules family far infrared faraday Faradays laws of electrolysis fat fat content fatal dose fatty acid f-block element feasibility feedstock Fehlings solution feldspar (feldsper) fermentation fermium ferrate ferrate(VI) ferric ammonium citrate ferric chloride ferric ion ferric nitrate ferric oxide ferric sulphate ferrocene ferrochrome ferroin <> f f <> (VI) 69

ferromagnetic ferromagnetism ferromanganese ferrous chloride ferrous ion ferrous nitrate ferrous sulphate ferrous sulphide ferrovanadium ferroxyl indicator fertilizer fibre fibre glass fibroin field filler filter filter flask (filtering flask) filter funnel filter paper filter pump filtrate filtration fingerprint region fire extinguisher fire polishing fire retardant fire triangle fireworks first inner series first law of thermodynamics first order reaction first transition series Fischer projection fission

<> <> <>

70

fixation fixer flame ionization flame ionization detector flame retardant flame test flammability flammable flash photolysis flash point flask flat-bottomed flask flavour enhancer flavouring flocculation flotation flow chart flow diagram flow scheme flower of sulphur flowing mercury cathode flue gas desulphurization fluidity fluorapatite fluorescein fluorescence fluoridation of water fluoride fluorine fluorite fluoro fluorobenzene fluorocarbon fluorochloromethane fluoroethanoic acid

<> <> <><>

fluoroform fluoromethane fluorosilicic acid fluorotrichloromethane (FTM) fluorspar fluted filter paper fly ash foam foam plastics foaming agent foil folic acid food additive food chemistry food dye food preservation food preservative food processing food storage forceps forensic chemistry formal charge formaldehyde formaldehyde sodium bisulphite formalin formamide formate formation formic acid formula formula mass formyl forward reaction fossil fossil fuel

<>

71

72

fountain experiment Fourier transform infrared spectrometer four-stroke engine fraction fractional crystallization fractional distillation fractional order reaction fractionating column fragmentation pattern francium Frasch process free energy free radical free radical polymerization freezing mixture freezing point freezing point curve freezing point depression freon frequency Friedel-Crafts reaction frost froth flotation -D-fructopyranose fructose D()-fructose -D-fructose fuel fuel blending agent fuel cell fuel oil fullerene fumaric acid fume fume cupboard

<> <> <>< > - <> -D- D()- -D- 73

fumigant fuming nitric acid fuming sulphuric acid functional group functional group isomerism fundamental particle fungicide funnel furan furanose furanoside furnace fusion fusion curve

<> <> <>

74

G
gadolinium galactose galena gallic acid gallium gallium halide gallium oxide galvanic cell galvanization galvanized iron galvanometer gamma radiation ( radiation) gamma ray ( ray) gas gas chromatography (GC) gas constant gas cylinder gas density gas ionization gas jar gas law gas liquefaction gas oil gas syringe gaseous gaseous phase gasification gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) gasohol gasoline gas-solid chromatography (GSC) gauche conformation Gay-Lussac scale Gay-Lussacs law <> <> <> 75

Geiger and Marsden experiment Geiger-Muller counter gel gelatin gelatinous geminal gemgemstone gene general formula generally recognized as safe (GRAS) list generic name geochemistry geometrical isomer geometrical isomerism geothermal germ germanate germanate(IV) germane germanic germanite germanium germanium halide germanium hydride germanium(II) chloride germanium(II) halide germanium(II) sulphide germanium(IV) chloride germanium(IV) oxide germanium(IV) sulphide germanous germicide giant lattice structure giant molecule

- <> (IV) (II) (II) (II) (IV) (IV) (IV) 76

giant network giant structure Gibbs free energy Gibbs-Helmholtz equation ginger oil glacial acetic acid glacial ethanoic acid glass bead glass blowing glass electrode glass fibre glass rod glass syringe set glass tubing glass wool glassware global greenhouse effect global warming globular protein glowing splint glucaric acid glucofuranose gluconate gluconic acid -D-glucopyranose glucosan glucosazone glucose d-glucose l-glucose D(+)-glucose glucose-6-phosphate glucoside glutamic acid glutamine

<> -<> <> <> <> <> <><><> <> -D- <> <> D(+)-<> -6-<>

glutaric acid glutaric anhydride glyceraldehyde glyceride glycerol (glycerine) glycerophosphate glyceryl trinitrate glyceryl tristearate glycide glycine glycogen glycol glycollic acid (glycolic acid) glyconic acid glycoside glycosidic linkage glyoxal glyoxalic acid glyoxime gold gold(III) chloride gold(III) halide gold(III) oxide goniometer Gooch crucible Gouy balance gradation gradient graduated cylinder graduated pipette graduation Grahams law of diffusion grain size granite graph

<> (III) (III) (III)

77

78

graphical method graphite grating gravimetric analysis grease green vitriol greenhouse effect greenhouse gas grey tin (gray tin) grid Grignard reagent grit grit chamber ground glass ground state group guanine guaranteed reagent (GR) gun powder gypsum

79

H Haber process haematite haemoglobin haemostatic (hemostatic) hafnium halate halate(I) halate(III) halate(V) halate(VII) half cell half cell potential half cell reaction half equation half life half reaction halic acid halic(I) acid halic(III) acid halic(V) acid halic(VII) acid halide halite Hall-Heroult aluminium process haloalkane haloalkene haloarene halobenzene haloform haloform reaction halogen halogen carrier halogen lamp halogenated (I) (III) (V) (VII) (I) (III) (V) (VII) - <> <> <> <>

halogenation halous acid hallucinogen Hamiltonian operator hard water hardener hardness hassium hausmannite hazard warning label hazardous chemical heat capacity heat content heat exchanger heat of combustion heat of dilution heat of dissociation heat of formation heat of fusion heat of hydration heat of neutralization heat of reaction heat of solution heat of sublimation heat of vaporization heat treatment heavy metal heavy oil heavy water Heisenberg uncertainty principle helium -helix hemiacetal hemiketal Henrys law heptachlor 80

<> <> <> <>

heptanal heptane heptanoic acid heptan-1-ol heptaoxodichromate(VI) heptaoxodiphosphate(V) heptyl herbicide heroin hertz Hess law (Hesss law) heteroatom heterocyclic heterogeneous heterogeneous catalysis heterogeneous catalyst heterogeneous equilibrium heterogeneous system heterolysis heterolytic fission hexaamminecobalt(II) ion hexaamminecobalt(III) ion hexaamminenickel(II) ion hexaaquaaluminium ion hexaaquachromium(III) ion hexaaquacobalt(II) chloride hexaaquacobalt(II) ion hexaaquairon(II) ion hexaaquamanganese(II) ion hexaaquanickel(II) ion hexabromobenzene 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexabromocyclohexane hexachlorobenzene 81

-1- (VI) (VI) (V) <>< ><> <> <> (II) (III) (II) (III) (II) (II) (II) (II) (II) 1,2,3,4,5,6-

1,2,3,4,5,6-hexachlorocyclohexane hexachloroethane hexachlorophene hexachloroplatinate(IV) hexachloroplumbate(IV) hexachlorostannate(IV) hexacyanocobaltate(III) hexacyanoferrate(II) hexacyanoferrate(III) hexadecanoic acid hexadecan-1-ol hexadentate hexa-1,3-diene hexafluoride hexafluoroaluminate hexafluorocobaltate(III) hexafluorosilicic acid hexagonal close-packing (hcp) hexagonal system hexahydroxostannate(IV) hexamethylenediamine hexamethylenetetramine hexamine hexanal hexane hexane-1,6-diamine hexanedinitrile hexanedioic acid hexane-2,4-dione hexanedioyl hexanedioyl dichloride hexanitrocobaltate(III) hexanoic acid hexan-1-ol hexan-2-one hex-1-ene 82

1,2,3,4,5,6- (IV) (IV) (IV) (III) (II) (III) <> <>-1- <> -1,3- (III) (IV) -1,6- -2,4- <> (III) -1- -2- -1-

hexene hex-2-enoic acid hex-5-en-2-one hex-3-en-1-yne hexose hexyl hexylamine hex-1-yne hex-3-yne hex-1-yn-3-ol high density polyethylene (HDPE) high impedance voltmeter high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) high resolution high spin complex high-carbon steel Hirsch funnel histamine Hoffman clip Hoffman voltameter Hofmann degradation Hofmann elimination holmium hologram homocyclic homogeneous homogeneous catalysis homogeneous catalyst homogeneous equilibrium homogeneous mixture homogeneous system homologous series homologue homolysis 83

-2- -5--2- -3--1- -1- -3- -1--3- <> <> <> <> <>

homolytic fission homonuclear hormone hot-dip plating humectant Hunds rule of maximum multiplicity hybrid hybrid orbital hybridization hydrate hydrated hydrated iron(III) oxide hydration hydration energy hydration isomer hydration number hydrazide hydrazine hydrazinium ion (hydrazonium ion) hydrazino hydrazoic acid hydrazone hydride hydride ion hydride shift hydrido hydriodic acid hydroboration hydrobromic acid hydrocarbon hydrochloric acid hydrocracking hydrocyanic acid hydrodealkylation hydroelectric hydroelectricity 84

<> (III) <>

<> <> <> <> <> <>

hydrofluoric acid hydrogen hydrogen bond hydrogen bromide hydrogen chloride hydrogen cyanide hydrogen electrode hydrogen fluoride hydrogen half cell hydrogen halide hydrogen iodide hydrogen molecule ion hydrogen peroxide hydrogen scale hydrogen spectrum hydrogen sulphide hydrogenation hydrogencarbonate hydrogenphosphate(V) hydrogensulphate(IV) hydrogensulphate(VI) hydrogensulphite hydrohalogenation hydroiodic acid hydrolysis hydrolysis constant hydrolytic constant hydrolytic rancidity hydronium ion (hydroxonium ion) hydroperoxide hydrophilic hydrophobic hydroquinone hydroxamic acid hydroxide hydroxide ion 85

<><> (V) (IV) (VI) <> <>

hydroximic acid hydroxo hydroxy hydroxyacetic acid hydroxyalkanenitrile hydroxyapatite 4-hydroxyazobenzene 2-hydroxybenzaldehyde 2-hydroxybenzenecarbaldehyde 2-hydroxybenzenecarboxylic acid 2-hydroxybenzenesulphonic acid 2-hydroxybenzoic acid m-hydroxybenzoic acid o-hydroxybenzoic acid p-hydroxybenzoic acid 3-hydroxybutanal 2-hydroxybutanedioic acid 2-hydroxybutanoic acid 3-hydroxy-3-carboxypentanedioic acid 2-hydroxy-1,2-diphenylethanone hydroxyethanenitrile hydroxyethanoic acid hydroxyl hydroxylamine hydroxylation hydroxymethyl 4-hydroxy-4-methylpentan-2-one 2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanenitrile 4-hydroxyphenylazobenzene 2-hydroxyphenylmethanol 3-hydroxypropanal 2-hydroxypropanenitrile 86

<> 4- 2-<> 2- 2-2- 2- 2-<> <> <> <> 3- 2- 2- 3--3- 3--3- 2--1,2- 1,2--2- <> <> 4--4--2- 4--4--2- 2--2- 2--2- 4-<> 2- 3- 2-

2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid 2-hydroxypropanoic acid hygroscopic hyper hyperconjugation hyperfine structure hyperoxide hypnotic hypo hypobromite hypobromous acid hypochlorite hypochlorous acid hypodermic needle hypodermic syringe hypohalite hypohalous acid hypoiodite hypoiodous acid hypophosphite hypophosphorous acid hypothesis

2--1,2,3- 2--1,2,3- 2- <>

87

I
Iceland spar ideal gas ideal gas equation ideal solution ideal system identification ignition ignition point ignition temperature ignition test ignition tube ilmenite imide imido imine imino immersion heater immiscible impermeable impregnated impurity in situ in vitro in vivo inactive incandescence incinerator incompatible incomplete combustion incompressibility indicator indicator range indigo indium <> <> <> <> <><> <><> 89

indium halide indole induced dipole induction stroke inductive effect inert inert atmosphere inert electrode inert gas inert pair effect infinite dilution inflammability inflammable infrared radiation infrared spectroscopy infrared spectrum inhibition inhibitor initial rate initiation initiation step initiator injection moulding inlet valve inner shell inorganic inositol insecticide insoluble instability constant instantaneous dipole instantaneous rate of reaction instrumental analysis insulator insulin integrated circuit 90

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integrated rate equation interaction interatomic interface interference interferon interhalogen compound interionic intermediate intermolecular intermolecular force intermolecular hydrogen bonding internal combustion engine internal compensation internal energy internal indicator internal strain International System of Units (SI) International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) internuclear distance interstice interstitial interstitial carbide interstitial hydride intramolecular intramolecular hydrogen bonding invariant system inversion invert sugar invertase investigation iodate iodate(I) iodate(V) iodate(VII) 91

<> <> <> <> <><> (I) (V) (VII)

iodic acid iodic(I) acid iodic(V) acid iodic(VII) acid iodide iodimetry iodination iodine iodine heptafluoride iodine monobromide iodine monochloride iodine pentafluoride iodine pentaoxide (iodine pentoxide) iodine tincture iodine trichloride iodine trifluoride iodine trioxide iodine value iodine(I) bromide iodine(I) chloride iodine(III) chloride iodine(III) fluoride iodine(III) oxide iodine(V) fluoride iodine(V) oxide iodine(VII) fluoride iodine(VII) oxide iodite iodo iodobenzene 1-iodobutane iodoethanal iodoethane iodoethanoic acid iodoform iodoform reaction 92

(I) (V) (VII) <> <> (I) (I) (III) (III) (III) (V) (V) (VII) (VII) <><> 1-

iodomethane iodometry 2-iodopentane iodous acid ion ion chamber ion exchange ion exchange chromatography ion exchange column ion exchange resin ion pair ion selective electrode ion selective membrane ion source ionic bond ionic character ionic charge ionic compound ionic conductance ionic conductivity ionic crystal ionic equation ionic equilibrium ionic interaction ionic migration ionic mobility ionic polarization ionic potential ionic product ionic radius ionic reaction ionic strength ionic theory ionization ionization chamber 93

<> 2- <> <> <>

ionization constant ionization energy ionization enthalpy ionization isomer ionization potential ionizing radiation iridium iron iron alum indicator iron filings iron pentacarbonyl iron pyrite iron wool iron(II) bromide iron(II) carbonate iron(II) chloride iron(II) disulphide iron(II) ethanedioate iron(II) fluoride iron(II) hydroxide iron(II) iodide iron(II) ion iron(II) iron(III) oxide iron(II) nitrate(V) iron(II) oxalate iron(II) oxide iron(II) sulphate(VI) iron(II) sulphide iron(III) bromide iron(III) chloride iron(III) fluoride iron(III) hexacyanoferrate(II) iron(III) hydroxide iron(III) ion iron(III) nitrate(V) iron(III) oxide 94

<> (II) (II) (II) (II) (II) (II) (II) (II) (II) (III)(II) (V)(II) (II) (II) (VI)(II) (II) (III) (II) (III) (II)(III) (III) (III) (V)(III) (III)

iron(III) sulphate(VI) irradiation irreversible reaction irritant iso isoamyl isoamyl alcohol isobar isobutane isobutene isobutoxy isobutyl isobutyl alcohol isobutylamine isobutylene isobutyric acid isocyanate isocyanide isocyano isocyanobenzene isoelectric point isoelectronic isolated system isolation isomer isomerism isomerization isomorphism isomorphous isooctane isophthalic acid isoprene isopropanol isopropyl isopropyl alcohol isopropyl bromide 95

(VI)(III) <> <><> <> <><> <> <> <>

isopropyl chloride isopropyl myristate isopropylbenzene isotactic polymer isotherm isothermal expansion isothiocyanate isothiocyanide isothiocyano isotonic isotope isotope tracer isotopic isotopic abundance isotopic labelling isotopic mass isotropic isotropy

<> <>

96

J
jade joule Joule-Thomson effect juvenile hormone -

97

K
kaolinite Kekul structure Kelvin Kelvin temperature scale keratin kernite kerosene ketal ketene (keten) keto form keto-acid keto-enol tautomerism ketohexose ketone ketose ketoxime kieselguhr kieserite kiln kinetic energy kinetic theory of gases kinetics Kipps apparatus Kjeldahl nitrogen determination method knocking Kolbes synthesis Kroll process krypton <> <> - <>

L
label laboratory laboratory reagent (LR) lachrymatory (lacrimatory) lacquer lactam lactic acid lactide lactone -lactose laevo- (l-) laevorotatory (levorotatory) Lambert law lampblack landfill landfill gas landfill site lanolin lanthanide lanthanide contraction lanthanide series lanthanoid lanthanum laser latent heat latex latex paint lattice lattice defect lattice energy lattice enthalpy lattice model lattice point lattice structure 99 <> <> - <>

Laue method laughing gas lauric acid lauroyl peroxide law law of conservation of energy law of conservation of mass law of conservation of matter law of constant proportion law of definite proportion law of mass action law of multiple proportions law of periodicity law of radioactive decay law of reciprocal proportions lawrencium laws of thermodynamics layer lattice layer structure Le Chateliers principle leachate leaching lead lead accumulator lead acetate lead chamber process lead dioxide lead foil lead free petrol lead storage cell lead tetraethyl lead(II) arsenate(V) lead(II) bromide lead(II) carbonate lead(II) carbonate hydroxide

<> (V)(II) (II) (II) (II)

100

lead(II) chloride lead(II) chromate(VI) lead(II) ethanoate lead(II) ethanoate test paper lead(II) iodide lead(II) nitrate(V) lead(II) oxide lead(II) sulphate(VI) lead(II) sulphide lead(IV) chloride lead(IV) fluoride lead(IV) oxide lead-acid accumulator leaded petrol leakage leak-proof leavening agent leaving group lecithin legume lethal dosage leucine leveling agent (levelling agent) levulose Lewis acid Lewis acid-base theory Lewis base Lewis structure liberation lichen Liebig condenser ligand ligand field stabilization energy ligand field theory light quantum

(II) (VI)(II) (II) (II) (II) (V)(II) (II) (VI)(II) (II) (IV) (IV) (IV) <> 101

lignin ligroin lilac-coloured lime lime water limestone liming limiting factor limiting reactant limonite line spectrum linear combination of atomic orbitals (LCAO) linear copolymer linear molecule linear polymer linen linoleic acid (linolic acid) linolenic acid lipase lipid liquefaction liquefied natural gas (LNG) liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) liquid liquid chromatography liquid crystal liquid phase chromatography litharge lithium lithium aluminium hydride lithium cell lithium chloride lithium deuteride lithium ion battery lithium oxide

<> <> <> <> <> <> <> 102

lithium tetrahydridoaluminate lithium tetrahydridoborate lithopone litmus litmus paper livestock waste localization localized electron localized orbital lodestone lone pair low density polyethylene (LDPE) low resolution low spin complex low voltage power supply lowering of vapour pressure low-NOx burner lubricant lubricating oil Lucas reagent Lucas test luciferin luminescence luminol luminosity luminous flame lustre lutetium (lutecium) lycopodium powder Lyman series lyophilic lyophilic sol lyophobic lyophobic sol D-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)

<> <> D- D- 103

lysine

104

M
m- (meta-) macro-analysis macrochemistry macrocyclic macromolecule macroscopic Madelung constant magnesia magnesite magnesium magnesium bromide magnesium bromide chloride magnesium carbonate magnesium chloride magnesium chloride hydroxide magnesium fluoride magnesium hydride magnesium hydrogencarbonate magnesium hydroxide magnesium iodide magnesium nitrate(V) magnesium nitride magnesium oxide magnesium ribbon magnesium silicide magnesium stearate magnesium sulphate(VI) magneson magnetic field magnetic moment magnetic quantum number magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) magnetic separation magnetic stirrer-hotplate (V) (VI) <> 105

magnetic susceptibility magnetite magnetization magnetochemistry main chain main group element major product malachite malathion maleic acid maleic anhydride malic acid malleability malleable malonate malonic acid malt maltase maltose manganate manganate(VI) manganate(VII) manganese manganese dioxide manganese heptaoxide (manganese heptoxide) manganese steel manganese(II) chloride manganese(II) ethanedioate manganese(II) hydroxide manganese(II) nitrate(V) manganese(II) oxalate manganese(II) oxide manganese(II) sulphide manganese(III) fluoride manganese(III) oxide

<> (VI) (VII) (II) (II) (II) (V)(II) (II) (II) (II) (III) (III) 106

manganese(IV) oxide manganese(IV) sulphate(VI) manganese(VI) oxide manganese(VII) oxide manganic acid manganic(VI) acid manganic(VII) acid mannitol mannose manometer manure marble marble chip margarine Markownikoffs rule (Markownikovs rule) marsh gas masking agent mass mass action mass number mass polymerization mass spectrometer mass spectrometry mass spectrum massicot mass-to-charge ratio Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution law maximum boiling point mixture mean bond enthalpy mean free path measurement measuring cylinder meat-curing mechanism medicinal

(IV) (VI)(IV) (VI) (VII) (VI) (VII) <> U <> - <> 107

medium meitnerium melamine melamine-formaldehyde resin melamine-methanal resin melting curve melting point melting point apparatus membrane membrane electrode memory metal Mendeleevs periodic law mendelevium meniscus menthol mercaptan mercapto mercuric mercuric acetylide mercurization mercurochrome mercurous mercury mercury cell mercury electrode mercury(I) chloride mercury(I) ethynide mercury(I) nitrate(V) mercury(II) carbonate mercury(II) chloride mercury(II) fulminate mercury(II) iodide mercury(II) nitrate(V) mercury(II) oxide mercury(II) sulphate(VI)

<><> <> (I) (I) (V)(I) (II) (II) (II) (II) (V)(II) (II) (VI)(II)

108

mercury(II) sulphide mesh mesitol mesityl mesityl oxide mesitylene meso meso-form mesomeric effect meta meta position metabisulphite metabolism metaborate metaboric acid meta-directing group metal metal smelter metallic bond metallic lustre metallic radius metalloid metallurgy metamerism metamorphism meta-orientating group metaphosphate metaphosphoric acid metastable meta-substitution metasulphite metavanadate methacrylic acid methamidophos methanal

(II) <> <> <> <>

methanal trimer methanamide methanamine methanation methane methanoate methanoic acid methanol methanoyl methoxide methoxy methoxybenzene methoxycarbonyl methoxyethane methoxymethane methyl methyl acetate methyl alcohol methyl anthranilate methyl benzoate methyl bromide methyl butyl amine methyl chloride methyl cyanide methyl ethanoate methyl ethyl amine methyl ethyl ketone -D-methyl glucoside methyl 2-hydroxybenzoate methyl iodide methyl isocyanate methyl methacrylate methyl methanoate methyl 2-methylpropenoate methyl orange

<> <> <> <> <> --<> 2-<> 2-

109

110

methyl phenyl ether methyl propanoate methyl red methyl salicylate methyl violet methyl yellow N-methylacetamide methylacrylic acid methylamine methylamine hydrochloride methylammonium chloride N-methylaniline methylated spirit methylation 3-methylbenzaldehyde 2-methylbenzenamine N-methylbenzenamine methylbenzene 2-methylbenzenecarboxylic acid 4-methylbenzenesulphonic acid 2-methylbenzoic acid 2-methylbuta-1, 3-diene N-methylbutan-1-amine N-methylbutan-2-amine 2-methylbutane 2-methylbutanoic acid cis-methylbutenedioic acid trans-methylbutenedioic acid methylcyclohexane 1-methyl-2,4-dinitrobenzene methylene methylene blue methylene chloride methylene dichloride N-methylethanamide

N- <> N- <> 3-<> 2- N- <> 2-2- 4- 2-<> 2--1,3- N--1- N--2- 2- 2- - - 1--2,4- <> N-

methylethyl tetradecanoate methylmagnesium iodide 1-methyl-2-nitrobenzene 4-methylpentan-2-one 4-methylpent-3-en-2-one 2-methylphenol N-methylphenylamine methylpropanal methylpropane methylpropanoic acid methylpropan-2-ol methylpropene methylpropenoic acid 2-methyl-1,3,5-trinitrobenzene mica micelle (micell) microammeter micro-analysis microbalance micro-burner microchemistry microorganism micropipette microscopic microwave mild steel milk of lime milk of magnesia milk sugar Millons reagent mineral mineral acid mineral cotton mineral oil mineral wool

<> 1--2- 4--2- 4--3--2- 2-<>2- N- -2- 2--1,3,5- <> <> <> <> <> <>

111

112

minimum boiling point mixture minor product mint oil mirror image miscibility miscible mixed acid anhydride mixed crystal mixed ether mixed ketone mixed melting point method mixed oxide mixed salt mixture mobile phase mobility model moderator Mohr clip Mohrs method Mohrs salt moisture molar absorptivity molar conductivity molar depression constant molar elevation constant molar free energy molar gas constant molar heat capacity molar mass molar solution molar volume molarity molasses mole

<> <> <> <>

mole concept mole fraction mole ratio molecular crystal molecular formula molecular ion molecular mass molecular orbital molecular orbital theory molecular structure molecularity molecule molten molten slag molybdenum momentum Monel metal monoatomic monobasic acid monochromatic monochromatic light source monoclinic sulphur monoclinic system monocyclic hydrocarbon monodentate monohydric alcohol monomer monomolecular monomolecular layer experiment monopan balance monoprotic acid monosaccharide monosilane monosodium glutamate (MSG) monotropy

<> <> <>

113

114

monovalent monoxide mordant morphine mortar Moseleys law mother liquor mould multicomponent system multidentate multimeter multiple bond multiplicity municipal waste murexide mustard gas mutarotation mutual repulsion myoglobin myosin myristic acid

<><> <> <> <><> <>

115

N
n- (normal-) naked flame naphtha naphthalen-1-amine naphthalene naphthalene-1-carboxylic acid naphthalen-2-ol naphthene -naphthol naphthyl narcotic narrow mouth bottle nascent hydrogen nascent state natural gas natural polymer natural rubber nauseant negative catalyst negative deviation negative ion neighbouring group participation neo neodymium neon neopentane neopentyl alcohol neoprene neptunium Nernst equation Nesslers reagent neutral neutrality neutral oxide -1- -1- -1- -2- <> - <><> <> <>

neutral solution neutralization neutrino neutron neutron bomb Newmans projection formula newton nichrome nichrome wire nickel nickel black nickel plate nickel plating nickel-cadmium battery nickelic nickel(II) carbonate nickel(II) chloride nickel(II) hydroxide nickel(II) nitrate(V) nickel(II) oxide nickel(II) sulphate(VI) nickel(II) sulphide nickel(IV) oxide nickel-metal hydride battery nickelous Nicol prism nicotine ninhydrin niobium nitramide nitrate nitrate(III) nitrate(V) nitrating agent nitration

<> (II) (II) (II) (V)(II) (II) (VI)(II) (II) (IV) - <> (III) (V) <>

116

nitrato nitric acid nitric oxide nitric(III) acid nitric(V) acid nitride nitrification nitrile nitrite nitrito nitro nitro compound nitroalkane 4-nitrobenzenamine nitrobenzene nitrocellulose nitroethane nitrogen nitrogen cycle nitrogen dioxide nitrogen fixation nitrogen monoxide nitrogen trifluoride nitrogen(I) oxide nitrogen(II) oxide nitrogen(III) fluoride nitrogen(IV) oxide nitrogen(V) oxide nitrogenous nitrogenous fertilizer nitroglycerine nitromethane nitromuriatic acid nitronium ion nitroparaffin

<> (III) (V) <> <> <> 4- <> (I) (II) (III) (IV) (V)

2-nitrophenol 4-nitrophenylamine N-(nitrophenyl)ethanamide 1-nitro-2-phenylethene 1-nitropropane nitrosamine (nitrosoamine) nitrosation nitroso N-nitrosodimethylamine 4-nitroso-N, N-dimethylphenylamine N-nitroso-N-methylphenylamine nitrosonium ion nitrosyl nitrosyl chloride m-nitrotoluene o-nitrotoluene p-nitrotoluene nitrous acid nitrous oxide Nobel prize nobelium noble gas nodal plane node noise peak nomenclature nonane non-aqueous non-biodegradable non-bonding electron non-bonding orbital non-conductor non-electrolyte non-flammable

2-<> 4- N-() 1--2-2--1- 1- <> <> N-<> 4--N, N- N,N--4- N--N- N--N- <> <> <> 118

117

non-ideal solution non-ideal system non-luminous flame non-polar non-stoichiometric non-toxic non-volatile nonyl normal distribution normal salt normalization N-P-K number nuclear nuclear charge nuclear energy nuclear fission nuclear force nuclear fusion nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) nuclear power station nuclear reaction nuclear reactor nuclear spin nuclear stability nuclear transformation nuclear waste nucleic acid nucleon nucleophile nucleophilic nucleophilic acyl substitution nucleophilic addition nucleophilic substitution nucleotide nucleus

N-P-K <> <> <> <>

nuclide Nuffield spoon null point nutrient nutritive value nylon-6 nylon-6,6 nylon-6,10

-6 -6,6 -6,10

119

120

O
o- (ortho-) observation octadecanoate octadecanoic acid cis-octadec-9-enoic acid trans-octadec-9-enoic acid octadecyl octahedral octahedral hole octane octane number octanedioyl octan-1-ol octet octet rule octyl odd electron odorant odour oil bath oil drop experiment oil of wintergreen oil refining oil shale oil spill oily waste oleate olefin olefinic oleic acid oleum oligomer oligosaccharide olive oil <> <> --9- --9- -1- <> <> <> <> <>

one-component system open chain compound open hearth furnace open hearth process open system operating conditions opium optical activity optical analysis optical fibre optical inactivity optical isomer optical isomerism optical rotation optically active optically inactive optically pure optimum orange I orange II orange oil orbit orbital order order of magnitude order of reaction ore organic organochlorine organolithium organometallic organophosphate orientating group orientation orlon

<> <> <> <> <>

122

ortho ortho-acid orthoboric acid ortho-para directing group ortho-para orientating group orthophosphate orthophosphite orthophosphoric acid orthophosphorous acid orthorhombic system orthosilicate ortho-substitution orthovanadate osazone osmium osmometer osmosis osmotic pressure Ostwald process Ostwalds dilution law outer shell outermost shell oven overall order of reaction overall reaction overall stability constant overlap of orbitals overvoltage oxalate oxalato oxalic acid oxalyl chloride oxidant oxidation oxidation number

<> <> <> <> <> <><> <> <> <> <> <> <> <> <>

oxidation state oxidative cleavage oxidative rancidity oxide oxidizing agent oxime oxo oxo synthesis oxoacid oxoacid salt oxo-anion oxodisulphate(VI) oxoethanoic acid oxohalogen compound oxonium ion 2-oxopropanoic acid oxovanadium(IV) ion oxy-acetylene flame oxy-acetylene welding oxyacid oxygen oxygen carrier oxygen difluoride oxygen(II) fluoride oxyhaemoglobin oxy-hydrogen flame ozone ozone depleting potential ozone layer Ozone Layer Protection Ordinance ozonide ozonolysis

<> <><> (VI) <> 2-<> (IV) (II) <>

123

124

P
p- (para-) packing packing efficiency painkiller paired electron pairing energy palladium palm oil palmitate palmitic acid paper chromatogram paper chromatography para paracetamol paraffin paraffin oil paraffin wax paraformaldehyde paraldehyde parallel reaction paramagnetic paramagnetic moment paramagnetism parameter paraquat para-substitution parathion parent parent chain parent hydrocarbon parent peak part per billion (ppb) part per million (ppm) <><> <> <> <> <>

partial pressure particle particle accelerator particulate partition chromatography partition coefficient partition law Paschen series passivity pathogen Pauli exclusion principle Paulings electronegativity scale p-block element peak peak area peak height peak width pearlite (perlite) pear-shaped flask peat pectic acid pectin (pectine) penetrating power penicillin pentaamminenitritocobalt(III) ion pentaamminenitrocobalt(III) ion pentaammineruthenium complex pentacarbonyliron(0) pentachloroethane pentanal pentane pentanedial pentane-2,3-diol pentane-2,4-dione

<> p p (III) (III) (III) (III) (0) -2,3- -2,4- 126

pentanoic acid pentan-1-ol pentan-3-one pent-1-ene pentene pentose pentyl pentyl ethanoate pentylamine pent-1-yne peppermint oil pepsin peptide peptide bond peptide linkage peptization per cent saturation per cent transmission per cent transmittance perbenzoic acid perbromate perbromic acid percentage by mass percentage composition percentage error percentage yield perchlorate perchloric acid perdisulphate perfume perhalate perhalic acid peridot period periodate

-1- -3- -1- <> -1- <> <>

periodic periodic acid periodic classification periodic table periodicity Perkins reaction perlite perlon perm solution permanent dipole permanent hardness permanganate permanganic acid permonosulphate permutite (permutit) peroxide peroxide effect peroxodisulphate(VI) peroxodisulphuric(VI) acid peroxoethanoic acid peroxomonosulphuric acid peroxosulphate(VI) peroxotitanic acid peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) peroxybenzoic acid peroxydisulphuric acid peroxyethanoic acid peroxymonosulphuric acid perspex persulphate(VI) pervanadyl pesticide pestle petri dish petrochemical

(VI) (VI) (VI) <> (VI) <>

127

128

petrol petroleum petroleum ether petroleum jelly pewter Pfund series pH meter pH paper pH range pH scale pH value pharmaceutical phase phase change phase boundary phase diagram phase equilibrium phase rule phase transition phenanthrene phenetole phenol phenol blue phenol red phenolate (phenate) phenol-formaldehyde resin phenol-methanal resin phenolphthalein phenomenon phenone phenoxide phenoxy phenoxybenzene phenyl phenyl benzoate

pH pH pH pH pH <> <> <> <>

phenyl cyanide phenyl ethanoate phenyl isocyanide phenyl methyl amine phenylamine phenylamine hydrochloride phenylammonium chloride N-phenylaniline 4-phenylazo-N,N-dimethylphenylamin e 1-phenylazonaphthalen-2-ol 4-phenylazophenylamine phenyldiazonium chloride phenyldiazonium ion N-phenylethanamide 2-phenylethanamine phenylethanoic acid phenylethanone phenylethene 1-phenyl-2-ethoxypropane phenylethyne phenylhydrazine phenylhydrazinium chloride phenylhydrazone phenylmethanamine phenylmethanol phenylosazone 2-phenylpropane 3-phenylprop-2-enal 3-phenylpropenal 3-phenylpropenoic acid pheromone phosgene phosphate phosphate(III) phosphate(V)

N- 4--N,N- N,N--4- 1- -2- 4- N- 2- 1--2- 2- 3--2- 3- 3- (III) (V) 130

129

phosphinate phosphine phosphinic acid phosphonate phosphonic acid phosphonium iodide phosphonium ion phosphor phosphorescence phosphoric acid phosphoric(I) acid phosphoric(III) acid phosphoric(V) acid phosphorite phosphorous acid phosphorus phosphorus oxychloride phosphorus pentabromide phosphorus pentachloride phosphorus pentaoxide (phosphorus pentoxide) phosphorus trichloride phosphorus trichloride oxide phosphorus trioxide phosphorus(III) oxide phosphorus(V) oxide phosphoryl phosphosilicate glass photocatalysis photocatalyst photocell photochemical cell photochemical oxidant photochemical reaction photochemical smog photochemistry

<> (I) (III) (V) <> <> <> (III) (V) <> <> <> <> 131

photodecomposition photodegradable plastics photodegradable polymer photodegradation photodissociation photoelectric effect photolysis photometer photometry photomultiplier photon photosensitivity photosensitization photosensitizer photosynthesis photovoltaic cell phthalaldehyde phthalamide phthalate phthalic acid phthalic aldehyde phthalic anhydride phthalimide physical change physical equilibrium physical property physico-chemical physiological action pickling picrate picric acid pictorial representation piezoelectric ceramic pig iron pigment

<> <> <> <> <> <> <> <>

132

pinacol pine oil pipe-clay triangle piperidine pipette pipette filler piston pitch pitch blende planar Planck constant plane of symmetry plane polarized plasma plaster plaster of Paris plastic plastic sulphur plasticizer plate number platforming platinate plating platinization platinized asbestos platinum platinum black platinum electrode platinum foil platinum sponge platinum wire plexiglass (plexiglas) plumbane plumbate plumbate(II)

<><> <> (II) 133

plumbate(IV) plumbite plunger plutonium poison polar polar coordinate polar covalent bond polar molecule polar solvent polarimeter polarity polarizability polarization polarized light polarizer polarizing power polarogram polarography polaroid policeman pollutant pollution polonium polonium dioxide polonium(II) oxide polyacrylic acid polyacrylic ester polyacrylonitrile polyamide polyatomic polybasic acid polycarbonate polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) polychlorinated hydrocarbon

(IV) <> (II)

134

polychlorinated phenol (PCP) poly(2-chlorobuta-1,3-diene) poly(chloroethene) polycyclic polydentate polyene polyester poly(ethene) poly(ethenol) polyether polyethylene polyethylene glycol polyethylene glycol terephthalate polyethylene terephthalate (PET) polyhydric alcohol polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) polyisoprene polymer polymeric polymerization poly(methanal) polymethyl methacrylate poly(methyl 2-methylpropenoate) polymorph polymorphism polynuclear polypeptide polypeptide chain polyphosphate polyphosphate(V) polyphosphoric(V) acid poly(propene) poly(propenenitrile) polypropylene polyprotic acid

<> 2--1,3- <> <> <> <> 2- (V) (V) 135

polysaccharide polyselenide polysilicate polystyrene polysubstitution polysulphide polytelluride polyterpene poly(tetrafluoroethene) (PTFE) polythene polythionic acid polyunsaturated polyurethane polyvanadate(V) polyvinyl acetate polyvinyl alcohol polyvinyl chloride ponceau porcelain porosity porous diaphragm porous membrane porous pot porphin position isomerism positive catalyst positive deviation positive ion positive ray positive test positron potash potash alum potassium potassium benzene-1,2-dicarboximide

<> (V) <> <><> -1,2-

136

potassium benzoate potassium bromate potassium bromate(V) potassium bromide potassium carbonate potassium chlorate(V) potassium chloride potassium chlorochromate potassium chromate(VI) potassium cobaltinitrite potassium cyanide potassium dichromate(VI) potassium dihydrogencitrate potassium dihydrogenorthophosphate potassium ()-2,3-dihydroxybutanedioate potassium (+)-2,3-dihydroxybutanedioate potassium ethanedioate potassium ferricyanide potassium ferrocyanide potassium fluoride potassium hexacyanoferrate(II) potassium hexacyanoferrate(III) potassium hexanitrocobaltate(III) potassium hydrogen fluoride potassium hydrogencarbonate potassium hydrogensulphate(VI) potassium hydrogensulphide potassium hydrogen(+)-tartrate potassium hydroxide potassium hyperoxide potassium iodate potassium iodate(V) potassium iodide potassium manganate

<> (V) (V) (VI) (VI) ()-2,3- (+)-2,3- (II) (III) (III) (VI) (+)- (V) 137

potassium manganate(VI) potassium manganate(VII) potassium metabisulphite potassium nitrate(III) potassium nitrate(V) potassium nitrite potassium perchlorate potassium perdisulphate potassium permanganate potassium peroxodisulphate(VI) potassium persulphate(VI) potassium sodium 2,3-dihydroxybutanedioate potassium sodium ()-tartrate potassium sodium (+)-tartrate potassium sulphate(IV) potassium sulphate(VI) potassium sulphite potassium superoxide potassium ()-tartrate potassium (+)-tartrate potassium thiocyanate potassium thiosulphate potassium triiodide potassium tris(ethanedioato) vanadate(III) potential difference potential energy potential hazard potential gradient potentiometer potentiometric titration powder diffraction method power stroke praseodymium precaution

(VI) (VII) (III) (V) (VI) (VI) 2,3- ()- (+)- (IV) (VI) ()- (+)- ()(III) <><> 138

precipitate precipitation precipitation titration precipitation-dissolution method precipitator precision preferential discharge preheat pre-ignition preliminary test preparation preservative pressure pressure forming pressurized water reactor primary primary alcohol primary alkyl primary amine primary carbocation primary carbon atom primary carbonium ion primary cell primary distillation primary reaction primary reference electrode primary sludge primary standard solution primary structure primary treatment primary valency principal group element principal quantum number principle principle of additivity

<> <> <> <>

probability producer gas product projection formula promethium promotor propadiene propagation step propanal propanamide propane propanedioic acid propane-1, 2-diol propanenitrile propane-1,2,3-triol propane-1,2,3-triyl triethanoate propane-1,2,3-triyl trinitrate propane-1,2,3-triyl trioctadecanoate propan-1-ol propan-2-ol propanoate propanoic acid propanoic anhydride propanone propanone cyanohydrin propanone hydrogensulphite propanone oxime propanoyl chloride propargyl propellant propenal prop-2-en-1-amine propene propenenitrile propenoic acid

<> <><> -1,2- -1,2,3- -1,2,3- -1,2,3- ()-1,2,3- -1- -2- <> <> -2--1-

139

140

prop-2-en-1-ol propenyl prophylactic propionaldehyde propionate propionic acid propionic anhydride propionyl chloride propoxy propyl n-propyl sec-propyl (isopropyl) propyl bromide propyl chloride propyl hydrogensulphate propylamine propylene propylene oxide propyne propynyl protactinium protecting group protein protic protium proton proton transfer protonation proton-neutron ratio protophilic prototropy proximity effect Prussian blue pseudo-first order reaction pseudo-halogen

-2--1- <> <> <> <> <> <>

pulverized fuel ash (PFA) pumice stone pungent purge gas purification purifier purity putrescible putrescine pyrane (pyran) pyranose pyranoside Pyrex glass pyridine pyrite pyro-acid pyrocatechol pyrogallic acid pyrogallol pyroligneous acid pyrolusite pyrolysis pyrometallurgy pyrophosphate pyrophosphoric acid pyrosilicate pyrosulphuric acid pyroxene pyrrhotite pyrrole pyruvic acid

<> <> <>

141

142

Q
quadridentate qualitative qualitative analysis quantitative quantitative analysis quantization quantum quantum mechanics quantum number quantum theory quartz quartzite quasi-steady state quaternary quaternary ammonium salt quaternary structure quencher quenching quickfit apparatus quicklime quicksilver quinine quinol quinone <> <>

R
racemate racemic acid racemic mixture racemic modification racemization rack radial distribution radial wave function radiation -radiation -radiation -radiation radiation chemistry radical radioactive radioactive decay radioactive disintegration radioactive element radioactive isotope dating radioactive source radioactivity radioisotope radiotherapy radium radius ratio radon Raman spectroscopy rancidity random sampling randomness Raney nickel Raoults law rare earth element rare gas <> <> <> <> <> <> <> <> <> <> 145

Raschig process rate constant rate curve rate determining step rate equation rate expression rate law rate of reaction rational analysis rational formula raw material -ray Rayleigh equation rayon reactant reaction reaction coordinate reaction intermediate reaction mechanism reaction order reaction path reaction rate reactivity reactivity series reagent real gas rearrangement receiver adaptor (receiver adapter) receptor rechargeable recommended daily allowance (RDA) recorder recovery recrystallization rectified spirit recycle

<> <> <> <> <> <> <> 146

red hot red lead red phosphorus red tide redox equilibrium redox indicator redox reaction redox titration reducing agent reductant reduction reduction potential reduction potential series reductive amination reference cell reference electrode reference point reference standard refinery refinery gas refining reflux reflux condenser reforming refractive index refractory refrigerant regenerated cellulose regeneration regiospecificity regulator reinforced rubber relative abundance relative atomic mass relative density

<> <> <>< > <><> 147

relative isotopic mass relative molecular mass relative stability relativity relaxation repeating unit repulsion reprocess residual residue resin resinol resistivity resolution resonance resonance frequency resonance hybrid resonance stabilization resonance stabilization energy resonance structure resorcinol (resorcin) respirable suspended particulates (RSP) resublime retardation retarder retention time retort retort stand reverberatory furnace reversibility reversible reaction Rf value rhenium rheostat rhodamine

<> <><> <> Rf 148

rhodium rhombic sulphur rhombic system rhombohedral system riboflavin ribonucleic acid (RNA) -D-ribose Riemer-Tiemann reaction rigidity ring closure ring opening ring stability ring structure rinse roasting Rochelle salt rock salt rocksil rod sulphur roll sulphur Rntgen ray (Rentgen ray) room temperature and pressure (rtp) root mean square root mean square speed rosaniline rose water Rosenmund reduction rosin rotation rotational energy rotational motion rotatory evaporator round-bottomed flask rubber rubber bung rubber cement

<> B2 -D- - <> <> <> <> <> 149

rubber tubing rubidium ruby rust ruthenium Rutherford scattering experiment rutherfordium rutile Rydberg constant

150

S
saccharic acid saccharide saccharin sacrificial anode sacrificial protection safety screen safety spectacles safety symbol salicyl salicylaldehyde salicylate salicylic acid salicylyl saline salinity salt salt bridge salt effect salt hydrate salting out saltpetre samarium sample sample cell sampling sand bath sand stone Sandmeyer reaction saponification sapphire saturated saturated compound saturated solution <> <> <> <> <> <> <> <> <>

saturation Saytzeffs rule s-block element scale atom model scandium scanning electron microscope scattering Schiffs base Schiffs reagent Schiffs test Schotten-Baumann reaction Schrdinger equation Schweitzers reagent scintillation counter scrap iron screen screened indicator screening screening effect scrubber scum seaborgium sebacic acid sebacoyl sebacoyl chloride sec secaline second law of thermodynamics second order reaction secondary secondary alcohol secondary alkyl secondary amine secondary carbon atom secondary carbocation

<> s s <> <> - <>

151

152

secondary carbonium ion secondary cell secondary reaction secondary reference electrode secondary sewage treatment works secondary sludge secondary standard solution secondary structure secondary treatment secondary valency sedimentation sedimentation tank seeded crystallization selection rule selective absorption selective adsorption selective discharge selectivity selenate(IV) selenate(VI) selenic selenic(IV) acid selenic(VI) acid selenide selenite selenium selenium dioxide selenium trioxide selenium(IV) oxide selenium(VI) oxide selenous (selenious) selenous acid self-ignition self-ionization semicarbazide

<> (IV) (VI) (IV) (VI) (IV) (VI) <>

semicarbazone semiconductor semi-metal semi-micro analysis semipermeable sensitivity sensitizer separating funnel separation sequestration serine serpentine sesquichloride sesquioxide set-up sevin sewage treatment sewer shale shale oil shampoo shared electron shelf life shell shellac shielding shielding effect SI units side chain side product side reaction siderite Sidgwick-Powell theory signal-to-noise ratio significant figure

<> <> <> <><><> -

153

154

silane silica silica gel silica glass silica tube silicate silicate glass silicic acid silicic(IV) acid silicide silicon silicon carbide silicon dioxide silicon disulphide silicon steel silicon tetrachloride silicon(II) oxide silicon(IV) oxide silicone silicone grease silicone oil silicone resin silicone rubber silicyl siloxane siloxy silver silver acetylide silver bromide silver carbide silver carbonate silver chloride silver chromate(VI) silver ethynide silver fluoride

(IV)(IV) (II)(II) (IV)(IV) (VI)

silver foil silver glance silver halide silver iodide silver mirror test silver nitrate(III) silver nitrate(V) silver oxide silver oxide cell silver plating silver sulphate(VI) silver sulphide simple cubic structure simple molecular structure simple salt single bond single pan balance singlet sintered glass filter six-membered ring skeletal atomic model skeletal isomer skeletal isomerism skew conformation slag slake lime sludge sludge digestion sludge treatment slurry smaltite (smaltine) smelling salt smelting smog soap

(III) (V) (VI)

155

156

soapless detergent soapy detergent soda soda ash soda glass soda-lime soda-lime glass sodamide sodium sodium acetate sodium acetylide sodium alginate sodium alkoxide sodium alkylbenzenesulphonate sodium amalgam sodium ammonium 2,3-dihydroxybutanedioate sodium ascorbate sodium azide sodium benzenesulphonate sodium benzoate sodium bicarbonate sodium bismuthate(V) sodium bisulphate sodium borohydride sodium bromide sodium carbide sodium carbonate sodium chlorate(I) sodium chlorate(V) sodium chloride sodium chromate(VI) sodium citrate sodium cyanide sodium dichromate(VI) sodium dihydrogenphosphate(V)

<> 2,3- <> (V) (I) (V) (VI) (VI) (V) 157

sodium dodecylsulphate sodium ethanedioate sodium ethanoate sodium ethoxide sodium ferrocyanide sodium fluoride sodium fusion test sodium glycerophosphate sodium hexafluorosilicate sodium hexanitritocobaltate(III) sodium hexanitrocobaltate(III) sodium hydride sodium hydrogencarbonate sodium hydrogenethanedioate sodium hydrogensulphate(IV) sodium hydrogensulphate(VI) sodium hydrogensulphite sodium hydroxide sodium 2-hydroxybenzoate sodium 3-hydroxy-3-carboxypentanedioat e sodium 2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarbox ylate sodium hypochlorite sodium iodate(V) sodium iodide sodium lauryl sulphate sodium methanoate sodium monofluorophosphate (MFP) sodium monoxide sodium nitrate(III) sodium nitrate(V) sodium nitrite sodium nitroprusside

<> (III) (III) (IV) (VI) 2-<> 3--3-

2--1,2,3- 2--1,2,3- (V) <> (III) (V)

158

sodium octadecanoate sodium orthovanadate sodium oxalate sodium pentacyanonitrosoferrate(III) sodium peroxide sodium phenate sodium phenolate sodium phenoxide sodium phosphate(V) sodium p-nitrophenolate sodium potassium ()-2,3-dihydroxybutanedioate sodium potassium (+)-2,3-dihydroxybutanedioate sodium potassium ()-tartrate sodium potassium (+)-tartrate sodium propanoate sodium saccharin sodium salicylate sodium silicate sodium stearate sodium sulphate sodium sulphate(VI) sodium sulphide sodium sulphite sodium superoxide sodium tallowate sodium tetraborate sodium tetrachloroplatinate(II) sodium tetrahydridoborate sodium tetrathionate sodium thiosulphate sodium tricarbonatocobaltate(III) sodium tripolyphosphate soft water

(III) (III) <> <> <> (V) <> ()-2,3- (+)-2,3- ()- (+)- (VI) (II) (III)

softener softening softening temperature sol solar energy solder solid solid solution solidification solubility solubility curve solubility product soluble soluble starch solute solution solution polymerization solvation Solvay process solvent solvent effect solvent extraction solvent front solvolysis Sommerfeld notation soot sorbate sorbic acid sorbitol Soxhlets extractor soya oil space filling model space lattice sparingly soluble spark plug

<> <> <> <> <>

159

160

spatial distribution spatial structure spatula spearmint specific gravity specific heat specific heat capacity specific rotation specimen spectator ion spectral analysis spectral line spectrochemical series spectrogram spectrograph spectrometer spectrometry spectrophotometer spectrophotometry spectroscope spectroscopy spectrum spent oxide spermaceti sphalerite spin spin pairing spin quantum number spinel spinneret spirit lamp splitting spontaneity spontaneous reaction spot analysis

<> <> <> <> <> <>

spot plate spot test square planar square pyramidal stability stability constant stabilization energy stabilizer staggered conformation stainless steel stalactite stalagmite standard deviation standard electrode standard electrode potential standard error standard hydrogen electrode standard molar enthalpy standard molar enthalpy change standard molar entropy standard reduction potential standard solution standard state standard temperature and pressure (stp) standardization stannane stannate stannate(II) stannate(IV) stannic stannic hydride stannous stannous fluoride starch starch iodide paper

(II) (IV) <> 162

161

state state function state symbol static equilibrium stationary phase stationary state statistical mechanics steady state steam steam bath steam distillation steam generator steam jacket stearate stearic acid steel stepwise stability constant stereochemical formula stereochemistry stereoisomer stereoisomerism stereomer stereospecific steric effect steric factor steric hindrance sterilizing agent steroid sterol stibine stilbene stirrer Stock system of nomenclature stoichiometric coefficient stoichiometric equation

<> <> <> <> <> <> <>

stoichiometry stop watch stopcock stopper storage cell storage life stratosphere Strecker synthesis stretching vibration striking back stroke strong acid strong base strontianite strontium strontium carbonate strontium chloride strontium hydroxide strontium nitrate(V) strontium oxide strontium peroxide strontium sulphate(VI) structural analysis structural effect structural formula structural isomer structural isomerism styrene styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) subatomic particle subgroup element sublimate sublimation sublimation curve sublime

<> (V) (VI) - 164

163

suboxide subshell subsidiary quantum number substituent N-substituted substitution substitution reaction substrate succinamide succinate succinic acid succinic anhydride succinimide sucking back sucrose suction filter suction filtration suction flask suction pump sugaring sulphamic acid sulphanilic acid sulphate sulphate(IV) sulphate(VI) sulphato sulphide sulphite sulphonamide sulphonate sulphonating agent sulphonation sulphone sulphonic acid sulphonyl

N <> <> < > <> <> (IV) (VI) <> <>

sulphonyl chloride sulphur sulphur dichloride sulphur dichloride dioxide sulphur dichloride oxide sulphur dioxide sulphur hexafluoride sulphur tetrachloride sulphur tetrafluoride sulphur trioxide sulphur(II) chloride sulphur(IV) chloride sulphur(IV) fluoride sulphur(IV) oxide sulphur(VI) fluoride sulphur(VI) oxide sulphuric acid sulphuric(IV) acid sulphuric(VI) acid sulphurous acid sulphuryl sulphuryl chloride summation Sunset Yellow FCF superconductivity superconductor supercooling superheating superimposable supernatant superoxide superphosphate supersaturated solution supersaturation supporting electrolyte

<> (II) (IV) (IV) (IV) (VI) (VI) (IV) (VI) FCF

165

166

surface active agent surface area surface chemistry surface coating surface effect surface tension surfactant suspension suspension polymerization suspensoid sweetener symbol symmetrical symmetrical fission symmetry synchrotron synthesis synthesis gas synthetic synthetic detergent synthetic fibre synthetic pathway synthetic polymer synthetic rubber syringe syringe holder system systematic error systematic name systematic naming systematic nomenclature

<>

167

T
T piece tactic polymer talc (talcum) tannate tannery offcuts tannic acid tantalum tap funnel tar tare weight tarnish tartaric acid ()-tartaric acid (+)-tartaric acid d-tartaric acid l-tartaric acid meso-tartaric acid tartrate meso-tartrate tartrazine tautomerism tear gas teat pipette technetium technical grade reagent Teclu burner teflon tellurate tellurate(IV) tellurate(VI) telluric telluric acid telluric(IV) acid telluric(VI) acid T <> ()- (+)- <> (IV) (VI) (IV) (VI)

telluride tellurite tellurium tellurium dioxide tellurium trioxide tellurium(IV) oxide tellurium(VI) oxide tellurous tellurous acid temperature-composition diagram tempering temporary dipole temporary hardness tenacity tensile strength terbium terephthalaldehyde terephthalate terephthalic acid terephthalyl chloride termination step termolecular terpene tert tertiary tertiary alcohol tertiary alkyl tertiary amine tertiary carbon atom tertiary carbocation tertiary carbonium ion tertiary structure tervalent terylene test solution

(IV) (VI) <> <><> <>

168

test tube test tube brush test tube holder test tube rack test tube scale tetraamminecopper(II) ion tetraamminedibromoplatinum(IV) chloride tetraamminedichlorochromium(III) ion tetraamminedichlorocobalt(III) ion tetraamminedichloroplatinum(IV) bromide tetraamminezinc ion tetraaquaaluminium ion tetraaquacopper(II) ion tetraborate tetraboric acid 1,1,2,2-tetrabromoethane tetrabromomethane tetracarbonylnickel(0) tetrachloroaurate(III) tetrachlorocobaltate(II) tetrachlorocuprate(II) 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane tetrachloroethene tetrachloromethane tetrachloronickelate(II) tetracyanocuprate(I) tetracyanonickelate(II) tetracycline tetradentate tetraethyl lead (TEL) tetraethyllead(IV) (TEL) tetrafluoroborate

(II) (IV) (IV) (III) (III) (III) (III) (IV) (IV) (II) 1,1,2,2- (0) (III) (II) (II) 1,1,2,2- (II) (I) (II) <> <> <> <>(IV) 169

tetrafluoromethane tetragonal system tetrahedral tetrahedral hole tetrahydridoaluminate tetrahydridoborate tetrahydrofuran tetrahydrothiophene tetrahydroxoaluminate tetrahydroxoplumbate(II) tetrahydroxozincate tetraiodomercurate(II) tetramer tetramethyl lead (TML) tetramethylammonium chloride tetramethylsilane tetraoxophosphorate(V) tetraoxophosphoric(V) acid tetraoxosulphate(VI) tetraphosphorus decaoxide tetraphosphorus hexaoxide tetrapotassium pyrophosphate tetrasodium diphosphate tetrasodium pyrophosphate tetrathionate tetrathionic acid thallic thallium thallium halide thallium(I) oxide thallium(III) oxide thallous theoretical value theoretical yield theory

(II) (II) <> <> <><> (V) (V) (VI) (I) (III)

170

thermal thermal conductivity thermal cracking thermal decomposition thermal dissociation thermal reforming thermal stability thermionic current thermionic effect thermionic emission thermistor thermit (thermite) thermit reaction (thermite reaction) thermochemical data thermochemistry thermochromism thermocouple thermodynamics thermoforming thermoluminescence thermometer thermometric titration thermonuclear reaction thermoplastic thermoset thermosetting thermosetting plastic thermosoftening thermostat thickener thin layer chromatography (TLC) thinner thio thiocarbamide thiocyanate

<> <> <> <> <> <> <><> <> <> <><> <> <>

thiocyanato thiocyanatoiron(III) ion thiocyano thioether thiokol thiol thionyl thionyl chloride thiophene thiosulphate thiosulphato thiosulphuric acid thiourea third law of thermodynamics third order reaction thistle funnel thorium three-centre bond three-component system three-dimensional structure three-way catalytic converter three-way stopcock threo form threose threshold threshold energy threshold value thulium thymol blue thyratron tidal tie-line tile tin tin foil

<> (III) <> <> <> <> <><>

171

172

tin halide tin plaque tin plate tin plating tin stone tin(II) chloride tin(II) ethanedioate tin(II) oxalate tin(II) oxide tin(II) sulphate(VI) tin(II) sulphide tin(IV) chloride tin(IV) fluoride tin(IV) oxide tin(IV) sulphide tincture tincture of iodine titanic titanium titanium(IV) chloride titanium(IV) oxide titanium(IV) oxide sulphate(VI) titanous titanyl sulphate titrand titrant titration titration curve titration error titre titrimetric analysis tobacco tolerance limit Tollens reagent Tollens test

(II) (II) (II) (II) (VI)(II) (II) (IV) (IV) (IV) (IV) <> (IV) (IV) (VI)(IV) <>

toluene m-toluic acid o-toluic acid p-toluic acid toluidine toluido toluyl (toluoyl) tolyl tongs tooth enamel top pan balance topaz torsion angle tosyl tosylate total suspended particulates (TSP) town gas toxic toxicity toxicology toxin trace trace analysis trace element tracer tracer technique tranexamic acid tranquilizer (tranquillizer) transtrans-addition transamination trans-elimination transesterification transfermium element transient

<> <> <> <> <> <> <> <>

173

174

trans-isomer transistor transition element transition point transition series transition state transition state theory transition temperature translation translational motion transmethylation transmittance transmutation transport number transuranium element tremolite trend trialkylaluminium triangular file triatomic tribasic acid 1,3,5-tribromobenzene tribromomethane 2,4,6-tribromophenol 2,4,6-tribromophenylamine tricalcium pyrophosphate tricarboxylic acid trichlorocuprate(I) trichloroethanal 1,1,1-trichloroethane 2,2,2-trichloroethane-1,1-diol trichloroethanoic acid trichloroethene trichlorofluoromethane trichloromethane

<> <> 1,3,5- 2,4,6-<> 2,4,6- (I) 1,1,1- 2,2,2--1,1-

(trichloromethyl)benzene trichloronitromethane 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (TCP) 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T) triclinic system tricobalt tetraoxide (tricobalt tetroxide) tricresyl phosphate tridentate tridymite triene triethylaluminium (TEA) triethylamine trifluoroethanoic acid trigger action triglyceride trigonal bipyramidal trigonal planar trigonal pyramidal trihydric alcohol 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzenecarboxylic acid 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid triiodide 1,1,1-triiodo-3,3-dimethylpentane triiodomethane triiron tetraoxide (triiron tetroxide) trilead tetraoxide (trilead tetroxide) trimanganese tetraoxide (trimanganese tetroxide) trimer trimethylacetic acid trimethylamine 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene 2,2,4-trimethylpentane

() 2,4,6-<> 2,4,5- <> <> <> <> <> <> 3,4,5- 3,4,5- 3,4,5-<> 1,1,1--3,3- 3,3--1,1,1- <> 1,3,5- 2,2,4-

175

176

trinitrobenzene 2,4,6-trinitrophenol 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) triode triol trioxane trioxoborate trioxoboric acid trioxobromate(V) trioxochlorate(V) trioxoiodate(V) trioxonitric(V) acid triphenylamine triphosphoric(V) acid triple bond triple point triplet tripod stand tripolyphosphate triprotic acid tris(1,2-diaminoethane)cobalt(III) ion tris(ethane-1,2-diamine)cobalt(III) ion tris(ethane-1,2-diamine)iron(II) ion tris(ethanedioato)ferrate(III) tris(ethylenediamine)cobalt(III) ion tris(oxalato)ferrate(III) trisodium orthophosphate trisodium phosphate(V) tritium trivalent trivial name trolley troposphere trough tungstate

2,4,6-<> 2,4,6- (V) (V) (V) (V) (V) (1,2-)(III) (-1,2-)(III) (-1,2-)(II) ()(III) ()(III) ()(III) <> (V)

tungsten tungsten carbide turbidimetry turbidity turbine Turnbulls blue turpentine turquoise tweezers two-component system Tyndall effect tyrosine

<><> <>

177

178

U
ultracentrifuge ultrafiltration ultramicroscopy ultrasonic wave ultraviolet radiation ultraviolet ray ultraviolet spectrophotometry ultraviolet spectroscopy ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy unbranched molecule uncertainty principle undecane undecanoyl undecyl unglazed porcelain unimolecular elimination reaction unimolecular nucleophilic substitution unimolecular reaction unit cell univariant system universal indicator universal solvent unleaded petrol unpaired unpaired electron unreacted unsaturated unsaturated compound unsaturated solution unsaturation unshared electron pair unsymmetrical upward delivery upward displacement of air <> -- <> <> <> <>

uranate uranic acid uranite uranium uranyl chloride urea urea-formaldehyde urea-methanal urease (urase) urethane uric acid U-tube UV stabilizer

180

V
vacuum vacuum distillation vacuum forming valence valence bond theory valence electron valence shell valence shell electron pair repulsion (VSEPR) theory valency valeric acid valeryl valine valve van der Waals constant van der Waals equation van der Waals force van der Waals radius vanadate(V) vanadic vanadium vanadium pentaoxide (vanadium pentoxide) vanadium(II) oxide vanadium(III) oxide vanadium(III) sulphate(VI) vanadium(IV) oxide vanadium(IV) oxide sulphate(VI) vanadium(V) oxide vanadous vanadyl sulphate vanilla vanillin vant Hoffs law vaporization <> <> <> <> <> (V) (II) (III) (VI)(III) (IV) (VI)(IV) (V)

vaporization curve vapour vapour density vapour pressure vapour pressure-composition diagram variance varnish vaseline vegetable oil velocity velocity constant vent vial vibration vibrational energy vibrational motion vicvicinal Victor Meyers method vinegar vinyl vinyl acetate vinyl alcohol vinyl chloride vinyl cyanide vinylidene viscose rayon viscosimeter (viscometer) viscosity viscous vitamin vitamin B complex vitreous volatile volatile organic compound (VOC)

<> <> <> <> B <>

182

volatility Volhards method volt voltage voltaic cell voltameter voltammetry voltmeter volumetric analysis volumetric flask vulcanization vulcanized rubber

<> <>

183

W
wagnerite Walden inversion washing washing bottle (wash bottle) washing soda waste waste disposal watch glass water bath water condenser water cycle water gas water glass water of crystallization water pollution water quality index water quality objective water softener water softening water soluble water treatment watt wave equation wave function wave mechanics wave theory wavelength wavenumber wave-particle duality wax waxed paper weak acid weak alkali weak electrolyte <> <> <> <> <> <> <> 185

weathering weighing bottle welding Werners theory Weston cell wet cell wet scrubbing wetting agent Wheatstone bridge white arsenic white hot white iron pyrite white lead white petrolatum white phosphorus white vitriol wide mouth bottle willemite Williamsons synthesis Wilson cloud chamber wing tip flame spreader Winkler method wintergreen oil wire gauze witherite Wohler synthesis Wolff-Kishner reduction wolfram wolframate wolframite wood alcohol wood charcoal wood flour wood spirit wooden splint

<> <> -<> <> <>

186

work function Woulfe bottle wrought iron Wurtz reaction Wurtz-Fitting synthesis wurtzite

<> -<>

187

X
xanthan gum xenon xenon difluoride xenon hexafluoride xenon tetrafluoride xenon(I) hexafluoroplatinate(V) xenon(II) fluoride xenon(IV) fluoride xenon(VI) fluoride xenon(VI) oxide X-ray X-ray crystallography X-ray diffraction X-ray spectrum m-xylene o-xylene p-xylene xylenol blue xylocaine xylulose (V)(I) (II) (IV) (VI) (VI) X X X X X

Y
Y piece yeast yellow phosphorus yellow prussiate of potash yellow prussiate of soda yield yperite ytterbium yttrium Y

189

Z
Zartmann experiment Zeeman effect zeolite zero adjustment zero order reaction Ziegler-Natta catalyst Ziegler process zigzag arrangement zinc zinc acetate zinc alkyl zinc blende zinc bromide zinc carbonate zinc chloride zinc citrate zinc cyanide zinc dust zinc ethanoate zinc foil zinc hydroxide zinc nitrate(V) zinc oxide zinc plate zinc plating zinc sulphate(VI) zinc sulphide zincate zinc-carbon cell zircon zirconic(IV) acid zirconium zone refining zwitterion - <> (V) (VI) (IV)

zymase

190

Appendix 1 SI UNITS
1. Prefixes Prefix giga kilo deci centi milli nano pico 2. mega Symbol G M k d c m n p Factor 109 106 103 101 102 103 106 109 1012

micro

Basic Units Physical Quantity length mass time Unit Name metre kilogram second ampere kelvin mole Symbol m kg s A K mol cd

electric current thermodynamic temperature amount of substance luminous intensity

candela

Appendix 2 Names and Symbols for Elements 101 to 109 (101-109 )

The revised English names for elements 101 to 109 were endorsed in August 1997 in the general assembly of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC). The Chinese names of these elements were finalised in January 1998 by according to the recommendations made by the IUPAC. (IUPAC) 1997 8 101-109 1998 1 IUPAC 101-109 Atomic Number 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 English Name mendelevium nobelium lawrencium rutherfordium dubnium seaborgium bohrium hassium meitnerium Symbol Md No Lr Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Chinese Name

193

Appendix 3 An Alphabetical List of Traditional Names for Some Selected Inorganic Species
Traditional Name actinide alum aluminium hydride ion ammoniacal cuprous chloride ammoniacal silver nitrate ammonium alum antimonate ion antimonite ion antimony pentoxide antimony trichloride argentous ion arsenate ion arsenite ion bicarbonate bismuth oxychloride bismuth trichloride bismuthate ion bisulphate borax boric oxide borohydride ion bromate ion bromic acid calcium carbide calcium stearate calomel chlorate ion chloric acid Recommended Name actinoid aluminium potassium sulphate(VI)-12-water tetrahydridoaluminate(III) ion ammoniacal copper(I) chloride ammoniacal silver(I) nitrate aluminium ammonium sulphate(VI)-12-water antimonate(V) ion* antimonate(III) ion* antimony(V) oxide antimony(III) chloride silver(I) ion arsenate(V) ion arsenate(III) ion* hydrogencarbonate bismuth(III) chloride oxide bismuth(III) chloride bismuthate(V) ion* hydrogensulphate(VI) disodium tetraborate-10-water boron oxide* tetrahydridoborate(III) ion bromate(V) ion bromic(V) acid calcium dicarbide calcium octadecanoate dimercury(I) chloride chlorate(V) ion chloric(V) acid

Traditional Name chlorine monoxide chlorite ion chlorous acid chromate ion chrome alum chromic acid chromic ion chromite ion chromium trioxide chromous ion chromyl chloride cobaltic ion cobalticyanide ion cobaltinitrite ion cobaltous ion cuprammonium ion cupric ion cupric sulphate cuprichloride ion cuprous ion dichromate ion diphosphine ferric chloride ferric ion ferricyanide ion ferrocyanide ion ferrous ion fluorine monoxide fluorosilicate ion hydronium ion hydroxyl ion hypobromite ion hypobromous acid hypochlorite ion 194

Recommended Name dichlorine oxide chlorate(III) ion chloric(III) acid chromate(VI) ion chromium(III) potassium sulphate(VI)-12-water chromic(VI) acid chromium(III) ion chromate(III) ion* chromium(VI) oxide chromium(II) ion chromium(VI) dichloride dioxide cobalt(III) ion hexacyanocobaltate(III) ion hexanitrocobaltate(III) ion cobalt(II) ion tetraamminecopper(II) ion copper(II) ion copper(II) sulphate(VI) tetrachlorocuprate(II) ion copper(I) ion dichromate(VI) ion diphosphane iron(III) chloride iron(III) ion hexacyanoferrate(III) ion hexacyanoferrate(II) ion iron(II) ion oxygen difluoride hexafluorosilicate(IV) ion oxonium ion hydroxide ion bromate(I) ion bromic(I) acid chlorate(I) ion

Traditional Name hypochlorous acid hypophosphite ion iodate ion iodic acid iodine pentoxide iodine trichloride iodonium ion iron pentacarbonyl lanthanide lead acetate lead dioxide lead monoxide lead tetraethyl lithium aluminium hydride manganate ion manganese dioxide manganese heptoxide manganic ion manganous ion mercuric ion mercuriiodide ion mercurous ion metabisulphite ion metavanadate nickel carbonyl nickelocyanide ion nickelous ion nitric oxide nitronium ion nitrosyl ion nitrous oxide orthoboric acid orthophosphate ion orthoplumbate ion

Recommended Name chloric(I) acid phosphinate ion iodate(V) ion iodic(V) acid iodine(V) oxide* diiodine hexachloride iodine(I) ion pentacarbonyliron(0) lanthanoid lead(II) ethanoate lead(IV) oxide lead(II) oxide tetraethyllead(IV) lithium tetrahydridoaluminate(III) manganate(VI) ion manganese(IV) oxide manganese(VII) oxide manganese(III) ion manganese(II) ion mercury(II) ion tetraiodomercurate(II) ion dimercury(I) ion disulphate(IV) ion polytrioxovanadate(V)* tetracarbonylnickel(0) tetracyanonickelate(II) ion nickel(II) ion nitrogen monoxide nitryl cation nitrosyl cation dinitrogen oxide trioxoboric(III) acid* phosphate(V) ion plumbate(IV) ion*

Traditional Name ozone perchlorate ion perchloric acid perdisulphate ion perdisulphuric acid periodate ion periodic acid permanganate ion phosphate ion phosphite ion phosphoric acid phosphorous acid phosphorus oxychloride phosphorus pentoxide phosphorus trioxide phosphoryl chloride plaster of Paris plumbate ion plumbic compounds plumbichloride ion plumbite ion plumbous ion pyrophosphate ion quicklime red lead silica silicofluoride ion silicon dioxide slaked lime stannate ion stannic compounds stannichloride ion stannite ion stannous ion

Recommended Name trioxygen chlorate(VII) ion chloric(VII) acid peroxodisulphate(VI) ion peroxodisulphuric(VI) acid iodate(VII) ion iodic(VII) acid manganate(VII) ion phosphate(V) ion phosphonate ion phosphoric(V) acid phosphonic acid phosphorus trichloride oxide phosphorus(V) oxide* phosphorus(III) oxide* phosphorus trichloride oxide calcium sulphate--water plumbate(IV) ion lead(IV) compounds hexachloroplumbate(IV) ion plumbate(II) ion* lead(II) ion heptaoxodiphosphate(V) ion calcium oxide dilead(II) lead(IV) oxide silicon(IV) oxide* hexafluorosilicate(IV) ion silicon(IV) oxide* calcium hydroxide stannate(IV) ion* tin(IV) compounds hexachlorostannate(IV) ion stannate(II) ion* tin(II) ion

195

196

Traditional Name sulphamic acid sulphur monochloride sulphurous acid sulphuryl chloride thionyl chloride tin dioxide titanic compounds titanium dichloride titanium dioxide titanous compounds tungstate ion uranate ion uranyl ion vanadate ion vanadic ion vanadium pentoxide vanadous ion vanadyl sulphate white lead

Recommended Name aminosulphonic acid disulphur dichloride sulphuric(IV) acid sulphur dichloride dioxide sulphur dichloride oxide tin(IV) oxide titanium(IV) compounds titanium(II) chloride titanium(IV) oxide titanium(III) compounds tungstate(VI) ion* uranate(VI) ion* uranyl(VI) ion vanadate(V) ion* vanadium(III) ion vanadium(V) oxide vanadium(II) ion vanadium(IV) oxide sulphate(VI) lead(II) carbonate hydroxide

* The composition is indefinite or the structure is complicated.

197

Appendix 4 An Alphabetical List of Trivial Names for Some Selected Organic Species
Trivial Name acetaldehyde acetanilide acetate acetic acid acetic anhydride acetone acetonitrile acetophenone acetyl chloride acetylacetone acetylene acrolein acrylic acid adipic acid adipyl chloride alanine allene allyl* allyl alcohol amyl* aniline anisole aspartic acid aspirin Systematic/Recommended Name ethanal N-phenylethanamide ethanoate ethanoic acid ethanoic anhydride propanone ethanenitrile phenylethanone ethanoyl chloride pentane-2,4-dione ethyne propenal propenoic acid hexanedioic acid haxanedioyl dichloride 2-aminopropanoic acid propadiene prop-2-enyl* prop-2-en-l-ol pentyl* benzenamine { phenylamine methoxybenzene aminobutanedioic acid 2-ethanoyloxybenzenecarboxylic { acid 2-ethanoyloxybenzoic acid bromochlorodifluoromethane benzenecarbaldehyde oxime { benzaldehyde oxime 1,2-diphenylethanedione 199

Trivial Name benzophenone benzyl* benzyl alcohol benzylamine bromoform BTM butyric acid cane sugar carbon tetrachloride catechol chloral chloroform cinnamic acid citric acid

Systematic/Recommended Name diphenylmethanone phenylmethyl* phenylmethanol (phenylmethyl)amine tribromomethane bromotrifluoromethane butanoic acid sucrose tetrachloromethane benzene-1,2-diol trichloroethanal trichloromethane 3-phenylpropenoic acid 2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3tricarboxylic acid { 3-hydroxy-3-carboxypentanedioic acid 2-methylphenol 4-methylphenol trans-but-2-enoic acid (1-methylethyl)benzene D(+)-glucose diethyl propanedioate butanedione dioxime dimethyl benzene-1,2-dicarboxylate diphenylmethanone ethoxyethane ethyl ethanoate ethyl 3-oxobutanoate ethanol { ethanamine ethylamine ethanammonium chloride { ethylamine hydrochloride ethylammonium chloride propanenitrile 200

o-cresol p-cresol crotonic acid cumene dextrose diethyl malonate dimethylglyoxime dimethyl phthalate diphenyl ketone ether ethyl acetate ethyl acetoacetate ethyl alcohol ethyl amine ethyl ammonium chloride

BCF benzaldoxime benzil

ethyl cyanide

Trivial Name ethylene ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid { ethylene glycol formaldehyde formic acid fumaric acid glutamic acid glycerine glycerol glyceryl trinitrate glyceryl tristearate glycine glycol glyoxal hexamethylenediamine hydroquinone iodoform isoamyl* isobutane isobutyl* isobutyl alcohol isobutylene isobutyric acid isooctane isophthalic acid isoprene isopropyl* ketene lactic acid

Systematic/Recommended Name ethene 1,2-bis-[bis(carboxymethyl)amino] ethane edta ethane-1,2-diol methanal methanoic acid trans-butenedioic acid 2-aminopentanedioic acid propane-1,2,3-triol propane-1,2,3-triol propane-1,2,3-triyl trinitrate propane-1,2,3-triyl trioctadecanoate aminoethanoic acid ethane-1,2-diol ethanedial hexane-1,6-diamine benzene-1,4-diol triiodomethane 3-methylbutyl* 2-methylpropane methylpropane 2-methylpropyl* 2-methylpropan-l-ol methylpropan-l-ol 2-methylpropene methylpropene 2-methylpropanoic acid methylpropanoic acid 2,2,4-trimethylpentane benzene-1,3-dicarboxylic acid 2-methylbuta-1,3-diene methylbuta-1,3-diene 1-methylethyl* ethenone 2-hydroxypropanoic acid

Trivial Name maleic acid maleic anhydride malonic acid mesityl oxide mesitylene metaldehyde methacrylic acid methyl alcohol methyl cyanide methyl methacrylate -naphthol -naphthol neopentyl alcohol neoprene nitroglycerine oleic acid oxalic acid palmitic acid paraformaldehyde paraldehyde perspex phthalamide phthalic acid phthalic anhydride phthalimide picric acid pinacol poly(methyl methacrylate) polypropylene polystyrene polythene polyvinyl alcohol

Systematic/Recommended Name cis-butenedioic acid cis-butenedioic anhydride propanedioic acid 4-methylpent-3-en-2-one 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene ethanal tetramer { 2-methylpropenoic acid methylpropenoic acid methanol ethanenitrile { methyl 2-methylpropenoate methyl methylpropenoate naphthalen-l-ol naphthalen-2-ol { 2,2-dimethylpropan-l-ol dimethylpropan-l-ol poly(2-chlorobuta-1,3-diene) propane-1,2-3-triyl trinitrate cis-octadec-9-enoic acid ethanedioic acid hexadecanoic acid poly(methanal) ethanal trimer poly(methyl 2-methylpropenoate) benzene-1, 2-dicarboxamide benzene-1, 2-dicarboxylic acid benzene-1,2-dicarboxylic anhydride benzene-1,2-dicarboximide 2,4,6-trinitrophenol 2,3-dimethylbutane-2,3-diol poly(methyl 2-methylpropenoate) poly(propene) poly(phenylethene) poly(ethene) poly(ethenol)

{ { {

201

202

Trivial Name polyvinyl chloride propionic acid propylene PVC pyrocatechol pyrogallic acid pyrogallol pyruvic acid quinol resorcinol Rochelle salt sebacoyl chloride salicylaldehyde salicylic acid sec-butyl* stearic acid stilbene styrene sulphanilamide d-tartaric acid l-tartaric acid meso-tartaric acid terephthalic acid tert-butyl* tert-butyl alcohol TNT toluene o-toluic acid trinitrotoluene 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene n-valeric acid 203

Systematic/Recommended Name poly(chloroethene) propanoic acid propene poly(chloroethene) benzene-1,2-diol benzene-1,2,3-triol benzene-1,2,3-triol 2-oxopropanoic acid benzene-1,4-diol benzene-1,3-diol potassium sodium 2,3dihydroxybutanedioate decanedioyl dichloride 2-hydroxybenzenecarbaldehyde 2-hydroxybenzaldehyde 2-hydroxybenzenecarboxylic acid 2-hydroxybenzoic acid 1-methylpropyl* octadecanoic acid 1,2-diphenylethene phenylethene 4-aminobenzenesulphonamide (+)-2,3-dihydroxybutanedioic acid ()-2,3-dihydroxybutanedioic acid meso-2,3-dihydroxybutanedioic acid benzene-1,4-dicarboxylic acid 1,1-dimethylethyl* 2-methylpropan-2-ol methylpropan-2-ol 2-methyl-1,3,5-trinitrobenzene methylbenzene 2-methylbenzenecarboxylic acid 2-methylbenzoic acid 2-methyl-1,3,5-trinitrobenzene 2-methyl-1,3,5-trinitrobenzene pentanoic acid

Trivial Name vinyl* vinyl alcohol vinyl chloride wood alcohol m-xylene o-xylene p-xylene * represents a prefix represents an anion

Systematic/Recommended Name ethenyl* ethenol chloroethene methanol 1,3-dimethylbenzene 1,2-dimethylbenzene 1,4-dimethylbenzene

{ {

204

References
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