MTH285

Exam 1
Due Wednesday, June 19, 2013
Name:
1. Consider the following system of equations
19 7 4
2 3 4 2
3 2
2 2
4 3 2 1
4 3 2 1
4 3 2
3 2 1

+ +
+
+




a. write the system of equations in Ax=b with x and b being column vectors (2)
Solution:
1
1
1
1
]
1

1
1
1
1
]
1

1
1
1
1
]
1

19
2
3
2
1 7 4 1
3 1 4 2
2 1 1 0
0 1 2 1
4
3
2
1
x
x
x
x
b. perform an elementary row operation that changes the value in
0
31

(2)
Solution: Replace Row3 with Row3 2 x Row 1 =
1
1
1
1
]
1

19 1 7 4 1
6 3 3 0 0
3 2 1 1 0
2 0 1 2 1
c. express the response to part b. as an invertible elementary matrix (2)
Solution:
1
1
1
1
]
1

1 0 0 0
0 1 0 2
0 0 1 0
0 0 0 1
Check

1
1
1
1
]
1

1
1
1
1
]
1

19 1 7 4 1
2 3 1 4 2
3 2 1 1 0
2 0 1 2 1
1 0 0 0
0 1 0 2
0 0 1 0
0 0 0 1
1
1
1
1
]
1

19 1 7 4 1
6 3 3 0 0
3 2 1 1 0
2 0 1 2 1
d. write down the reduced row echelon form of the augmented matrix
[ ] b A
(2)
Solution:
1
1
1
1
]
1

3 1 0 0 0
1 0 1 0 0
2 0 0 1 0
1 0 0 0 1
e. express the solution to the system in vector form. (2)
Solution:
1
1
1
1
]
1

1
1
1
1
]
1

3
1
2
1
4
3
2
1
x
x
x
x
MTH285
Exam 1
Due Wednesday, June 19, 2013
Name:
2. Let A=
1
1
1
]
1

4 1 2
3 8 1
0 7 3
, B=
1
1
1
]
1

3 7
2 1
4 2
, C=
1
]
1

7 9 3 1 2
5 0 4 1 3
, D=
1
1
1
]
1

7 5 3
6 2 2
0 1 1
a. find A 3D (2)
Solution:
1
1
1
]
1

1
1
1
]
1

1
1
1
]
1

17 16 7
15 2 7
0 10 0
21 15 9
18 6 6
0 3 3
4 1 2
3 8 1
0 7 3
3D A
b. find AB by calculating [ ]
2 1
Ab Ab (2)
Solution:
[ ]
1
1
1
]
1

1
1
1
]
1

1
1
1
]
1

1
1
1
]
1

1
1
1
]
1

1
1
1
]
1

1
1
1
]
1

2 23
29 31
2 1
2
29
2
,
23
31
1
3
2
4
4 1 2
3 8 1
0 7 3
7
1
2
4 1 2
3 8 1
0 7 3
2 1 2 1
AB
Ab Ab Ab Ab AB
c. set up the augmented matrix to find
1

(3)
Solution: Augment A with a nxn identify matrix
1
1
1
]
1

1 0 0 4 1 2
0 1 0 3 8 1
0 0 1 0 7 3
d. find
1

(use calculator)
(3)
Solution:
1
1
1
]
1

177 . 097 . 086 .

051 . 069 . 057 .
120 . 160 . 200 .
MTH285
Exam 1
Due Wednesday, June 19, 2013
Name:
3. Let A represent the coefficient matrix of a homogeneous system whose row
echelon form is the following:
1
1
1
1
]
1

0 0 0 0 0 0
4 9 1 0 0 0
1 4 0 0 1 0
2 0 1 0 3 1
a. find the number of equations and unknowns for the system (5)
Solution: Since A has 4 rows and 6 columns there are 4 equations and 6
unknowns
b. solve the system in terms of the free variables (5)
Solution: There are pivots in columns 1, 2, and 4 so 6 5 3
, , x and x x
are free.
MTH285
Exam 1
Due Wednesday, June 19, 2013
Name:
( )
free x
free x
x x x
free x
x x x
x x x
x x x
x x x x x
x x x
x x x x
x x x x x
x x x x x
x x x
x x x
x x x
x x x x
=
=
=
=
=
=
= +
= + +
=
= + +
= + +
=
=
= + +
= +
=
6
5
6 5 4
3
6 5 2
6 5 1
6 5 1
6 5 6 5 1
6 5 2
6 5 2 1
6 6 5 2 1
6 6 5 2 1
6 5 4
6 5 4
6 5 2
6 4 2 1
4 9
4
5 3
0 5 3
0 2 9 4 3
4
0 2 9 3
0 2 4 9 3
0 2 ) 4 9 ( 3
4 9
0 4 9
0 4
0 2 3
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
]
1

+
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
]
1

+
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
]
1

1
0
4
0
1
5
0
1
9
0
4
3
0
0
0
1
0
0
6 5 3
x x x
4. Suppose that u = [5,0] and v = [-3,4]
a. sketch u+v (2)
Solution: u+v is the diagonal of the parallelogram formed by the vectors u and
v originating at the origin
b. find a scalar c such that v+cu u (2)
Solution: Since u lies on the x-axis for a vector to be perpendicular to it, it must
lie on the y-axis so we have
[ ] [ ] [ ]
[ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] 0 , 5 4 , 0 0 , 5
5
3
4 , 3 :
5
3
, 3 5 0 5 3 4 , 0 0 , 5 4 , 3
= +
= = = + = +
Check
c c c c
MTH285
Exam 1
Due Wednesday, June 19, 2013
Name:
c. find the area of the rectangle formed by u and v+cu (3)
Solution: The area of the rectangle is 4(5) = 20
d. let A = [ u v], find |det A| (3)
Solution:
20 0 3 4 5
4 0
3 5

1
]
1

) )( ( ) ( ) (
5. Consider the set of vectors

'

1
1
1
]
1

1
1
1
]
1

1
1
1
]
1

,
0
1
2
,
6
5
4
,
3
2
1

a. show that the set is linearly dependent (5)
Solution: Convert the vectors to a matrix A =
1
1
1
]
1

1
1
1
]
1

0 0 0
1 1 0
2 0 1
) (
0 6 3
1 5 2
2 4 1
A rref
Since the matrix does not have a pivot in every column the set is linearly
dependent
b. find 3 2 1
, , c c c
not all equal to 0 such that
0
3 3 2 2 1 1
+ +
(5)
Solution: From the row reduced A we have
1
1
1
]
1

1
1
1
]
1

+
1
1
1
]
1

1
1
1
]
1

0
0
0
0
1
2
6
5
4
3
2
1
2
0 2
1
1
2
1
2
3 2 1
3
2
1
3
3
3 2
3 1
v v v
x
x
x
x
free x
x x
x x
6. A matrix A is idempotent if
A A
2
. Show that if A is idempotent and
invertible then A =
n
I . (10)
Solution: Suppose that A is idempotent and invertible
( ) I A I AA A I A AA AA A AA A AA A A = = = = = = =

) ( ) (
1 1 1 1 2
7. Suppose that u, v, and w are three vectors in
3
. Show that the set of vectors
{v u, w v, u w} is a linearly dependent set. (10)
MTH285
Exam 1
Due Wednesday, June 19, 2013
Name:
Solution: For the vectors u, v, and w to be dependent then there must exist
constants 3 2 1
, , c c c
of which all are not zero such that
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
3 2 1
3 2
3 2
2 1
3 1
3 2 2 1 3 1
3 3 2 2 1 1
3 2 1
0
0
0
0
0
c c c
c c
c c
c c
c c
c c w c c v c c u
w c u c v c w c u c v c
w u c v w c u v c
= =
=
=
=
= +
+ + +
= + +
= + +
8. Consider the mapping
m n
T : . Express the two properties required for all
u and v
n
for T to be a linear transformation. (10)
Solution:
) ( ) (
) ( ) ( ) (
u cT cu T
v T u T v u T

+ +
9. Consider the linear transformation
2 3
: such that
( )
3 2 1 3 2 1
, 3 ) , , ( x x x x x x T + =
a. find the standard matrix A for this transformation where
Ax x T ) (
(4)
Solution:
1
]
1

1
]
1

1
1
1
]
1

1
]
1

,
_

,
_

1
]
1

1
1
1
]
1

1 1 0
0 0 3 3
1 1 0
0 0 3 3
3 2
1
3
2
1
3 2
1
3
2
1
A
x x
x
x
x
x
A
x x
x
x
x
x
T
b. find T

,
_

1
1
1
]
1

3
2
1
. (2)
1
]
1

1
1
1
]
1

1
]
1

,
_

1
1
1
]
1

5
3
3
2
1
1 1 0
0 0 3
3
2
1
T
c. is T 1-1? Justify answer (2)
Solution: Since A does not have a pivot in every column, T is not 1-1
d. is T onto? Justify answer (2)
Solution: Since A has a pivot in every row , T is onto
10. Let
1
]
1

C
B
A
0
0
where B is m x m and C is n x n Find
1

(10)
Solution: By definition of inverse we have
1
]
1

1
]
1

1
]
1

I
I
Z Y
X W
C
B
0
0
0
0
MTH285
Exam 1
Due Wednesday, June 19, 2013
Name:
1
]
1

1
1
1 1 1
0
0
, 0 , 0 ,
, 0 , 0 ,
C
B
A C Z Y X B W
I CZ CY BX I BW
11. Construct 4 x 3 matrices A and B in reduced row echelon form such that Ax = has
only the trivial solution and Bx = 0 has nontrivial solutions. (10)
Solution:
1
1
1
1
]
1

1
1
1
1
]
1

0 0 0
0 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
,
0 0 0
1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
B A
12. Solve the following system of equations using Cramers Rule.
1
5 2
2 1
2 1
+
+


(10)
Solution: Cramers Rule uses determinants
1
]
1

1
]
1

1
]
1

1
]
1

1
]
1

2
1
2
3
6
det
) ( det
1
3
3
det
) ( det
1 1
5 1
) ( ,
1 1
2 5
) ( ,
1 1
2 1
2
1 2
2
1
1
2 1
x
x
A
b A
x
A
b A
x
b A b A A
13. Let A and B be 4 x 4 matrices such that det A = -5 and det B = 3. Find
a.
) det( AB
(3)
Solution: det(AB)=(det A)(det B)=(-5)(3)=-15
b.
) 3 det( B
(3)
Solution det(3B) = 243 ) 3 ( 81 ) det( 81 ) det( 3
4

c. ) det(
2
B A (4)
Solution: 75 ) 3 )( 5 )( 5 ( ) det( ) det( ) det( ) det(
2

14. Consider the matrix
1
1
1
]
1

3 1 0
2 2 1
10 3 2
A
a. choose a row or column and calculate det A using cofactors (5)
Solution: Choosing the first row
7 10 9 8
1 0
2 1
det ) 1 ( 10
3 0
2 1
det ) 1 ( 3
3 1
2 2
det ) 1 ( 2 det
det ) 1 ( det ) 1 ( det ) 1 ( det
3 1 2 1 1 1
13
3 1
13 12
2 1
12 11
1 1
11
+ +

+ +
+ + +
+ + +

b. find the cofactor 23
C
(5)
Solution:
( )
23 23
3 2
23
2
1 0
3 2
) 1 ( det 1 C A C = =

= =
+
15. Please refer to the network flow diagram on the other sheet
a. put the system in Ax = b format with x and b being column vectors (3)
MTH285
Exam 1
Due Wednesday, June 19, 2013
Name:
Solution:
1
1
1
1
]
1

1
1
1
1
]
1

1
1
1
1
]
1

1050
900
475
625
0 1 1 0
1 1 0 0
1 0 0 1
0 0 1 1
4
3
2
1
x
x
x
x
b. put the system in reduced row echelon form (3)
Solution:
1
1
1
1
]
1

0 0 0 0 0
900 1 1 0 0
150 1 0 1 0
475 1 0 0 1
c. solve the system, include any restrictions on the unknowns (4)
Solution:
1
1
1
1
]
1

+
1
1
1
1
]
1

+
0
900
150
475
1
1
1
1
900 150 475
4
4 3 4 2 4 1 4
x
x x , x x , x x free x
Now since the number of cars has to be non-negative then
475
4

16. Refer to the current flow diagram on the other sheet.
a. set up the diagram as a system of equations in matrix form. (3)
Solution:
1
1
1
]
1

1
1
1
]
1

1
1
1
]
1

16
8
0
1 4 0
1 0 4
1 1 1
3
2
1
I
I
I
b. solve for 3 2 1
I , I , I
(4)
Solution:
1
1
1
]
1

1
1
1
]
1

1
1
1
]
1

4
3
1
4 1 0 0
3 0 1 0
1 0 0 1
16 1 4 0
8 1 0 4
0 1 1 1
c. find the current (in amps) from B to D (3)
Solution: The current from B to D is equal to
amps I 4
3

17. Consider an economy with the following input (rows) and output (columns)
matrix and final demand vector d=
1
1
1
]
1

000 , 25
000 , 30
000 , 20
.
1
1
1
1
]
1

50 . 0 00 . 0 25 . 0
15 . 0 60 . 0 25 . 0
20 . 0 10 . 0 50 . 0
Coal
Water
Elec
Coal Water Elec
C
.
a. express the model as a matrix equation involving C, x, and d. (3)
Solution: d C I x d x C I d Cx x d Cx x
1
) ( ) (

+
b. solve the expression in part a using an inverse matrix. (3)
Solution:
MTH285
Exam 1
Due Wednesday, June 19, 2013
Name:
1
1
1
]
1

1
1
1
]
1

1
1
1
]
1

1
1
1
]
1

765 , 111
118 , 194
529 , 123
000 , 25
000 , 30
000 , 20
50 . 0 00 . 0 25 . 0
15 . 0 40 . 0 25 . 0
20 . 0 10 . 0 50 . 0
1
3
2
1
x
x
x
c. find the additional amount of production from each sector if the final
demand of electricity is increased by one unit. (4)
Solution: This can be found by looking at the first column of ( )
1
C I
( )
1
1
1
]
1

1
1
1
]
1

57 . 1
55 . 2
14 . 3
75 . 2 39 . 0 57 . 1
96 . 1 14 . 3 55 . 2
49 . 1 78 . 0 14 . 3
1
C I
so you need 3.14 more units of
electricity, 2.55 units of water and 1.57 units of coal to produce one more final
unit of electricity
18. Consider
1
1
1
]
1

8 11 4 3
2 4 1 1
4 3 2 1
A
.
a. find a basis for Col A (2)
Solution: There are pivots in the first two columns so the first three columns of A are a
basis for Col A -

'

1
1
1
]
1

1
1
1
]
1

4
1
2
,
3
1
1
span ColA
b. find a basis for Row A (2)
Solution: A basis for Row A is the nonzero rows of
rref(A). So a basis for Row A is ( ) ( ) { } 2 , 1 , 1 , 0 , 0 , 5 , 0 , 1 = span RowA
c. find a basis for Nul A (3)
Solution: A basis for Nul A can be found by solving the
homogeneous system Ax = 0. So we have

'

1
1
1
1
]
1

1
1
1
1
]
1

1
0
2
0
,
0
1
1
5
2
5
4
3
4 3 2
3 1
span NulA
free x
free x
x x x
x x

d. find a basis for Nul
T
A
(3)
Solution:

'

1
1
1
]
1

1
1
1
1
]
1

1
2
1
2 ,
0 0 0
0 0 0
2 1 0
1 0 1
) (
3 2 3 1
T T
NulA x x x x A rref
MTH285
Exam 1
Due Wednesday, June 19, 2013
Name:
19. Show that the set of all 2 x 2 symmetric matrices ) (
T
A A is a subspace of
2 2x
M using the definition of subspace. (10)
Solution: 0 element. The 0 matrix is symmetric
Closure under addition: Take A, B then ( )
T T T
B A B A B A + = + = + so A + B is in the
set
Closure under scalar multiplication:
T T T
B B cA cA B cA B . This results
holds because the transpose of a scalar is equal to itself
20. Consider
x x f x x f ) ( 3 ) (
2 1 over the interval
] 2 , 2 [
a. show that
) (
1
x f
and
) (
2
x f
are linearly dependent over [0,2] (5)
Solution: Two elements are dependent if one is a constant multiple of another
Since
] , [ ), x ( f ) x ( f x ) x ( f , x ) x ( f x if , x x 2 0 3 3 0
2 1 2 1

b. show that
) (
1
x f
and
) (
2
x f
are linearly independent over [-2,2]
(5)
Solution: Now when x < 0 then |x|=-x so over the interval [-2,0)
) x ( f ) x ( f
2 1
3
and over the interval [0,2]
) x ( f ) x ( f
2 1
3
. Thus over the
interval [-2,2] the functions do not satisfy the inequality
) x ( f ) x ( f
2 1
3
21. Consider the set of vectors Z in
2
P
: { }
2 2
5 6 , 2 , 2 x x x x x Z + =
a. find a basis for the subspace of
2
P
generated by Z
(5)
Solution: Converting to a matrix we have
1
1
1
]
1

1
1
1
]
1

0 0 0
1 1 0
3 0 1
) (
1 1 0
5 2 1
6 0 2
Z rref Z
. So the first two polynomials
{ }
2
2 2 x x . x are independent thus form a basis for Z.
b. find dim Z (5)
Solution: Since the basis consists of three polynomials the dim Z = 2
22. Consider the parallelogram with the following points as vertices (-6,-6), (0,9),
(12, -3), and (18,12).
a. sketch the parallelogram (3)
b. using determinants find the area of the parallelogram (7)
Solution: Area of the parallelogram is equal to the absolute value of the
determinant of the shifted coefficients. First shifting each x and y coordinate by
6, we have an adjusted parallelogram of (0,0), (6,15), (18,3) and (24,18). Now
MTH285
Exam 1
Due Wednesday, June 19, 2013
Name:
taking two of the nonzero points we get
252 270 18
3 15
18 6

1
]
1

is
the area of the parallelogram.
23. A market analysis of car purchasing trends in certain region has concluded that
a family purchases a new car once every three years. If the family currently has
a small car, then there will be an 80% chance that they will replace it with
another small car. If the family has a large car, then there is a 60% chance
that they will replace with another large car.
a. find the transition matrix P for this Markov Chain (3)
Solution:
1
1
1
]
1

e L
Small
To From e L Small
P
arg 60 . 0 20 . 0
40 . 0 80 . 0
/ arg
b. suppose there are currently 40,000 small cars and 50,000 large cars, find
the proportions of small and large cars in four cycles. (3)
Solution:
1
]
1

1
]
1

1
]
1

339022 0
660978 0
512 30
488 59
000 50
000 40
0
4
4 0
.
.
e arg l ,
small ,
x P x
,
,
x
c. find the steady state vector for the proportion of small and large cars in
this region. (4)
1
1
]
1

1
]
1

1
]
1

1
]
1

3
1
3
2
1
2
2
0 0
2 1
40 . 0 20 . 0
40 . 0 20 . 0
0 ) ( 0
2 1
x x I P x I P x Px x Px
25. Let { }
2 1
, v v be a basis for a vector space V. Show that the set of vectors
{ }
2 1
, u u where
2 1 1
v v u
and
2 1 2
v v u +
is also a basis for V. (10)
Solution: Proof. Let
{ }
2 1
, v v
be as basis for V. Thus the span
{ }
2 1
, v v
= V and the
vectors are linearly independent. Since all bases for V also consist of two vectors all
that needs to be shown is that
{ }
2 1
, u u
is a linearly independent set. Assume that they
are not independent. Thus one is a constant multiple of the other so
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )
2 1
2 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 1
1
1
1 1
v
c
c
v
c v c v v cv cv v v cv cv v v v c v v cu u

+
=
+ = + = + + = + = =

MTH285
Exam 1
Due Wednesday, June 19, 2013
Name:
which is a contradiction since
{ }
2 1
, v v
are independent and thus not multiplies of each
other. Thus
{ }
2 1
, u u
is a basis for V.
26. Let 3 4
: P P T
be defined by
' ) ( p p T
. Find the kernel of T. (10)
Solution: The kernel are the inputs that are mapped to the 0 vector. So we want to
find fourth degree polynomials whose derivative is 0. Only constant functions have a
derivative of zero thus
0
4
4
3
3
2
2 1 0 4
) ( c T Ker x c x c x c x c c P + + + + since only
constant functions have a derivative of zero.
27. Let A and B be two matrices such that the product AB is defined. Show that if
A has two identical rows then the corresponding two rows of AB are also
identical. (10)
Solution: Without loss of generality assume the first two rows of A are identical.
Thus the first row of AB is found by multiplying the first row of A by 1
st
, 2
nd
, 3
rd

etc columns of B. Now the second row of AB is found by multiplying the second
row of A, which is identical to the first row by each column of B. Thus the first
two rows of AB will be identical.
28. Prove that the set of all differentiable functions over the Reals (D[ ]) is a
subspace of the vector space of all continuous functions over the
Reals (C[ ]). (10)
Solution: First the set of differentiable functions is a subset of the set of
continuous functions as not all continuous functions are differentiable (|x| at x =
0).
[ ] D 0
. f(x) = 0 is a differentiable function
Closed Under Addition The sum of two differentiable functions is differentiable
Closed Under Scalar Multiplication A differentiable function multiplied by a
scalar it is differentiable.
Since the set has those three properties and is a subset of the set of continuous
functions, it is a subspace of the vector space of continuous functions.
29. Suppose A, B, and C are invertible matrices and W is a square matrix such
that A = BWC. Prove that W is invertible. (10)
Solution: One way to show W is invertible is to show that it is a product of
invertible matrices. Now since A, B, and C are invertible we can rearrange
terms as W AC B WC A B BWC A
1 1 1
. Thus W is a product of
invertible matrices and W is invertible.
30. Give an example of an infinite subset of vectors in
3
that contains the zero
vector but is NOT a subspace of
3
. (10)
MTH285
Exam 1
Due Wednesday, June 19, 2013
Name:
Solution: Take

'

1
1
1
]
1

) egers (int Z c , b , a ,
c
b
a
W
. This set contains is infinite,
contains the zero vector but is not a Subspace of
3
as it is not closed under
scalar multiplication.