Cystoscope -flexible used with the person lying flat, but can only be used for very minor

procedures.

-rigid used more frequently. This requires the person to be placed in a position similar to the way a woman is situated during a pelvic examination.

Organs involved -bladder (which collects and stores urine), -urethra -ureters (which are small internal tubes that conduct the urine made by each kidney into the bladder).

Why -cause of hematuria, dysuria, urinary incontinence, urinary hesitancy, urinary retention, urinary

urgency -cause of (repeated) infection (that cant be treated with antibiotics) -blockage of urethra caused by enlarged prostate, kidney stones, tumors -evaluate what cant be seen on x-ray -further investigate problems detected by UTZ, and IV pyelography -remove tissue samples for biopsy -remove foreign objects -place urethral catheters -treat urinary tract problem -place a catheter in the ureter for retrotrage pyelography Preparations Before -secure patient consent -explain what will be done during the procedure -if taking aspirin, stop -check for allergies -contraindicated to pregnant women

-may prescribe antibiotics -if general anesthetic, should fast. If local, no need. -empty the bladder During -aseptic technique: wash, sterile drapes After -burning sensation + small amount of blood in the urine// inc OFI -report signs of infection (chills, fever, flank or abdominal pain, reduced output (8hrs), foul smelling and cloudy urine -may take antibiotics Normal: The urethra, bladder, and ureters are normal. There are no polyps or other abnormal tissues, swelling, bleeding, narrow areas (strictures), or structural abnormalities. There is swelling or narrowing of the urethra because of previous infections or an enlarged prostate gland. There are bladder tumors (cancerous or benign), polyps, ulcers, urinary, or inflammation of Abnormal: the bladder walls. Abnormalities in the structure of the urinary tract present since birth (congenital) are seen. Pelvic organ prolapse is present in a woman. CYSTOURETHROGRAM X-ray test that takes picture (while full and while urinating) -Catheter inserted to the bladder inject contrast Organs involved -bladder -urethra Why Find cause of repeated UTI, urinary incontinence Look for injuries in bladder and urethra Check for structural problems Look for hypertrophy of prostate, stricture of urethra (in men)

See a picture of abnormal urine flow (vesicoureteral reflux) Look more carefully for abnormalities found by IV pyelography

Preparations Before -secure patients consent. -contraindicated to pregnant women, with allergies to iodine, with UTI (check urinalysis) -past 4 days: no x-ray test using barium contrast material, medicine containing bismuth -urinate first During -aseptic technique: wash + sterile drapes -insert catheter -lead shield to cover genitals (only to men) After -pinking tinge in the urine + burning sensation// inc OFI -urinate frequently -contact physician immediately if with blood clots in the urine, unable to urinate after 8hrs, signs of infection (chills, fever, abdominal or flank pain, UTI s/s) The bladder appears normal. Urine flows normally from the bladder. The bladder empties all the way. The contrast material flows evenly out of the bladder through a smooth-walled urethra.

Normal:

Bladder stones, tumors, narrowing or pouches in the wall (diverticula) of the urethra or bladder are seen in the bladder. If the test was done because of possible injury to the bladder, a tear is found in the bladder wall or urethra. Abnormal: Urine flows backward from the bladder into the ureters (vesicoureteral reflux ). Contrast material leaks from the bladder. The bladder does not empty all the way. The prostate gland is enlarged.